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C O N T R I B U T O R S

Régine Azria is a professor of sociology at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris and a member of the Centre d’Études Interdisciplinaires des Faits Religieux at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. She studied at the Sorbonne and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Professor Azria’s areas of spe-cialization include Jewish identity and Diaspora and religious affairs in France. She is Assistant Editor of the Archives de Sciences Sociales des Religions and has authored numerous publications about Judaism.

Jean Baubérot is a historian and sociologist of religion as well as the founder of the sociology of secularism. He holds a doctorate from the École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), where he founded the Groupe de Sociologie des Religions et de la Laïcité and is now Professor Emeritus of history and sociology of laïcité. Professor Baubérot has served in the cabinet of Ségolène Royal and as a member of the Stasi Commission. He was awarded Chevalier of the Légion d’honneur and is the author of numerous books, including most recently Laïcité 1905–2005, entre passion et raison and La laïcité expliquée à M. Sarkozy et à ceux qui écrivent ses discours.

Lori G. Beaman is the Canada Research Chair in the Contextualization of Religion in a Diverse Canada, Professor in the Department of Classics and Religious Studies at the University of Ottawa, and the Principal Investigator of a 37-member international research team whose focus is religion and diversity. Her publications include “The Will to Religion: Obligatory Religious Citizenship” in Critical Research on Religion, “Battles over Symbols: The ‘Religion’ of the Minority Versus the ‘Culture’ of the Majority” in Journal of Law and Religion, and Defining Harm: Religious Freedom and the Limits of the Law (UBC Press, 2008).

Contributors278

She is co-editor, with Winnifred F. Sullivan, of Varieties of Religious Establishment (Ashgate, 2013).

Jacques Berlinerblau is Professor and Director of the Program for Jewish Civilization at Georgetown University’s Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service. For roughly the past 15 years, Professor Berlinerblau has been publishing mostly on the “irreducibly com-plex” subject of secularism. In 2005 he released The Secular Bible: Why Nonbelievers Must Take Religion Seriously (Cambridge). This was fol-lowed in 2008 by Thumpin’ It: The Use and Abuse of the Bible in Today’s Presidential Politics (Westminster John Knox). His most recent work on the subject is the 2012 How to be Secular: A Call to Arms for Religious Freedom (Houghton Miff lin Harcourt). His most comprehensive state-ment on the historical and theoretical development of secularism is slated to appear in The Oxford Handbook of Secularism (2014).

Denis Charbit is a senior lecturer at the Department of Sociology, Political Science, and Communication at the Open University of Israel (Ra’anana). His main fields of research are Israeli politics and Zionist Thought, and, on another side, French Intellectual History and French Christian Democracy. On the topic of Israeli secularism, he published the article “Is the Israeli Secularist cause passed away?” in a special issue of Critique internationale devoted to political secularism (vol. 44, 2009). He is currently working as one of the editors of a comprehensive book about Jewish–Muslim relations from the Koran to the present day (Princeton University Press, forthcoming).

Sarah Fainberg is a Visiting Professor of Government at Tel Aviv University’s Harold Hartog School of Government and Policy and a Research Fellow at the Institute for National Security Studies (INSS) at Tel Aviv University. Dr. Fainberg received her PhD in Political Science at Sciences Po-Paris (2008) and is a graduate of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. She previously served as Visiting Assistant Professor of Jewish Civilization at Georgetown University’s Program for Jewish Civilization. She has lectured at Columbia University and St. Petersburg’s State University in Russia. Dr. Fainberg’s current research focuses on Eurasian politics and societies, Israel’s national security, and Israel–Diaspora relations. She most recently published Les Discriminés. L’antisémitisme soviétique après Staline, Paris, Fayard, 2014 (“Dissecting State Discrimination. Soviet Anti-Semitism after Stalin”).

John Fea is Associate Professor of American History and Chair of the History Department at Messiah College. He is the author or editor of

Contributors 279

three books, including The Way of Improvement Leads Home: Philip Vickers Fithian and the Rural Enlightenment in Early America and Was America Founded As a Christian Nation?: A Historical Introduction. Professor Fea’s essays and reviews have appeared in a variety of scholarly and popular venues. He blogs daily at The Way of Improvement Leads Home.

Pascale Fournier is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law (Civil Law Section) and Holder of the University of Ottawa Research Chair in Legal Pluralism and Comparative Law. Professor Fournier received her LLB from Laval University (1997), her LLM from the University of Toronto (2000), and her SJD from Harvard Law School (2007). A Fulbright and Trudeau scholar, she served as Law Clerk to Justice L’Heureux-Dubé at the Supreme Court of Canada from 2000 to 2001. Her scholarship focuses on Islam and Judaism in Europe and North America, comparative family law, human rights, criminal law and cul-tural diversity, and critical approaches to law. Her work has appeared in leading reviews, and her publications were selected by the Harvard–Stanford Junior Faculty Forum (2008), the Québec Bar Foundation prize for “best law review article” (2009), and the Canadian Association of Law Teachers Scholarly Paper Award (Honorable Mention, 2010). Her most recent book is Muslim Marriage in Western Courts: Lost in Transplantation.

Ilan Greilsammer is a professor of political science at Bar-Ilan University in Tel Aviv. He received his doctorate from University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne in international relations. Professor Greilsammer has lived in Israel since 1972. He has published several books, most notably Léon Blum: Lettres de Buchenwald and the widely translated Le sionisme.

Delphine Horvilleur is one of two female rabbis in France and an inf luential theologian in the French and international Jewish commu-nity. Horvilleur was born in France in 1974. At the age of 17, she moved to Jerusalem where she studied life sciences at the Hebrew University. After working as a journalist in Paris, Horvilleur moved to New York. In 2008, she was ordained at the Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of Religion. Today she is the editor-in-chief of the quarterly Jewish magazine Revue de pensée(s) juive(s) Tenou’a, and she leads her own congregation in Paris and co-leads the Liberal Jewish Movement of France. In 2013, her book En tenue d’Eve. Féminin, Pudeur et Judaïsme (“In a Birthday Suit: Feminism, Modesty and Judaism”) was published to wide acclaim.

Contributors280

Ariela Keysar, a demographer, is Associate Research Professor of Public Policy and Law and the Associate Director of the Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture (ISSSC) at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. She was a principal investigator of the American Religious Identification Survey 2008, the largest survey of religion in the United States, covering over fifty thousand respondents. She was also a principal investigator of the ISSSC web survey of Indian scientists, which is the first in a series of studies of worldviews and opinions of scientists around the world. Dr. Keysar was the study director of the American Jewish Identity Survey 2001 and the associate director of the Longitudinal Study of Young Jews Raised in Conservative Synagogues, 1995–2003. Dr. Keysar is co-editor of Secularism, Women & The State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century; Secularism and Science in the 21st Century; and Secularism & Secularity: Contemporary International Perspectives. She is co-author of Religion in a Free Market and The Next Generation: Jewish Children and Adolescents.

Barry A. Kosmin is Research Professor in Public Policy and Law and Founding Director of the Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture (ISSSC) at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut. He is a joint editor of the online international journal Secularism & Nonreligion. Dr. Kosmin has been a principal investigator of the American Religious Identification Survey series since its inception in 1990 as well as national social surveys in Europe, Africa, and Asia. His books on American religion include One Nation under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society (1993) and Religion in a Free Market: Religious and Non-religious Americans (2006). He is co-editor of ISSSC’s collected volumes on aspects of secularism: Secularism and Secularity: Comparative International Perspective (2007); Secularism & Science in the 21st Century (2008); Secularism, Women & the State: The Mediterranean World in the 21st Century (2009).

Aurora Nou is a graduate student in International Politics at American University in Washington, DC. Her current research focuses on issues of human rights and human security, including discourses of citizen-ship and the state, critical international relations theory, and interna-tional women’s issues. Aurora received her BS from the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

Henri Peña-Ruiz is a philosopher, writer, and politician. He is cur-rently maître de conférences at the Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris.

Contributors 281

Dr. Peña-Ruiz is an expert on laïcité and was a member of the Stasi Commission. His books include La Laïcité and Qu’est-ce que l’école? in addition to several other philosophical works. He is a member of the Conseil scientifique of the think tank Res Publica Foundation. His most recent book is Dictionnaire amoureux de la laïcité, Paris, Plon, 2014.

Erika B. Seamon is on the faculty at Georgetown University where she teaches in the American Studies Program and the Department of Theology. She specializes in the role of religious pluralism in American public life, with particular focus on marriage and educa-tion. Her recent publications include: Interfaith Marriage in America (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012); “Protecting Religious Liberty” in Oxford’s Journal of Church & State; and “A Healthy Tension? The Encounter of Religious Society and Secular Law in American Political Life” in Forum Mission. Prior to joining the Georgetown community, Dr. Seamon was a partner at Kuczmarski & Associates and taught at the University of Chicago.

Anita Shapira is the former Ruben Merenfeld Professor in the Study of Zionism at Tel Aviv University, former dean of the Faculty of Humanities, and head of the Rabin Center. She is currently Senior Fellow at the Israel Democracy Institute. Professor Shapira specializes in modern and contemporary Jewish history, especially in social and cultural history and questions of identity. She has published numerous books and articles on the history of Zionism, the Jewish community in Palestine and the state of Israel. Her best known works are Berl Katznelson: A Biography of a Socialist Zionist; Land and Power, the Zionist Resort to Force, 1882–1948; Yigal Allon: Native Son; and Yosef Hayyim Brenner, A Life Story. She has won many prizes and awards, including the Israel Prize in 2008. Professor Shapira is currently working on a biography of David Ben-Gurion.

Susan Thistlethwaite is a Senior Fellow at American Progress. She is also Professor of Theology at Chicago Theological Seminary and served as its president between 1998 and 2008. An ordained minister of the United Church of Christ since 1974, she is the author and editor of numerous books and has worked on two different translations of the Bible. Rev. Dr. Thistlethwaite is currently working in a new area she calls “Public Theology” and a new book on human nature and pub-lic policy. She writes a weekly column for the Washington Post’s “On Faith” online section and is a frequent media commentator on religion and public events.

Contributors282

Avraham B. Yehoshua is one of the most inf luential writers in the Israeli “new wave” literary movement. Yehoshua was born in Jerusalem in 1936. After serving as a paratrooper in the Israeli Defense Force, he studied literature and philosophy at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. Yehoshua has written numerous novels, short stories, plays, and essays. His works have been published in 28 countries and have been adapted for film, television, and theater. Yehoshua is the recipient of numer-ous awards, including the Israel Prize for Hebrew Literature. In 2005, Yehoshua was shortlisted for the first Man Booker International Prize. He is a prominent public figure both for his writing and for his strong political views.

Phil Zuckerman is a professor of sociology and secular studies at Pitzer College in Claremont, California. He is the author of several books, including Faith No More (Oxford, 2011) and Society Without God (2008), and he is the editor of several volumes, including Atheism and Secularity (Praeger, 2010). He is currently working on a new book on secular life in America that is being published by Penguin.

2012 Presidential Election, 247

Aarhus, 61

Abington v. Schempp, 28

abortion, 4, 28–9, 41, 73, 200–1, 203,

206, 208, 247, 252

Abu-Odeh, Lama, 234n29, 235n36

Abu-Sahlieh, Sami A. Aldeeb, 232n6

Affordable Care Act, 200

Agassi, Yosef, 159

agnostic(s), 43–5, 53–4, 57, 95, 98,

100–1, 251, 257–8, 260

agnosticism, 42, 56–7, 59, 63, 73, 98

Albert, Phyllis Cohen, 118, 122n3

Algeria, 3, 106, 108, 227

Algerians, 182

Al-Ghannouchi, Rachid, 14n10

Alley, Robert S., 80n22, 81n34

Alliance Israélite Universelle, 116

Allman, James, 216n16

Alon, Yaara, 131n10

Altemeyer, Bob, 63, 69n5

America

secular, 31, 51, 165, 249, 251, 260

American(s), 7–10, 19, 21, 25, 38–40,

42–7, 51, 53, 59, 65–8, 72,

77, 86–7, 166, 178, 193, 196,

249, 251

Academy of Religion, 196

African, 52

Asian, 52

culture, 71

federalism, 40

government, 252

(re)injection of God, 252

institutions, 249

Jewish Committee, 183

legal realism, 225

LGBT, 193

liberalism, 146

life, 23, 249

people, 24, 175

politics, 29, 247

postwar secularist challenges, 256

president, 68

public life, 39, 256

public schools, 249

Religious Identification Survey,

47, 53

religious landscape, 258

secular, 31, 51, 66, 165, 249, 251, 260

society, 43, 75

Values Survey, 47

white, 52

American Academy, 196

Anabaptism, 30

Anghar, Samir, 89

An-Na’im, Abdullahi A., 234n27

anticlericalism, 48, 88, 104–5

anti-secular, 6, 45, 164, 247, 248

anti-Semitism, 89, 116, 118, 120

anti-Zionism, 89

Arab Spring, 93

Arab–Israeli conf lict, 162

I N D E X

Index284

Aramaic, 145

Arian, Asher, 216n13

al-Ashmawi, Muhammad Sa’id, 234n23,

234n29

Assembly of French Bishops, 105

assimilation, 161

Atatürk, Kemal, 36

atheism

antagonistic to religion, 36

definition, 57, 59

equated with secularism, 5–6, 8, 10,

23, 59, 73, 251

new atheism, 42–3

political force, 53, 239, 249

as a threat to religion, 30, 87

atheist

difference from agnosticism, 53,

56, 257

individualism, 54, 63

Atlan, Gabrielle, 235n40

Atmor, Nir, 217n34

authoritarianism, 92, 257

Axinn, William G., 215n4

Ayrault, Jean-Marc, 94

Azerbaijan, 93

Azria, Régine, 10, 126, 129, 130n1,

131n9, 250

Bachmann, Michelle, 60

Badinter, Elisabeth, 127, 130n3, 232n5

Baker, Wayne E., 216n12

Balmer, Randall, 28–9

Baptist, 23, 29, 43–4, 75

bar/bat mitzvah, 151, 177–8

Barnavi, Elie, 118, 123n4

Baroin, François, 109–10

Baron d’Holbach, 36

Barras, Amelie, 246n23

Barton, David, 19

Baubérot, Jean, 10, 111n5, 126–7, 129,

130n2, 131n6, 131n8, 232n1,

233n15, 250, 252

“the abstract citizen,” 127–8

Bauer, Yehuda, 168

Beaman, Lori, 12, 245n17, 253

de Beauvoir, Simone, 194, 197n11

Beck, Glenn, 19

Becker, Gary, 215n8

Beckford, James A., 244n5

Bedouelle, Guy, 171n7

Begin, Menachem, 147

beit din, 224, 233n17

Beit Shemesh, 148, 164

Bellah, Robert, 249

Ben-Gurion, David, 136, 145–7, 162–3,

179, 208, 250

Status Quo Agreement, 11, 137–40,

143–5, 162–3, 179–80, 250, 252

Ben-Moshe, Eliyahu, 216n18

Bennett, Naftali, 155

Ben-Porat, Guy, 160, 164, 171n2

Berkeley, 46, 62

Berlinerblau, Jacques, 14n16, 15n21,

15n27, 15n32–4, 15n36, 15n37,

16n49, 49n13, 56, 69n4, 73–4,

79n5–6, 79n10–11, 80n28, 196,

232n2, 238–9, 242, 244n4,

247, 251, 256, 260n1, 261n7,

261n14, 261n17, 261n26, 262n30,

262n40, 262n44

Bernheim, Gilles, 119, 123n6, 129

Bhargava, Rajeev, 5, 15n25

Bible, 2, 28–9, 46, 57, 65, 136, 150, 162,

166, 178

Bible Belt, 41, 60

birth control, 192, 194, 200, 203, 205–7

Black, Hugo, 22–3

Bnei Brak, 148, 164

Bob Jones University, 28

Bogue, Donald J., 215n6

Bohemia, 57

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 99, 103–4,

114–15

Concordat, 99, 103–5, 115

Bonomi, Andrea, 232n6

Bordes-Benayoun, Chantal, 233n17

Bowen, John R., 14n7, 233n12

Brazil, 37

Index 285

brit milah, 178

British Law, 146

British Mandate, 163

British Navy, 23

Bronner, Ethan, 217n36

Brown, Yasmin Alibhai, 245n18

Buckley, Thomas E., 79n21

Buisson, Ferdinand, 103, 111n1

Bulatao, Rodolfo, 217n27

Bundist, 57

Burger Court, 249

Burke, Edmund, 60

burqa, 109, 250

Burqa Commission of 2010, 86

Bush, George W., 54, 68

caliphate, 36

Campbell, Angela, 234n21

Canada, 92, 209, 238

Charter of Rights and Freedoms, 237

Canadian Human Rights Act, 92, 94n2

Caron, Nathalie, 16n42, 216n11

Carter, Jimmy, 28

Catholic(s), 27–8, 46, 61, 65, 85–6, 109,

150, 165

Catholic Church, 37, 87, 105–6, 115,

168, 239

Catholic marriages, 174, 223

Catholicism, 30, 85–6, 104, 113–14,

200, 203

Césari, Jocelyne, 233n17

Charbit, Denis, 11, 171n3, 182–3, 248,

250–1, 256, 261n12

Charte de laïcité, 128, 131n7

Charte des Valeurs, 1, 13n6, 237, 241

Official Title, 13n1

Chartier, Émile-August, 91

Cheriet, Boutheina, 216n14

Chicago Theological Seminary,

191, 195

China, 35

State Administration for Religious

Affairs, 36

Chirac, Jacques, 108

Chosen People, 160

Christian, 38, 166–7, 175, 193

America, 30–1, 249

Christian Confederation, 25

Coalition, 252

conservative, 28, 73

Democratic parties, 166

Holland, 173

denomination, 22, 256

Left, 26

Orthodox Church, 37, 150

Right, 3, 19, 21, 28–9, 31, 252

voters, 29

Christianity, 21, 24, 43, 67, 72, 74,

169, 193

in America, 26

Christology, 68

church-state, 23, 259

arbitrariness of state intervention, 257

boundaries, 220

conf licts, 1

issues, 10, 253

relations, 249, 259

legitimacy of, 254

separation, 86, 174, 256

circumcision, 151, 160

CIRI Human Rights Data Project, 210

civil law, 220–2, 225–8, 230–2,

240, 259

and religious norms, 94, 106

civil marriage, 137, 141, 222–4, 228

French, 169, 220

Islamic, 222–3

Israeli, 137, 168, 174

Jewish, 168, 222

“civil religion,” 248

civil society, 10, 60, 97, 115, 120, 165,

229, 255

clericalism, 104–5, 130

Clinton, Hillary, 30

Cohen, Lloyd, 235n33

Cohn, D’vera, 217n24

Cold War, 40

Colombia, 60

Index286

colonialism, 253

“common good,” 32, 97, 255–6

Condorcet, Marquis de, 97

Confederacy, 25

Confederate States of America, 24–5

Congress of Secular Jewish

Organization, 196

Conseil Répresentatif des Institutions juives

(CRIF), 118, 120

conservative religious

actors, 4

leaders, 212

thinkers, 5

Consistoire(s), 114–18, 120, 129, 250

constitution, 40, 137, 237

Confederate States of America, 24–5

democracy, 5

framers, 193

French, 103, 109, 202

US, 20–1, 23, 25, 166, 193, 202,

248, 256

Constitutional Convention, 7, 46

constitutional history, 35

constitutionality, 78

Costa, Jean-Paul, 171n7

Costa-Lascoux, Jacqueline, 233n14

Cragun, Ryan, 49n10, 215n10

cultural relativism, 253

culture(s), 5, 46, 57, 61, 89, 97, 116, 154

American, 19, 25

Arab, 168

Cyber-, 196

European, 89

Israeli, 149, 155, 161, 173

Jewish, 154, 160–1, 163, 168

religious, 42

culture war(s), 24, 28, 41, 46

Cummings, Elijah, 192

Dacey, Austin, 49n13

Daly, Jim, 32

David, Larry, 65

Davison Hunter, James, 49n11

Dawkins, Richard, 43

death, 65–6

Debray, Régis, 127, 130n3, 232n3

Declaration of Independence

American, 20–1, 25, 46, 145, 256

Israeli, 162, 202

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of

the Citizen, 36, 98, 103, 107, 249

Deists, 40

DellaPergola, Sergio, 208,

216n8, 217n30

democratic

“antidemocratic urges,” 254

party, 30, 43, 47, 52, 74

state (Israel), 147, 158, 169, 170, 184

Democrats, 30, 47

demographic changes, 258

Denmark, 59, 61

Dennett, Daniel, 43, 53

dhimmi, 159

dialectic, 161

Diaspora

Jewish, 114, 117, 121, 149–50, 160–1,

165, 168, 178–80

Palestinian, 178–80

Diderot, Denis, 36

Disestablishment Clause, 22

disestablishmentarianism, 8, 248

divorce

Muslim, 168, 227–8, 259

religious, 222–4, 226

Dobson, James, 32

Douglas, Mary, 195, 197n12

Drainville, Bernard, 1, 13n5

Dreyfus Affair, 105, 117

Durkheim, Émile, 58

Dutch Provinces, 22

Easter Prayer Breakfast, 27, 31, 68

Easterlin, Richard A., 215n3,

215n7, 215n8

Edelstein, Yuli, 169

Edict of Nantes, 104

Eid al-Fitr, 169

El Alami, Dawoud S., 233n16, 234n25

Index 287

El Salvador, 60

empiricism, 37

Engel v. Vitale, 28

Enlightenment, 6, 46, 61, 203, 243

Age of, 35

Jewish, 145, 160

Secular, 61, 255

Epicurean philosophers, 66

Epstein, Louis E., 235n37

Equal Opportunities and

Anti-Discrimination

Commission, 108

Esposito, John, 14n14

Establishment Clause, 22, 248

“ethics of conviction,” 163

Europe, 121, 128, 135, 141, 258

Eastern, 117, 160

Western, 107, 203

evangelical(s), 26, 31–2, 43, 51–2, 75, 78

America, 255

conservative, 28

Left, 26, 29

Protestant country, 26

Year of the, 28

Everson v. Board of Education, 22–3,

73, 32n2

exequatur, 228

Fainberg, Sarah, 11, 13

faith(s), 7, 26–7, 30–2, 152–3, 163, 165,

249, 257, 259

faith-based groups, 12, 252

faith-based president, 30

Falwell, Jerry, 28, 252

Fea, John, 9–10, 20, 33n5, 33n9, 73,

78, 79n4, 79n7, 79n19, 80n28,

81n40, 248, 252, 256

Federal Convention of 1787, 38

Federalist Papers, 22–3

feminism, 194, 212, 239, 242

( Jewish) Orthodox, 148, 241

Muslim, 91

post-, 239

Ferry, Jules, 97, 107

Ferry Laws, 92, 95

Fine, Cordelia, 246n27

Finkielkraut, Alain, 127, 130n3–4

First Amendment, 22, 71

Fluke, Sandra, 192

de Fontenay, Elisabeth, 130n3

Foucault, Michel, 5

Fournier, Pascale, 12, 234n21, 235n34,

235n38–9, 240–1, 259

Fox, Jonathan, 49n7

France, 2, 4, 6–7, 9–10, 36–7, 85–95,

102, 106–9, 125, 169, 175, 183,

185–6, 232, 247, 249–50, 252,

258–9

affaire du foulard (headscarf affair),

86, 90–2, 94, 107–9, 126, 220,

250, 256

Civil Code, 221

Constituent Assembly, 114

Council of State, 90, 105, 108, 125

Cour de cassation, 220, 233n10

Criminal Code, 220

Emancipation Act of 1791, 114

exclusionary framework, 250

Jacobin, 35–6, 39

laico-, 10, 122

Law on Associations, 101

Law on the Separation of Churches

and State (1905), 85, 95, 100–2,

103–7, 109–10, 114–15, 126, 129,

165, 249, 256

monarchy, 35, 104–5, 107

National Front, 92

Organic Articles, 115

Republic, 95–6, 98, 100–1, 107, 116,

119, 121, 125, 130, 165, 183,

249–50

Strong Right, 109

Wars of Religion, 104

Franco-judaïsme, 117, 121, 126, 160

Francophone Africa and the Middle

East, 252

Free Exercise Clause, 248

Free Inquiry, 68

Index288

Freedman, Ronald, 215n5

Freedom From Religion Foundation, 68

freedom of conscience, 86, 89, 93,

95, 99–100, 103, 106–7,

109–10, 122, 129, 158,

202, 248, 254, 260

Freedom Rides, 191

Freethinkers, 53

Garrison, William Lloyd, 25

de Gaulle, Charles, 118

Gaza war, 178

Geertz, Clifford, 58

gender

choice, 199–200, 203, 205–7, 241,

243, 252

demographic factors, 204, 209

discrimination, 193

dualism, 195, 241

emancipation, 36, 204

empowerment, 149, 199, 200–1,

203, 209, 212–14, 221, 226,

240, 243, 259

equality, 1, 4, 148–9, 194, 199, 209,

214, 220, 227, 231, 244, 253

family planning, 200, 206

fertility, 167, 199–200, 203–4, 207–8,

214, 258

inequality, 199, 209, 239, 240, 259

rights, 26, 91, 147–8, 193, 201–3,

239, 259

segregation, 191–2, 194–5, 241–2

sexism, 61

“gender paradise,” 11–12, 193, 237

“general interest,” 96, 98, 249, 255

Generation X, 43

George, Robert P., 5, 14n18, 73

Georgetown University, 9, 32, 192

get ( Jewish divorce), 182, 222–4,

229–31

ghettos, 178

Gingrich, Newt, 24, 60, 71–2, 79n3,

79n9, 81n37

Gini Coefficient, 210

God, 1, 4, 8, 11, 20–1, 25–7, 30, 32,

40–1, 44, 58–9, 63–4, 67, 71–3,

110, 135, 145, 154, 160, 162, 165,

170–1, 180, 193, 196, 212, 224,

237–8, 240, 249

absence, 21

almighty, 25, 76, 149

belief in, 53, 55, 57, 60, 62–3, 87

Confederacy, 25

denial of, 5

“in God we Trust,” 166

polity under, 8

godlessness, 4, 73, 253

Gramsci, Antonio

“organic intellectuals,” 7

Great Seal of United States, 38

Green v. Connally, 28

Greilsammer, Ilan, 11, 179, 250, 252

Griffin, Susan, 193, 197n9

Griffiths, John, 234n21

Gross, Terry, 32

Grotius, Hugo, 110

Guéant, Claude, 108

Haaretz, 186, 187n4, 197n2

Habermas, Jurgen, 4, 14n15

Hagerty, Barbara Bradley, 79n8

Halakha (law), 11, 146–8, 154, 162, 168,

174, 177, 202

Halbertal, Moshe, 212

Hale, Robert L., 234n20

Halley, Janet, 234n20, 235n32

haredi(m), 147–50, 152, 154–5,

179–81, 258

growing population, 258

haredi women, 149, 213

haredim rights, 147

non-haredi, 181

Harris, Sam, 43

Haskalah, 160

Haut conseil à l’intégration, 91, 108

Hebrew language, 150–1, 158–61, 175

Hebrew University, 212

Heller, Ella, 217n34

Index 289

Hermann, Tamar, 216n13, 217n34

High Council for Integration, 91, 108

Hill, Peter C., 234n22

hiloni, 248, 257–8

hilonim, 159, 167, 181, 257, 258

hiloniyut, 158–9, 250

Hinchcliffe, Doreen, 233n16, 234n19

Hinduism, 57, 64, 253

Hitchens, Christopher, 64, 66

Hitler, Adolf, 5

Hleihel, Ahmad, 217n29, 217n32

Hoffman, Anat, 191

Hollande, François, 94, 106

Holocaust, 150–1, 176

Holocaust Memorial Day, 150

Holy Land, 149–50

Holyoake, George Jacob, 7–8,

15n34, 15n38

Hood, Ralph, 234n22

Horvilleur, Delphine, 10, 250, 261n11,

262n4

Hout, Michael, 215n9

Hubert, Thomas, 233n10

Hunsberger, Bruce, 63, 69n5

Hurd, Elizabeth, 253, 261n28

Hussain, Saddam, 5

Hutchinson, Anne, 192

Hutson, James, 23

hybridity, 12, 196, 260

Hyder, Ali, 5

identity

American, 71

French, 109, 128, 166, 182–3, 185–6, 250

hyphenated, 160–1

Jewish, 149–50, 160, 162, 259

national, 175, 250

religious, 259

secularism, 44, 64, 260

ideology, 157, 160, 163, 164

secular, 4, 57, 73–4, 247

immigration

Jewish immigration to France, 110,

116–17, 121

to Israel, 139, 208

Immigration Act of 1965, 28, 73

India, 37, 57–8, 61, 239, 253

Ingersoll, Robert, 8

Inglehart, Ronald, 49n20, 216n12

Institute for the Study of Secularism in

Society and Culture, 42

intellectual history, 35

intelligentsia, 7, 150

Interfaith Space, 75

Interfaith Youth Core, 196

Islam, 11, 36, 63, 85, 89–90, 106–7, 109,

169, 180, 200, 203, 226–7

ijtihad, 227

Islamism, 12

Islamists, 3, 93

governments, 94, 108

Islamophobia, 1, 92–3

Israel, 2, 3, 6, 9–11, 116–19, 121,

145–55, 157, 167, 168, 174, 177,

179, 181, 183, 206, 208, 210, 247,

250–1, 254, 256, 258

2013 elections, 142, 155, 166

abandonment of religion trend, 154

Agudat Israel, 135–6, 138, 145, 162–3

appropriation, 146, 154

Arab minority, 178, 182, 256

growing population, 258

Arab–Israeli, 169, 181–2, 184, 185

conf lict, 162

population, 169

atheist, 44–5, 159, 177

Bank of Israel, 149

Basic Law, 147

Central Bureau of Statistics, 181

Chief Rabbinate of, 145–6

Christian, 157, 159, 256

citizenship, 136, 163, 166–7, 185

clerical apparatus, 158

Constitution, 137, 158, 163, 248, 250

conversion, 143, 163, 174

creation of, 259

democracy

liberal, 158, 256

Index290

Israel—Continued

democratic, 157–8, 184, 254

discrimination, 146–7

Druze, 157, 159, 168, 175, 179

electoral system, 11, 138, 140, 179

freethinkers, 159, 165

giyur, 163–4, 170

goy (Gentile), 163

Hatikvah, 154

independence, 163

Independence Day, 150, 152

Independents, 47

Jew(s), 145–52, 154–5, 158–9, 161–4,

166, 168, 179, 257

secular, 159, 161, 182, 212, 259

Jewish

hegemony, 167, 169

majority, 167, 169, 208, 256

state, 3, 11, 135–6, 138, 143, 158,

167, 169, 178, 186, 203, 250

judiciary, 146, 163–4

kibbutzim, 174

Labor Party, 152, 168

Land of, 153, 161–2

Law of Return, 174, 184

laws, 165, 169, 184–5

Left, 179

matrimonial law, 145

military, 138, 141–2, 146–8, 153,

162, 179

army, 118, 136, 141–3, 147–8, 158,

164, 168, 175, 178, 180–1

conscription, 142–3, 147–8, 155, 180

exemption, 146–7, 162

Ministry of Interior, 170

modern, 145–6, 150, 155

national language, 160

nationalism, 149, 154–5, 161–2, 212

nationality, 149, 175

non-Jewish minorities, 146–7,

256, 258

non-Jews, 147, 158, 163, 167

Occupied Territories, 119, 179, 183–4

Orthodox, 135–6, 139, 142–3, 146–9,

157–8, 161–2, 164–5, 203, 210

rabbi(s), 143, 165

schools, 138, 162, 168

ultra-Orthodox, 3, 11, 135–9, 141,

147, 157, 162, 168, 191, 194–5,

208, 210, 212, 242, 252, 258

women, 148–9

Palestinian Arab minority, 178

Palestinian problem, 181

people of, 153, 161, 175, 177

Pikuah Nefesh, 147

political Left, 152

Prime Minister, 136, 163, 170

prophets of, 162

public, 141, 155, 170

discourse, 212, 243

space, 146, 169, 213, 243

sphere, 136–7, 258

Rabbinate, 145–6, 153, 171n1

religious law, 146–7, 159, 256

Remembrance Day, 150, 152

Right, 179

“Roots” project, 151

secular, 10–11, 136–46, 149–56,

159–70, 175–6, 181–4, 202–4,

212, 250, 252, 256

government, 156, 166, 251, 253

vision, 177

secularization, 139, 154, 159–61,

164, 166

secular-religious affairs, 257

secular-religious divide, 157, 210

separation of church and state, 11,

173–4, 254, 259

Sharia law, 36, 168, 182, 256

Shas, 138, 140, 152, 178

sovereign state, 158, 160

state of, 7, 116–18, 135–6, 139, 145,

150, 153, 158, 163, 175, 202, 252

state-church, 157, 164

status of women, 146, 148, 200,

213, 252

Supreme Court, 146, 148, 164, 170,

171n1, 175, 249

synagogue-state relations, 157

Tal Law, 142, 180

Index 291

territory, 146–7, 160, 184, 186

tradition, 11, 139, 140, 149–54, 160,

163, 250

War of Independence, 136, 162

women’s rights, 147–9, 153, 164,

193, 202

Israel Religious Action Center, 191

Israeli Declaration of Independence, 162

Israeli–Palestinian conf lict, 182

Intifada, 183

Issa, Darrell, 191

Italian Papal States, 37

Jacobinism, 107, 120, 122, 127

Jacoby, Susan, 53, 194, 197n10

Jackson, Brooks, 33n8

Jakobsen, Janet R., 238, 244n3

Japan, 60

Jaurès, Jean, 97

Jefferson, Thomas, 20–1, 23, 26, 32n3,

38, 44, 46, 75

Jerusalem, 2, 137, 144, 151, 164, 168,

176, 191, 212, 214

Jesus, 26, 44

Jewish

ancestry, 151

appearance, 146

character, 167

collective, 146

community, 11, 118–20, 130, 140,

203, 112, 250

French, 10, 116, 129

history, 121, 163

institutions, 115, 119, 163

religion, 154, 178, 182

socialism, 160

tradition, 136, 147, 149, 154, 162, 177

Jewishness, 117, 130, 149, 162,

178–9, 183

reductionist confessional definition, 259

Jews

American, 38, 43, 75, 143, 160, 175,

178, 180–1

French, 10, 104, 113, 116, 118–22,

129–30, 185, 231, 250, 259

Israeli, 145–52, 154–5, 158–9, 176,

178, 180–1, 203, 257

Mizrahi(m), 52, 154–5, 177–8

non-observant, 116, 149

observant, 137, 139, 141, 145, 164

partial, 186

religious, 147–8, 152, 157, 158,

160–1, 176–7, 180, 250

secular, 65, 159, 161, 170, 180–2, 212,

250, 259–60

traditional, 137, 139

Jospin, Lionel, 125

Joyce, James, 232, 235n42

Judaism, 10, 154, 158, 160–1, 163,

166–7, 186

French, 113–15, 120, 122, 129

marriage, 151, 229

Reform, 4, 64, 101, 119, 143, 168, 174

jurisprudence, 35, 43

Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham, 235n29

Kallen, Horace, 160

Kant, Immanuel, 96

Kaplan, Yehiel S., 233n16

Karayanni, Michael, 171n9

Karliz, Abraham, 152

kashrut, 136, 146

Kasir, Nitza, 155n4

Kastoryano, Riva, 252, 261n18

Katsav, Moshe, 175

Katznelson, Berl, 153, 155n5, 155n6

Keissar-Sugarmen, Ayala, 216n13

Kemalists, 36

Kennedy, Duncan, 235n35

Kennedy, Emmet, 15n29, 15n31

Kennedy, John F., 27, 33n6

Kepel, Gilles, 89, 94n1

Kerry, John, 27, 29

Kershner, Isabel, 217n36

ketubah, 151

Keysar, Ariela, 12, 16n50, 49n6, 49n10,

49n15, 51, 53, 65, 69n2, 80n27,

242–3, 245n20, 254n22, 245n24,

246n26, 257–8, 261n20, 261n22,

262n41

Index292

Khomeini, Ayatollah, 107

King, Martin Luther

“Letter from Birmingham Jail,” 20

Kintzler, Catherine, 130n3, 232n3

Knesset, 136–8, 142–3, 146–7, 159,

163–4, 166, 168–9, 174, 254

Kollech, 149

Koran, 36, 63, 221

kosher, 122, 139, 144, 159, 164

Kosmin, Barry, 9, 48n1, 49n6,

49n10, 49n12, 49n15, 49n17,

49n19, 51, 53, 65, 69n2, 74–5,

79n17, 80n23, 80n27, 80n28,

248–9, 257

Koussens, David, 233n15

Kraidy, Marwan, 197n13

Kramer, Xandra E., 235n30

Kulturkampf, 153, 163

laïcité, 10, 85, 87–8, 90–1, 93, 94, 103–4,

107–10, 116, 125, 130, 158–9,

169, 204, 219–22, 225, 230–2,

240, 249, 250, 252–3, 255–6

conservative secularism, 10

cultural, 110

definition, 86–8, 95, 103, 110,

126–9, 219

French, 3, 10, 86–7, 91, 104, 106–7,

119, 121–2, 125, 127, 130, 169,

221, 243, 255–6

Islam, 252

Israeli, 118

Judaism, 10, 116, 118–19, 122, 160

neo-Jacobin, 107, 127, 250

Pour une nouvelle, 109–10

republican, 126

translation of, 86

US, 87, 252

Lambert, Frank, 49n14

Lapid, Yair, 155, 159, 173, 176

Larkin, Maurice, 105, 111n2

Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God, 20

Le Bars, Stéphanie, 233n7

Lebanon war, 178

Lebel, Yuval, 217n34

Leckey, Robert, 234n21, 235n33

Lee, Ronald D., 217n27, 217n28

“Left Bank of Paris,” 214

Leland, John, 43, 75, 78, 81n39

Letablier, Marie-Thérèse, 217n33

Letter to the Danbury Baptists, 23

Levinas, Emmanuel, 113, 122n1

liberal democracy, 158, 248, 256

liberalism, 97, 169, 181, 237

American, 146

economic, 140

naturalistic, 46

neo-, 7

secular, 97

Library of Congress, 23

Likud, 138, 182

Lisée, Jean-Francois, 13n4

Locke, John, 8, 105, 248, 251, 254

Los Angeles, 61–2, 182

Louisiana, 60

Lubavitcher Rebbe, 64

Luther, Martin, 8

Lutheran(ism), 65, 101, 104

Lutrand, Marie-Claude, 235n41

Madan, T. N., 253, 261n27

Madhok, Sumi, 243, 245n21

Madison, James, 22–3, 37–8, 46, 75–7,

79n22, 80n31, 81n34

Mahieddin, Nahas, M. 234n26

Maimonides, Moses, 178

majority/minority relations, 257

majority will, 255

Malaurie, Philippe, 233n8

Malkin, Yaakov, 168

Manski, Charles F., 208, 217n31

Marsilius of Padua, 8

Marxist, 57

Marxist-Leninist ideology, 36

material life, 154

Mayer, Arno, 122n2

McCain, John, 30

McClay, Wilfred, 14n17

Index 293

McCreight, Jennifer, 214, 218n38

McRobbie, Angela, 239, 245n13,

245n14, 246n27

Mea Shearim, 148, 214

Mendès France, Pierre, 175, 186n2

menorah, 150

Menski, Werner, 234n18

Merino, Stephen, 70n8

Messiah, 183

Messiah College, 30

Mexico, 7, 35

mezuzah, 145, 152, 155, 177

Middle East, 155, 158, 252

Milbank, John, 15n22

modern state, 165

modesty, 145, 148

Mohammed Merah Affair, 89

mohel, 159

Molière, 185

Montreal Gazette, The, 1

Moral Majority, 19, 28, 252

Mormons, 201

Morocco, 117, 227

Mount Herzl, 152–3

Muslims, 63, 68, 91, 100, 109, 166–8,

175, 223, 225

French, 4, 89, 182, 220–1, 225, 231,

250, 252, 258

Israeli, 157, 159, 166–9, 175, 182, 196,

203, 214, 256

law, 169, 225, 227

mahr, 229–30

marriage, 224, 229

orthodox, 90

secular, 65, 90

Myshar, Joram, 208, 217n31

Naiweld, Ron, 131n10

Nandy, Ashis, 15n24

nation(s), 22, 25, 27, 37, 60, 76, 121, 161,

168, 173, 176, 199, 214

American, 40, 247

Arab, 168

Baptist, 22

Christian, 9, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27,

28, 29, 31–2, 43, 46, 247, 256

French, 114, 203

Israeli, 164, 166, 169, 175, 184, 248

Jewish, 113–15, 158, 160, 169–70, 184

Muslim, 23

Presbyterian, 22

secular (American), 19, 24

National Prayer Breakfast, 66, 68

National Reform Association, 25

National Revolution, 37

nation-state, 104

naturalistic liberalism, 46

Navarro-Rivera, Juhem, 49n10,

49n12, 49n19

Nazism

equated with secularism, 6

neutrality, 1, 10, 37, 40, 65, 107,

248, 250

state neutrality, 1, 8, 86, 100, 109,

165, 237, 250

New Age, 154

New England Congressional

tradition, 193

New Testament, 25

New York Times, The, 245

New York University, 68

Newdow, Michael, 71, 74, 77, 79n1

Newsweek, 28

Nielsen, Jørgen, 235n31

Nones, 9, 12, 31, 41–7, 51–5, 59–60, 64,

67–8, 74–5, 78, 196, 214, 257–8

American, 44–5, 48, 68, 258, 260

Democrat(ic), 47, 52, 55

education, 55

progressive, 47

Republican, 47

social democratic, 47

trans-global, 54

unaffiliated, 47

nonreligious Jews, 135, 141, 147, 151–4,

181, 259

Norris, Pippa, 49n20

Northern Ireland, 88, 181

Index294

Northwest Ordinance, 24

Norway, 56, 175, 209

Nou, Aurora, 13, 29

Novak, David, 5, 14n19, 73

niddah (purity), 165

Niose, David, 49n9

niqab, 36, 109, 250

Nixon, Richard, 29

NPR, 23, 32

Obama, Barack, 27, 30–1, 33n7, 42,

66–8, 70n7, 247

Office of Faith Based and

Neighbourhood Partnerships,

40, 249

Oppong, Christine, 216n17

Oregon, 41, 60, 62

O’Reilly, Bill, 60

Organization for Economic

Cooperation and

Development, 210

Orthodoxy, 11, 143, 191

radical, 5, 147–8

rabbis, 202

Ottoman Empire, 158

period, 146

Padover, Saul K., 48n4

Pakistan, 196, 247

Pandey, Jyoti Singh, 239

Palestine, 119, 135, 161, 167, 176, 183, 191

Palestinians, 139, 168, 178, 182–4

Parti Quebecois, 1, 3, 8, 14

patriarchy, 36, 193–4, 239, 244

Peace of Westphalia, 110

Pearl, David, 234n18

Pellegrini, Ann, 238, 244n3

Le Pen, Marine, 92

Peña-Ruiz, Henri, 10, 16n43, 90,

127–9, 131n5, 131n11, 232n3,

232n4, 249, 255

“People of the Book,” 159

Permoli v. First Municipality, 7–8, 15n53

Pew Research Center, 51, 69n1, 80n27,

197n14

Philippines, The, 60

Philips, Matthew, 48n3

Phillips, Anne, 243, 245n21

Phillips, Rick, 215n10

Pikuah Nefesh, 147

Plato, 193

Pledge of Allegiance, 7, 40, 8, 63, 71–2,

77–8, 249

pluralism, 37

legal, 215, 225

religious, 37, 40, 165

Pocock, John G. A., 49n5

Poland, 57, 88, 135, 150

political secular theory, 253, 254, 258

Pope, 104–6, 165

Benedict XVI, 201

Francis, 201

popular sovereignty, 40, 169

popular will, 254–5

postcolonial, 5

post-Enlightenment, 5

postmodern, 5, 12, 252, 253

postmodernism, 6, 194, 239, 253

postmodernist perspective, 194

postwar American religious

landscape, 258

prayer in public schools, 249

Prélot, Pierre-Henri, 109

Program for Jewish Civilization, 9

Protestant, 30, 40, 43, 57, 61, 87, 100,

114, 249

Protestantism, 57, 72, 86, 88, 101, 115, 200

public realm, 165

public sphere, 127, 220, 231, 237, 258

Puritan, 192

Quebec, 1, 3

queer theory, 194

Quietism, 4

racism, 1, 61

Raday, Frances, 213, 217n37

Rahman, Momin, 13n3

Ralph, Talia, 245n11

Ramirez, Angeles, 234n28

Index 295

Raphael, Freddy, 233n17

Ratier, Emmanuel, 123n5

Reagan, Ronald, 30

Reformation, 29

Regev, Uri, 162, 171n5

religion, 165, 200, 253

absolute, 152, 256

children, 63

freedom from, 158

freedom of, 158, 254

as a guide, 65

identity and, 74, 88, 130, 149,

154, 161

indoctrination, 63

inf luencing society, 60–1, 200

law, 228, 240

monotheistic, 158, 257

as political, 202

public sphere, 127, 220, 231, 237

social bonds, 252

tradition, 4, 12, 152

Religion and Diversity Project, 244

religious

accommodationism, 75

affiliation, 165

America, 255

authority, 152, 154

autonomy, 146, 158, 160, 248

ceremony, 152–4

concessions, 157

conservatism, 152

custom, 151–2, 154

dress, 90–1, 107–9, 125

educational institutions, 146

freedom, 100–1, 255

fundamentalism, 251–2

impingement, 158

individualism, 248

landscape, 157

language, 256

liberals, 44

marriage, 222–5, 230–1

minorities, 257, 258

Right, 42, 48, 73, 75, 247

growth of ranks, 258

ritual, 153

scripture, 149, 152

secular “syncretism,” 259

secularism, 145, 146, 250

society, 145–55

soldiers, 148, 164

sphere, 149

supranational activity, 253

symbols, 1, 41, 87, 91, 108, 119,

145, 149, 150, 167, 177,

184, 220–1, 250, 252,

259–60, 277

symbolic, 154, 166, 169

symbolism, 72

symbolize, 155

traditionalism, 251–2

transnational activity, 253

women, 153

religiously unaffiliated, 9, 52, 62

a-religious/irreligious, 3, 59,

70n8, 214

growth of ranks, 258

Renaissance, 6, 46

humanism, 46

Representative Council of Jewish

Institutions, 118, 120

Republican Party, 43, 47

Committee Platform, 19

Republicans, 47

Resurrection, 26, 31

Rittich, Kerry, 234n20,

235n32

Robertson, Pat, 252

Roe v. Wade, 28–9

Romney, Mitt, 40

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 96, 254

“general will,” 255

Ruether, Rosemary, 192, 197

Rushdie, Salman, 6, 107

The Moor’s Last Sigh, 6,

15n28

Russia, 7, 35, 37, 117

immigration, 139

Russians, 149, 177

Ryder, Bruce, 238, 244n2

Index296

Sabbath, 136, 145, 146, 147, 152, 155,

162

Saint Mary’s University, 239

Salafism, 89

jihadi, 89, 90

same-sex marriage, 41, 42, 86, 94, 106,

119, 129

Santorum, Rick, 27, 247, 248

Sarkozy, Nicolas, 106, 108

Sattath, Noa, 195

Scandinavia, 60, 64, 210

Lutheran, 64

Schach, Eliezer, 152

Scheindlin, Dahlia, 216n13

Schnapper, Dominique, 233n17

Scholem, Gershom, 161

Seamon, Erika, 10, 80n25, 80n26,

80n29, 247, 261n13

Second Great Awakening, 26

Second Temple, 150, 186

secular

definitions, 29, 56, 74

education, 214, 255

emancipation, 96–7, 100, 255

humanist, 30, 45, 64, 68

ideology, 247

law, 146, 220

leadership, 193

Left, 71–2

movement, 12, 61

regimes, 4, 251

societies, 36, 201, 237, 247, 260

status quo, 3, 257

Students Alliance, 54, 196

texts, 51, 169

worldview, 5, 252

secularism(s), 1, 4–5, 7–8, 10–11, 29, 31,

35, 40, 46–7, 55–6, 58, 61, 73–4,

85–6, 88, 92, 152, 158, 162–3,

165–6, 168–70, 193–4, 219, 221,

231, 237–8, 240, 242–3, 250–1,

253–4, 257, 260

American, 18, 27, 59, 253, 247–9,

253, 256, 260

antidemocratic, 254, 257

anti-secular groups, 260

artificial, 182

commitment to, 40

confusion, 7–8, 13, 74, 91, 110, 238,

247, 251, 260

cultural, 168

definition, 8, 56–7, 74, 193

French, 92–3, 243, 256, 260

global, 5, 93

hard (atheist), 36, 43, 45, 63, 249

history, 6, 110, 114–16

Israeli, 11, 146, 158, 159, 161–4, 170,

173, 176, 182, 250, 254

Jewish, 122, 168

“legitimation crisis,” 11, 13, 248,

253–4, 260

Marxist, 36, 57

opposition to, 251, 260

political, 6, 12, 58, 91, 110, 251,

254–7, 259

political philosophy, 2, 6, 39, 56, 73,

248, 251, 260

power relations, 258

challenge to universality of, 256

ends and means, 254

rights of religious minorities, 257

“preexisting feature of

democracy,” 257

revitalization of, 31

“self-restrained,” 158, 169, 182, 256

separationism, 43, 73, 75

soft (pluralist), 35, 37, 40, 43–4, 46,

48, 64, 248

stigmatization of, 253, 260

threats to, 109, 128, 130, 160, 251,

257, 260

traditions, 35, 38

United States, 9, 19, 35, 37, 57, 59, 61,

165–6, 169, 196, 248, 255

women’s rights, 91, 193, 201, 203,

253, 259

secularity, 55, 57, 95, 98–100

definition, 56

Index 297

private, 12

state, 12

secularization, 6, 35, 45, 150, 159, 160,

161, 164, 170

cultural, 97, 255

political, 91, 255

religion, 87, 150, 154, 166

social, 88, 255

separation of church and state,, 29, 38,

193, 173–4, 247, 249, 255–6

France, 88, 99, 248–9

Sephardim, 177, 179

Sermon on the Mount, 32

Seventh Day Adventists, 75

Shabbat, 159

Shamir, Yitzhak, 118

Shani, Ayelet, 197

Shapira, Anita, 10, 155n5, 177, 180, 250,

252, 258

shiva, 152

Sitruk, Joseph, 118

Six Day War, 118, 153

Slepack, Shaul, 216n13

Smart, Carol, 245n15

Sorel, Malika, 233n11

South Africa, 37

Southern Baptist Convention, 29, 43

sovereignty, 96, 97

Soviet Union, 3, 117, 150, 154

Spilka, Bernard, 234n22

Spinoza, Baruch, 101, 159

Stalin, Joseph, 5

Stark, Rodney, 53, 58

Stasi Commission, 90–2, 108

state, 254

arbitrariness of state intervention, 257

condition of, 260

Jewish, 145, 158, 169

legitimacy of state intervention,

255, 257

neutral, 167

power, 2, 3, 96

secular, 40

state neutrality, 1, 8, 237, 250

Status Quo Agreement of 1947, 145,

162–4, 179, 180, 203, 250, 252

Stenger, Victor, 43

Stewart, Jon, 55

Supreme Court, 22, 78, 255

cases, 28, 71, 73–4, 77

ruling, 28

Surkis, Judith, 233n9

Sweden, 57

synagogue, 2, 114, 116, 122, 129, 139, 140,

151, 153, 157, 159, 171n1, 176, 177

syncretism, 145, 155, 250, 259

Syria, 3, 93

talaq, 168, 182, 222, 224, 226

Taliban, 239

tallit, 150

Talmud, 114, 141, 150

Taylor, Charles, 5, 15n26, 55, 69n3

Teachman, Jay D., 215n4

Tel Hai, 153

Texas School Board, 46

Thistlethwaite, Susan, 11–12, 197n3,

197n5, 197n8, 238, 241–2,

244n1, 245n16, 245n19, 259,

260, 262n42

Thornton, Arland, 215n4

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 60

Torah, 2, 114, 138, 140–1, 148–9, 161–2,

191, 213

Sages, 135

Treaty of Tripoli, 23–4

Article 11, 24

Trinity, 26, 44

Tunisia, 3, 93–4, 117, 227

Turkey, 3, 35–6, 243

Atatürkism, 3, 36

millet system (Ottoman), 11, 158–9,

163–4, 167–70

Turner, James, 30

Tzaban, Yair, 168

Union, 25, 42, 76, 95, 97

Union pour un Mouvement Populaire, 109

Index298

Unitarian, 26

Unitarian Universalism, 196

Unitarian Universalist Association, 77

United Church of Christ, 4

United Kingdom, 181, 205–7, 209,

211, 243

United Nations, 135, 184, 199, 209

Gender Inequality Index, 199

Resolution, 162

Statistics Division, 199, 215n1

United States Congress, 23, 76, 80n31,

202, 248

congressional hearing, 191

congressional panel, 192, 194

United States House of Representatives,

23, 24, 71

United States of America, 1–3, 6, 9–10,

19–21, 23–6, 28–9, 35, 37–9, 45,

52, 57, 59, 72–4, 76, 78, 117, 143,

155, 160, 165–6, 169, 175, 180,

194, 196, 199, 200–6, 209–10,

214, 239, 247–8, 251–2, 255,

257–8, 260

Agency for International

Development (USAID), 252–3

“legal secularists,” 255

Senate, 24

social secularization, 258

University of Ottawa Office of

Research Ethics and

Integrity, 222

Vatican, 244n8

leadership, 200

Vatican II, 87

Venel, Nancy, 235n41

Ventura, Raphael, 216n13

Vermont, 41, 60, 62

Vianès, Michèle, 232n5

Vision Papers, 169

Volsky, Igor, 197n4

Wall of Separation, 22–3, 73, 110

Wallis, Jim, 26, 30

Walter, Dror, 216n13

“war on religion,” 73

Warren, Rick, 30

Warren Court, 249

Washington, George, 76, 77, 80n30,

80n32, 81n33

Washington Post, The, 192, 194

Weber, Max, 14n8, 56, 58, 163

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of

Capitalism, 56

Weil, Patrick, 233n13

Weltanschauung, 159

Western, 158

Christendom, 6, 253

civil law, 227

contexts, 253

credos, 253

(liberal) democracy, 136, 237,

239, 256

democratic counterpart, 158

democratic country, 169

European history, 7

family law, 228

judicial system, 259

non-Western countries, 253

non-Western immigrants, 28

perspective, 146

philosophy, 193

society, 37, 199, 209

non-Western, 253

value, 253

weekend, 36

Westerners, 46

Westernization, 36, 186, 253, 258

Westernized, 117

world, 152

Western Wall, 152–3, 191

William of Ockham, 8

Williams, Roger, 8, 29, 43, 75, 110

Wilson, Bryan R., 58

Wilson, Kalpana, 243, 245n21

Winfield, Nicole, 244n8

Winthrop, John, 30

“City Upon a Hill,” 30

Index 299

women, 3, 145, 181, 195, 221–2, 226,

237, 244

in Greek philosophy, 193

secular activists, 194

socioeconomic status, 199–200, 209

Women of the Wall, 213

Woodhead, Linda, 243, 244n6, 246n25

World War II, 87, 106, 115, 117, 121,

179, 208, 255

Yazdekhasti, Behdjat, 235n41

Yehoshua, A. B., 11, 16n46, 168, 183,

187n4, 254, 256–7, 259, 262n32,

262n39

Yesh Atid, 142, 159, 186n1

yeshiva, 141–3, 146–7, 171n1

Yiddish, 142, 150–1

Yinger, John Milton, 58

Yishuv, 7, 150, 162

Yizkor, 153, 155n5

Yom Kippur, 173, 177, 254

Yovel, Yirmiyahu, 159

Zionism, 135–6, 157, 160–3, 176,

183–4

conservative, 163

post-Zionism, 184

as product and factor of

secularization, 160

rupture, 161

Zionist, 3, 117, 135–6, 138, 149,

161–2

Labor Zionist, 153

nonreligious, 150

non-Zionist party, 162

parties, 168

religious, 139, 147–50, 155, 161,

181, 252

growing assertiveness of

women, 258

Zuckerman, Phil, 9–10, 15n27,

70n6, 73–5, 79n12,

79n13, 79n14, 79n15,

79n16, 80n24, 80n28,

251, 260, 261n14