Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Bibhuti Bhusan DasNarayanan Neithalath Editors

Sustainable Construction and Building MaterialsSelect Proceedings of ICSCBM 2018

Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering

Volume 25

Series editors

Marco di Prisco, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, ItalySheng-Hong Chen, School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,Wuhan University, Wuhan, ChinaIoannis Vayas, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus,Zografou, GreeceSanjay Kumar Shukla, School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup,Perth, AustraliaGiovanni Solari, University of Genoa, Genova, ItalyAnuj Sharma, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USANagesh Kumar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of ScienceBangalore, Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaChien Ming Wang, School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland,St Lucia, QLD, Australia

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Bibhuti Bhusan Das • Narayanan NeithalathEditors

Sustainable Constructionand Building MaterialsSelect Proceedings of ICSCBM 2018

123

EditorsBibhuti Bhusan DasCivil Engineering DepartmentNational Institute of TechnologyKarnataka, SurathkalMangalore, Karnataka, India

Narayanan NeithalathSchool of Sustainable Engineeringand the Built EnvironmentIra A. Fulton Schools of EngineeringArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA

ISSN 2366-2557 ISSN 2366-2565 (electronic)Lecture Notes in Civil EngineeringISBN 978-981-13-3316-3 ISBN 978-981-13-3317-0 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3317-0

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Preface

Portland cement concrete is the most widely used construction material in theworld, with about 10 billion tons of the material produced every year. Concrete isan indispensable constituent of modern-day buildings and infrastructure, whichensures economic development. Roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, high-rise buildings,and energy structures rely on concrete for most of the structural elements becauseof the cost-effectiveness, durability, and versatility of this material. The worldconsumption of portland cement, which is the major manufactured constituent inconcrete, is slated to reach approximately 4.4 billion metric tons by 2020, withIndia producing around 270 million metric tons in 2017, which was thrice theproduction of the USA. It is well known that the production of portland cement isnot without detrimental environmental consequences—attributed partly to therelease of about 0.8 tons of CO2 for every ton of cement produced and partly to theimpacts of quarrying and the consumption of non-renewable natural resources. Thishas resulted in the search for more sustainable means of producing quality concretefor a large number of applications. Additives such as fly ash, a waste material fromcoal-fired power plants, and slag, a waste material from steel manufacturing, havefound use in concrete and have been successfully implemented in concrete con-struction for over four decades. Of late, newer materials including geopolymers(or alkali-activated materials) have stretched the limits of fly ash use in concrete tothe point where binding materials can be created without the use of portlandcement. Other partial cement replacement materials are also in use, driven by theneed to improve concrete performance and durability, enhance the sustainability ofconcrete, and provide local solutions to the ever-increasing problem of wastemanagement.

Research and development in the area of sustainable construction and buildingmaterials is expanding at a rapid pace, especially in countries like India and China,where there is a need for large volumes of concrete and waste or by-productmaterials are abundant. With more research comes better and refined understandingof the influence of materials on the concrete performance as well as its impact onthe environment. This book thus comes at an opportune time, where a large numberof research papers on sustainable construction and building materials, particularly in

v

the Indian context, are compiled for the benefit of researchers, practitioners, andindustries. It is anticipated that the topics and ideas put forward in this publicationwill help enhance the visibility of research happening in India on these importantareas and help the industry gain insights into developing new and sustainablematerials for the ever-increasing demand for infrastructural materials.

Tempe, USA Dr. Narayanan NeithalathProfessor

Mangalore, India Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan DasAssociate Professor

vi Preface

Contents

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete with ReplacementMaterial’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Patil Abhishek, Pasumarthi Lohith, Nakka Sravanand D. V. S. P. Rajesh

Performance of Nano-SiO2 and Nano-ZnO2 on Compressive Strengthand Microstructure Characteristics of Cement Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Raje Gowda, H. Narendra, R. Mourougane and B. M. Nagabhushana

Fly Ash Utilization in Lightweight Aggregates for SustainableConstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Jyoti Kamal and U. K. Mishra

Strength Behaviour of Masonry Blocks ProducedUsing Green Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Shriram Marathe, I. R. Mithanthaya and Sahithya Shetty

Interference of Two Shallow Square Footings on Geogrid ReinforcedCrusher Dust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Bandita Paikaray, Sarat Kumar Das and Benu Gopal Mohapatra

Use of Foundry Sand as Partial Replacement of Natural FineAggregate for the Production of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Suman Saha, C. Rajasekaran and Ajinkya P. More

Construction Blocks from C&D Debris Using the InnovativeCO2 Sequestration Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73G. S. Rampradheep, S. Anandakumar and M. Diwakar

Durability Studies on Alkali Activated Fly Ash and GGBS-BasedGeopolymer Mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85G. Mallikarjuna Rao and C. H. Kireety

vii

A Comparative Study on RCC Structures (Frame, Infill, Bracings,Wire Frame and Shear Wall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99S. D. Sneha, H. Hema and R. Abishek

Comparative Study on Influence of Lead Rubber Bearingon RC Structures with Flat Slab and Conventional Slab SystemUnder Seismic Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115M. S. Mounashree, H. Hema and S. M. Harisha

Corrosion Inhibitors Behaviour on ReinforcedConcrete—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Chava Venkatesh, Syed Khaja Mohiddin and N. Ruben

A Review of the Mechanical Behavior of Substitution Materialsin Self-healing Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Chereddy Sonali Sri Durga and N. Ruben

Effect of Silica Fume on the Properties of Fly Ash GeopolymerConcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Sanghamitra Jena, Ramakanta Panigrahi and Pooja Sahu

Synthesis of Geopolymer Coarse Aggregates Using Class-F FlyAsh and Studies on Its Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Arjun Kasi and B. U. Darshan

Optimization of Resources by Real-Time Correlation Studyfor Maximizing the Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167Ashutosh Agrawal, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sanjaya Kumar Malik

Study on Mechanical Properties of Cement Concrete for PartialReplacement of Coarse Aggregate by Shredded Plasticand Cement by Fly Ash and Metakaolin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177B. Jeevitha and Neethu Urs

High-Performance Concrete (HPC)—An Innovative Cement ConcreteMix Design to Increase the Life Span of Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189G. Karthikeyan, M. Balaji, Adarsh R. Pai and A. Muthu Krishnan

Study on Mechanical Properties and Leaching of Heavy Metalsin the Artificially Produced Fly Ash Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201M. Roshan, K. N. Shivaprasad and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Feasibility of Producing Class F Fly Ash Geopolymer Mortarwith Alkaline Water Containing Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) . . . . . . . 213Jai Sai Tenepalli and D. Neeraja

Analytical Study on Disintegration of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Raja Sekhar Mamillapalli

viii Contents

An Effect of NaOH Molarity on Fly Ash—Metakaolin-BasedSelf-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233B. R. Arun, P. S. Nagaraja and J. M. Srishaila

Sustainable Construction and Building Materials—A Reviewon Performance of Geopolymer in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245M. Priyanka and N. Ruben

An Experimental Study on Workability and Strength Characteristicsof M40 Grade Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cementwith Nano-TiO2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253M. Suneel, K. Jagadeep, K. K. MahaLakshmi, G. Praveen Babuand G. V. Ramarao

Studies on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Sugarcane BagasseAsh Blended Self-Compacting Concrete Mixes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265R Manjunath and Mule Rahul

Experimental Study on Improvement of Bearing CapacityUsing Geosynthetic Stone Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275B. T. Spoorthi, K. V. Vijetha, P. S. Vivek, M. Pradeep and Prasad Pujar

Implication of Concrete with Chemical Admixture Curedin Low Temperature on Strength, Chloride Permeabilityand Microstructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Avijit H. Ghosh and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Pervious ConcreteOver Fiber-Reinforced Pervious Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299Darshan Narayana, Shuaib Ahmed Shariff, Nawaz Ahmed, Umair Ahmedand Sanaur Rehman

Role of Silica Fume in Producing High Strength Self-CompactingConcrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Raju Lokhande and Kirankumar Dindawar

Problem Analysis and Geotechnical Study at SengulamAugmentation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Sinai Michel, K. A. Nimmymol, Jiya Zacharia and Nazrin Nazeer

Graphene in the Domain of Construction: A Reviewof Applications and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Sanjukta Sahoo

Experimental Analysis on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregateby Granite Dust in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335Sonali Upadhyaya, Bharadwaj Nanda and Ramakanta Panigrahi

Contents ix

Experimental Investigation of High-Strength Self-CompactingFibre-Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345Aijaz Zende and R. B. Khadiranaikar

Effect of Curing Conditions on Mechanical Properties of ReactivePowder Concrete with Different Dosage of Quartz Powder . . . . . . . . . . 359Abbas Ali Dhundasi and R. B. Khadiranaikar

The Effects of GGBFS on Strength Properties of GeopolymerConcrete Cured at Ambient Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Aslam Hutagi and R. B. Khadiranaikar

Experimental and Finite Element Analysis of 80 MPa Two-SpanHigh-Performance Concrete Beam Under Flexure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381A. A. Momin and R. B. Khadiranaikar

Techniques for Preparation and Dispersion of Nano-SiO2

in Cementitious System—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397K. Snehal and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Life Cycle Costing for the Analysis of Cost-Effectiveness of AlternativeConcretes and Masonry Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409H. K. Sugandhini and Shashwath M. Nanjannavar

Study on Development of Strength Properties of Bio-concrete . . . . . . . . 423B. S. Shashank, Basavarj Dhannur, H. N. Ravishankar and P. S. Nagaraj

Rice Husk Ash (RHA)—The Future of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Chinnadurai Elakkiah

Effect of Nano-Silica and GGBS on the Strength Properties of FlyAsh-Based Geopolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449A. Ravitheja and N. L. N. Kiran Kumar

Compressive Strength Prediction of High-Strength ConcreteUsing Regression and ANN Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Sukomal Mandal, M. Shilpa and Ramachandra Rajeshwari

Prediction of Compressive Strength of High-Volume Fly Ash ConcreteUsing Artificial Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Ramachandra Rajeshwari and Sukomal Mandal

Experimental Investigation on Compressive Strength of LD SlagAggregate Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Virendra Kumar, Brajkishor Prasad, Sourav Chakraborty, Prince Singh,Y. Rama Murthy and Gajanan Kapure

Cost Reduction Techniques on MEP Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495R. P. Akhil and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

x Contents

Mineralogical Study of Concretes Prepared Using Carbonated Flyashas Part Replacement of Cement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Sanjukta Sahoo and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on MechanicalProperties and Thermal Conductivity of Concretes and MasonryBlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531Kudva P. Laxman and Rudresh M. Suralikerimath

Mechanical Properties of Pavement Quality Concrete Producedwith Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543B. J. Panditharadhya, Raviraj H. Mulangi, A. U. Ravi Shankarand Susheel Kumar

Effect of Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates with E-Wasteon Strength Properties of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555Shreelaxmi Prashant and Mithesh Kumar

Experimental Investigation on Utilization of Waste Shredded RubberTire as a Replacement to Fine Aggregate in Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561Parameshwar N. Hiremath, K. Jayakesh, Roshan Rai,N. Sujay Raghavendra and Subhash C. Yaragal

Strength Characteristics of Laterized Mortars Using ProcessedLaterite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571S. N. Basavana Gowda, C. Rajasekaran and Subhash C. Yaragal

Sustainable Building Management by Using Alternative Materialsand Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583H. P. Thanu, H. G. Kanya Kumari and C. Rajasekaran

Effect of Silica Fume on Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Mortarwith Recycled Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595Kumar S. Vaibhav, Manish Nagaladinni, M. Madhushree and B. P. Priya

Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete with BottleCrown Caps as Fibers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603D. Yashas Kumar Naik, J. P. Ramya, H. K. Varun Kumar and B. P. Priya

Performance of Deep Excavation for an Underground Metro StationConstructed by Top-Down Method—A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611T. M. Muhammad Ramees Ali and C. Rajasekaran

Experimental Investigation on the Strength of Concrete by PartialReplacement of Fine Aggregates by Low-Density ShreddedPolyethylene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619A. V. Shreyas and Sankaran Venkateswaran

Contents xi

Experimental Study on Performance of M30 Grade Concreteby Partial Replacement with Fly Ash and Granite Powder . . . . . . . . . . 627Rajendra Prasad Singh, K. Rajasekhar and S. Adiseshu

Combined Effect of Marine Environment and pH on the Impedanceof Reinforced Concrete Studied by Electrochemical ImpedanceSpectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635Sharan Kumar Goudar, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and S. B. Arya

Study on Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Concentrationon Geopolymer Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651S. Jeeva Chithambaram, Sanjay Kumar and M. M. Prasad

Early Cost Estimation of Highway Projects in India Using ArtificialNeural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659G. Mahalakshmi and C. Rajasekaran

Review Paper on Utilization Potential of Rice Husk Ashas Supplementary Cementitious Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673Arti Chouksey, Nirendra Dev and Sunita Kumari

Replacement of Fine Aggregates by Recycled Constructionand Demolition Waste in Pavement Quality Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685H. C. Puneeth, S. P. Mahendra, M. Rohith and K. Naveenkumar

Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-consolidating ConcreteIncorporating Alumina Silicates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697Manish S. Dharek, Prashant Sunagar, K. V. Bhanu Tej and S. U. Naveen

Effect of Various Additives on the Properties of Fly AshBased Geopolymer Mortar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707Rashik Mustafa, K. N. Shivaprasad and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Influence of Metakaolin and Red Mud Blended Cementon Reinforcement Corrosion in Presence of Chlorideand Sulfate Ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717Sondi Sudheer, Uppara Raghu Babu and B. Kondraivendhan

Durability Studies of Polypropylene Fibre Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . 727Rohini Srikumar, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sharan Kumar Goudar

Durability Studies of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737Shonu Yadav, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sharan Kumar Goudar

Durability Studies on Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747Rose Mary George, Bibhuti Bhusan Das and Sharan Kumar Goudar

Comparative Study and Laboratory Investigation of Soil StabilizationUsing Terrasil and Zycobond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757Afreen Abulkasim Mulla and K. G. Guptha

xii Contents

Partial Replacement of Steel Slag Aggregates in Concrete as FineAggregates (Induction Blast Furnace Slag) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771S. Arjun, T. Hemalatha and C. Rajasekaran

Experimental and Numerical Studies on the Behaviourof Broad-Gauge Railway Sleepers in Static Bending Condition . . . . . . . 781Chandrashekhar Lakavath, Rangaswamy Allam and B Kondraivendhan

Methods to Monitor Resources and Logistic Planningat Project Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793Pradeep Reddy Challa and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

Can Geopolymer Concrete Replace the ConventionalConcrete?—State of the Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803Shreelaxmi Prashanth and B. Vijayalaxmi Kedilaya

Ambient Cured Geopolymer Concrete Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811S. Thirugnanasambandam and C. Antony Jeyasehar

Shrinkage Behavior of High-Strength Concrete Using RecycledConcrete Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829B. Suguna Rao, Ampli Suresh and Srikanth M. Naik

Influence of Nano-Silica on Characteristics of Cement Mortarand Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839Jittin Varghese, Athira Gopinath, A. Bahurudeen and R. Senthilkumar

Durability Performance of Structural Light Weight Concrete . . . . . . . . 853Rudregowda Anilkumar, P. Prakash and Raje Gowda

Mechanical Properties of Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteUsing Coal-Bottom Ash as Replacement of Fine Aggregate . . . . . . . . . . 863Sharan Kumar Goudar, K. N. Shivaprasad and Bibhuti Bhusan Das

An Experimental Study on Mechanical Propertiesof Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete(UHPFRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873Shivam Gangwar, Suruchi Mishra and H. K. Sharma

Strength Improvement of Cement Mortar by the Additionof Ureolytic Microorganism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887Shashwati Soumya Pradhan and Sunita Sahu

An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregateby Vermiculate and Cement by Marble Powder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897K. E. Prakash, D. M. Sangeetha and Shakeel Bagwan

Contents xiii

About the Editors

Dr. Bibhuti Bhusan Das is currently Associate Professor at the National Instituteof Technology Karnataka (NITK), Surathkal. Before joining NITK, he served asCenter Head for the National Institute of Construction Management and Research,Goa and Indore campuses. He has worked as Postdoctoral Research Associate andAdjunct Faculty Member in the Department of Civil Engineering at LawrenceTechnological University, Southfield, Michigan. His research focuses on the sus-tainability of construction and building materials, which include the microstructurecharacterization of materials, nondestructive testing of concrete structures, corro-sion of reinforcement and durability studies on concrete, and sustainability inconstruction project management. He is Associate Member of the AmericanConcrete Institute and part of the International Faculty Network Committee laun-ched by the ACI Education Foundation in 2009. He also serves on the editorialboard or as a reviewer for a number of national and international journals.

Dr. Narayanan Neithalath obtained his Ph.D. from Purdue University in 2004,specializing in civil engineering materials. His research focuses on the developmentand characterization of sustainable infrastructural materials, with an emphasis on a“materials-by-design” approach using novel tools of material characterization, atdifferent length scales, which are based on electron and X-ray imaging, electricalimpedance, NMR, and indentation. He has published 100 papers in internationaljournals, along with several conference proceedings, and has been a keynotespeaker at various conferences. He is a recipient of several awards for novelmaterial design and is Editor of ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering.Currently, he is serving as Professor at the School of Sustainable Engineering andthe Built Environment, Arizona State University.

xv

Experimental Study on Self-CompactingConcrete with Replacement Material’s

Patil Abhishek, Pasumarthi Lohith, Nakka Sravanand D. V. S. P. Rajesh

Abstract The self-compacting concrete is a concrete mix which has a low yieldstress, high deformability, good segregation resistance, and moderate viscosity.Usage of SCC has been limited in construction projects due to its high cost. Toavoid this limitation, this project is going to be an attempt. In this project, we arereplacing the cement by GGBS, sand by granite powder, three types of chemicalshave been used for binding and specimens are cast accordingly. Each specimen isgoing to be tested with tensile, bending and compression tests. By the end of thisproject, we can say that the overall cost of SCC can be reduced with no decrease inthe strength or even slightly increase in strength.

Keywords Self-compacting concrete (SCC) � Ground granulated blast furnaceslag (GGBS) � Filling ability � Passing ability � Strength test’s

1 Introduction

Self-compacting concrete is an innovative concrete which not only has property ofself-compaction but also has a low yield stress, high deformability, good segre-gation resistance, and moderate viscosity [1]. Self-compacting concrete is alsocommonly known as self-consolidating concrete. SCC requires no vibration whichin turn flows under its self-weight completely filling formwork with full com-paction, even in the presence of congested reinforcement. This concrete on hard-ening would have the same engineering properties and durability as that of theconventional concrete. The knowledge of SCC has moved from domain of researchto application in various countries but in India, this knowledge is to be widespread.To produce SCC, the major work involves designing and appropriate mix pro-portion and evaluating the properties of the concrete thus considering these things

P. Abhishek (&) � P. Lohith � N. Sravan � D. V. S. P. RajeshGuru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, Hyderabad, Indiae-mail: abhishekpatil.hyd.hyd@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019B. B. Das and N. Neithalath (eds.), Sustainable Constructionand Building Materials, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 25,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3317-0_1

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Nan Su’s mix design method for SCC being simplest and accurate, we are usingthis method for the mix design of SCC in our present project.

2 Objectives

SCC being the modernistic and focused on high performance, we are focusing onthe improvement of the properties of it using replacement. Considering all the mottoof the project has been decided as follows:

• Laboratory tests on aggregates and cement;• Workability tests and strength tests on specimens.

3 Material’s and Laboratory Tests on Material’s

3.1 Material’s

Coarse Aggregate: Crushed granite stones of size less than 10 mm were used inthis project work.

Calculated Bulk Density: 1614 kg/m3;Calculated Specific Gravity: 3.25 g/cm3.

Fine Aggregate: Natural river sand available in the locality was used of size<0.75 mm and as replacement granite powder was used.

Calculated Bulk Density: 1481 kg/m3;Calculated Specific Gravity: 2.27 g/cm3.

Cement: 53 Grade Cement was used.

Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS): Locally available JSW GGBSwas used in this project considering all the standards as per Indian standards [3]. Thedifferent chemicals used for binding of GGBS individually are compared as per thisproject [2]. The chemicals used for binding are listed below with their molecularweights:

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) M.W. = 39.997 gms/mol;Sodium Meta Silicate (Na2SiO3.5H2O) M.W. = 212.14 g/mol;Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3) M.W. = 105.99 g/mol.

Fly Ash: Fly ash was available at a ready-made concrete mix plant at Bongloor,Telangana State. Fly ash has been used as the filler component when completecement in concrete was replaced by GGBS.

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Super Plasticizer: Consplax was the super plasticizer used in our project. Consplaxis a concrete hyper plasticizer.

3.2 Laboratory Test’s on Material’s

The materials used in the project underwent few laboratory tests so that the resultsof the tests can be used to determine the proportionate of the materials. The differenttests and their results are listed below:

• Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate: 3.25;• Specific Gravity of Fine Aggregate: 2.77;• Specific Gravity of Cement: 3.15;• Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregate: 1392.5;• Bulk Density of Fine Aggregate: 1481.5.

The above tests to find out specific gravity and bulk density were carried outusing the procedures mentioned in IS: 2720-Part3-1980 [4] (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Material’s used and pycnometer used to determine specific gravity of materials

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete … 3

4 Mix Proportion

Using Nan Su Method for Mix Design of SCC, the amount of materials to be addedwere calculated and are mentioned (Tables 1 and 2),

Using the above proportions, the fine aggregate (sand) was replaced by granitepowder and cement was replaced with GGBS completely, additionally, 4% of theGGBS content was added with three different chemicals (4% of Na Content) usedfor binding separately and compared in this project.

5 Methodology

As of every concrete testing procedure, we followed the same to thisself-compacting concrete. After batching of aggregates and materials to be added toSCC using Nan Su method for Mix Design of Self-Compacting Concrete, thefollowing steps were followed similar to that of normal concrete.

• Workability Tests;• Casting of Specimens;• Curing of Specimens;• Strength Tests for Specimens.

These are the vital steps in this project after the mix design procedure.

Table 1 Material content tobe added to self-compactingconcrete

S. No. Material Content kg/m3

1. Fine aggregate (sand) 962.38

2. Coarse aggregate (gravel) 665.03

3. Cement 217.55

4. Filler (fly ash) 487.67

5. Water 484.77

6. Super plasticizer 0.01%

Table 2 Material content tobe added to SCC whenreplaced by other material’s

S. No. Material Content kg/m3

1. Fine aggregate (granite powder) 962.38

2. Coarse aggregate (gravel) 665.03

3. GGBS 217.55

4. Filler (fly ash) 487.67

5. Water 484.77

6. Super plasticizer 0.01%

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5.1 Workability Test’s

The main objective of SCC is to have good workability with the following char-acteristics of the SCC in its fresh state:

• Filling Ability;• Passing Ability;• Segregation Resistance.

The workability tests conducted are as follows:

• Slump Flow Test;• V-Funnel Test.

5.2 Casting and Curing of Specimen’s

As discussed earlier in this project, we used self-compacting concrete and wereplaced cement with GGBS and sand with granite powder and various chemicalswere added for binding of GGBS (Fig. 2).

There were 4 mixes including to that of self-compacting concrete. There were 3cubes and 3 beams cast for every mix. There were 2 cylinders cast for every mix.

Fig. 2 V-Funnel and slump flow test apparatus

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete … 5

The cubes cast were used for compression test, and the cubes cast were of150 � 150 � 150 mm size. The cylinders were used for tensile test, and thecylinders cast were of 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height. The beams were usedfor flexural test, and the size of beams was 150 � 150 � 700 mm. These mouldswere available in market and are generally used for testing. These specimens weremixed in a tilting type stationary mixer. After 24 h of casting of specimens, they arede-moulded and kept for curing in the curing tank. All the specimens of normalself-compacting concrete, SCC with replacement materials with NaOH as bindingchemical, SCC with replacement materials with Na2CO3 as binding chemical andSCC with replacement materials with sodium meta silicate as binding chemicalwere kept in curing tank.

When sodium carbonate cubes were kept for curing in the curing tank, within afew minutes of time they started to collapse thus deterioration took place duringcuring. The reason would be either due to chemical reaction between sodiumcarbonate and water or else due to reaction between Sodium carbonate and superplasticizer (Figs. 3 and 4).

Fig. 3 Curing of specimen

Fig. 4 Failure of SCC withreplacement material andsodium carbonate used asbinding material duringcuring

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5.3 Strength Test’s on Specimen’s

In this project, we have done compression strength testing, tensile strength testing,and flexural strength testing. Cubes of size 150 � 150 � 150 mm were used forcompression strength testing, cylinders of 150 � 300 mm were used for tensilestrength testing. Beams of size 150 � 150 � 700 mm were used for flexuralstrength testing (Fig. 5).

6 Result’s for Workability and Strength Test’s

Slump Flow Test Results: (Slump Spread in cm)From below graph, we can say that there was high flow with the mix with sodiumcarbonate and sodium meta silicate as chemical binders for GGBS with replacementmaterials in self-consolidating concrete (Fig. 6 and Table 3)

Fig. 5 Strength tests on specimens

55

60

65

70

75

80

Normal SCC

NaOH as binder

Na2CO3 as binder

Sodium Meta

Silicate as binder

Slump Flow (cms)

Slump Flow (cms)

Fig. 6 Slump flow testresults

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete … 7

With NaOH chemical binder added to SCC with replacement material, there wasa decrease in the slump flow value as the NaOH acted as water reducer. But whenthey were added to the mould, they expelled water out compacting themselves.

V-Funnel Test Results: (Flow Time in Seconds)V-Funnel Test was carried out to know the filling ability of the concrete. As perstandards, the funnel must get empty within 8–12 s. The below graph shows theV-Funnel Test results where all mixes passed through V-Funnel approximatelywithin the time period suggested according to Nan Su in his mix design procedurefor self-compacting concrete. (Not accurate because proper equipment was notused) (Fig. 7 and Table 4).

Table 3 Slump flow test result’s

Mix type Trail 1 Trail 2 Trail 3 Average(in cm)

Normal SCC 75 76 75 75.33

100% replacement with NaOH as binder 65.4 65.8 65 65.4

100% replacement with Na2CO3 as binder 78 76 77.5 77.16

100% replacement with sodium metasilicate as binder

78.5 75.9 77 77.13

0 2 4 6 8

101214

Normal SCC NaOH as binder

Na2CO3 as binder

Sodium Meta

Silicate as binder

V-Funnel Test

V-Funnel Test

Fig. 7 V-Funnel test results

Table 4 V-Funnel test result’s

Mix type Trail1

Trail2

Trail3

Average (ins)

Normal SCC 10 9 10 9.66

100% replacement with NaOH as binder 12 12.5 12 12.16

100% replacement with Na2CO3 as binder 11 10 11 10.66

100% replacement with sodium meta silicate asbinder

11 11 10 10.66

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Compressive Strength Test ResultsCompressive strength test was carried out for all the specimen where there was arapid increase in compressive strength of SCC with replacement materials withNaOH as chemical binder. But with sodium meta silicate as binding chemical withreplacement materials, there was a decrease in the compression test. But the per-centage of 7 days compressive strength as per standards, i.e.; 60–65% was reached(Fig. 8).

Tensile Strength Test ResultsTensile strength was carried for 14 days after curing, 90% strength was attained.There were small graduations in SCC with replacement materials binded withNaOH and sodium meta silicate (Fig. 9).

Fig. 8 Compressive strengthresult’s

Fig. 9 Tensile strengthresults

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete … 9

Flexural Strength TestFlexural strength was carried out for 14 days where all the specimens reached the90% strength while all the mixes had more flexural strength compared to that ofnormal self-compacting concrete (Fig. 10).

7 Conclusion

As per this experimental study, we can say that NaOH would be the properchemical to be used for binding of GGBS when replaced completely by cementinstead of sodium meta silicate and sodium carbonate. And even if the sand isreplaced by granite powder there were no differences in strength properties andworkability properties of concrete. M30 being the present day high strength con-crete generally used in construction industry we considered this entire work usingM30. Thus, providing a platform for further generations to recycle and use wastematerials like GGBS, fly ash, and granite powder in concrete. Not only theseproperties but individually self-compacting concrete has its own uniqueness. GGBScosting lower than cement this would decrease the cost percentage of the project.And even usage of self-compacting concrete would decrease the usage of coarseaggregate. This is the reason this project has been carried out for reducing the costand increasing the properties of concrete.

Acknowledgements We are very thankful to Dr. N. Bhaskar, Professor, Guru Nanak Institutionsand N. Shruthi, Assistant Professor, Guru Nanak Institutions for their guidance and support duringthe project period.

Fig. 10 Flexural strengthresults

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References

1. Shetty, M. S. (2015). Concrete technology (theory and practice).2. GGBS properties by JSW product information document (2016).3. Su, N., Hsu, K., Chai, H.-W. (2001, December). A simple mix design method for

self-compacting concrete.4. Indian Standard code: 2720 Part 3, 1980, Indian Standard code: 4031-1968, Indian Standard

code: 10262-1982, Indian Standard code: 456-2000.

Experimental Study on Self-Compacting Concrete … 11

Performance of Nano-SiO2and Nano-ZnO2 on CompressiveStrength and MicrostructureCharacteristics of Cement Mortar

Raje Gowda, H. Narendra, R. Mourougane and B. M. Nagabhushana

Abstract Nanotechnology is the most active research areas in the field of CivilEngineering with both advance science and beneficial applications that has grad-ually established itself in the last two decades. This article reports an investigationon effects of nanozinc oxide (NZ) and nanosilica (NS) on the rate of hydration,characteristics of interfacial transition zone and compressive strength of plaincement mortar with single and combined nanoparticle. Two different nanoparticlesof percentages 1, 3, and 5 by weight of cement were considered. Workability testwas conducted to obtain rheological properties of cement mortar. Compressivestrength results were calculated at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 1, 3, and5% by weight of cement provide the better compressive strength for NS when usedon their own but there was a decrease in NZ with the same quantities. For allcombinations, the strength was comparable with that of plain cement mortar. Therate of hydration was high for 1 and 3% of NS as it was low for other nanoparticles.Microstructure of the cement mortars at the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) wasassessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There was an increase in strengthof specimens due to more packed pore structure of mortar containing NS and NZwhen observed through the SEM images. 3NS was the optimum among all thevarying percentages of nanoparticle.

Keywords Nanosilica � Nanozinc oxide � SEM � Compressive strength

1 Introduction

Nanotechnology is the present advanced technology which has improved ourexpectations, abilities, and vision to control the material world. In the field ofconstruction and demolition materials, nanoparticles play important role in thedevelopment. Ordinary Portland cement, which is the most consumed commodities

Raje Gowda (&) � H. Narendra � R. Mourougane � B. M. NagabhushanaM. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology, VTU, Bengaluru, Indiae-mail: raje9gowda@gmail.com

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019B. B. Das and N. Neithalath (eds.), Sustainable Constructionand Building Materials, Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering 25,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3317-0_2

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by mankind in all the building structures, is a great product which is not completelyexplored. Better engineering and understanding of complex structure of cementi-tious materials at the nano-level will definitely result in a new generation of con-crete, which is stronger and more durable and possibly with the whole range ofnewly introduced properties.

Currently, use of nano-sized particles such as MWCNT’s, alumina, silica, tita-nium dioxide, etc., is the most active research going with cement and concrete tounderstand the hydration of cement particles. Hou et al. investigated the effect ofnanosilica on cement hydration and revealed that the early age hydration signifi-cantly increased with increase in percentage of nanosilica [1]. In the availableliterature, it was found that at small dosages of the addition of nanosilica in concreteor cement improved the mechanical properties of cementitious compounds [2]. Forinstance, Nazari et al. showed that there was an improvement in compressivestrength up to 70% with the addition of 4% by mass of cement of nanosilica inconcrete [3]. Li et al. found that addition of nanosilica by 3 and 5% to cementmortar, there was increase in compressive strength by 13.8 and 17.5% at the age of28, respectively. Though, some conflicting experimental results can also be foundin the literature [4]. For example, Senff et al. found that the incorporation ofnanosilica, nanotitanium oxide, and nanosilica with the addition of nano-TiO2

defined by factorial design did not give any important results to compressivestrength. Furthermore, added values of yield stress, plastic viscosity, and torque ofcement mortars with nanoparticles increased significantly [5]. According to theresults obtained by Ltifi even at 3% nanosilica samples, lower compressive strengthwas observed compared to the control samples [6]. The simple characteristics of thenanosilica with transformation experimental results should be attributed. From theavailable literature, some theoretical mechanism can be understood by the effect ofnanosilica on the hydration of cement. For instance, Land and Stephan observedthat the heat of hydration of ordinary Portland cement blended with nano-SiO2

increased the surface area of silica considerably in the key period [7]. Thomas et al.revealed that the incorporation of nanosilica can enhance the hydration of C3S. Allof the mechanical properties of cement mortar were enhanced due to nanosilicaaiding to increase the density of microstructure, however, there was no discussionregarding the influence of nanozinc oxide dosage on mechanical properties [8].

Hence, the objective of this study is to examine the mechanical properties relatedto the performance of cement mortar containing nanosilica, nanozinc oxide, andbinary combination of nano-ZnO and nano-SiO2. In addition to strength, theinfluence of nanoparticles on the microstructure of cement mortar was observed anddetermined the chemical composition phase change.

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2 Experimental Procedure

2.1 Materials

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) of 43 grade was used for production of cementmortar. Fine aggregate from a natural river sand, which was thoroughly washedbefore use. Tables 1 and 2 represent the physical and chemical composition ofcement and fine aggregate, respectively. Potable water which was available inlaboratory of normal standards was used for the production of cement mortar. NSand NZ are the two different types of nanoparticles which was dispersed in 30% ofwater before adding to the mixture. In the present study, commercial nanozincoxide and nanosilica were used in a powder form with a particle size of 25 nm,corresponding to a surface area of 200–225 m2/g. Table 3 represents specificproperties of the nanoparticles which were provided by United Nanotech innova-tions pvt. Ltd, Bangalore and physical properties of fine aggregate. Due to highsurface area, nanoparticles agglomerated into clusters with micro-scale diameters.Hence, dispersing and stabilizing of the nanoparticles in the cementitious com-posites was challenging, therefore sonicator was used as a dispersing medium. Thisprocedure has proven effective in stabilizing and dispersing the nanoparticles in asolution for cementitious materials.

Table 1 Chemical composition and physical properties of cement

Properties Results IS: 8112-1989 standards

Standard consistency (%) 34 –

Specific gravity 3.27 –

Blaine’s fineness (m2/Kg) 335 Minimum 225

Compressive strength (MPa) 28 3 days Minimum 22

38 7 days Minimum 32

47 28 days Minimum 42

Soundness (mm) 3.5 Maximum 10

Setting time (s) Initial 2640 Minimum 2100

Final 24,000 Maximum 39,000

Composition (weight in percent)Chemical composition of cement Cao 59.99

SiO2 21.28

Al2O3 5.46

Fe2O3 3.48

MgO 1.37

SO3 2.78

Na2O 0.35

K2O 0.67

Residue 2.42

Lime content 1.03

Performance of Nano-SiO2 and Nano-ZnO2 on Compressive … 15

2.2 Mixture Proportion

The percentage of nanoparticle adopted in the present investigation was carried outby literature survey and preliminary tests conducted at laboratory based on the testresults the percentage of nanoparticle were 1, 3, and 5 by weight of cement. For allthe mixtures, the replacement remained constant (single and binary). NSZ mixesrepresent the combined nanoparticles containing both nano-SiO2 and nano-ZnO.The percentage of the corresponding nanoparticles by weight of cement is addedbefore the abbreviation into the combination of nano-ZnO and nano-SiO2 which isrepresented as 3NSZ. The cement to fine aggregate ratio used was 1:6 and w/c ratioadopted was 0.6. As per IS: 2250-1981, the mix proportions were designed and areshown in Table 4.

Table 2 Test results on fine aggregates

Finenessmodulus

Specificgravity

Zone Bulk density compactstate (kg/m3)

Bulk density loosestate (kg/m3)

2.832 2.8 2 1825 1655

Table 3 Specific properties of nanoparticles

NanoMaterial

Diameter(nm)

Surface ratio(m2/g)

Purity (%) Bulk density(g/cm3)

Morphology

Nano-SiO2 25 200–225 >99 0.10 Porous

Nano-ZnO 25 20–60 >99 0.28 Spherical

Table 4 Mix proportions of cement mortar

Label Cement (g) Fine aggregate (g) Nano SiO2 (g) Nano-ZnO (g)

Control 110 660 0 0

1NS 110 660 1.1 0

3NS 110 660 3.3 0

5NS 110 660 5.5 0

1NZ 110 660 0 1.1

3NZ 110 660 0 3.3

5NZ 110 660 0 5.5

1NSZ 110 660 0.55 0.55

3NSZ 110 660 1.65 1.65

5NSZ 110 660 2.75 2.75

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