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Index absolutism, v. consequentialism 113,

116-17 Abyssinia, Italian invasion of 96 Afghanistan 14 Africa 169 African National Congress 158, 165 Afrikaner nationalists 162 agency 4,8,35,48,55,59,70,106,107,

110, 145, 146, 147,200,214,216, 219,221,225

human 106,164,194,216-17 Akehurst, M. 92 Allied Powers 96 Allison, R. and P. Williams 228 Althusser, L. 224 Amin,Idi 93 Amin, S. 102 Amnesty International 94, 119,226 anarchy, Hobbesian 43, 195 Angell, N. 102 anti-foundationalism 104, 187-9 anti-paternalism 69, 70 apartheid 6, 28

multi-national 163 Arab League 95 Arab states 93 Arendt, H. 140 Aristotle 63, 122, 186 Ashley, R.K. and R.1.B. Walker 211 Asia 169 Association of South-East Asian Nations

(ASEAN) 148-51 Austria 78 autonomy 65, 101, 164, 197

cultural 81 individual 206 of state 118

balance of power 43,51,77,78,121,139 Baltic

republics 171 states 78

Bangladeshis 94 Banks, M. 192 Barnes, 1., M. Schofield and

R. Sorabji 192 Baudrillard, J. 209 Begin, M. 143 Beitz, C.R. 30,89, 128, 185,228

Belgium 78 Beloff, M. 15 Bergston, C.F., R.O. Keohane and

J.S. Nye 102 Berlin, I. 190 Bernstein, R. 27,209 Biafra 93 Billig, M. 31 body

as site of oppression 220-1, 225 site of history and of power 218

Boers 162 Botha, P.W. 159, 163 boundaries

contingent nature of 65, 195 of duty 109-11 sovereign state 128 territorial 91

Brebner, J. 29 Brezhnev Doctrine 20, 146, 155 Britain 17,18,19,22,96,97

British Empire 174 British Raj 173

Brougham, H. 22 Brown, C.1. 209 Brownlie, I. 130 Brunei 151 Buchheit, L.C. 176 Buddhism 114 Bull, H. 1,89, 179,182, 188 BUll, H. and A. Watson 192 Bull, H., B. Kingsbury and A. Roberts 130 bureaucracies, pre-rational 49 Burton, J.W. 192,211 Bush, G. 172, 173, 175

Cambodia 5, 145-55 see also Kampuchea

Camilleri, J. 210 Camp David Accords 136 Cardosa, F. and E. Faletto 102 Carr, E.H. 125 . Castlereagh 22-3 Chaloupka, W. 210 Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of

States 95 China, People's Republic of (PRC) 145,

149, 150 Chomsky, N. 190

239

240 Index

Christianity 114 Respublica Christiana 192 Church of Rome 23-4

Churchill, W. 173 citizenry

beyond the state 226 international 207,225,227

citizenship 5,57, 161, 165,226 absence of in South Africa 163 international 203-4 multiple forms of 204

civil society 56, 76, 84, 169 civil war 47,57, 153, 159, 168, 172 civitas maxima 180 Clausewitz 221 Coalition Government of Democratic

Kampuchea 148, 151 Cohen, M. 28 Cohen, R. 51 Cold War 7, 14-15, 17-20, 167, 173

Second Cold War 149 collective security 78, 96, 167 colonialism 160 Common Agricultural Policy 99 Commonwealth, the 93 community 48,58,68, 104, 181, 183,

197,200,206,207 international community 6, 7 political 67, 202 radical democratic 205

Connolly, W. 209 consciousness 107

ethical 186 consequences, intended and

unintended 54, 93-4 consequentialism 127, 180-1, 185

v. absolutism 113, 116-17 contextualism 104-5, 188-90

and judgement 189 and South Africa 163-5 v. traditionalism 189 and universalism 164

contract theories 71 formulae, liberal and realist

thought 213 Contras 34 Coifu Channel 32, 37 Cornia, G.A., R. Jolly and F. Stewart 102 cosmopolitanism 44, 55~, 123, 126

ethic of 199 ironic 9, 199-200,204,206-7 practical implications of 205~

counter-intervention 23,69, 151, 154 countermovements 224

Cox, R.W. 196 Cranston, M. 107 critical discursive politics 202 critical intemationaltheory 9, 197-9,

206-7 critical social movements 204-5

as forms of intervention 203 Croce, B. 84 cultural difference 199,207

pluralism 124 relativism 81 relativist critique of rights thesis 181

culture 46,48,77, lOS, III, 135, 197 in state and society 81

Czechoslovakia 14,24

Dante 133 De Klerk, F.W. 159, 163, 165 Declaration of Independence 161 Declaration on Friendly Relations between

States (GA Res. 2625 (1970» 13, 33,180

decolonisation 170 deconstruction

of power 217-19 of powerlknowledge 220-1 of the state 213-15

democracy 165 control of intervention 119-20 non-racial 163

Der Derian, J. and M. Shapiro 209 development theory 58 dignity 122 diplomacy 51,91 dirty hands 63, 181 discourse

classical traditions 179 common 129 conventional accounts of the state 214 ethical 188, 189 foundational 185 normative and empirical 27-8 on human rights 135~ on international law 41 political theory and international

relations 1,8,44, 129, 196, 212-13

powerlknowledge 218, 220-1, 224, 227 power and normative 212 private v. public 120, 145-8 problems of 214 state sovereignty as 196, 212-15

domestic analogy 182, 187 Dominican Republic 15

Index 241

domino concept 152 Donelan, M. I, 143 Donnelly, J. 130 Doppelt, G. 31, 185 Dryzek, J.S. and S. Hunter 21 I Duner, B. 20 Dunn, J. 197 Dutch East India Company 162 duties of individuals 227

beyond borders 225 of aid \09 of forbearance 109 of intervention 125, 183

Dworkin, R. 130

Eastern Europe 78, 168 ecology 126 Economic Community of West African

States (ECQWAS) 118, 173 economics 97 egalitarianism 139 Egypt IS, 136 Eichmann, A. 140 EI Salvador 34 Ellis, A. 190 Enlightenment 139, 142, 164, 186 Eritrea 172 ethical life 183, 187 ethics 5,212

absolutist 113 discourse on 222

Ethiopian government 172 ethnic conflict 100 ethnocentrism 9, lOS, 121, 199,217,223,

224 Eurocentrism 217

Falk, R. 192, 210 Farer, J. 24 Feyerabend, P. 224 Finnis, J. 130 Food Assistance Act \05 Forbes, I. 9, 228, 229 force, use of 24, 226 foreign debt 98 Foreign Assistance Act 105 fortitude 114, 121,203 foundational theory 112 Foucault, M. 9,212-16,218-21,223-6

conception of power 226 implications of his perspective 213 political action 224 problems of applying 223-4

foundationalism 8, 111-12

critiques of 189 minimal 187-8 premises of rights theories 185 transcultural moral 104

fragmentation 201. 202 ethical 188-9 political 187-9, 195

France 19,96,97, 146 Franck, T. and E. Weisband 20 Frankfurt School 197 Freedom Charter 164

Gallagher, J. and R. Robinson 17,18 GATT 50 Gellner, E. 176 generosity, virtue of 4, 125 genocide 25,58,69, 145, 146, 152,206 geopolitics 146, 153 Germany 14, 96 Gewirth, A. 89, 112, 122 Gibbons, J. 208 Giddens, A. 27 Gilpin, R. 102 Girling,1. 17 glasnost 172 global integration 201 global system of domination 224 globalisation 195 good life 125 Gorbachev, M. 150,168 government, colonial and paternalistic 164 Great Powers 15,222 Green, T.H. 68 Grenada 15,23 Grotius, H. 23-5 grounds for action 225 Guelke, A. 29 Guinea 173 Gulf states 97 Gulf War 7,92 GUIT, R. 211

Habermas, J. 197 Hafner, D.L. 30 Hall, J. 102 Halliday, F. 200 Hampshire, S. 191 Heath, E. 174 Hegel, G.W.F. 3,41,45,46,47,48,49,

76,79,84-5,140 account of the state 85 critique of 86-7 progress 49

hegemony, regional 33

242 Index

Helsinki Final Act 168 Helsinki process 175 Henry V11I 135 heterogeneity 10 I Higgins, R. 60 Highway, R. 30 historical sociology 20 I Hitler, A. 96 Hobbes, T. 3,41,45,46,47,48,68,76,

79, 80, 82, 88, 134 critique of 86--7, 138 egoism of state in 85-6 paradox, definition of 76 state of nature 78-80 state of war 77

Hoffman, J. 6 Hoffman, M. 8-9 Hoffman, S. 15,88, 123 Holland 164 Holocaust 160

and Israeli identity 140 Holsti, J.K. 15 human nature 134, 225 human needs 55, 106, 110, III, 122, 181 human rights 18,36,51,70,81,91,92,

105,123, 134, 135, 153, 164, 167, 168, 169, 173, 187,205,224

action to enforce respect for 167-75 and states' rights 24-6 critique of 216 enforcement mechanism for 175 implementation 124 violations 146

humanism 139 Nietzschean post-humanism 224

humanitarianism 180 humanity 4, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 126

claims of 65 Hungary 14 Hurd, D. 170-1 Hussein, S. 168, 172

identity 8, 194, 195,201,207 Israeli 141, 144 multiple 199-200 political 136, 146 sovereign 203

ideology, Marxist critique of 27 IMF 98-9,169

conditionality as intervention 98 imperialism 17, 124,217

collective 174 inclusion and exclusion, systems of 196,

198,207 India 94, 112

individual 4,23,25,84, 125,215 analogy between states and 22 agents 226 as abstract bearer of rights 217 as subjects of intervention 217 neo-Kantian concept of 225 rights v. states' rights 117,217 with human powers 222

individualism 27 methodological 57 moral 67-8 individualist theories 71

Indochina Wars, First and Second 146, 150

insiders and outsiders and systems of inclusion and

exclusion 196, 197-8, 199 cultural determination of 48 moral distinction between 48 obligations between 194

Institute for International Economics 158 interdependence 8,24,66,97, 128, 180,

181, 187-8, 196 interests 53,54,93-4,122, 180-1, 185

emancipatory 82, 197,205 international anarchy 75 International Court of Justice 32, 33-41 international law 6,23,24,25,51,76,77,

81,91, 127, 180,216,222 customary rule against intervention

37-9 discourse of 2,32-3,41 medieval law of nations 22 reductionist view of 32 Western concepts of 39

international legal system 8 international order 4,5, 14,26,50,77,

127, 157, 182 international public opinion 120-1, 171,

173 international relations

and political theory 1,8,44, 129,212 and rights-based theories 106-7 and world politics 9 and world society 124, 128 as discourse 212,215 human agency in 216 inter-paradigm debate 187 scientific understanding of 75 theory 1,44, 129 theory, Grotian tradition 179-80 traditional approaches 196

international relief programme 150 international security 77, 124, 125, 127,

137, 149, 153, 167, 170, 188

Index 243

international society 6, 8, 9, 32, 39, 76, 224

cardinal rule of 153, 154, 155 liberal dilemma within 167-9 refonnulation of 188-9 society, Grotian view 182, 195 society, nature of 135

international system 7,9, 10,222,223 fragmented nature of 186-7, 188,

195-6 heterogeneous nature of 91-2, 101, 179 (post) modem 207 state-centric assumptions 187

international trade 98 internationalisation, effect of 195 interpretivism 104 intervention

and imperialism 17-19 and interdependence 24,66, 187-8 and international law 32-42 and revolution 23 as a variable act 222 as ambiguous 194 as exercise of power 222 as great power notion, capability and

practice 222 as means for control 222 as non-state activity 227 as non-universal category 58, 189-90,

222 as oppression on the site of the

body 222 as self-defence 93 as subjecti ve practice 223 as war 84 collective 77, 179 culture-specific elements 188-90 definition of 2, 13, 15-16,34,43,47,

105, 117, 145, 180, 194,212 democratic control of 119-20 domestic sources of 139 duty of 125 economic 97-9 empirical dimension of 14-21 endemic nature of I Foucauldian account of 222-7 humanitarian 6,7,25-6,69-70,75,95,

99, 120, 123,206 humanitarian v. strategic 154 in the Cold War 17-21 indirect 150 intended v. unintended consequences

of 93-4, 1I0, 1I6 into civil wars 16-17 intra-Third World 95

Israeli in Lebanon 133, 136-43 Israeli justification for 138 just 3, 1I5, 1I8, 119-20 justifications for B, 23, 26, 34, 68-9,

111-12, liB, 147, 148 legitimate 179 military 16,20, 113 moral defence of 105 morally justified conditional 71 non-state 225 nonnative dimension of 21-6 precipitated by internal

reorganisation 217 pre-emptive 63 principle of 183 problematic 116 produces knowledge 223 requirement to act 225-6, 227 self-perpetuating 223 single state 77 subjective practice 223 Tanzanian into Uganda 93-4 utilitarian 152, 157 v. interference 127 Vietnam into Kampuchea 145-55 virtues and 113-21

Iran 172 IranJIraq war 168 Iraq 5,7, 172, 175 Islam 114 Israel 5, 93, 136, 137, 138

nature of state of 138-42 Italy 14,97 ius gentium intra se 127

Jackson, R. and C. Rosberg 102 Japan 97 Johnson Doctrine 20 Johnson, P. 3, 130 Judaism 1I4 jurisprudence 213 just war 114, 1I7, 119, 186 justice 4,63,65, 77-B, 80-1, 86, 114,

116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 124, 126,196

claims 87 distributive 67, 86, 123 international 77 social 82

justification criteria 171-2 private v. public 145-6, 148 utilitarian 152

Kampuchea 5,6,54,57,94,109,206 Vietnam's intervention in 145-55

244 Index

Kant, I. 65-6, 130, 198, 203 Kaplan, M.A. and N. de B.

Katzanbach 16, 29 Kende, I. 102 Kennan, G. 80 Kenya 139 Keohane, R.O. and J. Nye 187 Keynes, J.M. 95-6 Khmer Rouge 94, ISO, 151 Kirswani, M. 144 Klare, M. 17-18 knowledge, social scientific 224 Koh, T. 148-9 Korea 145 Kurdish crisis 170 Kurds 5,7, 171, 172, 174,206 Kuwait 7, 168

Lackey, D.P. 27 Laos 146 Lapid, Y. 208 Latin American states 19, 99 law

as control and discipline 215 of nations 22 rule of 220

League of Nations 96, 97, 170 Lebanon 5,6,48,80,136-8

Israeli intervention in 136-9 nature of the state of 137-8, 144

Lee Kwan Yew 155 legalism 44, 138

movement beyond 227 positivist 32-3

legalist paradigm 50-2,69,81, 124, 182, 187

Walzer on 191 legitimacy 5,6,7,25,41,55,59,75,95,

100, 112, 124, 141, 143, 148-9, 154, 165,212

internal v. international 126, 127-9, 183-5

legitimate force 160-1 Leifer, M. 5-6 Lemert, G. and G. Gillan 228 Lesotho 159 Levitin, M.J. 22, 23-5, 24 liberalism

empire 170 republicanism 65-6 theory 47

liberation 147 Liberia 118

ci vii war 173

liberty 19 Linklater, A. 127, 198, 199,204 Little, R. 30 Locke,1. 3,41,45,48,49, 112, 134 Luard, E. 155 Luban, D. 31,90, 182, 183, 184

debate with Walzer 182-5 Luttwak, E. 97

Macfarlane, R. 29 Machiavelli, N. 3,52,80 MacIntyre, A. 186 McMahan, J. 184-5 Magnusson, M. 210 Malaysia 151 Mandela, N. 158 Manila Pact 150 Mann, M. 60, 102 Marx, K. 60,76, 140, 198 Marxism 43, 213 Matheson, G. 228 Mayall, J. 7 McCarthy, L. 3 means and ends 63 M~decin du Monde 226 mediation, third-party 9 Mexico 98 Middle East· 171 Midgley, E.B.F. 89 Mill, J.S. 7,66-7,69,70,82, 161,

168-70, 173-5 Miller, D. 89 Miller, J.D.B. 89 Milne, AJ.M. 191 minorities 173

protection of 170 Minority Rights Group 119 Minter, W. 166 modernisation theory 58 modernity 202, 207 moral dilemmas 3,92, liS, 194

and non-state 112, 138 between moral values 62-3 definition of 61-2 intervention and 61-71 moral v. prudential 62 neo-Kantian position on 68 political 70 Walzer and 68-71 tragic 70

moral philosophy 27-8,61-2 morality 8, 10,77,93-4,212

and cultural relativity 185 Christian traditions of 133

Index 245

claims 187 contextualism and 104-5, 163-5, 169,

187-90 fragmented nature of 187-9 international 4 luck 64 natural law 135, 136 nihilism 82 of states 55,81,122,124,129,183 political 71 quietism 65, 71 relativism 111,181 risk 64 scepticism 86,116, 117, 119 teleological order v. empirical

system 133-6, 142-3 theory, rights-based 64 the task of the philosopher 28 Western tradition 133

Morgenthau, H.J. 52,80,82,83-4, 134 Morocco 99 Moscow 17 Mullins, A.F. 102

Namibia 6 Nandy, A. 210 Nardin, T. 211 nation

as organic cultural entity 56 building 100 state, romance of 183

national interest 80, 83, 87, 136 self-detennination 170 self-interest 62 survival 83

National Party 159, 162 nationalism 56,57,95, 122, 142, 195 natural law 81, 134, 135 natural rights 134, 135 needs, theory of III

see also human needs new social movements 57, 195, 204-5,

207 as fonns of intervention 203

new world order 7, 168, 173 Nicaragua 54,56, 157

v. The US 33-42 Nietszche, F.W. 46,224 Noel, U. 33 non-intervention 1,3,4,6,7,8, 13, 19,

20,24,33,34,50,83,86-7,95,124, 182,202

and strong states 100

as cardinal rule 149, 153-4, 196 Bull on 180 exceptions to 22-3 ICJ on 38 Mill on 168

non-state actors 195 Nyerere, J. 93, 94

obligation 123, 126, 129 between insiders and outsiders 194 international 170, 172-5

Obote, M. 94 Onuf, N. 208 Operation Desert Storm 172 oppression 55,217-18 Orange Free State 162 order 77-8, 124, 133

European 134 teleological 136 v. system 134, 136, 142

Organisation of African States (OAS) 40 Organisation of African Unity (OAU) 93,

94,95, 171 Organisation of American States

(OAS) 35-7,40

Pakistan 148 Palestine 139, 142 Palestine Liberation Organisation 138,

141 Parfit, D. 190 particularism 194 Pascal, B. 65 Paskins, B. 4, 186

critique of 125-6, 185-7 Paul, E.F., F.D. Miller, Jr., and J. Paul 130 Payer, C. 102 Pearson, F.S. 16 perestroika 172 Perkins, J.A. 30 Petras, J. 30 Pellman, R. 89 Philp, M. 228 Plan to Secure Peace 35 Plant, R. 4,60, 18, 19, 122, 125, 129,

185,217 critique of 181-3

Platt, D. 18 pluralist relativism 183 pluralistic society 45 Pol Pot 5,54,94, 109 Poland 78 political culture theory 56 political institutions, nature of 123

246 Index

political space 43, 48, 57-8, 127, 194, 204

and ius gentium intra se 127 political systems 77 political theory 3, 47, 49

and international relations I, 8, 44, 129,212

as discourse 212 foundational 111-12, 185 over-emphasises subjects 216 rights-based 4, 107-11 traditional approaches 196

positivism, critique of 26-8, 196-7 post-realism 44, 57 power 9,48,52,92, 124, 137, 165,212

absolute right to question 227 as resistance 219 connections with knowledge and

truth 218 deconstruction of 219 definition of 214,218 distortions of 223 distribution of 118 formulation of 218 language of 37,39 local forms of 221 local state of 226 politics 124 relational character 227 relations of 214--15,218,224,226 traditional understanding of 218 ubiquity of 219,224

powerlknowledge discourse 9, 224 as politics of countermovements 223-7 effects of 220-3 features of 218-20

Pratt, L. 30 prudence 3,4,7,26,51,52-3,65,66-7,

79,97, 114, 116, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 153, 174,224

Pufendorf, S. 23-5

Quilter, J.H.A. 15,29

racism 160 Raphael, D.O. 112 rational choice theory 53 rationality 121, 122

communicative 206 Rawls, J. 106, 209 Raymond, G.A. and C.W. Kegley 15, 16,

17 Reagan, R. 157 realism 44,52-5,75-88, 122, 127, 134,

136, 138, 143, 189, 190,212 as ethical discourse 52 contradictions within 82-3, 134 problems with 56

realpolitik 56, 147, 174, 195,212 reason, practical 206 refugees 172 relativism 8 Rengger, N.J. 8,41 responsibility 57, 58, 109, III, 194

Mill on 173 of individual agency 227 of social scientists 215

revolution, and right to intervention 22-3 Rhodesia 158 right

of self-defence 23 of self-preservation 79 to development 122 to ecological well-being 122 to forbearance III to resources III to self-government 163

rights 4,5,7.25, 129, 187, 196,212,222 basic 4, 122, 126-7,205 claims 87 collective 57 contingency of 142-3 democratic 167 historical contingency of 136 individual 21, 117 liberal 57 minority 170 of citizens 117 of individuals 122 of people 153 of states 21,122 of states over individuals 217 of the state 117 positive v. negative 107-11, 122 practicability of positive 107 state as guarantor of 86 states 21 theories 71, 105-11, 113, 115, 122-3,

126-7, 129, 185,225 theory, critique of 135,181,182-5 universal 164

Roberts, A. 175 Rorty, R. 12, 209 Rosenau, J. 15-16.208 Rothman, J. 211 Rousseau, J.-J. 60, 161 Ruiz, L. 201 rules 113

Index 247

absence of 188 of intervention 222 of practice 137

safe-haven 171. 173 sanctions 6.97. 157-66

critique of utilitarian objections 158-60 limitation and efficacy 158-9 philosophical objections 159

Sandinista Government 35 Sayer. A. 27-8 Schieffer. SJ. 190 Schwarz. U. 15. 16 science. as form of knowledge 220 Security Council 168 Sedaghi. A. 5 self-defence 63. 155 self-determination 7.21.49.57.60.61.

71.91.95. 101. 127-8. 136. 142. 147. 164-6. 168. 170. 185

self-government 161. 165 self-help 83

principle 79 self-interest 28. 82-5 Shah ofIran 174 Sheridan. A. 219 Shiites 172. 175 Shue. H. 4. 126. 127. 183.205 Sidgwick. H. 64 Sierra Leone 173 Sihanouk, Prince 94 Sikhs 112 Simons, HJ. and R.E. Simons 166 Singapore 148,151 Skinner, Q. 192 Slater, J. and T. Nardin 26. 28 Small. M. and J.D. Singer 29 Smith, A.D. 102 Smith, T. 17 Smuts. J. 164 social co-operation 128 social contract theory, Hobbesean or

Lockean 134, 182 social scientists, the task of 27-8 Somoza. A. 35 South Africa 5,6.7.28,54. 112, 157-66.

160,170 and the Rhodesian crisis 159 as pre-liberal state 163, 166 as pre-Weberian state 163 as pathological paradox 166 constitutional evolution of 162 colonial character of the state 161-3

sovereign power. limitations to 173

sovereignty I. 4. 5, 6. 8, 10, 91. 95, 138, 195,202,214,227

as social construction 200-1 contextualised 20 I external and internal 134 internal 22 national 151, 153 of state as guarantor 180-1 political 62, 69, 179 principle of 32, 82 rearticulation of 206 rejection of 224 sanctity of national 154 state 7,9,21,215 territorial 32, 50

Soviet Union 14. 18, 19,20,24,96, 149, 168,172

former 169. 195 Spanish Civil War 14 Spence, J.E. 166 Stalin, 1. 171 starvation/famine \08, 126 state I, 2, 5, 6, 8, 22, 125

absolutist view of 3 and civil society 'fit' 81, 86, 90 and nation-building 100 and war 85 as distribution of knowledge 200 as ethical order 47 as illegitimate 195 as moral arena 44-5 as moral fiction 67 as moral necessity 44 as moral personality 50 as object 213 as pathological paradox 160 as politico-administrative realm 59 as problem 224 as oppression 55, 160 as realm of human justice 81 as republic 133, 135 as social construction 200-1,202-3 as source of oppression 160 as subject 213 as the common value 91 as undertheorised concept 200 autonomy of 3, 118 boundaries of I \0 concept dominates political theory 215 concept of 43-4 construction of 43-59 critique of primacy of 180 deconstruction of 214-15 definition of 214

248 Index

state - cOlI/'d differences between 58 European system of 179 formalist concept of 41 'good' 45-6, 125 Hegelian 41,46,48,49 historical sociological approach

to 201-2 IC] on nature of Nicaraguan 40 illegitimate 184 in political theory and international

relations 213-27 instrumentalist view of 55 interest 95 internal conditions of European 175 irrational 46 justification of 111-12 legalist paradigm and 50-2, 69 legitimacy of 4,141,183-5 liberal 161 liberal-democratic 47, 160 limited 46 Lockean 49 moral autonomy of 65 moral character of 78-82 moral exclusiveness of 81 moral significance of 65, 67, 110 moral significance of de facto 71 morality of the 55, 124-5 nature of 3,40-1,137,157,216 power 54 pre-liberal notion of 161 pre-Weberian 45-{;, 49, 57 purposes and functions of 25, 41, 43-6 radically illegitimate 157, 160-3 rational 46 realist view of 3 reason of 96 relations between civilised 169 relations with barbarians 169 rights of 21, 153 rights-based theories of 55 small 95 sovereign 4, 5, 6, 8, 21, 25, 36, 194-5,

196,200 sovereign equality of 82 strong 54, 100 system 1,5 system as heterogeneous 91 system, hierarchical nature of 100 theory of the good 125 weak 54,95, 100, 124 Weberian 54-5 Western 221

statehood 227 reconceptualisation of 54-5 Third World v. European 99

structuration theory 200 subjectivity 9,221,225,227 Sudan 99, 172 Suez 141 superpower 92, 167

rivalry 149 Syria 5, 15, 136, 137, 138 systems of domination 222

Tanzania 24, 148 intervention in Uganda 93-4

Terre de Hommes 226 territorial integrity 171, 179 terrorism 139 Teson, F. 25, 41 Thailand 150, 151 theocracy 60 theory

absolutist 116 middle-range v. first-order 43 problem-solving 196 rights-based 105, 106, I 10, 113, 116,

122, 135 third party facilitation, nature of 206, 207 Third World 3,20,39,54,56,57,92,95,

98-9, 126, 167, 169, 170 Thomas, C. 3, 4, 29

critique of 124-5, 180-1 Thomas, C. and P. Saravanamuttu 103 Tillema. H.K. 19 Tillotson, H.M. 176 Tilly, C. 102 Tocqueville, A. de 160 Transvaal 162 Tri-Cameral parliament 163 Turkey 172

Uganda 24, 148 Tanzanian intervention in 93-4

United Nations 6, 13,20,23,24,39,51, 93,95,118,119-20, 145, 147, 148, 153,154,173, 174, 175

Chapter VII 77, 168 Charter 77, 152, 170, 172, 180 General Assembly 13, 128 Security Council 149

United States 7, 14-15,23,33.34,53,56, 96,98, 105, 135, 146, 149, 150, 151

Cold War intervention 17-20 foreign policy 97

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 92, 170

uni versalism 194 consequentialist critiques 93-4, 124-5 post-modern critique of 216 realist critiques 91-2, 124-5 v. particularism 142, 164, 194,207

utopianism 198-9,205

values 224-5 incommensurability of 8 transcultural 92, 106

Van Wingen, J. and H.K. Tillema 19 Vattel, E. 22,24 Venezuela 98 Versailles Settlement 95, 170 Verwoerd, Dr 163 Vietnam 6, 94, 97, 206

security of 146 US intervention in 16--17

Vietnam Syndrome 17-18 Vietnamese boat people 225 Vincent, RJ. 4,22, 183,209 virtues 4, 113-21, 122, 125, 185, 186

Walker, RJ.B. 202, 205 Walker, RJ.B. and S. Mendolvitz 208

Index 249

Waltz, K. 190 Walzer, M. 25-6,68-71,81,82,94, 104,

124, 186. 209 criticism of 70, 182-5

Weber, M. 45,46,49,55, 160 Wendt, A. 200-1,204 West Bank 141 Wight, M. 89, 192,209 Wilks, MJ. 192 Williams, B. and J.J.C. Smart 190 Williams, P. 102 Wilson, P. 4, 130 Wilson, W. 95 Windsor, P. 143 Wolff, C. 22,24, 180 World Bank 98, 169 Wright, M. 190, 191

Yugoslavia 195

Zaire 94 Zimbabwe 158, 159 Zionism 137

and Israeli identity 139-41 development of 139 humanistic 142

Zuberi, M. 103