bi-monthly • september - october • 2014 issn:0976-2108 barc

BARCN E W S L E T T E R

Bi-monthly • September - October • 2014 ISSN:0976-2108

IN THIS ISSUE

• Prompt Identification of TPrompt Identification of TPrompt Identification of TPrompt Identification of TPrompt Identification of Tsunamigenicsunamigenicsunamigenicsunamigenicsunamigenic

Earthquakes from Multi-Station Seismic DataEarthquakes from Multi-Station Seismic DataEarthquakes from Multi-Station Seismic DataEarthquakes from Multi-Station Seismic DataEarthquakes from Multi-Station Seismic Data

• Phase TPhase TPhase TPhase TPhase Transformation and Deformationransformation and Deformationransformation and Deformationransformation and Deformationransformation and DeformationStudies in Zr Based AlloysStudies in Zr Based AlloysStudies in Zr Based AlloysStudies in Zr Based AlloysStudies in Zr Based Alloys

• Assessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalDeformations Theories for Stress Analysis andDeformations Theories for Stress Analysis andDeformations Theories for Stress Analysis andDeformations Theories for Stress Analysis andDeformations Theories for Stress Analysis andFree Vibration of Functionally Graded PlatesFree Vibration of Functionally Graded PlatesFree Vibration of Functionally Graded PlatesFree Vibration of Functionally Graded PlatesFree Vibration of Functionally Graded Plates

• The elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrino

• Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:The Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain Ontologies

BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE ³ÖÖ³ÖÖ ¯Ö¸ü´ÖÖ�Öã †−ÖãÃÖÓ¬ÖÖ−Ö � ëú¦ü

BARC NEWSLETTER

I ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014

In the Forthcoming IssueIn the Forthcoming IssueIn the Forthcoming IssueIn the Forthcoming IssueIn the Forthcoming Issue

1. Multiple diglycolamide functionalized ligands in room temperatureionic liquids: ‘green’ solvents for actinide partitioningArijit Sengupta et al.

2. Design, Development and Commercialization of ISOCAD (IntegratedSystem Of Computer Aided Dosimetry) for gamma irradiatorsAmit Shrivastava et al.

3. Delayed Time Response Self-Powered Neutron Detectors for ReactorControlA. Mishra et al.

4. Photosensitization of skin cancer cells, by coralyne, is mediatedthrough ATR-p38 MAPK-Bax and JAK2-STAT1-BAX pathwaysRahul Bhattacharyya et al.

5. Drop-Interface Coalescence in Liquid-Liquid systems: Effect of surfaceactive agentsSmita Dixit, et al.

BARC NEWSLETTER

ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 I i

CONTENTS

Editorial Note ii

Brief Communications

•· Lutetium-177 Labeled Hydroxyapatite (HA) for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: iii

Kit Product Development

•·High Figure-of-Merit Thermoelectric Materials iv

Research Articles

• Prompt Identification of Tsunamigenic Earthquakes from Multi-Station Seismic Data 1

A.K.Pal, et al.

•· Phase Transformation and Deformation Studies in Zr Based Alloys 8

K.V. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava and G.K. Dey

•· Assessment of Higher Order Shear and Normal Deformations Theories for Stress Analysis and 13

Free Vibration of Functionally Graded Plates

D.K. Jha,et al.

Feature Articles

• The elusive neutrino 22

V.M. Datar

• Seamless Access to Networked Information: The Role of Domain Ontologies 31

Sangeeta Deokattey and K. Bhanumurthy

News and Events

• Theme Meeting on Challenges in Fast Reactor Fuel Reprocessing (CFRFR-2014) 38

• Technology Transfer to Industries 39

• Honour for BARC 43

BARC Scientists Honoured 44

BARC NEWSLETTER

ii I ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014

SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER

Editorial Committee

Chairman

Dr. S.K. Apte,

Director, Bio-Science Group

Editor

Dr. K. Bhanumurthy

Head, SIRD

Associate Editors for this issue

Dr. G. Rami Reddy, RSD

Dr. A.K. Naik, RED

Members

Dr. R.C. Hubli, MPD

Dr. D.N. Badodkar, DRHR

Dr. K.T. Shenoy, ChED

Dr. A.P. Tiwari, RCnD

Dr. S.M. Yusuf, SSPD

Dr. A.K. Tyagi, ChD

Mr. G. Venugopala Rao, APPD

Dr. C.P. Kaushik, WMD

Dr. G. Rami Reddy, RSD

Dr. S. Kannan, FCD

Dr. A.K. Nayak, RED

Dr. S.K. Sandur, RB&HSD

Dr. S.C. Deokattey, SIRD

From the Editor’s Desk...............

Welcome to the September-October 2014 issue of the BARC

Newsletter. It features five articles, Two Brief Communications

and reports of various scientific events organized by BARC.

One of the articles showcases R&D work (which received the

INSA Young Scientist Honour) on microstructural and textural

changes, taking place during the processing of the Zirconium

alloys and their role in the hydriding behavior. Zirconium-based

structural components are an integral part of thermal nuclear

reactors.

The second article is on Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs),

which are recent additions to the family of engineering

composites made of two or more constituent phases. These

materials are used for making nuclear components. Stress

analysis and free vibration of FG elastic, rectangular and simply

(diaphragm) supported plates are discussed in the article.

Under-sea earthquakes have the deadly potential of generating

Tsunamis. Quick determination of hypocenter, magnitude and

fault plane parameters of these earthquakes is essential in

assessing the tsunami generating potential of these earthquakes.

The article discusses an in-house software that has been

developed to analyze various parameters from the seismic

waveform data recorded at global stations available over the

internet.

A feature article on Neutrinos throws light on the elementary

particle, its various sources and the Indian effort to build an

underground laboratory; the India-based Neutrino Observatory

(INO).

Another feature article discusses the role of domain ontologies,

(which are semantic networks of interconnected concepts on

various subject domains), in providing seamless access to

networked information and R&D efforts at BARC in this direction.

Dr. K. BhanumurthyOn behalf of the Editorial Committee

ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 I iii

BARC NEWSLETTERBRIEF COMMUNICATION

TTTTTreatment of rheumatoid arthritis using reatment of rheumatoid arthritis using reatment of rheumatoid arthritis using reatment of rheumatoid arthritis using reatment of rheumatoid arthritis using 177177177177177Lu-HA developed at BARLu-HA developed at BARLu-HA developed at BARLu-HA developed at BARLu-HA developed at BARC

Lutetium-177 Labeled Hydroxyapatite (HA) for theLutetium-177 Labeled Hydroxyapatite (HA) for theLutetium-177 Labeled Hydroxyapatite (HA) for theLutetium-177 Labeled Hydroxyapatite (HA) for theLutetium-177 Labeled Hydroxyapatite (HA) for theTTTTTreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Kit Productreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Kit Productreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Kit Productreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Kit Productreatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Kit Product

DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentRadiochemistry and Isotope GroupRadiochemistry and Isotope GroupRadiochemistry and Isotope GroupRadiochemistry and Isotope GroupRadiochemistry and Isotope Group

Intra-articular administration of particulate

formulations of β− emitting radionuclides of suitable

decay properties is a treatment option for patients

suffering from inflammatory joint disorders like

rheumatoid arthritis (RA) to relieve pain and

inammation, the procedure being known as

‘radiation synovectomy’. BARC has developed and

made available products for this purpose using

different radionuclides. Among these, the use of177Lu [T1/2 = 6.65 d, Eβmax) = 497 keV, Eγ = 113 KeV

(6.4%), 208 KeV (11%)] is attractive, especially for

medium-size joints, owing to its β−- decay energy

as well as easy and cost-effective production using

Dhruva reactor. In view of this, the Isotope

Production & Applications Division (formerly

Radiopharmaceuticals Division) has developed a

ready-to-use kit containing hydroxyapatite particles

(HA, 1-10 μm size, that had been used in the past

for similar application with other radionuclides) for

formulation of 177Lu-labeled HA at the hospital

radiopharmacy for subsequent clinical use.

Following in vitro radiochemical studies and pre-

clinical evaluation in animal models done by IPAD-

BARC, Kovai Medical Center & Hospital, Coimbatore

performed the first clinical application of the product

in RA patients. Their clinical study had been approved

by the institutional ethics committee (Registration

No ECR/112/INST/TN/2013) and all patients had

provided written informed consent. Significant

improvement was reported in ten patients

with rheumatoid arthritis of knee joints treated with

333 ± 46 MBq dose of 177Lu-HA.

The BARC-developed kits would enable convenient

one-step preparation of 177Lu-HA (400±30 MBq

dose) of >99% radiochemical purity at hospital

radiopharmacy for clinical use.

BARC NEWSLETTERBRIEF COMMUNICATION

iv I ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014

High Figure-of-Merit Thermoelectric MaterialsHigh Figure-of-Merit Thermoelectric MaterialsHigh Figure-of-Merit Thermoelectric MaterialsHigh Figure-of-Merit Thermoelectric MaterialsHigh Figure-of-Merit Thermoelectric MaterialsPhysics GroupPhysics GroupPhysics GroupPhysics GroupPhysics Group

Thermoelectric power generators (TEG) are gaining

importance for the conversion of waste heat (from

automobiles, industries, nuclear reactors etc.)

directly into electricity. The key parameter for

obtaining high conversion efficiency is figure-of-

merit i.e. ZT = (S2σ/k)T, where S,σ,k, and T are

respectively, Seebeck coefficient, electrical

conductivity, thermal conductivity and temperature.

For a given thermoelectric material, S, σ and k are

interdependent and typical ZT is limited to ≤ 1 [1].

One of the effective approaches to maximize ZT is

to lower down k without reducing the power factor

(S2σ), which can be achieved by reducing the lattice

contribution of k. Based on this approach,

(AgCrSe2)0.5(CuCrSe2)0.5 composites and SiGe

materials were synthesized using solid-state reaction

and mechanical alloying, respectively. The ZT of

(AgCrSe2)0.5(CuCrSe2)0.5 composite was found to be

1.4 (at 773 K), which is far superior as compared to

ZT of ~1 reported for individual constituents. (The

detailed studies of (AgCrSe2)0.5(CuCrSe2)0.5

composites, as shown in Fig.1, revealed that the

composite consists of hierarchical architectures i.e.

phonon scattering centers at different length scales,

such as, atomic scale disorder, nanoscale amorphous

structure, natural grain boundaries due to layered

structure and mesoscale grain boundaries/interfaces,

which resulted in a drastic reduction of the lattice

thermal conductivity [1]). Similarly, the

nanostructured SiGe alloy exhibited record ZT of 1.8

(at 1073 K), which is much higher than the previously

reported value of 1.4 [3]. Mechanical alloyed SiGe

exhibits dislocations, nanosized amorphous

precipitates, and mesocale grain boundaries, which

scatter phonons of all wavelengths and hence lowers

down the value of k [2]. Use of such tailor made

high ZT materials are expected to enhance the

efficiency of TEG suitable for directed conversion of

heat into electricity

1. S. Bhattacharya et al., Journal of Materials

Chemistry A 2(2014) 17122-17129

2. R. Basu et al. Journal of Materials Chemistry A

2 (2014) 6922-6930

3. S. Bathula et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 101 (2012)

213902

Fig. 1: Hierarchical architectures of (AgCrSeFig. 1: Hierarchical architectures of (AgCrSeFig. 1: Hierarchical architectures of (AgCrSeFig. 1: Hierarchical architectures of (AgCrSeFig. 1: Hierarchical architectures of (AgCrSe22222)))))0.50.50.50.50.5(CuCrSe(CuCrSe(CuCrSe(CuCrSe(CuCrSe22222)))))0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 compositescompositescompositescompositescomposites

ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014 I 1

BARC NEWSLETTERRESEARCH ARTICLE

Prompt Identification ofPrompt Identification ofPrompt Identification ofPrompt Identification ofPrompt Identification ofTTTTTsunamigenic Earthquakes from Multi-Stationsunamigenic Earthquakes from Multi-Stationsunamigenic Earthquakes from Multi-Stationsunamigenic Earthquakes from Multi-Stationsunamigenic Earthquakes from Multi-Station

Seismic DataSeismic DataSeismic DataSeismic DataSeismic DataAAAAA.K.P.K.P.K.P.K.P.K.Pal, Aal, Aal, Aal, Aal, A.K.K.K.K.Kundu, K.K.Bhuyan, Aundu, K.K.Bhuyan, Aundu, K.K.Bhuyan, Aundu, K.K.Bhuyan, Aundu, K.K.Bhuyan, A.C.Joy.C.Joy.C.Joy.C.Joy.C.Joy, Y, Y, Y, Y, Y.S.Bhadauria,.S.Bhadauria,.S.Bhadauria,.S.Bhadauria,.S.Bhadauria,

A.Vijaya Kumar and S.MukhopadhyayA.Vijaya Kumar and S.MukhopadhyayA.Vijaya Kumar and S.MukhopadhyayA.Vijaya Kumar and S.MukhopadhyayA.Vijaya Kumar and S.MukhopadhyaySeismology Division

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction

Tsunamis are mainly generated by vertical uplift of

water from an undersea earthquake. Usually a large

earthquake with thrust fault in the oceanic

subduction zone generates tsunami. On the other

hand large undersea earthquakes with strike-slip fault

may not generate appreciable tsunami. For example

strike-slip earthquake of 8.6 magnitude in Indian

Ocean, which occurred on 11th April, 2012 did not

generate significant tsunami. Thus tsunami

generation is not only dependent on the earthquake

magnitude but also on the type of fault, local

bathymetry and earthquake location (latitude,

longitude and depth of the hypocenter) [1]. Based

on this information, a tsunami warning software

(Fig. 1) has been developed, which consists of two

modules, one for the estimation of earthquake

hypocenter, magnitude and fault plane parameters

using global seismic waveform data [2] and the other

for the estimation of the displaced volume of water

from earthquake using fault plane parameters and

local bathymetry near the earthquake hypocenter.

It is well known that fault plane parameters are best

estimated using data from seismic stations which

are azimuthally distributed around the source.

Seismogram Analysis of Global Events (SAGE)

module has been developed to estimate the

earthquake location, magnitude and fault plane

parameters (strike, dip and slip angles) using near

real time seismic data (latency about one minute)

from the global seismic stations. Earthquake

hypocenter location, magnitude and fault parameters

are passed on to the tsunami assessment module

which determines whether the earthquake is

undersea (using global bathymetry data) and

computes the volume of water displaced by the

earthquake. Depending upon the quantity of the

water volume displaced, the tsunami type is

categorized as local tsunami, regional tsunami,

ocean-wide tsunami or no tsunami. The generation

of tsunami is further confirmed using tide gauge

monitoring tool which has been developed to

monitor the sea level from available tide gauge data

from global tide stations.

AbstractAbstractAbstractAbstractAbstract

Quick determination of hypocenter, magnitude and fault plane parameters of a large undersea earthquake

is useful in assessing its tsunami generating potential. An in-house software has been developed to find out

these parameters of the earthquake from the near real time seismic waveform data recorded at global

stations. Using these parameters vertical displacement of ocean floor is computed which effectively determines

the volume of water displaced by the earthquake. Decision logic has been implemented to generate

warning based on the computed water volume. Water level data from tide gauge stations near the earthquake

source is also monitored to confirm generation of tsunami. At present the software has been developed to

monitor earthquakes in the Andaman, Nicobar and Sumatra Regions in Indian Ocean/ Bay of Bengal.


2 I ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014

Earthquake Fault ParametersEarthquake Fault ParametersEarthquake Fault ParametersEarthquake Fault ParametersEarthquake Fault Parameters

Normally earthquake happens when on a fault one

block of rock slips over the other after breaking,

due to stress accumulation exceeds the breaking

strength of rock. Any earthquake fault plane is

defined by three angles [3] as shown in Fig. 2.

1) Strike (φ): Direction (with respect to North) of

a line created by the intersection of a fault plane

and a horizontal surface.

2) Dip (δ): Angle between the fault plane and

the horizontal plane.

3) Slip (λ): This is the direction a hanging wall

moves during rupture measured on the plane

of the fault with respect to horizontal.

In this figure is vector normal to the fault plane

and is the slip vector in the fault plane.

Dip (δ) and slip (λ) angles determine the type of

fault as depicted in Fig. 3.

A quick and easy method to determine the

earthquake fault parameters is by observing primary

wave (P wave) radiation pattern from the first motion

polarity of the seismograms recorded at different

distances and azimuths around the earthquake

epicenter. Depending upon the direction relative to

earthquake fault planes the recorded seismogram

first motion will be either compression (up) or

dilatation (down) as shown in Figs. 4, 5(a) & (b).

Earthquake fault parameters are generally

represented by a beach ball diagram, where the first

motion in the lower hemisphere of the focal sphere

(an imaginary sphere around the earthquake

hypocenter which radiates seismic waves all around

Fig.1: Block diagram of tsunamiFig.1: Block diagram of tsunamiFig.1: Block diagram of tsunamiFig.1: Block diagram of tsunamiFig.1: Block diagram of tsunamiwarning softwarewarning softwarewarning softwarewarning softwarewarning software

Fig. 3: TFig. 3: TFig. 3: TFig. 3: TFig. 3: Type of earthquake faultsype of earthquake faultsype of earthquake faultsype of earthquake faultsype of earthquake faults

Fig.4: Compression and dilatation motionFig.4: Compression and dilatation motionFig.4: Compression and dilatation motionFig.4: Compression and dilatation motionFig.4: Compression and dilatation motionfrom earthquake faultfrom earthquake faultfrom earthquake faultfrom earthquake faultfrom earthquake fault

Fig. 2: Earthquake fault planeFig. 2: Earthquake fault planeFig. 2: Earthquake fault planeFig. 2: Earthquake fault planeFig. 2: Earthquake fault plane

Fig. 5: (a) P wave radiation patternFig. 5: (a) P wave radiation patternFig. 5: (a) P wave radiation patternFig. 5: (a) P wave radiation patternFig. 5: (a) P wave radiation pattern(b) for two earthquake fault planes(b) for two earthquake fault planes(b) for two earthquake fault planes(b) for two earthquake fault planes(b) for two earthquake fault planes



as shown in Fig. 6) is projected on a surface and

compression motion is shaded black (dark) and

dilatational motion is shaded white (light). Beach

ball representations of some common fault types

are shown in Fig. 7.

Estimation of Earthquake Location,Estimation of Earthquake Location,Estimation of Earthquake Location,Estimation of Earthquake Location,Estimation of Earthquake Location,

Magnitude and Fault ParametersMagnitude and Fault ParametersMagnitude and Fault ParametersMagnitude and Fault ParametersMagnitude and Fault Parameters

When a large earthquake occurs, data from the

stations having a good azimuthal coverage of source

region are fetched from Incorporated Research

Institutes for Seismology (IRIS) data server [2] using

SAGE module. Earthquake location and magnitude

are estimated by picking up onset times of Primary

(P) and Secondary (S) phases recorded on the

seismograms. Body wave magnitude (Mb) is

computed from short period P wave amplitude and

surface wave magnitude (Ms) is computed from 20

second period Rayleigh (LR) wave which is recorded

after P and S waves. However it is well known that

both Mb and Ms saturate at around 6.5 and 8

respectively. Hence for large magnitude earthquakes

it is preferred to compute moment magnitude as

representative of actual energy released by the

earthquake. A computation module has also been

incorporated in SAGE to compute moment

magnitude (Mw) from very long period surface

waves using variable period (between 40 and 300

second) mantle magnitude technique introduced by

Okal and Talandeir [4], [5]. While picking up P wave

onset, the polarity of the first motion (either up or

down) is also marked on the seismograms. For focal

mechanism estimation, a grid search algorithm has

been implemented to find the best fitted strike, dip

and slip values by iteratively comparing the observed

P wave radiation pattern with the theoretically

computed P wave radiation pattern (Fig. 8). This

best fit set of strike, dip and slip values is taken as

primary focal plane solution and an additional

solution corresponding to auxiliary focal plane is

also computed.

TTTTTsunami Wsunami Wsunami Wsunami Wsunami Warning Based on Earthquakearning Based on Earthquakearning Based on Earthquakearning Based on Earthquakearning Based on Earthquake

Location, Magnitude and Fault PlaneLocation, Magnitude and Fault PlaneLocation, Magnitude and Fault PlaneLocation, Magnitude and Fault PlaneLocation, Magnitude and Fault Plane

ParametersParametersParametersParametersParameters

After the seismic moment magnitude (Mw) and fault

plane parameters are computed, the tsunami

category can be found approximately by computing

the volume (VT) of the displaced water at the tsunami

source that is approximately equal to the volume of

displaced ocean bottom. For a shallow faulting

(depth less than 70km) with dip δ and slip λ, volume

VT can be approximately expressed as [6]

(1)

Where M0 is the seismic moment and μ is the rigidity

of the earth crust at the source.

Fig. 6: Earthquake focal sphereFig. 6: Earthquake focal sphereFig. 6: Earthquake focal sphereFig. 6: Earthquake focal sphereFig. 6: Earthquake focal sphere

Fig. 7: Representation of earthquake focalFig. 7: Representation of earthquake focalFig. 7: Representation of earthquake focalFig. 7: Representation of earthquake focalFig. 7: Representation of earthquake focalmechanism in beach ball plotmechanism in beach ball plotmechanism in beach ball plotmechanism in beach ball plotmechanism in beach ball plot

VT = Mosin(δ) sin (λ)μ



Note that seismic moment (M0) is related to

moment magnitude by [7]

Mw=0.67 log(Mo) -10.7 (2)

where, M0 is in dyne-cm. Using (1) and (2) VT can

be expressed in m3 as:

(3)

Using (3) and considering =3x1010 N/m2 [6] ,

volume of the displaced water has been computed

for a large number of tsunamigenic as well as non-

tsunamigenic events that had occurred around the

world in the past and whose effects in the regions

around the epicenter are well documented [8].

Comparing these water volumes with the reported

effects following empirical tsunami category scale,

as given in Table 1 has been implemented in the

software.

* Local Tsunami: Destructive effects are confined to

coasts within about 100km of the source.

** Regional Tsunami: Destructive effects are

confined to coasts up to about 1000km of the source

*** Ocean-Wide Tsunami: Destructive effects are

spread beyond 1000km from the source.

In the tsunami estimation module, before computing

the volume of water displaced, it is essential to

ascertain whether the earthquake is under the sea.

For this water depth above the earthquake

hypocenter is estimated using global bathymetry

data ETOPO2 [9], which has been incorporated in

this module. Another way to confirm the earthquake

Fig. 8: SAGE module for earthquake focal mechanism, hypocenter location and magnitudeFig. 8: SAGE module for earthquake focal mechanism, hypocenter location and magnitudeFig. 8: SAGE module for earthquake focal mechanism, hypocenter location and magnitudeFig. 8: SAGE module for earthquake focal mechanism, hypocenter location and magnitudeFig. 8: SAGE module for earthquake focal mechanism, hypocenter location and magnitudeest imat ion.est imat ion.est imat ion.est imat ion.est imat ion.

VT = sin(δ) sin (λ) 10 (Mw+10.7)/0.67μ107

VT < 1.0 x 108 No Tsunami

1.0 x 108 ≤ VT < 1.0 x 109 Local Tsunami*

1.2 x 109 ≤ VT < 2.0 x 1010 Regional Tsunami **

VT ≥ 2.0 x 1010 Ocean-wideTsunami ***

TTTTTable 1: Table 1: Table 1: Table 1: Table 1: Tsunami category scalesunami category scalesunami category scalesunami category scalesunami category scale



as under sea is by observing the presence of Tertiary

(T) phase in the seismogram. The T phase travels as

short period acoustic wave through the low velocity

SOFAR channel in the sea and is recorded at coastal

stations after P, S and LR waves. This module also

calculates the tentative arrival time of tsunami at

tidal stations located in this region (Fig. 9). An online

tide monitoring tool has been developed to acquire

and monitor tide gauge data of Sumatra region,

Andaman-Nicobar Islands and of Indian Coast

(Fig. 10). Brief explanation with figure.

Fig. 9: TFig. 9: TFig. 9: TFig. 9: TFig. 9: Tsunami estimation modulesunami estimation modulesunami estimation modulesunami estimation modulesunami estimation module

Fig. 10: Online tide gauge monitoring toolFig. 10: Online tide gauge monitoring toolFig. 10: Online tide gauge monitoring toolFig. 10: Online tide gauge monitoring toolFig. 10: Online tide gauge monitoring tool



This data is de-tided using prediction error filter to

remove the natural tide from the data and monitored

continuously for detection of tsunami waves.

Results and DiscussionResults and DiscussionResults and DiscussionResults and DiscussionResults and Discussion

The software has been tested with the following

earthquakes: a) Sumatra Earthquake on 26

December 2004 of Magnitude 9.1, b) Japan

Earthquake on 11th March 2011 of Magnitude 9.0

and c) Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11th April 2012

of Magnitude 8.6. Geographical distribution of first

motion of P wave at global seismic stations and

focal mechanism beach ball diagram obtained using

SAGE module are shown in Fig. 11 (blue mark

represents first motion up wards and green

downward first motion). Out of these two focal

plane parameters (blue and black lines in the beach

ball diagram), the primary focal plane is determined

by the known tectonic setting of that region and it

is passed on to the tsunami estimation module. In

case where tectonic setting is not known

beforehand, tsunami estimation is done for both

the focal plane solutions.

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

Using near real time global seismic data, a quick

and easy to use method of estimating earthquake

source parameters including location, magnitude

and its focal mechanism has been developed and

implemented into an in-house software for prompt

identification of tsunamigenic earthquakes from

Indian Ocean region. Although accuracy of the focal

plane parameters depends on the availability of

seismic stations with good azimuthal coverage, but

it is sufficient to distinguish between a thrust fault

event and a strike slip event. Estimation of the volume

of water displaced from the earthquake fault

parameters and magnitude has been used to take a

Fig. 11: Geographical distribution of first motion polarity (top row), focal mechanism beachFig. 11: Geographical distribution of first motion polarity (top row), focal mechanism beachFig. 11: Geographical distribution of first motion polarity (top row), focal mechanism beachFig. 11: Geographical distribution of first motion polarity (top row), focal mechanism beachFig. 11: Geographical distribution of first motion polarity (top row), focal mechanism beachball diagram (middle row) and fault plane parameters along with Vball diagram (middle row) and fault plane parameters along with Vball diagram (middle row) and fault plane parameters along with Vball diagram (middle row) and fault plane parameters along with Vball diagram (middle row) and fault plane parameters along with VTTTTT corresponding to both corresponding to both corresponding to both corresponding to both corresponding to boththe nodal planes (NP1 and NP2) (bottom row) of a) Sumatra Earthquake on 26the nodal planes (NP1 and NP2) (bottom row) of a) Sumatra Earthquake on 26the nodal planes (NP1 and NP2) (bottom row) of a) Sumatra Earthquake on 26the nodal planes (NP1 and NP2) (bottom row) of a) Sumatra Earthquake on 26the nodal planes (NP1 and NP2) (bottom row) of a) Sumatra Earthquake on 26ththththth December December December December December2004 of Magnitude 9.1 b) Japan Earthquake on 11th March 2011 of Magnitude 9.0 and c)2004 of Magnitude 9.1 b) Japan Earthquake on 11th March 2011 of Magnitude 9.0 and c)2004 of Magnitude 9.1 b) Japan Earthquake on 11th March 2011 of Magnitude 9.0 and c)2004 of Magnitude 9.1 b) Japan Earthquake on 11th March 2011 of Magnitude 9.0 and c)2004 of Magnitude 9.1 b) Japan Earthquake on 11th March 2011 of Magnitude 9.0 and c)Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11Indian Ocean Earthquake on 11ththththth April 2012 of Magnitude 8.6. Both a) and b) are of thrust April 2012 of Magnitude 8.6. Both a) and b) are of thrust April 2012 of Magnitude 8.6. Both a) and b) are of thrust April 2012 of Magnitude 8.6. Both a) and b) are of thrust April 2012 of Magnitude 8.6. Both a) and b) are of thrusttype fault and had produced ocean-wide tsunami. On the other hand c) is of strike-slip typetype fault and had produced ocean-wide tsunami. On the other hand c) is of strike-slip typetype fault and had produced ocean-wide tsunami. On the other hand c) is of strike-slip typetype fault and had produced ocean-wide tsunami. On the other hand c) is of strike-slip typetype fault and had produced ocean-wide tsunami. On the other hand c) is of strike-slip typefault and had produced local/regional tsunami.fault and had produced local/regional tsunami.fault and had produced local/regional tsunami.fault and had produced local/regional tsunami.fault and had produced local/regional tsunami.



decision about the type of tsunami it will generate.

This technique has been tested with some

tsunamigenic and non-tsunamigenic earthquakes

which have occurred in the past. Further, tsunami

generation is confirmed with near real time tide gauge

stations available over the internet. The performance

of the system is limited by the availability of near

real time seismic and tide gauge data over the

internet. The problem may be overcome by

waveform modeling techniques so that fault plane

parameters could be obtained using fewer stations’

data.

AcknowledgementAcknowledgementAcknowledgementAcknowledgementAcknowledgement

The seismic data obtained for this software is

downloaded from IRIS [2]. Figure 1 - 6 have been

taken from site [3]. Authors are grateful to Dr. F.

Roy, former Head, Seismology Division for his

guidance to bring this work to a logical conclusion.

Authors would also like to thank Shri C. K. Pithawa,

Director E&IG and AMG and Dr R. K. Singh,

Associate Director, RDDG for their kind support.

ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences

1. Roy Falguni and Nair G. J., “A Real Time Seismic

Monitoring and Tsunami Alert System”,

International workshop on external flooding

hazards at NPP sites, Organized by AERB,

NPCIL and IAEA, 29 August - 02 September,

2005, Kalpakkam, India.

2. IRIS : http://www.iris.edu

3. S. Stein and M. Wysession, An Introduction to

Seismology, Earthquakes, and Earth Structure,

Blackwell Publishing, 2003 , http://

epsc.wustl.edu/seismology/book/

4. Okal E. A. and Talandier J., “Mm- A Variable-

Period Mantle Magnitude”, Journal of

Geophysical Research, 94(B4), 1989.

5. Talandier J. and Okal E. A., “An Algorithm for

Automated Tsunami Warning in French

Polynesia Based on Mantle Magnitudes”,

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of

America, 79(4), 1989.

6. Kanamori H, “Mechanism of Tsunami

Earthquakes”, Physics Earth Planet. Interiors,

6, 1972.

7. Hanks T.C. and Kanamori H. , “A Moment

Magnitude Scale”, Journal of Geophysical

Research, 84(B5), 1979.

8. International Tsunami Information Center: http:/

/itic.ioc-unesco.org.

9. ETOPO Global Relief Model: http://

www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/global/global.html



Phase Transformation and Deformation Studies inZr Based Alloys

K.VK.VK.VK.VK.V. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava. Mani Krishna, D. Srivastava and G.K. Dey G.K. Dey G.K. Dey G.K. Dey G.K. Dey

Materials Science Division


A brief account of microstructural and textural changes taking place during the processing of the Zirconium

alloys and their role in the hydriding behavior is presented. . . . . The linkage between the microstructural

evolution and textural development is demonstrated in case of processing of nuclear reactor’s structural

components. A new methodology for the reconstruction of the high temperature phase microstructure,

using which the significant variant selection taking place during the transformation of β -Zr into α-Zr is

demonstrated. The role of microstructure on the hydride formation is discussed in terms of effect of grain/

phase boundaries.


The importance of Zr based structural components

in the thermal nuclear reactors can not be

overemphasized. Pressure tubes, clad tubes are but

few examples of several crucial Zr based ‘in-reactor’

components in PHWR type of reactors. The service

performance of these components largely depends

on their as-fabricated microstructure and texture. In

addition, hydride formation, irradiation creep and

growth are some of the important life limiting

phenomena which are directly influenced by the

component’s microstructural and textural

conditions. Hence it is important to understand (a)

the evolution of the microstructure and texture during

the fabrication (b) the role of the microstructure on

the phenomena like hydride formation etc [1]. Such

understanding helps tailoring the microstructures

to mitigate the ill effects of the hydride formation.

Understanding of the microstructural evolution as a

function of process parameters, on the other hand,

helps in optimizing the fabrication flow sheet to

obtain the desired microstructures for enhanced

component performance.

Present paper presents an overview of

microstructural and textural evolution studies in

various Zr based alloys and the microtextural aspects

of various phase transformations in them.

Application of this knowledge for the design and

implementation of new fabrication route for the

production of pressure tube shall be described.

Deformation heterogeneity in Zr :Deformation heterogeneity in Zr :Deformation heterogeneity in Zr :Deformation heterogeneity in Zr :Deformation heterogeneity in Zr :

Understanding through dislocationUnderstanding through dislocationUnderstanding through dislocationUnderstanding through dislocationUnderstanding through dislocation

dynamics:dynamics:dynamics:dynamics:dynamics:

In view of its importance in microstructural and

textural evolution, orientation sensitive deformation

heterogeneity in Zr has been studied in detail. Clear

evidences of temperature and orientation dependent

heterogeneous plastic deformation were observed

in zirconium when subjected to plane strain

compression. Heterogeneities were in terms of grain

fragmentation and apparent strain partitioning. Near

basal grains showed least fragmentation, in-grain

misorientation developments and changes in aspect

ratio during room temperature rolling. This was

diminished significantly during warm (500 and 700

K) rolling, see Fig 1(a). To address these experimental

observations, dislocation dynamics (DD) simulations

were carried out. These simulations, incorporating

temperature dependent threshold criterion for the

activation of slip systems, were successful in

capturing the experimental observations, Fig. 1(b).

DD simulations also brought out a novel mode of



activation of dormant slip systems through

interaction of active dislocations. Dormant slip

systems, slip systems where the applied stress was

below critical resolved shear stress, were activated

due to interactions with active primary dislocations.

This mechanism was shown to activate dormant

dislocations in basal orientations, thus contributing

to reduction in deformation heterogeneities during

warm rolling. The proposed mechanism also has

the potential to alter orientation sensitive plastic

deformation in hexagonal metallic materials.

Reconstruction of high temperature Reconstruction of high temperature Reconstruction of high temperature Reconstruction of high temperature Reconstruction of high temperature βββββ phase phase phase phase phase

As shown in the previous section one of the

important steps of the component fabrication is the

β-quenching step which results in texture

randomization. However, the degree of texture

randomization and the resulting microstructure

subsequent to quenching are functions of nature of

the phase transformation and microstructure of high

temperature phase. Hence, knowledge of

microstructure of high temperature phase and nature

Fig.1: (a) Inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of Zircaloy 2 at different working temperatures. It isFig.1: (a) Inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of Zircaloy 2 at different working temperatures. It isFig.1: (a) Inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of Zircaloy 2 at different working temperatures. It isFig.1: (a) Inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of Zircaloy 2 at different working temperatures. It isFig.1: (a) Inverse pole figure (IPF) maps of Zircaloy 2 at different working temperatures. It isevident that some grains which are shown in ‘red’ having basal orientation are non-deformedevident that some grains which are shown in ‘red’ having basal orientation are non-deformedevident that some grains which are shown in ‘red’ having basal orientation are non-deformedevident that some grains which are shown in ‘red’ having basal orientation are non-deformedevident that some grains which are shown in ‘red’ having basal orientation are non-deformedat 30% of reduction at room temperature. The same grains, howeverat 30% of reduction at room temperature. The same grains, howeverat 30% of reduction at room temperature. The same grains, howeverat 30% of reduction at room temperature. The same grains, howeverat 30% of reduction at room temperature. The same grains, however, at higher temperature, at higher temperature, at higher temperature, at higher temperature, at higher temperaturecan be seen to elongate. (b) Snap shots of DD simulations showing the activation of thecan be seen to elongate. (b) Snap shots of DD simulations showing the activation of thecan be seen to elongate. (b) Snap shots of DD simulations showing the activation of thecan be seen to elongate. (b) Snap shots of DD simulations showing the activation of thecan be seen to elongate. (b) Snap shots of DD simulations showing the activation of thesecondary dislocation sources. For these simulations, the orientation of the crystal with respectsecondary dislocation sources. For these simulations, the orientation of the crystal with respectsecondary dislocation sources. For these simulations, the orientation of the crystal with respectsecondary dislocation sources. For these simulations, the orientation of the crystal with respectsecondary dislocation sources. For these simulations, the orientation of the crystal with respectto the applied stress is such that prismatic dislocations (green ones in the figure) did not haveto the applied stress is such that prismatic dislocations (green ones in the figure) did not haveto the applied stress is such that prismatic dislocations (green ones in the figure) did not haveto the applied stress is such that prismatic dislocations (green ones in the figure) did not haveto the applied stress is such that prismatic dislocations (green ones in the figure) did not haveany resolved forces along them. Howeverany resolved forces along them. Howeverany resolved forces along them. Howeverany resolved forces along them. Howeverany resolved forces along them. However, they did get activated once the other moving, they did get activated once the other moving, they did get activated once the other moving, they did get activated once the other moving, they did get activated once the other movingdislocations (pyramidal dislocations shown in blue) approach them closely due to interactiondislocations (pyramidal dislocations shown in blue) approach them closely due to interactiondislocations (pyramidal dislocations shown in blue) approach them closely due to interactiondislocations (pyramidal dislocations shown in blue) approach them closely due to interactiondislocations (pyramidal dislocations shown in blue) approach them closely due to interactionforces. The arrows indicate the resolved (along local burgers vectors) forces acting on theforces. The arrows indicate the resolved (along local burgers vectors) forces acting on theforces. The arrows indicate the resolved (along local burgers vectors) forces acting on theforces. The arrows indicate the resolved (along local burgers vectors) forces acting on theforces. The arrows indicate the resolved (along local burgers vectors) forces acting on theprismatic dislocations.prismatic dislocations.prismatic dislocations.prismatic dislocations.prismatic dislocations.



of transformation in terms of variant selection can

be helpful in optimizing the quenching parameters.

In this context we had developed an algorithm to

reconstruct the microstructure of the high

temperature phase using the micro-texture data

(EBSD data) of the room temperature phase [3].

The principle of reconstruction is based on the fact

that in case of Burger’s orientation relationship

(OR)1, each α grain (product) can have 6 possible β

(parent) variants. Hence by considering at least three

grains which have formed from same parent β grain,

it is possible to deduce the orientation of the parent

grain and thus reconstruct the parent microstructure.

The algorithm employs a unique msorientation based

weightage factor, when there are more than three

product grains resulting from same parent grain, to

arrive at optimal solution for the parent phase

orientation.

Based on the above algorithm, we reconstructed

various transformed microstructures in case of

Zircaloy-4 samples which have undergone a wide

range of transformations ranging from diffusional

to martensitic. An example of such reconstructed

microstructure is presented in the Fig. 3, which also

shows the identification of the product variants based

on the just mentioned algorithm. It is clear that

there is considerable degree of variant selection (see

Fig. 2d).

It is to be noted that the β to α phase transformation

in case of Zr based alloys follows Burger’s orientation

which is crystallographically represented as

{0 0 0 1}α //{1 1 0}β and <1 1 2 0 >α//<1 1 1>β

Some of the important advantages of this algorithm

in comparison to other existing ones are its (a) less

sensitivity to measurement errors in orientation

measurement (b) practical elimination of spurious

unification of the grains belonging to different parent

grains (c) independence of calculated solution from

user defined angular tolerance (δmax).

Thus we are able to reconstruct the high temperature

microstructure, and correlate the observed textural

developments by identifying the variant selection

taking place during the phase transformation using

the just mentioned algorithm. This capability is

expected to be of immense help in optimizing the βquenching process and gaining further insight into

the mechanism of β to α phase transformation.

Role of grain/phase boundaries in hydrideRole of grain/phase boundaries in hydrideRole of grain/phase boundaries in hydrideRole of grain/phase boundaries in hydrideRole of grain/phase boundaries in hydride

formationformationformationformationformation

Hydride formation is known to be one of the life

limiting factors in case of Zr based structural

components used in thermal nuclear reactors.

Fig.2: (a) EBSD microstructure of Fig.2: (a) EBSD microstructure of Fig.2: (a) EBSD microstructure of Fig.2: (a) EBSD microstructure of Fig.2: (a) EBSD microstructure of βββββ quenched microstructure of Zircaloy-4 (b) The reconstructed quenched microstructure of Zircaloy-4 (b) The reconstructed quenched microstructure of Zircaloy-4 (b) The reconstructed quenched microstructure of Zircaloy-4 (b) The reconstructed quenched microstructure of Zircaloy-4 (b) The reconstructedmap of parent phase (map of parent phase (map of parent phase (map of parent phase (map of parent phase (βββββ) (c) Microstructure of product phase with each product grain colored) (c) Microstructure of product phase with each product grain colored) (c) Microstructure of product phase with each product grain colored) (c) Microstructure of product phase with each product grain colored) (c) Microstructure of product phase with each product grain coloredaccording to its variant identity (d) Frequency distribution of product variants.according to its variant identity (d) Frequency distribution of product variants.according to its variant identity (d) Frequency distribution of product variants.according to its variant identity (d) Frequency distribution of product variants.according to its variant identity (d) Frequency distribution of product variants.



Understanding the mechanism of hydride formation

can help tailor the suitable microstructures for better

hydride mitigation in these alloy components.

However, very little information was available on

the role of nature of the grain boundaries and

interfaces in controlling the hydride formation [4,

5]. In the present article we report, substantial

improvement in understanding of the role of grain/

phase boundaries with explicit use of local

orientation measurements through EBSD technique.

Fig. 3 depicts the hydride microstructures in case of

single phase (Zircaloy-2) and two phase (Zr-2.5Nb)

Zr alloys. It is quite evident that majority of hydrides

were along α/α boundaries in case of Zircaloy-2

and α/β interfaces in case of Zr-2.5Nb alloy. A

detailed analysis of the microtexture data on these

hydride samples revealed following important facts

on the preference of hydrides for particular

interfaces.

• In case of single phase alloy, (Zircaloy-2),

formation of hydrides was preferred on certain grain

boundaries. Those boundaries which are

characterized by low coincident site lattice (CSL)

values, in general, were resistant to hydride

formation.

• Hydrides in the two phase Zr-2.5%Nb alloy in a

completely recrystallized condition have formed

primarily along α/β interfaces, with only a minor

fraction of hydrides being along α/α grain

boundaries.

• Majority of the hydrides were along those α/βinterfaces which had a misorientation corresponding

to burger’s OR. However, not all the α/β interface

which are related by the burger’s OR are having the

hydrides along them. Selection of α/β interfaces as

the favorable nucleation sites by the hydrides was

attributed to high hydrogen partitioning between

the α and β phases on account of the large

differences in solid solubilities of hydrogen in α and

β phases. This makes α/β interfaces to be the nearest

available heterogeneous nucleation sites for most

of the hydrogen atoms.

Development of new fabrication route forDevelopment of new fabrication route forDevelopment of new fabrication route forDevelopment of new fabrication route forDevelopment of new fabrication route for

ZrZrZrZrZr-2.5Nb pressure tube-2.5Nb pressure tube-2.5Nb pressure tube-2.5Nb pressure tube-2.5Nb pressure tube

It is well known that Indian PHWRs employ Zr-

2.5%Nb based pressure tubes. These tubes are being

so far manufactured in NFC, Hyderabad, using a

double cold pilgering and double hot extrusion

process. In the context of upcoming reactors where

higher design life of these tubes are being sought

with improved creep resistance, an exercise to

optimize the existing processing route was initiated

with the collaboration of NFC, Hyderabad. Different

fabrication trails involving the variation in three

important stages of Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tube were

undertaken. The variations were with respect to

mode of breaking the cast structure of the ingot

(forging vs. extrusion), ratio of hot extrusion and

number of stages of subsequent cold work to

produce the finished tube. It was observed that

forging process resulted in superior performance in

breaking the cast structure. Higher extrusion ratios

resulted in more favorable texture and microstructure.

Continuity of the beta phase in the final

microstructure was observed to be more in case of

route involving single cold work subsequent to hot

extrusion. The final microstructure generated using

the modified route had more desirable aspect ratio

of alpha grains and relatively more continuous beta

phase and is expected to have better creep resistance.

It was also shown that the end to end variation in

properties of the tube generated by the new route

Fig. 3: Hydride distribution in Zirconium basedFig. 3: Hydride distribution in Zirconium basedFig. 3: Hydride distribution in Zirconium basedFig. 3: Hydride distribution in Zirconium basedFig. 3: Hydride distribution in Zirconium basedalloys (a) Zircaloyalloys (a) Zircaloyalloys (a) Zircaloyalloys (a) Zircaloyalloys (a) Zircaloy-2 (b) Zr-2 (b) Zr-2 (b) Zr-2 (b) Zr-2 (b) Zr-2.5%Nb alloy-2.5%Nb alloy-2.5%Nb alloy-2.5%Nb alloy-2.5%Nb alloy. It is. It is. It is. It is. It isclear that in both the cases the hydride phaseclear that in both the cases the hydride phaseclear that in both the cases the hydride phaseclear that in both the cases the hydride phaseclear that in both the cases the hydride phaseis along the interfaces of the grains onlyis along the interfaces of the grains onlyis along the interfaces of the grains onlyis along the interfaces of the grains onlyis along the interfaces of the grains only



is superior to that of the conventional route. The

modified route has actually been accepted and

inducted for the production of the pressure tubes

for the upcoming reactor.

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Significant part of the above research was in active

collaboration with Prof. I Samajdar, IIT Bombay and

Shri. N. Saibaba, NFC, Hyderabad. We gratefully

acknowledge their contributions to this research.


1. D O Northwood, U. Kosasih, Int Met Rev

(1983) 28- 92

2. V Randle V, O Engler, Introduction to Texture

Analysis Microtexture and Orietation Mapping,

ISBN 90-5699-224-4, Taylor and Francis Limited,

11 New Fetter Lane, London, UK, 2003.

3. K V Mani Krishna, P Tripathi, V D Hiwarkar, P

Pant, I Samajdar, D Srivastava, G K Dey, Scipta

Materilia, 62, (2010) 391-394.

4. K V Mani Krishna, D Srivastava, G K Dey, V

Hiwarkar, I Samajdar, S Banerjee, J Nucl Mater.

414 (2011) 270-275.

5. K V Mani Krishna, A Sain, I Samajdar, G K Dey,

D Srivastava, S Neogy, R Tewari and S Banerjee,

Acta Materilia 54(2006) 4665-4675.



Assessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalAssessment of Higher Order Shear and NormalDeformations Theories for Stress AnalysisDeformations Theories for Stress AnalysisDeformations Theories for Stress AnalysisDeformations Theories for Stress AnalysisDeformations Theories for Stress Analysis

and Fand Fand Fand Fand Free Vibration of Free Vibration of Free Vibration of Free Vibration of Free Vibration of FunctionallyunctionallyunctionallyunctionallyunctionallyGraded PlatesGraded PlatesGraded PlatesGraded PlatesGraded Plates

D.K. JhaD.K. JhaD.K. JhaD.K. JhaD.K. Jha andandandandand K. SrinivasK. SrinivasK. SrinivasK. SrinivasK. SrinivasCivil Engineering Division

andTTTTTarun Kantarun Kantarun Kantarun Kantarun Kant

Department of Civil Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai

andR.K. SinghR.K. SinghR.K. SinghR.K. SinghR.K. Singh

Reactor Safety Division


Stress analysis and free vibration of functionally graded (FG) elastic, rectangular, and simply (diaphragm)

supported plates are presented based on higher order shear/shear-normal deformations theories (HOSTs/

HOSNTs). The theoretical models are based on Taylor’s series expansion of the in-plane and transverse

displacements in the thickness coordinate defining the plate deformations. The material properties of FG

plates are assumed in this case to be varying through the thickness of the plate in a continuous manner

according to the volume fraction of constituents which is mathematically modelled as exponential and

power law functions. The governing equations for the FG plates are derived on the basis of HOSTs/HOSNTs

assuming varying material properties. Analytical solutions are obtained by employing the Navier solution

technique. Accuracy of the analytical solutions obtained employing Navier solution technique using present

models has been compared with exact three dimensional (3D) elasticity solutions.

KKKKKeywordseywordseywordseywordseywords: Functionally graded materials; higher order, analytical solutions; stress analysis, natural frequency;

material grading index.


Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are recent

development in the family of engineering composites

made of two or more constituent phases with

continuous and smoothly varying composition

[Koizumi1]. This has been possible through research

and development in the area of mechanics of FGMs

for the present day modern technologies of special

nuclear components, spacecraft structural members,

ceramics and composites etc. To improve the

properties of thermal-barrier systems, FGMs

consisting of metallic and ceramic components are

preferred because cracking or de-lamination, which

are often observed in conventional multi-layer

systems are avoided due to the smooth transition

between the properties of the components. With

the increase in application of FGMs in various fields

of science and technology, new methodologies need

to be developed to characterize FGMs and also

designing structural components, viz., beams, plates

and shells made of it. In view of its engineering

application to create the divertor plate (also called,

the first wall) of the International Thermonuclear

Experimental Reactor (ITER) made of a graded layer

bonded between a homogeneous substrate and a

homogeneous coating, a two-dimensional (2D)

model for the analysis of functionally graded (FG)



plate with reasonably high accuracy and

computational efforts is rationalized.

Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewLiterature ReviewLiterature ReviewLiterature Review

Three-dimensional (3D) analytical solutions are very

useful since they provide benchmark results to assess

the accuracy of various 2D plate theories and finite

element formulations, but their solution methods

involve mathematical complexities and are very

difficult and tedious to solve. The benchmark exact

3D elasticity solutions of simply supported laminated

plates available in the literature [Refs. 2–5] have

proved to be very useful in assessing two-

dimensional (2D) plate theories by various

researchers [Refs. 6–9]. There are many studies

available in the literature as well on the analysis of

isotropic, orthotropic and laminated composite

plates, but these investigations are valid for

laminated plates and shells, where the material

properties are piecewise constant, but not applicable

for finding solutions of plate problems with

continuous in-homogeneity of material properties

such as FGMs. Due to the special properties exhibited

by the FGMs, such as high degree of anisotropy,

higher load carrying capacity due to membrane-

bending coupling for preferential structural

performance, the method of analysis based on

Classical Plate Theory (CPT) which neglects the effect

of out-of-plane (transverse) stresses/strains become

inadequate. First Order Shear Deformation Theory

(FOST) assumes constant states of transverse shear

stresses and requires the use of shear correction

coefficients suggested by Mindlin (1951) for

homogeneous isotropic plates in order to match

the response predicted by this two-dimensional (2D)

theory with that of three-dimensional (3D) elasticity

theory and to simplify the shear stresses/strains

through the plate thickness in an approximate

manner, which at times may become unrealistic.

Next in the line of the plate theories are the higher-

order shear deformation plate theories which consider

the warping of the cross-sections and satisfy the

zero transverse shear stress condition of the upper

and lower fibers of the cross-section. In the literature,

various higher-order shear deformation theories, viz.

Second order shear deformation theory (SSDT), Third

order shear deformation theory (TSDT) which satisfies

the above-mentioned conditions are proposed by

several researchers.

Suresh and Mortensen10 provided an excellent

introduction to the fundamentals of FGMs. Since

then, many publications are reported in the literature

on the use of various two-dimensional (2D) theories

for the thermo-elastic and vibration analyses of FG

plates during the last few years. Both analytical and

finite element methods are used for the analysis.

Praveen and Reddy11 reported the response of FG

ceramic metal plates using a plate finite element

formulation. Main and Spencer12 constituted a class

of exact 3D solutions for FG plates with traction-

free surfaces. Vel and Batra13 presented the 3D exact

solutions for the free and forced vibrations of simply

supported FG rectangular plates by assuming the

suitable displacement functions that identically satisfy

boundary conditions. These displacement functions

are used to reduce equations governing steady state

vibrations of a plate to a set of coupled ordinary

differential equations, which are then solved by

employing the power series method. The exact

solution is valid for thick and thin plates, and for

arbitrary variation of material properties in the

thickness direction. Carrera et al.14 studied the effects

of stretching of thickness in FG plates and shells

deriving the advanced theories for bending analysis

adopting Reissner’s mixed variational approach.

Recently, Wen et al.15 have presented the 3D analysis

of isotropic and orthotropic FG plates with simply

supported edges under static and dynamic loads.

The governing equations of the 3D elastic problem

for the FG plates were formulated based on the

state-space approach in the Laplace transform

domain, transforming it to a one dimensional

problem, and solved using the radial basis functions

(RBF) method. For a complete reference on the recent

research studies on the static, vibration and stability

analyses of FG plates, the reader may refer the critical

review on the subject matter by Jha et al.16. In most



of the 2D theories developed to predict the global

responses of FG plates till date, only transverse shear

deformations have been considered, and very few

theories consider the effect of both transverse shear

and transverse normal deformations. Very limited

studies are reported in the literature on the evaluation

of the various 2D higher order theories and about

their range of application and the accuracy in

predicting the global responses.

Theoretical FormulationTheoretical FormulationTheoretical FormulationTheoretical FormulationTheoretical Formulation

Owing to the above limitations, analytical

formulations are developed using a set of

displacement based higher order shear/shear-normal

deformation theories (HOSTs/HOSNTs) for the stress

analysis and free vibration of FG elastic, rectangular,

and simply (diaphragm) supported plates. The

theoretical models are based on Taylor’s series

expansion of the in-plane and transverse

displacements in thickness coordinate defining the

plate deformations. Some of these models

reformulated by Jha et al.17-18 for FG plates listed in

Table 1 account for the effects of transverse shear

and normal deformations and nonlinear variation

of in-plane displacements. The material properties

of FG plates are considered in this case to be varying

through thickness of plate in a continuous manner.

Poisson’s ratio is assumed to be constant, but their

Young’s modulii and material density vary

continuously in thickness direction according to the

volume fraction of constituents which is

mathematically modelled as exponential and power

law functions, represented as:

⎟⎟⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛=⎟⎟

⎠

⎞⎜⎜⎝

⎛⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −−=

b

tt P

Pln21λwhere,,

h2z1λexpPP(z)

( ) ( ) bbt Pk

21

hzPPzP +⎟

⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ +−= (1)

Here P(z) denotes a typical material property, viz.,

Young’s modulus of elasticity (E), material density

(ñ), etc. of the structures made of FGM. h represents

the total thickness of structure. Pt and Pb are the

material properties at the top-most ( and

bottom-most ( surfaces. λ in the

exponential model and k in the power model are

the material grading indexes respectively.

The governing equations for the FG plates are derived

on the basis of HOSTs/HOSNTs assuming varying

material properties across thickness of plate. The

equations of equilibrium are derived using Principle

of Minimum Potential Energy (PMPE) and the

equations of motion by Hamilton’s principle.

Numerical solutions are obtained in closed-form

using Navier’s solution technique. The membrane-

flexure coupling phenomenon exhibited by a FG

plate necessitates the use of a displacement field

containing both, membrane as well as flexural

deformation terms which contribute to the overall

response of the plate. The displacements u, v and

w of a general point (x, y, z) in the plate domain

shown in Fig. 1 in x, y and z directions, respectively

are given by:

y)(x,θzy)(x,uzy)(x,zθy)(x,uz)y,u(x, *x

3*o

2xo +++=

y)(x,θzy)(x,vzy)(x,zθy)(x,vz)y,v(x, *y

3*o

2yo +++=

y)(x,θzξy)(x,wzξy)(x,zθξy)(x,wz)y,w(x, *z

33

*o

22z1o +++= (2)

Here, the parameters oo v,u are the in-plane

tangential displacements and ow is the transverse

displacement of a point (x, y) on the plate’s middle

surface. yx θ,θ are rotations of the normals to the

plate’s middle surface (z=0) about y and x axes

respectively.

z*z

*y

*x

*o

*o

*o θandθ,θ,θ,w,v,u

are the higher order

terms in the Taylor’s series expansion and represent

Fig. 1: Geometry of FG plate with positiveFig. 1: Geometry of FG plate with positiveFig. 1: Geometry of FG plate with positiveFig. 1: Geometry of FG plate with positiveFig. 1: Geometry of FG plate with positiveset of reference axes and its displacementset of reference axes and its displacementset of reference axes and its displacementset of reference axes and its displacementset of reference axes and its displacement

components (For “HOSNT12” model)components (For “HOSNT12” model)components (For “HOSNT12” model)components (For “HOSNT12” model)components (For “HOSNT12” model)



the higher order transverse cross sectional

deformation modes.

In addition to the above mentioned higher order

models, the FOST19 and CPT20 models are also

considered for the analyses of FG plates for the sake

of comparison.

Numerical StudiesNumerical StudiesNumerical StudiesNumerical StudiesNumerical Studies

A simply (diaphragm) supported rectangular/square

plate is considered throughout as a test problem.

Sinusoidal and uniform transverse loadings are

considered for the stress analysis of FG Plates with

various geometrical configurations and material

grading indexes. A set of computer programs based

on the present models is developed in MATLAB7.0

to solve the boundary value problem for the stress

analysis and eigenvalue problem for the free

vibration. The numerical results for the stress analysis

of FG plates are presented for in-plane and transverse

displacements, in-plane normal and shear stresses

and transverse shear stresses. Further, the natural

frequencies of FG plates using various higher order

models are also presented. The accuracy of solutions

obtained from different models is established by

comparing the results with the 3D exact elasticity

solutions and the solutions obtained by various other

models in literature.

Model

1

2

3

4

5

6

Theory

HOSNT

HOSNT

HOSNT

HOSNT

HOSNT

HOST

DOFs

12

11

11

10

10

9

Designation

HOSNT12

HOSNT11

HOSNT11M

HOSNT10B

HOSNT10M

HOST9

Displacementfield

As definedinEqn. (2) with

1ξξξ 321 ===


0ξ1;ξξ 321 ===


0ξ1;ξξ 231 ===


1ξ0;ξξ 231 ===


0ξξ;1ξ 321 ===


0ξξξ 321 ===

Transverseshear

deformations( γγγγγxz and γγγγγyz)

Cubic

Parabolic

Cubic

Parabolic

Parabolic

Parabolic

Transversenormal

deformation(εεεεεz)

Parabolic

Linear

Parabolic

Linear

Constant

Not considered

TTTTTable 1: List of displacement models based on higher order refined theoriesable 1: List of displacement models based on higher order refined theoriesable 1: List of displacement models based on higher order refined theoriesable 1: List of displacement models based on higher order refined theoriesable 1: List of displacement models based on higher order refined theories



Stress analysis of FG PlatesStress analysis of FG PlatesStress analysis of FG PlatesStress analysis of FG PlatesStress analysis of FG Plates

A sinusoidally loaded, simply (diaphragm)

supported, FG square plate of side, a=1m and

thicknesses-to-width ratio, h/a=0.1 is considered

as in Ref.15. The elastic modulii are Et=70 GPa,

Eb=151GPa, and the Poisson’s ratio is ν =0.3. Here

Et and Eb indicate Young’s modulii on the top (i.e.,

z=+h/2) and bottom (i.e., z=-h/2) surfaces of the

FG plate, respectively. The normalized static load is

assumed as q(x, y)=-q0 sin (πx/a)sin (πy/a), where,

q0=10-3Co33, in which, Co

33=Eb(1-ν)/[(1+ν)(1-2ν)].

The variation of material properties in plate’s

thickness direction is considered to follow an

exponential law, i.e., Czij =Co

ij eλ(z+h/2), where Co

ij

indicates material coefficients on the bottom

surfaces, and the material gradation coefficient,

λ(=ln (Et/Eb). The analytical solutions for deflections

and stresses of the FG plate are available at point

(a/4,a/4,-h/4) by Wen et al.15 using RBF

interpolation. Exact elasticity solutions of the same

problem are also available in Zhang and Zhong21.

The non-dimensional displacements and stresses

parameters are evaluated at the same point (a/4,

a/4,-h/4) using various models considered in the

present study for validation.

The solutions obtained using models HOSNT12 and

HOSNT11 are in close agreement with 3D elasticity

solutions of the same problem by Zhang and

Zhong21. It is found here that HOSNT12 computes

the most accurate results with 0.006% errors in the

in-plane displacements and 0.003% error in

transverse deflection which are best among all other

analytical solutions including the RBF analytical

solutions15 with highest number of collocation

points. HOST9 computes the displacements with a

maximum error of 1.045% for a moderately thick

FG plate (h/a=0.1). HOSNT11M and HOSNT10M

models fall short here to predict the static behaviour

of FG plates with a significant error of about 18%

in displacements. The HOSNT12 model is the most

accurate with the errors of -0.502% and -0.004%

in and . The error in transverse shear stresses

is of identical order for all higher order formulations.

The variation of some of these non-dimensional

displacements and stresses parameters at the point

(x=a/4, y=a/4) along the thickness of FG plates

(h/a=0.25) are plotted in Figs. 2-4 using the present

formulations. Here, it is worth noting that, neutral

surface of the FG plate does not coincide with the

middle surface (z=0) of the plate, and it is found to

be at z=-0.055h. This shift of the neutral surface is

towards the stiffer material side. It can be very clearly

pointed out from the presented results, that the

higher order transverse normal deformation terms

in choosing the displacement field cannot be

neglected in the formulation for the thick FG plates,

especially when the thicknesses-to-width ratio (h/a)

equals or more than 0.2. This highly accurate 2D

formulation can be used to capture the behaviour

of transversely loaded FG plates more closely,

especially for thicker plates (h/a≥ 0.1), and it is totally

justified when the thicknesses-to-width ratio (h/a)

exceeds 0.2. Using this higher order displacement

formulation, the transverse loads can be considered

acting at any surface of the plate.

Free vibration of FG PlatesFree vibration of FG PlatesFree vibration of FG PlatesFree vibration of FG PlatesFree vibration of FG Plates

Using various displacement models considered in

the present study, the non-dimensional fundamental

natural frequency are computed for FG plates

comprised of aluminum (Al) and zirconia (ZrO2).

The comparisons of present results with the available

TSDT solutions in Ferreira et al. 22 are presented in

Table 2. The different in-plane harmonics for FG

Fig. 2: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 2: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 2: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 2: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 2: Through thickness variations of in-plane displacement of simply (diaphragm)plane displacement of simply (diaphragm)plane displacement of simply (diaphragm)plane displacement of simply (diaphragm)plane displacement of simply (diaphragm)

supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25 )))))under sinusoidal loadunder sinusoidal loadunder sinusoidal loadunder sinusoidal loadunder sinusoidal load



plates are computed using the present higher order

theories and compared with SSDT solutions by

Shahrjerdi et al. 23 in Table 3.

Concluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding RemarksConcluding Remarks

From the extensive set of results obtained in the

present study, it has been observed that the higher

order theories which do not satisfy the zero

Fig. 3: Through thickness variations ofFig. 3: Through thickness variations ofFig. 3: Through thickness variations ofFig. 3: Through thickness variations ofFig. 3: Through thickness variations oftransverse displacement of simply (diaphragm)transverse displacement of simply (diaphragm)transverse displacement of simply (diaphragm)transverse displacement of simply (diaphragm)transverse displacement of simply (diaphragm)supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25) under) under) under) under) undersinusoidal loadsinusoidal loadsinusoidal loadsinusoidal loadsinusoidal load

Fig. 4: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 4: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 4: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 4: Through thickness variations of in-Fig. 4: Through thickness variations of in-plane shear stress of simply (diaphragm)plane shear stress of simply (diaphragm)plane shear stress of simply (diaphragm)plane shear stress of simply (diaphragm)plane shear stress of simply (diaphragm)supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (supported FG square plates (h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25h/a=0.25) under) under) under) under) undersinusoidal loadsinusoidal loadsinusoidal loadsinusoidal loadsinusoidal load

Non-dimensional fundamental natural frequency m

mmnmn E

ρ(h)ω1)n(mω ===)

Material Properties:Metal (Al): Em= 70 GPa, ρm=2702Kg/m3, ο=0.30Ceramic (ZrO2): Ec= 200 GPa, ρc=5700Kg/m3, ο=0.30

h/a=0.05 h/a=0.1 h/a=0.2

k=1 k=1 k=1 k=2 k=3 k=5

Exacta 0.0153 0.0596 0.2192 0.2197 0.2211 0.2225

TSDTb 0.0147 0.0592 0.2188 0.2188 0.2202 0.2215

HOSNT12 0.0153 0.0598 0.2219 0.2220 0.2227 0.2237

HOSNT11 0.0153 0.0598 0.2219 0.2220 0.2227 0.2237

HOSNT10B 0.0154 0.0599 0.2239 0.2239 0.2244 0.2250

HOSNT11M 0.0167 0.0655 0.2402 0.2403 0.2406 0.2413

HOSNT10M 0.0167 0.0655 0.2402 0.2403 0.2406 0.2413

HOST9 0.0153 0.0599 0.2211 0.2212 0.2218 0.2227

FOST (ks=5/6) 0.0154 0.0601 0.2217 0.2219 0.2231 0.2246

FOST 0.0156 0.0610 0.2248 0.2250 0.2264 0.2280

CPT 0.0162 0.0656 0.2500 0.2502 0.2529 0.2561

Theory

TTTTTable 2: Non-dimensional fundamental natural frequency of FG square platesable 2: Non-dimensional fundamental natural frequency of FG square platesable 2: Non-dimensional fundamental natural frequency of FG square platesable 2: Non-dimensional fundamental natural frequency of FG square platesable 2: Non-dimensional fundamental natural frequency of FG square plates

a Taken from Vel and Batra13

b Taken from Ferreira et al.22



transverse shear stress condition at the top and

bottom bounding planes of the FG plates give the

most accurate values of displacements, stresses, and

natural frequencies as compared to other theories

in the case of thick plates. On the basis of the analysis

carried out and the numerical results obtained the

following conclusions are drawn:

1. It is evident from the numerical solutions

presented for FG plates that its neutral surface does

not coincide with the middle surface as in the case

of isotopic and orthotropic plates. The shift of neutral

surface is always towards the stiffer material zone.

The location of the neutral surface of FG plates

depends upon its material gradation coefficient/index

in the spatial direction. The shift of the neutral

surface from the middle surface also depends upon

thickness of plate. Thicker the plates, lesser will be

the shift of neutral surface. The location of neutral

surface of FG plates does not depend upon the

aspect ratio of the plate and the magnitude and

kind of external loads applied.

2. The higher order models HOSNT12 and

HOSNT11 evaluate the bending responses of thin

and thick FG plates very close to 3D elasticity exact

solutions. It brings out the fact that both transverse

shear and normal deformations has to be taken in

to account in the analysis of thick plates which

undergoes cross sectional warping. For flexure

dominated problems of FG plates, the contribution/

effect of higher order membrane term ( ) in

transverse displacement field is not of much

significance.

3. Although the presented formulation for FG

plates using HOSNT12/HOSNT11 involves large

computations compared to FOST and CPT, but the

obtained numerical results are very accurate when

compared to the 3D elasticity solutions. The benefit

of this approach is that a 2D theory is able to predict

solutions very close to 3D elasticity solutions.

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Authors wish to thank authorities of Bhabha Atomic

Research Centre (BARC), Department of Atomic

Energy, Mumbai, India and Indian Institute of

Technology (IIT) Bombay, Mumbai, India for

providing the help and support.

Non-dimensional natural frequencies,, c

c2

mnmn Eρ)

ha(ωω

~~ =

Material Properties:Metal (Al): Em=68.9 Gpa, ο=0.33, ρm=2700 kg/m3

Ceramic (ZrO2): Ec=211 Gpa, ο=0.33, ρc =4500 kg/m3

1. 1x1 3.6983 3.6911 3.3713 3.3664 3.2225 3.2179 3.1354 3.1291

2. 1x2 5.8498 5.8323 5.3359 5.3238 5.1002 5.0886 4.9594 4.9434

3. 2x1 12.0345 11.965 10.9940 10.946 10.5062 10.461 10.1985 10.137

4. 2x2 14.0144 13.921 12.8103 12.745 12.2421 12.180 11.8784 11.794

5. 2x3 17.2325 17.096 15.7660 15.668 15.0670 14.973 14.6092 14.481

6. 3x2 26.3462 26.051 24.1494 23.941 23.0749 22.876 22.3273 22.059

7. 3x3 29.2257 28.871 26.8100 26.554 25.6184 25.372 24.7781 24.446

k=0 k=0.5 k=1 k=2SSDTc HOSNT12 SSDTc HOSNT12 SSDTc HOSNT12 SSDTc HOSNT12

Mode mxn

cTaken from Shahrjerdi et al.23

TTTTTable 3: Natural frequencies of rectangular FG plates (able 3: Natural frequencies of rectangular FG plates (able 3: Natural frequencies of rectangular FG plates (able 3: Natural frequencies of rectangular FG plates (able 3: Natural frequencies of rectangular FG plates (b/ab/ab/ab/ab/a=2=2=2=2=2 , h/a=0.1, h/a=0.1, h/a=0.1, h/a=0.1, h/a=0.1 )))))




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BARC NEWSLETTERFEATURE ARTICLE


The elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoThe elusive neutrinoVVVVV.M. Datar.M. Datar.M. Datar.M. Datar.M. Datar

Nuclear Physics Division


After briefly introducing the neutrino the observations that led to the discovery of neutrino oscillations are

described. Various sources of neutrinos have been used to uncover facets of neutrinos including the more

recent measurement of one of key neutrino parameters in a reactor based experiment at Daya Bay, China.

The Indian effort to build an underground laboratory for rare processes is outlined. The flagship experiment

to measure atmospheric muon neutrinos and antineutrinos, separately, will target the open problem of

ordering of the 3 tiny neutrino masses. Together with other experiments worldwide this will help address CP

violation in the neutrino sector. This could help us understand why there is a preponderance of matter over

anti-matter in the universe we live in.

Introducing neutrinosIntroducing neutrinosIntroducing neutrinosIntroducing neutrinosIntroducing neutrinos

The neutrino is an elementary particle proposed by

Wolfgang Pauli (Fig.1) in 1930 to explain the

continuous energy spectrum of electrons in nuclear

beta decay. The neutrino has no electric charge, a

tiny mass a millionth of that of an electron and

interacts weakly [1] with matter. The weak

interaction [2] is responsible for the beta decay of

nuclei such as 14C (used in dating substances

containing organic carbon) and 40K (present at a

level of about 100 parts per million in all naturally

occurring potassium). Were it much stronger, for

example, of the order of the electromagnetic (EM)

interaction, the sun would have burnt itself out in a

matter of days rather than billions of years. Among

other consequences, this would have made

impossible the evolution of life, as we understand

it.

The neutrino is the second most abundant particle

in the universe (~330 neutrinos/cm3), after the

photon, the quantum of electromagnetic

interactions. However because of its weak interaction

and low energy (~170 μeV), the cosmic neutrinos,

which are relics of the big bang explosion that

resulted in our universe, remain undetected. In

contrast the cosmic EM radiation is characteristic

of a blackbody at 2.7°K, peaks in the microwave

region.Its measurement by space based radio

telescopes have allowed us to infer the fluctuations

in the very early stages of the universe leading to

the present day large scale structure of the universe.

In the Standard Model of particle physics, whose

predictions have been extensively verified, the

neutrino mass is expected to be zero. The three

varieties of neutrinos belonging to the electron,

muon and tau lepton families, also transform into

one another, a phenomenon known as neutrino

oscillations.

Because of their weak interaction with matter, unlike

EM radiation, neutrinos can penetrate matter

effortlessly. For example a neutrino, with an energy

~ MeV, has a probability of only 10-10 of interacting

with matter were it to traverse the diameter of the

earth. It is this property that has enabled scientists

Fig. 1: (Left to Right) WFig. 1: (Left to Right) WFig. 1: (Left to Right) WFig. 1: (Left to Right) WFig. 1: (Left to Right) W. P. P. P. P. Pauli, E. Fauli, E. Fauli, E. Fauli, E. Fauli, E. Fermi,ermi,ermi,ermi,ermi,C.L. Cowan and FC.L. Cowan and FC.L. Cowan and FC.L. Cowan and FC.L. Cowan and F. Reines. Reines. Reines. Reines. Reines



to peer into the heart of the sun and confirm that

the p-p fusion reaction chain (see Box 1) is

responsible for its huge energy production. Violent

explosions that could occured towards the end of a

star’s life, called supernovae, can also be studied

through neutrinos produced during the

neutronization (where electrons and protons

combine to form a neutron and a neutrino).

Historically, the theory for β-decay [3] was first

formulated by Enrico Fermi, the famous Italian-

American physicist (awarded the Nobel prize in

Physics for work on slow neutron induced

transmutation of nuclei in 1938). The theory was

modeled on the theory of EM interactions. It also

discussed the method for measuring the mass of

the neutrino through a measurement of the shape

of the beta spectrum near the end point. It was

Fermi who gave this new neutral particle a name

viz. the little neutron or neutrino. The neutrino was

first detected in a reactor experiment [4] by Cowan

and Reines in 1956. This is actually the electron

type of (anti-) neutrino. Subsequently two other

varieties of neutrinos were discovered, the muon

neutrino in 1962 by Schwartz, Steinberger and

Lederman at Brookhaven National laboratory, USA

[5] and the tau neutrino in 1999 by the DONUT

collaboration at Fermilab, USA [6]. The detection of

neutral current events at CERN, provided a very

important verification of a prediction of the electro-

weak (EW) theory of Steven Weinberg, Abdus Salam

and Sheldon Glashow which apart from unifying

the quantum theory of electrodynamics and weak

interactions, also predicted the existence of the W+,

W- and Z0 bosons, whose exchange between particles

is responsible for the weak force (see Table1). This

is analogous to photon exchange between charged

particles giving rise to the repulsive or attractive

Coulomb force. The EW theory field combined with

a quantum theory for strong interactions called

quantum chromodynamics (QCD), and the

associated Higgs boson constitutes the standard

model (SM) of particle physics (see Table 2 for the

fundamental particles therein). One of the key

ingredients of the SM is the Higgs. The Higgs field

is responsible for giving mass to particles such as

the electron and it has been discovered recently at

the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.

Neutrinos oscillate!Neutrinos oscillate!Neutrinos oscillate!Neutrinos oscillate!Neutrinos oscillate!

We now return to the phenomenon of neutrino

oscillations. While the spin and electric charge of

the neutrino are known, its rest mass is not. Only

an upper bound can be placed by experiments, the

Box 1. Nuclear reactions powering the sunBox 1. Nuclear reactions powering the sunBox 1. Nuclear reactions powering the sunBox 1. Nuclear reactions powering the sunBox 1. Nuclear reactions powering the sun

TTTTTable 1: Fable 1: Fable 1: Fable 1: Fable 1: Four basic interactions in natureour basic interactions in natureour basic interactions in natureour basic interactions in natureour basic interactions in nature

Type Range Force mediator Relative strength ExampleGravitational Infinite Graviton (?) 10-38 Earth-Sun

Weak 10-18 m W±, Z0 10-5 β± decay

Electromagnetic Infinite Photon 1/137 Hydrogen atom Quarks in proton,

nucleons in nuclei *range of nucleon - nucleon force

Strong 10-15 m* Gluon 1

The pp chain reactions, proposed by Hans

Bethe (Nobel prize in Physics 1967) occur

in the core of the sun where the

temperature reaches 15,000,000 °K. The

reactions are:

p+p→ d+e++νe

d+p→3He+γ3He+3He→4He+2p3He+4He→7Be+γ, 7Be+p→8B+ γ8B → 8Be + β++νe,

8Be → 4He + 4He or

4p→→→→→ 4He + 2βββββ−−−−−+++++ 2νννννe releasing ∼∼∼∼∼ 24

MeV energy



most stringent being that on the electron anti-

neutrino of ~2 eV/c2. For comparison the rest mass

of the electron is 511 keV/c2. Although we do not

yet know the mass(es) of the neutrino(s) we do

know the mass differences, or more precisely, the

difference(s) of the square of the masses. The

possibility that neutrinos oscillate was first pointed

out by Pontecorvo, a student of Fermi, in the mid-

60s. A requirement of the phenomenon of neutrino

oscillations is that at least 2 of the 3 known types

of neutrinos have non-zero mass. If this is the case

a neutrino, born as a particular type (e, μ or τ)

propagates in space with the different mass states

moving with different speeds. Since they are moving

close to the speed of light (c), the relative differences

in speed, measured on this scale, are small. Each

flavor of neutrino has a different mix of neutrino

mass states, decided by nature and parametrized in

terms of 3 mixing angles, 3 differences in the square

of masses and another angle related to the possibly

different behaviour of particles as compared to

antiparticles. At a certain distance from its birth an

electron type neutrino may transform, chameleon-

like, into a muon - or tau- type of neutrino. Such

oscillations, also known as mixing, are seen in the

strongly interacting particles at a much smaller level.

As the late John Bahcall, an eminent astrophysicist

who, with Ray Davis, proposed the radiochemical

Chlorine detector for measuring solar neutrinos and

calculated their expected flux leading to the solar

neutrino problem, has put it -

Solar neutrinos have a multiple personality disorder.

They are created as electron neutrinos in the Sun,

but on the way to the Earth they change their type.

For neutrinos, the origin of the personality disorder

is a quantum mechanical process, called “neutrino

oscillations”.

Interestingly, Bahcall’s proposal that the observed

shortfall in the measured solar neutrinos as compared

to his calculations had a particle physics origin, viz.

neutrino oscillations, was not taken seriously by the

high energy physics community. His stand was

however vindicated, first through observations on

atmospheric neutrinos (described later) and then

through a neutrino type or flavor blind measurement

at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, a 1.7 km deep

mine in Canada. The latter experiment used 1000

tons of pure heavy water and measured the flux of

electron neutrinos as well as the sum of fluxes of all

(active) neutrino flavours. The shortfall seen in the

former flavor was made up in the latter and

confirmed the conjecture of Bahcall.

Neutrino oscillations may be understood by first

looking at the simpler two-flavour mixing. Let us

look at an analogous situation in optics related to

the propagation of light in a optical medium that

has a ‘handedness’ in that it responds differently to

left handed and right handed circularly polarized

light. This results in rotating the plane of polarization

of plane polarized light to the left (laevorotatory) or

to the right (dextrorotatory). In a similar manner,

the two mass states move at different speeds so

that what started out as an electron neutrino looks

partly like the muon neutrino as it propagates over

space and returns to its original (electron neutrino)

state at a distance characteristic of its energy and

the quantity m22 - m1

2. Here m1 and m2 are the

masses in the alternate description where masses

Quarks

u c td s b Leptonsνe νμ ντ

e- μ- τ-

Electriccharge

+2/3-1/3

0

-1

Mass (GeV)0.0023, 1.275, 1730.0048, 0.095, 4.2

< 2x10-9, <1.7x10-4, 1.8x10-2

0.511x10-3, 0.106, 1.78

Bosons mediatinginteractions [mass (GeV)]

Gluon g (0)Photon γ γ γ γ γ (0)Weak bosons W+, W-(80.4each), Z0 (91.2)Higgs boson H0 (126)

TTTTTable 2: Fable 2: Fable 2: Fable 2: Fable 2: Fundamental particlesundamental particlesundamental particlesundamental particlesundamental particles



are definite, as opposed to the “electron-ness” or

“muon-ness”. Using elementary quantum

mechanics, the time evolution of a neutrino starting

as one of say the electron type can be calculated in

the 2-flavour mixing scenario. It can be shown that

the survival probability is given by

where θ is the mixing angle, E the neutrino energy

in MeV, L is the neutrino propagation length in

metres and Δm2 in eV2. The angle θ (which is real) is

used to parametrize the elements of the 2´2 mass

mixing matrix that connects the leptonic and mass

eigenstates through the relation

Here e, μ are the two leptonic eigenstates and m1,

m2 are the two mass eigenstates.

The more realistic 3-flavour case has more

complicated expressions involving 3 mixing angles,

analogous to the 3 Euler angles which are needed

to connect 2 coordinate frames connected by

rotations in 3D space. In addition there are 3 mass

squared differences and one CP violating phase. #####

The most compelling evidence for neutrino

oscillations was obtained from measurements on

atmospheric neutrinos. The neutrinos originate from

the decays of the pion and the daughter muon. The

pions are produced in cosmic ray interactions with14N and 16O nuclei in the upper atmosphere. The

pions then decay with a lifetime of about 26 nsec

producing a muon and a muon neutrino and the

muon in turn decays to an electron, muon neutrino

and an electron neutrino. Thus for every pion decay

there are 2 muon neutrinos and 1 electron neutrino.

As this is the major source of atmospheric neutrinos,

the ratio of the detected muon to electron neutrinos

is model independent and therefore very robust.

The Kamiokande I experiment found the expected

ratio of muon to electron neutrinos for downward

pointing events but a deficit, by about a factor of

two, for upward pointing events. A natural

explanation was that the upward going muon

neutrinos change their flavor becoming tau neutrinos

which are detected with much less efficiency as

compared to muon or electron neutrinos.

Neutrino sources and experimentsNeutrino sources and experimentsNeutrino sources and experimentsNeutrino sources and experimentsNeutrino sources and experiments

There are several sources of neutrinos listed below

(see Fig.2): (a) the sun [7] (b) cosmic ray interactions

with the earth’s atmosphere [8] (c) supernovae and

other explosive events in universe [9] (d) particle

accelerators such as at CERN in Geneva [5,10] (e)

nuclear reactors [4] and (f) Geo-radioactivity [11].

Each has a characteristic energy range, flux or source

strength and angular distribution (isotropic from

source for most except the accelerator produced).

The first ever detection of supernova neutrinos, from

SN1987a, took place in 1987 by several detectors

worldwide, chief among them being Kamiokande I

which detected 11 of the total of 17 events. The

beginning of neutrino astronomy was acknowledged

by the award of a shared Nobel prize to Koshiba

who led the Kamiokande experiment. This

experiment had been designed to look for proton

decay which it did not find, as nature did not oblige!

On the other hand the background due to neutrinos

turned out to be a rich mine viz. atmospheric

neutrinos which led to the discovery of neutrino

oscillations, the first real time detection of solar

neutrinos including the direction of their source (the

sun) and neutrinos from a stellar collapse SN1987a.

Man made muon neutrinos via in flight decay of

pions were first detected by a team led by Schwartz,

Lederman and Steinberger in 1962 at Brookhaven

National Lab. All three received the Nobel prize in

the year 1962 for this discovery. The same method

was used with more powerful accelerators and using

the off axis decay to produce quasi-mono-energetic

muon neutrinos to do several measurements. If the

pions are relativistic (speed ≈ speed of light) the

neutrinos travel in a narrow cone whose angle is

small enough to allow experiments to be done at

Pee = 1 - sin2 2θ sin2 1.27 Δm2 L E

e cos θ sin θ m1

μ - sin θ cos θ m2

=

##### C changes particle to anti-particle, P stands for parity under whose operation rrrrr →→→→→ - rrrrr. . . . . CP symmetry implies invariance

under the combined operations of C and P.



distances of the order of hundreds of kms. A state

of art experiment is that of the MINOS collaboration

where the neutrinos are produced at Fermilab and

are measured 732 kms away in a mine by a 5.2

kton iron calorimetric detector. This experiment has

measured the value of Δm2 and sin22θ.

The India based Neutrino Observatory (INO)The India based Neutrino Observatory (INO)The India based Neutrino Observatory (INO)The India based Neutrino Observatory (INO)The India based Neutrino Observatory (INO)

As mentioned before, atmospheric neutrinos were

first detected in the deepest operating mine of its

time, Kolar Gold Fields, by a TIFR-Osaka-Durham

collaboration. The TIFR group later built a detector

to search for the pressing question of the time viz.

do protons decay? This group was the first to publish

results on this important question. However building

larger detectors (than the 600 ton iron calorimetric

detector) in the mine, especially at the deepest level

which is the ideal location, was not possible. As it

turns out protons have not yet been found to decay,

with detectors worldwide that are 100 times larger.

Also the KGF became economically less competitive

compared to other gold mines and were eventually

closed down. Meanwhile, around the late 90’s, there

began an effort to revive the experimental culture in

Fig. 2: Various sources of neutrinos Fig. 2: Various sources of neutrinos Fig. 2: Various sources of neutrinos Fig. 2: Various sources of neutrinos Fig. 2: Various sources of neutrinos (((((Courtesy: Google ImageCourtesy: Google ImageCourtesy: Google ImageCourtesy: Google ImageCourtesy: Google Image )))))

Sun 0-15 MeV 6×××××1010 /(cm2.s.)

Nuclear reactors 0-10 MeV 2×××××1020 /(GWth.s.) from core

Particle accelerators 10-100 GeV upto 1015 /s.

Atmospheric neutrinos 0.5 – 20 GeV 103 /(m2.s.)

Supernova (stellar collapse) 5 – 100 MeV 1060 over about 10s.

Cosmic Big Bang 200 μμμμμeV 330/cm3

Geo-neutrinos 0-4 MeV 6×××××106/(cm2.s.)

Source Energy Flux/Number



India and focusing on non-accelerator experiments

in an underground laboratory. Building such a lab

at the end of a tunnel, such as at Kamioka in Japan

and Gran Sasso in Italy, was a better option for

housing large detectors. At around this time the

field of neutrino physics was becoming very

interesting in view of results from the Kamiokande-

I and Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven experiments,

which turned the background for proton decay (for

which only upper bounds could be placed)

measurements into a signal for atmospheric neutrino

oscillations!

The idea of building an underground laboratory in

India began with the signing of a MoU by the

directors of 6 institutes of the Department of Atomic

Energy in 2002. Early on it was decided that we

build a 50-100 kton magnetized iron calorimeter

(ICAL) to measure atmospheric neutrinos. This would

be unique in that it would have the capability of

distinguishing between neutrino and anti-neutrino

induced events using the so called charged current

interactions which produce muons of opposite

charge. A similar proposal, MONOLITH, had been

considered by an Italian group with a somewhat

smaller detector of 32 kton. Simultaneously, R&D

was begun on simulations (both for neutrino

detection and the magnet) and the active detector

element viz. glass Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC), a

position sensitive, fast gas detector. It was envisaged

that after some ground work a project report would

be prepared. This was done in May 2006 [12] and

reviewed by 6 international referees. The overall

rating of the project was high with an advice that

the project be implemented quickly.

The INO will be an underground laboratory located

in Pottipuram, about 110 kms to the west of

Madurai, at the end of a 2 km long tunnel with

about 1 km rock cover all round (see Fig. 3 for a

bird’s eye view of the project). This will reduce the

cosmic ray background by about a factor of a million

enabling low background experiments to be carried

out. While the ICAL detector for measuring

atmospheric muon neutrinos will be the largest in

the underground laboratory, there are at least two

other experiments which make use of the low cosmic

background to search for neutrinoless double beta

decay in 124Sn and a silicon detector for directly

detecting dark matter particles. Both will be based

on cryogenic bolometers operating at temperatures

of about 10 milli-Kelvin and are presently in the

R&D phase at TIFR and SINP, respectively.

The main scientific goals [ of the ICAL experiment

are (i) the determination of the ordering of neutrino

masses, known as the mass hierarchy problem viz.

whether m3>m2>m1 (normal hierarchy) or

m2>m1>m3 (inverted hierarchy) (ii) a more precise

measurement of the mixing parameters θ23 and Δm232

(iii) confirm (iii) search for explanation of anomalous

Kolar events and possibly (iv) together with long

baseline accelerator experiments address the very

fundamental problem of the predominance of

matter over antimatter in the universe [14]. The ICAL

detector is best suited for making measurements of

muons, and hence of, primarily, muon neutrinos.

The hierarchy sensitivity of the ICAL detector, which

has a discovery potential, has its origin in the “matter

effect” where the effective neutrino mass and mixing

angles change when neutrinos propagate through

any material such as the earth. The change is

different for neutrinos and antineutrinos, something

which can be used in measurements which can

discriminate between the two such as those with

the magnetic calorimeter ICAL. The large range of

energies (1-10 GeV) and propagation distances (1-

13000 km) of atmospheric neutrinos and the ability

of ICAL to separately measure neutrinos and anti-

neutrinos enables a very important problem of mass

ordering, known as the mass hierarchy problem, of

neutrinos to be addressed. We know from solar

neutrino experiments that the mass eigenstate

m2>m1 but we do not know from experiments

whether m3>m1, m2 or m3<m1, m2. It should be

mentioned that Δm212 = m2

2 - m12 is about 30

times smaller than Δm322. Other detectors working

in conjunction with accelerators are plagued with

an ambiguity problem whereby for certain values



the parameter which quantifies the CP violation

(related to the different behavior of neutrino and

anti-neutrinos) in the neutrino sector there is no

sensitivity to the mass hierarchy. On the other hand

if the results of ICAL and accelerator based

experiments such as Nova using the Fermilab

neutrino beam and T2K could yield a definite answer

whether the CP symmetry is violated in the neutrino

sector, and if so, whether it is enough to explain the

matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe.

The precision measurement of Δm322 and sin22θ23 is

another goal of ICAL. Similarly a handful of events,

the so called Kolar events, have been observed in

the KGF experiments (~1965-1990) at depths of

about 2.3 kms. At these depths cosmic ray muons

constitute a negligible background. These anomalous

events were then ascribed to a new particle produced

in neutrino-rock interactions which emerges from

the rock to decay in the air volume. This should

then have been seen in accelerator which turned up

negative. A possible recent explanation [15] could

be verified at INO.


1. How weak is the weak force? For example,

the weak force between a proton and the

neutron in a nucleus is about 10-14 times

weaker than the strong force which is

responsible for binding the nuclear

constituents. W. Pauli, H.A. Bethe (another

Nobel prize winner who proposed the fusion

Fig. 3: From top left clockwise (a) view of the mountain inside which the INOFig. 3: From top left clockwise (a) view of the mountain inside which the INOFig. 3: From top left clockwise (a) view of the mountain inside which the INOFig. 3: From top left clockwise (a) view of the mountain inside which the INOFig. 3: From top left clockwise (a) view of the mountain inside which the INOcaverns will be located (b) cavern complex (c) schematic of ICAL magnet withcaverns will be located (b) cavern complex (c) schematic of ICAL magnet withcaverns will be located (b) cavern complex (c) schematic of ICAL magnet withcaverns will be located (b) cavern complex (c) schematic of ICAL magnet withcaverns will be located (b) cavern complex (c) schematic of ICAL magnet withRPC handling trolleys (d) schematic of glass RPC with glass gap, graphite coatingRPC handling trolleys (d) schematic of glass RPC with glass gap, graphite coatingRPC handling trolleys (d) schematic of glass RPC with glass gap, graphite coatingRPC handling trolleys (d) schematic of glass RPC with glass gap, graphite coatingRPC handling trolleys (d) schematic of glass RPC with glass gap, graphite coatingfor application of high voltage and pickup strips on either side of gap in Xfor application of high voltage and pickup strips on either side of gap in Xfor application of high voltage and pickup strips on either side of gap in Xfor application of high voltage and pickup strips on either side of gap in Xfor application of high voltage and pickup strips on either side of gap in X-----and Yand Yand Yand Yand Y-directions (e) simulated magnetic field across 16m×16m area. The color-directions (e) simulated magnetic field across 16m×16m area. The color-directions (e) simulated magnetic field across 16m×16m area. The color-directions (e) simulated magnetic field across 16m×16m area. The color-directions (e) simulated magnetic field across 16m×16m area. The colorcode indicates the Bcode indicates the Bcode indicates the Bcode indicates the Bcode indicates the B-field strength in T-field strength in T-field strength in T-field strength in T-field strength in Tesla.esla.esla.esla.esla.



reaction as a power source of the stars including

the sun) and R. Peierls had predicted that it would

be impossible to detect because of its extremely

low probability of interaction with matter.

2. The weak interaction is one of the 4 basic

interactions in nature, the other three being

the strong interaction (which binds nucleons

in a nucleus or quarks in a proton or neutron,

for example), the familiar electromagnetic

interaction (which binds atoms and molecules,

and which helps mobile communication) and

gravitational interaction (which gives us weight

and holds the earth in its orbit around the

sun).

3. E. Fermi, Ricerca Scientifica, 2, No. 12 (1933);

Z. Phys., 88, 161 (1934). An English

translation by Fred L. Wilson, can be found in

“Fermi’s Theory of Beta Decay”, Am. J. Phys.

36 (1968) 1150. Interestingly, Fermi’s paper

was first submitted to Nature which rejected

it. The journal later acknowledged this decision

as one its greatest blunders.

4. C.L. Cowan, F. Reines, F.B. Harrison, H.W.

Kruse, A.D. McGuire, “Detection of the free

neutrino: a confirmation”, Science, 124

(1956) 103-104. Reines has recalled that he

first toyed with the idea of detecting neutrinos

from the atomic bomb of the Manhattan

Project at Los Alamos. He was persuaded by

Luis Alvarez to look for a more steady and

enduring source of neutrinos such as a nuclear

reactor! Nuclear reactors have also been used

to produce strong radioactive sources such as51Cr for calibrating the Gallex, Sage and GNO

detectors built to measure solar neutrinos using71Ga as the probe nucleus.

5. G. Danby, J-M. Gaillard, K. Goulianos, L.M.

Lederman, N. Mistry, M. Schwartz, J.

Steinberger, “Observation of high-energy

neutrino reactions and the existence of two

kinds of neutrinos”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 9 (1962)

36-44.

6. K. Kodama et al., “Observation of tau neutrino

interactions”, Phys Lett. B 504 (2001) 218-

224. The DONUT collaboration found the first

evidence for the tau neutrino at Fermilab.

7. R. Davis, Nobel Lecture: A half-century with

solar neutrinos, Rev. Mod. Phys., 75, (2003)

985-994; J.N. Bahcall, “Solar neutrinos. I.

Theoretical”, Phys.Rev. Lett. 12 (1964) 300–

302.; J.N. Bahcall, M.H. Pinsonneault, and

S. Basu, ‘‘Solar models: current epoch and

time dependences, neutrinos, and

helioseismological properties,’’ Astrophys. J.

555 (2001) 990-1012.

8. First discovered in an experiment at the Kolar

Gold Fields by a TIFR-Osaka-Durham

collaboration. C.V. Achar et al, Phys. Lett. 18

(1965) 196-199.

9. K. Hirata et al. (Kamiokande II collaboration),

“Observation of a neutrino burst from the

supernova SN1987A” , Phys. Rev. Lett. 58

(1987) 1490-1493; R.M. Bionta et al. (IMB

collaboration), Phys. Rev. Lett. 58 (1987)

1494-1496.

10. P. Adamson et al. (MINOS collaboration), Phys.

Rev. Lett. 101 (2008) 131802-1:5.

11. T. Araki et al., “Experimental investigation of

geologically produced antineutrinos with

KamLAND”, Nature 436, (2005) 499-503.

12. INO Report (2007) and the INO website

www.ino.tifr.res.in

13. It may mentioned that quite often the stated

goals may not necessarily be achieved because

of the very nature of scientific research. On

the other hand state of art instruments

sometimes unearth phenomena that were not

anticipated at the start of the project. One such

examples is the Japanese water Cerenkov

detectors at Kamiokande which were built to

search for proton decay, did not find it, but

turned the background from neutrinos into

signals that lead to the discovery of neutrino

oscillations using atmospheric neutrinos.



14. A.D. Sakharov, “Violation of CP invariance, C

asymmetry and baryon asymmetry of the

universe”, JETP Lett. 5 (1967) 24-27. Sakharov

was the first to point out that the matter-

antimatter asymmetry in the universe can arise

only if 3 conditions are met viz. (a) non-

equilibrium conditions (b) baryon non-

conservation (c) CP violation.

15. M.V.N. Murthy and G. Rajasekaran,

“Anomalous Kolar events revisited: Dark

matter?”, Pramana, 82 (2014) L609-615.



Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:Seamless Access to Networked Information:The Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain OntologiesThe Role of Domain Ontologies

Sangeeta Deokattey and K. BhanumurthySangeeta Deokattey and K. BhanumurthySangeeta Deokattey and K. BhanumurthySangeeta Deokattey and K. BhanumurthySangeeta Deokattey and K. BhanumurthyScientific Information Resource Division


In the current information overload mode, access to the right kind of information is even today an uphill

task. This is because of complexities both in the types of documents and in the information contents of the

documents. Providing seamless access to networked information through a single platform is still achievable,

through the use of Domain Ontologies. The present article provides basic information on Domain Ontologies,

how they can be developed and a flavor of R&D activities at the Scientific Information Resource Division on

Domain Ontologies.


We live in a world of information. Einstein [1]

reinstated its importance when he said “Know where

to find the information and use it; that is the secret

of success”. According to Horowitz [2], American

Information Scientist, “Not having the information

you need when you need it, leaves you wanting.

Not knowing where to look for that information

leaves you powerless. In a society where information

is King, none of us can afford that”.

We live in an information society. Apart from the

traditional disseminators of information, such as the

mass media, the scientific and technical publishing

houses and learned societies, there is now a new

medium of mass communication: the Internet. It is

turning the entire gamut of writing, publishing and

copyright issues, upside down. Libraries and

Information Centres, have been providing and

continue to provide information services to their

clientele, in this ever changing scenario.

Knowledge Organization (KO)Knowledge Organization (KO)Knowledge Organization (KO)Knowledge Organization (KO)Knowledge Organization (KO)

Organization of Knowledge for effective retrieval is

one of the most important functions of an

Information Centre. Every information system uses

two distinct schema for encoding information

embodied in a document. One represents the subject

contents of a document through the use of a

classification scheme, a thesaurus or a subject

heading list etc., the other provides descriptive

information about a document like title, author,

publisher, etc. These are handled by metadata

schema. The main problem in the context of

interoperability is that, a subject schema used in

one library may not be compatible with that of

another library. If a piece of information is

downloaded from the Internet, it is represented in

an entirely different schema. Therefore, achieving

semantic homogeneity in heterogeneous digital

information resources is a real challenge.

The electronic era, the Internet and theThe electronic era, the Internet and theThe electronic era, the Internet and theThe electronic era, the Internet and theThe electronic era, the Internet and the

subject approach to informationsubject approach to informationsubject approach to informationsubject approach to informationsubject approach to information

Advances in Internet-based information services, have

further precipitated the need, to organize

information in a more effective way. As far as

indexing and vocabulary control methods are

concerned, there is no standardization of

terminology on the web. A number of research

methods and experiments are currently on, to create

a semantic web; a semantic interlinking of all the

information on the web. These methods include



the use of free text, i.e “key words” taken from the

text, clustering methods based on statistical co-

occurrence of words, linguistic methods using

semantic clustering and neural network methods

for browsing and searching the web.

Current scenario in Knowledge OrganizationCurrent scenario in Knowledge OrganizationCurrent scenario in Knowledge OrganizationCurrent scenario in Knowledge OrganizationCurrent scenario in Knowledge Organization

Digital information explosion, has necessitated the

growth and development of new indexing tools and

systems. Several efforts have been made to use

Classification schemes to organize digital

information, both in Libraries and Information

Centres and on the Internet. Controlled Vocabularies

and Natural Language Indexing Systems continue

to be used by many database systems on the

Internet. But, these systems are one-dimensional in

their approach, i.e. concepts or keywords have a

one-to-one correspondence among themselves. This

approach was feasible in the case of traditional

subjects, represented by these systems, over the

years. But now, subject areas are no longer clearly

delineated. There is an intermingling of other

subjects. For e.g. Bioinformatics, in which, Biology,

Computers and Technology have fused together, as

one compound, interdisciplinary subject. In such a

scenario, a one-to-one correspondence between

concepts/keywords will not provide an accurate

representation of the subject contents of a document.

A one-to-many correspondence between concepts

or keywords becomes the norm and this

correspondence needs to be brought out during

concept mapping and indexing. A whole new

vocabulary needs to be developed, to semantically

map the entire subject field. Creating a subject-

specific indexing tool such as a Thesaurus is time-

consuming, requires subject expertise and is difficult

to update regularly.

OntologiesOntologiesOntologiesOntologiesOntologies

An Ontology provides an answer to these problems.

It is multidimensional in its approach to organizing

information. Any number of linkages (relationships)

can be provided for each concept or keyword as

and when required, since it is a continuously

evolving, dynamic system. An Ontology is also more

amenable to the addition of new concepts as there

is no need for developing a rigid vocabulary, which

has to be strictly adhered to, both during indexing

and searching (as in the case of thesauri). An

Ontology makes use of both standard terms and

free-text terms, with the result that updating is

almost immediate. A user is free to suggest any

new concept that he/she feels is important and is

relevant to the subject. Ontologies are increasingly

being used as KO tools, especially for digital

information and web-based information services.

Ontologies and Philosophy: Ontologies and Philosophy: Ontologies and Philosophy: Ontologies and Philosophy: Ontologies and Philosophy: According to the

Oxford English Dictionary the first recorded use of

the word “Ontology” in English, was in year 1721.

Ontology (ontos = being and logos = study) means

“the study of being”. It is the theory of objects and

their ties. Traditionally, Ontology as a subject, was

the focus of Philosophers and Logicians who used

the term to denote the study of what is, i.e. what

exists, the kinds and structures of objects, properties

and other aspects of reality of the universe. Ontology

is the first part that actually belongs to Metaphysics.

It is a pure doctrine of elements of all our a priori

cognitions; or it contains the summation of all our

pure concepts that we can have a priori of things.

Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence: Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence: Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence: Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence: Ontologies and Artificial Intelligence: In the

field of Artificial Intelligence, an Ontology is a theory

concerning the kinds of entities and specifically the

kinds of abstract entities, that are to be admitted to

a language system. The concept was developed and

implemented since the early 1990s. AI researchers

use Ontologies (in plural) for two basic purposes:

Problem Solving Methods (PSMs) and Knowledge

Based Systems (KBSs). One of the most popular

definitions of Ontologies is by Gruber [4]: an

Ontology is “a formal explicit specification of a

shared conceptualization”.

Ontologies and the Semantic Web InitiativeOntologies and the Semantic Web InitiativeOntologies and the Semantic Web InitiativeOntologies and the Semantic Web InitiativeOntologies and the Semantic Web Initiative

by the W3C: by the W3C: by the W3C: by the W3C: by the W3C: The ultimate goal of the Web is to

enable computers to do more useful work and to

develop systems that can support trusted interactions



over the network. The term “Semantic Web” refers

to W3C’s vision of the Web of linked data. The

Semantic Web is the communication platform

between computers and people operable via

semantically encoded information. It is an extension

of the current Web, in which meaning of

information is clearly and explicitly linked from the

information itself, better enabling computers and

people to work in cooperation. Ontologies are an

integral part of this communication platform.

Ontologies and Information Science: Ontologies and Information Science: Ontologies and Information Science: Ontologies and Information Science: Ontologies and Information Science: In the

context of Information Science, an Ontology is yet

to be formally defined. As of now, Ontology is still

an evolving concept and a consensus is yet to be

reached on the exact definition. Therefore the

authors have evolved a workingworkingworkingworkingworking definition of a

domain ontology for the purpose of developing new

domain ontologies.

“A domain ontology is a Knowledge Organization

tool on any subject domain either pure,

interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary and which

incorporates both a metadata schema and a

vocabulary. It is based on WWW standard for

metadata encoding and is thus interoperable in any

digital environment either intranet or Internet. It uses

both available controlled vocabulary terms and free

index terms and is based on the concept of Literary

Warrant”.

TTTTTypes of Ontologiesypes of Ontologiesypes of Ontologiesypes of Ontologiesypes of Ontologies

According to Gruber’s definition of an Ontology, it

is “a formal explicit specification of a shared

conceptualization”; ‘Formal’ refers to the fact that

an Ontology should be machine readable. ‘Explicit’

means that the types of concepts used and the

constraints on their use should be explicitly defined.

‘Shared’ implies acceptance and use of consensual

knowledge by the participating groups. And finally,

‘conceptualization’ refers to an abstract model of

phenomena in the world through identification of

relevant concepts of those phenomena. AI

researchers have classified Ontologies using different

criteria.

According to van Heijst [5], Ontologies can be

classified into two main types as seen in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Ontological types (van Heijst [5])Fig. 1: Ontological types (van Heijst [5])Fig. 1: Ontological types (van Heijst [5])Fig. 1: Ontological types (van Heijst [5])Fig. 1: Ontological types (van Heijst [5])



TTTTTerminological Ontologieserminological Ontologieserminological Ontologieserminological Ontologieserminological Ontologies such as Unified

Medical Language System (UMLS) of the National

Library of Medicine (NLM), InformationalInformationalInformationalInformationalInformational

Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies which specify the record structure of

databases, for e.g. the medical records of patients

and Knowledge Modelling OntologiesKnowledge Modelling OntologiesKnowledge Modelling OntologiesKnowledge Modelling OntologiesKnowledge Modelling Ontologies (for AI

applns.) fall under the first type. DomainDomainDomainDomainDomain

Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies that express conceptualizations specific

for a particular domain, Generic Ontologies Generic Ontologies Generic Ontologies Generic Ontologies Generic Ontologies that

are general in nature and RepresentationalRepresentationalRepresentationalRepresentationalRepresentational

Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies Ontologies fall under the second type.

Ontology languageOntology languageOntology languageOntology languageOntology language

Whatever the type of Ontology, every Ontology has

to be represented by a predefined machine

language. The current Ontology representation

languages are of three types:

1 .1 .1 .1 .1 . logic-basedlogic-basedlogic-basedlogic-basedlogic-based (using First Order Logic)

2 .2 .2 .2 .2 . frame-basedframe-basedframe-basedframe-basedframe-based (using Frame Logic) and

3 .3 .3 .3 .3 . web-basedweb-basedweb-basedweb-basedweb-based (using RDF, XML, HTML format).

An Ontology language should ideally incorporate

the advantages of all the three types of languages.

Ontology Development MethodsOntology Development MethodsOntology Development MethodsOntology Development MethodsOntology Development Methods

The basic difference between conventional

Knowledge Organization & Retrieval tools and

ontologies is the ease with which relationships

between keywords, either free-text or controlled can

be specified and the ease with which value addition

can be accomplished through deeper semantics, in

describing digital objects, both conceptually and

relationally. If one wants to develop a domain

ontology, the entire domain needs to be mapped

semantically in the form of a network, to better

understand the linkages between different concepts

in a domain. For instance, in a thesaurus, only three

types of relationships can be expressed: Hierarchical,

Equivalence and Associative. Through domain

ontologies, Associative, Lateral or Related term

relationships can be better expressed. This is

particularly important in developing domain

ontologies in fast growing, interdisciplinary subject

areas, where related term relationships are significant

for search and subsequent retrieval of information.

Thus domain ontologies, tailored to the KO&R needs

of a particular organization or user community, can

be specifically created by ontology developers. The

process of conceptualization is at the core of

developing domain ontologies [6]. Conceptualization

is done through the identification and interlinking

of keywords/descriptors in the selected domain. A

keyword in combination with other keywords

semantically related to it is transformed into a more

comprehensive ‘concept’. Using theoretical

principles of classification, keywords can be

converted into semantically-rich concepts through

generation of one-to-many correspondences or

linkages between them. These associations or

linkages are developed according to user

requirements by the ontology developers. Thus each

domain ontology is unique since it represents a part

of the reality of the universe conceptualized by it.

Concept mapping is an intellectual process wherein

basic knowledge about the domain as well as a

deep understanding about the needs of the user

community is required.

Development of Domain Ontologies at BARCDevelopment of Domain Ontologies at BARCDevelopment of Domain Ontologies at BARCDevelopment of Domain Ontologies at BARCDevelopment of Domain Ontologies at BARC

The multidisciplinary nature of research at BARC is

an ideal platform for developing domain ontologies;

as the current Knowledge Organization tools used

at SIRD are uni-dimensional in their approach to

information.

1. One of the areas selected for developing a domain

ontology was Accelerator Driven Systems (ADS).

Three select areas in ADS were identified: 1, ADS

(general) 2. Accelerator Driven Transmutation

and 3. Energy Amplifier. In consultation

with Senior Scientists of BARC, a prototype was

developed. Fig. 2 shows a schematic

representation of a domain ontology. Following

was the methodology:

a. Identification of appropriate concepts and

keywords on ADS, using content analysis

b. Listing of the selected concepts and keywords

on ADS, which had a threshold level of more

than 2



c. Developing clusters of the select keywords on

the basis of frequency count, using cluster

analysis

d. Generating a one-to-many correspondence

between the keywords using Facet analysis and

thus interlinking them

e. Developing a semantic network of selected

concepts and keywords on ADS and concluding

the conceptualization process

f. Uploading the above semantic network onto a

web-based platform, developed for the purpose

g. Converting the bibliographic details of references

on ADS into HTML format

h. Developing separate files on the three select areas

of ADS and providing a link to the home page

i. Developing a home page for the domain

ontology on ADS, with provisions for data security

j. Developing the prototype model of the domain

ontology and testing and validating it.

2. A pilot study for developing a domain ontology

for a micro-domain - Test Blanket Module (TBM)

(an integral part of fusion reactors), was also

undertaken at SIRD. Sample data downloaded from

the INIS database yielded 1115 unique DEI (indexer-

assigned) descriptors assigned to 548 records on

TBM. Using the principles of co-word and facet

analysis, a total of 31 core descriptors were selected

for conceptualization. This method can be easily

replicated to generate semantic networks and also

in query expansion during search and retrieval

Major cluster(more than 25 descriptors)

Minor cluster(more than 5 descriptors)

Basic semantic unit(min. of 3 descriptors)

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MinorCluster

MajorCluster

MajorCluster

MajorCluster

MajorCluster

Fig. 2:Fig. 2:Fig. 2:Fig. 2:Fig. 2: Domain Ontology: a Schematic Representation (Deokattey et al. [6])Domain Ontology: a Schematic Representation (Deokattey et al. [6])Domain Ontology: a Schematic Representation (Deokattey et al. [6])Domain Ontology: a Schematic Representation (Deokattey et al. [6])Domain Ontology: a Schematic Representation (Deokattey et al. [6])



particularly in interdisciplinary subject domains. Fig.

3 is a graphical representation of the concept “Ferritic

steels”, an important candidate material for the TBM.

3. Presently, a proposal is being developed to

generate reusable modules of domain ontologies in

core areas of R&D at BARC.

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion

In the context of Information Science, Ontologies

are still at a nascent stage. If a domain Ontology

has to be developed, the first requirement would

be, that it should be based on the concept of literary

warrant; which means that only domain knowledge

would be utilized to develop an ontology. Secondly,

in the present era of reusable modules of ontologies

for various applications, interoperability is a major

issue; which means an ontology should be very

flexible and yet be web-enabled. Third and the most

important area is vocabulary control. Information

Scientists need to think beyond Classes, Keywords

and Descriptors to represent information, embodied

in any document. The basic idea or the Concept as

envisaged by Hjorland [8], would be the key to

effective organization and retrieval of knowledge.

A concept encompasses keywords, descriptors and

their corresponding linkages. These linkages should

also take into account, institutional, cultural and

national warrants. The complexity of evolving subject

domains is another problem area and innovative

methods, including webometric techniques, need

to be used to harness concepts, for developing

ontologies in interdisciplinary domains. The

theoretical foundations of Classification, rooted in

Logic and Cognitive Psychology, can form the ideal

basis for developing appropriate techniques and

methods [3,7] for creating new domain ontologies.


1. ThinkExist.com Quotations, “Albert Einstein

Quotes”;

available at http://www.ThinkExist.com.

Fig. 3: A concept map for Ferritic Steels [3]Fig. 3: A concept map for Ferritic Steels [3]Fig. 3: A concept map for Ferritic Steels [3]Fig. 3: A concept map for Ferritic Steels [3]Fig. 3: A concept map for Ferritic Steels [3]



2. Available at http://www.nonstopenglish.com/

reading/quotations

3. Deokattey, Sangeeta; Dixit, D.K. and

Bhanumurthy, K. Co-word and Facet analysis

as tools for conceptualization in Ontologies; a

preliminary study of a micro-domain. (pp153-

158) In: Neelameghan, A. & Raghavan, K.S.

(Eds.): Categories, Contexts and Relations in

Knowledge Organization: Proceedings of the

12th International ISKO Conference, 6-9 Aug.,

2012, Mysore, India. Wurzburg, Ergon-Verlag,

2012.

4. Gruber, T.R.: Towards principles for the design

of Ontologies used for Knowledge Sharing.

International Journal for Human Computer

Studies, 43, (5/6), 1995, pp.907-928.

5. van Heijst, G., Schreiber, A.T. and Wielinga, B.:

Using explicit Ontologies in KBS Development.

International Journal of Human Computer

Studies, 46, 1998, p.184.

6. Deokattey Sangeeta, Neelameghan A. and Vijai

Kumar: A method for developing a domain

ontology; case study for a multidisciplinary

subject. Knowledge Organization, 37 (3), 2010,

pp.173-184.

7. Deokattey Sangeeta and K. Bhanumurthy.

Domain Visualization Using Concept Maps: A

Case Study. DESIDOC Journal of Library &

Information Technology, 33 (4), July 2013, pp.

295-299.

8. Hjorland, B.: Concept Theory. Journal of the

American Society for Information Science,

60,2009,pp.1519-1536.

BARC NEWSLETTERNEWS & EVENTS


Theme Meeting on Challenges in FTheme Meeting on Challenges in FTheme Meeting on Challenges in FTheme Meeting on Challenges in FTheme Meeting on Challenges in Fast Reactorast Reactorast Reactorast Reactorast ReactorFFFFFuel Reprocessing (CFRFR-2014)uel Reprocessing (CFRFR-2014)uel Reprocessing (CFRFR-2014)uel Reprocessing (CFRFR-2014)uel Reprocessing (CFRFR-2014)

A theme meeting on “Challenges in fast reactor fuelreprocessing” was organised at AFFF Lecture Hall,BARC, Tarapur on October 18, 2013. The meeting wasorganized by Indian Association of Nuclear Chemistsand Allied Scientists, Tarapur chapter in associationwith Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences (BRNS),Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India.The welcome address was given by Shri. Mohd. Afzal,Head A3F and chairman, IANCAS Tarapur chapter. Themeeting was inaugurated by Dr. K.L. Ramakumar,Director, Radiochemistry and Isotope Group andPresident, IANCAS, Mumbai. In his inaugural speech,Dr. Ramakumar emphasized on the nuclear materialaccounting issues encountered in nuclear process onevery stage. He stressed that handling of large amountof fissile materials and its losses during reprocessingand fuel fabrication should be taken care due to theirstrategic importance. He also emphasized that thetheme of the topic is very relevant in view of thecurrent thrust area for the scientists and engineers asPFBR is on the verge of implementation with MOXfuel shortly. Shri. Arun Kumar, Director, Nuclear FuelsGroup acquainted the audience with the importantaspects and associated challenges in fuel fabricationfor fast reactors. He specially mentioned the MOXsolid waste residuals and the recovery of plutoniumfrom such waste.

The meeting was divided into two sessions. In Session-I, eminent speakers from various units of DAE deliveredtheir lectures. Shri R. Natarajan, Director, Reprocessing

Group, IGCAR, Shri. Arun Kumar, Director, Nuclear FuelsGroup, BARC presented the invited lectures. Shri K.Nagrajan, Associte director,Chemistry Group, IGCAR,Dr. P.N. Pathak, RCD, BARC and Shri. Y. Kulkarni,CS,TNRPO delivered invited talk in second session. Anumber of challenges were discussed by speakers withregard to engineering and physical design, safetyassessment, chemistry challenges encompassing theentire nuclear fuel cycle starting from front and stageof fuel fabrication to back end of fuel reprocessingand waste management aspects.

In the concluding session, a panel discussion wasconducted where Dr. K.L. Ramakumar, Director, RC &IGroup, Shri Arun Kumar, Director, NFG, Shri R.Natarajan, Director, Reprocessing Group, IGCAR, Shri.Y. Kulkarni,CS, TNRPO and Shri. Mohd. Afzal, Head,AFFF and Chairman, IANCAS, Tarapur chapterparticipated. Shri. Arun Kumar focused the importanceof waste management as waste managers are the partof fuel fabrication facilities in upcoming projects. Dr.Natarajan emphasized on remotization of the facilitiesto minimize neutron and radiation dose to theworkers. Shri. Y. Kulkarni addressed the limits ofneutron dose limits. He suggested to provide theplant level facility to test the alternate extractants inevery aspects to be encountered in FBR fuelreprocessing.

Dr. Ramakumar appreciated the efforts of IANCASTarapur Chapter for bringing together the experts

from different centres of DAE for the theme meeting.

DrDrDrDrDr. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar, Director, Director, Director, Director, Director, Radiochemistry and Isotope Group and President,, Radiochemistry and Isotope Group and President,, Radiochemistry and Isotope Group and President,, Radiochemistry and Isotope Group and President,, Radiochemistry and Isotope Group and President,IANCAS, delivering the inaugural address.IANCAS, delivering the inaugural address.IANCAS, delivering the inaugural address.IANCAS, delivering the inaugural address.IANCAS, delivering the inaugural address.Shri. Arun KShri. Arun KShri. Arun KShri. Arun KShri. Arun Kumarumarumarumarumar, Director, Director, Director, Director, Director, NFG, Dr, NFG, Dr, NFG, Dr, NFG, Dr, NFG, Dr. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar. K.L. Ramakumar, Shri Mohd. Afzal, Head, A3F, Shri Mohd. Afzal, Head, A3F, Shri Mohd. Afzal, Head, A3F, Shri Mohd. Afzal, Head, A3F, Shri Mohd. Afzal, Head, A3F*Director*Director*Director*Director*Director, GSO, GSO, GSO, GSO, GSO, Shri Y, Shri Y, Shri Y, Shri Y, Shri Y. K. K. K. K. Kulkarni, CFulkarni, CFulkarni, CFulkarni, CFulkarni, CF, TNRPO at the concluding session., TNRPO at the concluding session., TNRPO at the concluding session., TNRPO at the concluding session., TNRPO at the concluding session.



TTTTTechnology Technology Technology Technology Technology Transfer to Industriesransfer to Industriesransfer to Industriesransfer to Industriesransfer to Industries

A.A .A .A .A .“Portable Radioisotope Identification“Portable Radioisotope Identification“Portable Radioisotope Identification“Portable Radioisotope Identification“Portable Radioisotope Identification

(PRID)” technology was transferred to(PRID)” technology was transferred to(PRID)” technology was transferred to(PRID)” technology was transferred to(PRID)” technology was transferred to

M/s. Nucleonix Systems Pvt. Ltd., HyderabadM/s. Nucleonix Systems Pvt. Ltd., HyderabadM/s. Nucleonix Systems Pvt. Ltd., HyderabadM/s. Nucleonix Systems Pvt. Ltd., HyderabadM/s. Nucleonix Systems Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad

(A(A(A(A(A.P.P.P.P.P.) on 04.03.2014..) on 04.03.2014..) on 04.03.2014..) on 04.03.2014..) on 04.03.2014.

The PPPPPortable RRRRRadioisotope IdIdIdIdIdentification (PRID)

system developed by Electronics Division detects

and identifies multiple radionuclides, provides

quantified results using field strength analysis and

stores the results & spectrum for future reference. It

can be operated in various modes as Identifier mode,

MCA mode, Transfer stored spectrum mode,

Administrator mode and Dosimeter mode. It has

ability to identify up to 20 Radionuclide (easily

expandable). It has 15 hours continuous operation

battery life.

The PPPPPortable RRRRRadioisotope IdIdIdIdIdentification (PRID) finds

applications for ascertaining radioactive

contamination mainly for public safety. One of the

applications in steel industry is ore and scrap

handling.

B .B .B .B .B . “Preparation of Thin Film Composite (TFC)“Preparation of Thin Film Composite (TFC)“Preparation of Thin Film Composite (TFC)“Preparation of Thin Film Composite (TFC)“Preparation of Thin Film Composite (TFC)

Charged Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes”Charged Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes”Charged Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes”Charged Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes”Charged Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes”

technology was transferred totechnology was transferred totechnology was transferred totechnology was transferred totechnology was transferred to

M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot,M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot,M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot,M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot,M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd., Rajkot,

Gujarat on 07.03.2014Gujarat on 07.03.2014Gujarat on 07.03.2014Gujarat on 07.03.2014Gujarat on 07.03.2014

This technology developed by Desalination Division

refers to a novel process for preparation of Thin

Film Composite (TFC) Charged Nanofiltration (NF)

Membranes containing surface negative charge in

the form of fixed sulfonic acid ( -SO3-H+) groups.

An interesting feature of these membrane is the huge

difference between the solute rejections for high

rejecting solutes (Na2SO4 : 96 %) and low rejecting

solutes (NaCl : 25%) which enables the membranes

fractionally separate them when they are present

together in a mixture.

This technology has tremendous potentials for

applications in aqueous stream separations such as

in production of potable water from partially brackish

hard water, removal of heavy metal contaminants,

removal of microbial (bacteria/virus) contaminations,

Standing from left are Sh. Shiv KStanding from left are Sh. Shiv KStanding from left are Sh. Shiv KStanding from left are Sh. Shiv KStanding from left are Sh. Shiv Kumarumarumarumarumar,ED,Sh.,ED,Sh.,ED,Sh.,ED,Sh.,ED,Sh.J. Nishant ReddyJ. Nishant ReddyJ. Nishant ReddyJ. Nishant ReddyJ. Nishant Reddy, Director (IT), Nucleonix, Director (IT), Nucleonix, Director (IT), Nucleonix, Director (IT), Nucleonix, Director (IT), NucleonixSyetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. VSyetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. VSyetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. VSyetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. VSyetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. V.B Chandratre, Head,.B Chandratre, Head,.B Chandratre, Head,.B Chandratre, Head,.B Chandratre, Head,Microelectronics Section, ED, DrMicroelectronics Section, ED, DrMicroelectronics Section, ED, DrMicroelectronics Section, ED, DrMicroelectronics Section, ED, Dr. Anant. Anant. Anant. Anant. AnantKrishnan, Head, ED, Sh. Narendra ReddyKrishnan, Head, ED, Sh. Narendra ReddyKrishnan, Head, ED, Sh. Narendra ReddyKrishnan, Head, ED, Sh. Narendra ReddyKrishnan, Head, ED, Sh. Narendra Reddy, MD,, MD,, MD,, MD,, MD,Nucleonix Syetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. C.K Pithawa,Nucleonix Syetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. C.K Pithawa,Nucleonix Syetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. C.K Pithawa,Nucleonix Syetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. C.K Pithawa,Nucleonix Syetems Pvt. Ltd, Sh. C.K Pithawa,DirDirDirDirDir. E&IG, Sh. G. Ganesh, Head, T. E&IG, Sh. G. Ganesh, Head, T. E&IG, Sh. G. Ganesh, Head, T. E&IG, Sh. G. Ganesh, Head, T. E&IG, Sh. G. Ganesh, Head, TT&CD andT&CD andT&CD andT&CD andT&CD andSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CD

Standing from left are : DrStanding from left are : DrStanding from left are : DrStanding from left are : DrStanding from left are : Dr. T. T. T. T. T.K Dey.K Dey.K Dey.K Dey.K Dey, DD, Dr, DD, Dr, DD, Dr, DD, Dr, DD, Dr.....R.C Bindal, Head, MDS,DD, Sh. Jaman Vagadia,R.C Bindal, Head, MDS,DD, Sh. Jaman Vagadia,R.C Bindal, Head, MDS,DD, Sh. Jaman Vagadia,R.C Bindal, Head, MDS,DD, Sh. Jaman Vagadia,R.C Bindal, Head, MDS,DD, Sh. Jaman Vagadia,MD, M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd, Sh.MD, M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd, Sh.MD, M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd, Sh.MD, M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd, Sh.MD, M/s. Osmotech Membranes Pvt. Ltd, Sh.G. Ganesh, Head, TT&CD, Sh. Bhavesh Bhuva,G. Ganesh, Head, TT&CD, Sh. Bhavesh Bhuva,G. Ganesh, Head, TT&CD, Sh. Bhavesh Bhuva,G. Ganesh, Head, TT&CD, Sh. Bhavesh Bhuva,G. Ganesh, Head, TT&CD, Sh. Bhavesh Bhuva,Smt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDSmt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CD

During the period between March 2014 and September 2014, BARC has transferred eightDuring the period between March 2014 and September 2014, BARC has transferred eightDuring the period between March 2014 and September 2014, BARC has transferred eightDuring the period between March 2014 and September 2014, BARC has transferred eightDuring the period between March 2014 and September 2014, BARC has transferred eight

technologies to various industries. Ttechnologies to various industries. Ttechnologies to various industries. Ttechnologies to various industries. Ttechnologies to various industries. Technology Technology Technology Technology Technology Transfer & Collaboration Division (Transfer & Collaboration Division (Transfer & Collaboration Division (Transfer & Collaboration Division (Transfer & Collaboration Division (TT&CD)T&CD)T&CD)T&CD)T&CD)

co-ordinated these technology transfers. The details are given below:co-ordinated these technology transfers. The details are given below:co-ordinated these technology transfers. The details are given below:co-ordinated these technology transfers. The details are given below:co-ordinated these technology transfers. The details are given below:



pretreatment of saline water for desalination

processes like RO and MSF, and a host of other

areas like pharmaceuticals and bio technological

industries, downstream processing, food and

beverage industries, dairy industry, waste water

treatment.

C .C .C .C .C .“Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane“Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane“Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane“Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane“Nanocomposite Ultrafiltration Membrane

Device for Domestic Drinking WDevice for Domestic Drinking WDevice for Domestic Drinking WDevice for Domestic Drinking WDevice for Domestic Drinking Water water water water water w.r.r.r.r.r.t..t..t..t..t.

Arsenic, Iron & Microbial ContaminationsArsenic, Iron & Microbial ContaminationsArsenic, Iron & Microbial ContaminationsArsenic, Iron & Microbial ContaminationsArsenic, Iron & Microbial Contaminations”””””

TTTTTechnology was transferred echnology was transferred echnology was transferred echnology was transferred echnology was transferred to two partiesto two partiesto two partiesto two partiesto two parties

(1) M/s. Rupali Industries, Mumbai on(1) M/s. Rupali Industries, Mumbai on(1) M/s. Rupali Industries, Mumbai on(1) M/s. Rupali Industries, Mumbai on(1) M/s. Rupali Industries, Mumbai on

May 9, 2014 and (2) M/s. SONADKA,May 9, 2014 and (2) M/s. SONADKA,May 9, 2014 and (2) M/s. SONADKA,May 9, 2014 and (2) M/s. SONADKA,May 9, 2014 and (2) M/s. SONADKA,

Mumbai on June 16,2014.Mumbai on June 16,2014.Mumbai on June 16,2014.Mumbai on June 16,2014.Mumbai on June 16,2014.

Desalination Division (DD) has developed a

methodology to produce a domestic water

purification device which is made of polysulfone

based nanocomposite ultrafiltration membrane in

cylindrical configuration. This device can be effective

for removal of microbial contaminations and

decontamination of arsenic and iron through

chemical addition without the need of any electricity

and overhead water tank, and hence can be used

even in slums and rural areas of the country. The

contamination level is reduced below the permissible

limits as specified by IS 10500 for drinking water

standard.

D .D .D .D .D .“Mass Multiplication Medium for“Mass Multiplication Medium for“Mass Multiplication Medium for“Mass Multiplication Medium for“Mass Multiplication Medium for

Biofungicide TBiofungicide TBiofungicide TBiofungicide TBiofungicide Trichoderma Spp.” Trichoderma Spp.” Trichoderma Spp.” Trichoderma Spp.” Trichoderma Spp.” Technologyechnologyechnologyechnologyechnology

was transferred to M/s Ajay Biotech (I) Ltd.,was transferred to M/s Ajay Biotech (I) Ltd.,was transferred to M/s Ajay Biotech (I) Ltd.,was transferred to M/s Ajay Biotech (I) Ltd.,was transferred to M/s Ajay Biotech (I) Ltd.,

Pune on 20.5.2014Pune on 20.5.2014Pune on 20.5.2014Pune on 20.5.2014Pune on 20.5.2014

This technology has been developed by NA&BTD.

The field applications of Trichoderma spp.

require mass multiplication which can be

done using solid as well as liquid state

fermentation. In the industrialized nations,

liquid fermentation is extensively used for

multiplication of Trichoderma spp. for

commercial formulation. A low cost mass

multiplication medium for faster growth

of Trichoderma spp. is developed. This

material supports better growth of

biofungicide compared to existing methods and

addition of synthetic sticker is not required while

making its formulation. The process is cheaper than

the existing methods and is based on the material

which is inexpensive and available locally. Hence,

in true sense this technology generates wealth from

waste.

E .E .E .E .E . “Process for Retaining Pericarp Colour and“Process for Retaining Pericarp Colour and“Process for Retaining Pericarp Colour and“Process for Retaining Pericarp Colour and“Process for Retaining Pericarp Colour and

Extending Shelf Life of Litchi” technologyExtending Shelf Life of Litchi” technologyExtending Shelf Life of Litchi” technologyExtending Shelf Life of Litchi” technologyExtending Shelf Life of Litchi” technology

was transferred to M/s SCRIMAD,was transferred to M/s SCRIMAD,was transferred to M/s SCRIMAD,was transferred to M/s SCRIMAD,was transferred to M/s SCRIMAD,

MadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascarMadagascar, on 03.06.2014., on 03.06.2014., on 03.06.2014., on 03.06.2014., on 03.06.2014.

Litchi is a highly perishable commodity which

remains fresh only for 2-3 days after harvest. India

produces nearly 500,000 tons of litchi second only

to China. Because of poor shelf life of litchi it cannot

be transported to distant markets in India, also

cannot be exported due to shelf life and quarantine

barriers. Food Technology Division, BARC has

developed a technology based on dip treatment

using GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe)

chemicals which extends the shelf life of litchi fruit

up to 60 days while maintained at 40 C retaining its

appealing pinkish-red color.

M/s SCRIMAD is a Madagascar based international

trading company operating since 1998 in the

Madagascan litchi industry. It is a member of the

Groupement des exportateurs de Litchi de

Madagascar (Group of Exporters of Madagascan

Lychee), and markets the brand “MADPREMIUM

Lychee”. During the transfer of the technology, Dr.

Sekhar Basu, Director, BARC, discussed about the

prospects and benefits of this technology for litchi

Dr S Gautam, FTD, Mr S Rakotondraohva, M/s SCRIMAD,Dr S Gautam, FTD, Mr S Rakotondraohva, M/s SCRIMAD,Dr S Gautam, FTD, Mr S Rakotondraohva, M/s SCRIMAD,Dr S Gautam, FTD, Mr S Rakotondraohva, M/s SCRIMAD,Dr S Gautam, FTD, Mr S Rakotondraohva, M/s SCRIMAD,Dr N Khalap, TDr N Khalap, TDr N Khalap, TDr N Khalap, TDr N Khalap, TT&CD, Dr S K Apte, DirT&CD, Dr S K Apte, DirT&CD, Dr S K Apte, DirT&CD, Dr S K Apte, DirT&CD, Dr S K Apte, Dir, B, B, B, B, BSG, Dr ArunSG, Dr ArunSG, Dr ArunSG, Dr ArunSG, Dr ArunSharma, Head, FTD and Shri G Ganesh, Head, TT&CDSharma, Head, FTD and Shri G Ganesh, Head, TT&CDSharma, Head, FTD and Shri G Ganesh, Head, TT&CDSharma, Head, FTD and Shri G Ganesh, Head, TT&CDSharma, Head, FTD and Shri G Ganesh, Head, TT&CD



growers of Madagascar with Mr.Simon

Rakotondrahova, GM, M/s SCRIMAD. Dr.S.K. Apte,

Director, Bioscience Group; Dr. A. K. Sharma, Head,

FTD, and Shri G Ganesh, Head, Technology Transfer

& Collaboration Division, too were present during

this technology transfer. Later, the technology was

demonstrated to Mr.Simon Rakotondrahova by

processing the fresh fruit at FTD, BARC. He was

also given sample fruits which were processed about

10 days back for taste and he was fully satisfied.

FFFFF..... “““““Auto TLD Badge Reader” technology wasAuto TLD Badge Reader” technology wasAuto TLD Badge Reader” technology wasAuto TLD Badge Reader” technology wasAuto TLD Badge Reader” technology was

transferred to M/s. Intech Dosimeters Pvt.transferred to M/s. Intech Dosimeters Pvt.transferred to M/s. Intech Dosimeters Pvt.transferred to M/s. Intech Dosimeters Pvt.transferred to M/s. Intech Dosimeters Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi on 22/08/2014.Ltd., New Delhi on 22/08/2014.Ltd., New Delhi on 22/08/2014.Ltd., New Delhi on 22/08/2014.Ltd., New Delhi on 22/08/2014.

PC based automatic TLD badge reader (Auto-TLD

BR) has been developed by RP&AD to ensure health

and safety of persons working in radiation

environment by monitoring the radiation dose

received by them ( as per the TLD badges worn by

them) and maintain a record. The Auto-TLD BR

(Model TLDBR 7B) is capable of automatically

Dr S Basu, DirectorDr S Basu, DirectorDr S Basu, DirectorDr S Basu, DirectorDr S Basu, Director, BARC, addressing the, BARC, addressing the, BARC, addressing the, BARC, addressing the, BARC, addressing thegroup during transfer of technology to M/sgroup during transfer of technology to M/sgroup during transfer of technology to M/sgroup during transfer of technology to M/sgroup during transfer of technology to M/sSCRIMAD.SCRIMAD.SCRIMAD.SCRIMAD.SCRIMAD.

evaluating 50 TLD badges. It has built-in diagnostic

software & safeguards against malfunctioning. This

badge reader finds its application in the Personnel

Monitoring of radiation workers in Nuclear power

stations, Isotope laboratories, Industrial radiography

installations, diagnostic & therapeutic radiology

centres, etc.

G .G .G .G .G .“Nitrogen Oxides releasing wound“Nitrogen Oxides releasing wound“Nitrogen Oxides releasing wound“Nitrogen Oxides releasing wound“Nitrogen Oxides releasing wound

dressing” technology was transferred todressing” technology was transferred todressing” technology was transferred todressing” technology was transferred todressing” technology was transferred to

M/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Salem

(T(T(T(T(T.N.) on September 15.N.) on September 15.N.) on September 15.N.) on September 15.N.) on September 15ththththth, 2014., 2014., 2014., 2014., 2014.

The technology of “Nitrogen Oxides releasing wound

dressing” has been developed by Water and Steam

Chemistry Division, BARC Facilities, Kalpakkam

under technology incubation MoU with M/s

Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Salem (T.N.). The

dressing works on the principle of release of gaseous

nitrogen oxides (including nitric oxide) from a

collagen matrix containing citric acid and sodium

nitrite. The hydrogel based dressing possesses the

antimicrobial properties of acidified sodium nitrite

and the properties of collagen such as attraction of

keratinocytes and fibroblasts to the wound area that

encourages angiogenesis and re-epithelialization. The

cotton gauze-collagen hydrogel combination is

Standing from right are :Sh. R.N Khanderao,,Standing from right are :Sh. R.N Khanderao,,Standing from right are :Sh. R.N Khanderao,,Standing from right are :Sh. R.N Khanderao,,Standing from right are :Sh. R.N Khanderao,,Dr Ratna Pradeep, Head,TLD PMSS, RP&AD, Sh.Dr Ratna Pradeep, Head,TLD PMSS, RP&AD, Sh.Dr Ratna Pradeep, Head,TLD PMSS, RP&AD, Sh.Dr Ratna Pradeep, Head,TLD PMSS, RP&AD, Sh.Dr Ratna Pradeep, Head,TLD PMSS, RP&AD, Sh.VVVVV.N Kabadi, Director.N Kabadi, Director.N Kabadi, Director.N Kabadi, Director.N Kabadi, Director, M/s. Intech Dosimeters, M/s. Intech Dosimeters, M/s. Intech Dosimeters, M/s. Intech Dosimeters, M/s. Intech DosimetersPvt. Ltd., Sh. G.Ganesh, Head, TPvt. Ltd., Sh. G.Ganesh, Head, TPvt. Ltd., Sh. G.Ganesh, Head, TPvt. Ltd., Sh. G.Ganesh, Head, TPvt. Ltd., Sh. G.Ganesh, Head, TT&CD, DrT&CD, DrT&CD, DrT&CD, DrT&CD, Dr. D.A. D.A. D.A. D.A. D.A.R.R.R.R.RBabu, Head, RP&AD, DrBabu, Head, RP&AD, DrBabu, Head, RP&AD, DrBabu, Head, RP&AD, DrBabu, Head, RP&AD, Dr. M.S K. M.S K. M.S K. M.S K. M.S Kulkarni, Head,ulkarni, Head,ulkarni, Head,ulkarni, Head,ulkarni, Head,RPIS, RP&AD and Smt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDRPIS, RP&AD and Smt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDRPIS, RP&AD and Smt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDRPIS, RP&AD and Smt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CDRPIS, RP&AD and Smt. Preeti K Pal, TT&CD

Photograph after signing the agreement withPhotograph after signing the agreement withPhotograph after signing the agreement withPhotograph after signing the agreement withPhotograph after signing the agreement withM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., SalemM/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Salem(T(T(T(T(T.N.), seen from left to right, Dr.N.), seen from left to right, Dr.N.), seen from left to right, Dr.N.), seen from left to right, Dr.N.), seen from left to right, Dr. B. N. Jagtap,. B. N. Jagtap,. B. N. Jagtap,. B. N. Jagtap,. B. N. Jagtap,DirectorDirectorDirectorDirectorDirector, ChG, Shri R. Krishna K, ChG, Shri R. Krishna K, ChG, Shri R. Krishna K, ChG, Shri R. Krishna K, ChG, Shri R. Krishna Kumarumarumarumarumar, MD, M/, MD, M/, MD, M/, MD, M/, MD, M/s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Shri G.s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Shri G.s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Shri G.s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Shri G.s Cologenesis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Shri G.Ganesh, Head, TGanesh, Head, TGanesh, Head, TGanesh, Head, TGanesh, Head, TT&CD, DrT&CD, DrT&CD, DrT&CD, DrT&CD, Dr. V. V. V. V. V. P. P. P. P. P. V. V. V. V. Venugopalan,enugopalan,enugopalan,enugopalan,enugopalan,Head, BBPS, WSCD & Shri VHead, BBPS, WSCD & Shri VHead, BBPS, WSCD & Shri VHead, BBPS, WSCD & Shri VHead, BBPS, WSCD & Shri V. K. Upadhyay. K. Upadhyay. K. Upadhyay. K. Upadhyay. K. Upadhyay,,,,,TT&CD.TT&CD.TT&CD.TT&CD.TT&CD.



cross-linked by glutaraldehyde and dried by freeze-

drying. At the time of application, the freeze-dried

dressing is wetted by sodium nitrite solution.

The nitrogen oxides releasing wound dressing is

useful for treatment of chronic infected wounds and

non- healing wounds (diabetic foot, pressure ulcer,

venous stasis wound etc). The dressing works by

decreasing the infection, increasing the

microvasculirization and granulation thereby aiding

faster wound healing. The dressing is also suitable

for application which requires preparation of wound

bed for acceptance of split skin graft based surgery.

H .H .H .H .H .Nisargruna Biogas TNisargruna Biogas TNisargruna Biogas TNisargruna Biogas TNisargruna Biogas Technology based onechnology based onechnology based onechnology based onechnology based on

biodegradable waste biodegradable waste biodegradable waste biodegradable waste biodegradable waste has been developed by

NA&BTD. The plant processes biodegradable waste

into biogas and weed free manure. It was transferred

to the following nine parties :-

• M/s Venson Green Solutions Pvt. Ltd.,

Mysore on 11.4.2014

• M/s Innovative Environmental Technologies

Pvt. Ltd., Pune on 21.4.2014

• M/s. North East Green Tech Pvt. Ltd., Assam

on 29.5.2014

• M/s. Green & Clean Solutions (P) Ltd.,

Bangalore on 25.6.2014

• M/s. Synod Bioscience Pvt. Ltd., Cochin on

21.7.2014

• M/s. Engynova Technologies, Navi Mumbai

on 31.7.2014

• M/s. VIMI Associates, Latur on 18.8.2014

• M/s. PCP Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Thane on

8.9.2014

• M/s. Ajna Advisors Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai on

24.9.2014



Honour for BARC

The Plant Mutat ion Breeding Team, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology

Division, BARC received the “Achievement Award” inst ituted by the Joint FAO/

IAEA Programme on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. This award was

received by Dr. Sekhar Basu, Director, BARC in Vienna, in September 2014 and

was given in appreciat ion and recognit ion of the contribut ion to food security and

sustainable agricultural development through Plant Mutat ion Breeding

Dr. Sekhar Basu, Director, BARC receiving the Achievement Award fromMr. Aldo Malawasi, Deputy Director General of the IAEA Dept. of NuclearApplications (DDG-NA) and Mr. Deepak Ojha, Counsellor, Atomic EnergyPermanent Mission of India



BARC Scientists HonouredBARC Scientists HonouredBARC Scientists HonouredBARC Scientists HonouredBARC Scientists Honoured

Name of the ScientistName of the ScientistName of the ScientistName of the ScientistName of the Scientist : S.M. YS.M. YS.M. YS.M. YS.M. Yusufusufusufusufusuf

AffiliationAffiliationAffiliationAffiliationAffiliation : Solid State Physics Division

Award/HonourAward/HonourAward/HonourAward/HonourAward/Honour : Elected as a Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences,

India in the year 2014

Name of the ScientistsName of the ScientistsName of the ScientistsName of the ScientistsName of the Scientists : N.S.Rawat, M.S.Kulkarni,D.R.Mishra,N.S.Rawat, M.S.Kulkarni,D.R.Mishra,N.S.Rawat, M.S.Kulkarni,D.R.Mishra,N.S.Rawat, M.S.Kulkarni,D.R.Mishra,N.S.Rawat, M.S.Kulkarni,D.R.Mishra,

B.C.Bhatt and D.A.R.BabuB.C.Bhatt and D.A.R.BabuB.C.Bhatt and D.A.R.BabuB.C.Bhatt and D.A.R.BabuB.C.Bhatt and D.A.R.Babu

AffiliationAffiliationAffiliationAffiliationAffiliation : Radiological Physics & Advisory Division

Award/HonourAward/HonourAward/HonourAward/HonourAward/Honour : Best poster paper award

Title of the PaperTitle of the PaperTitle of the PaperTitle of the PaperTitle of the Paper ::::: An attempt to correlate shift in TL peak with heating

rate and black-body radiation

Presented atPresented atPresented atPresented atPresented at ::::: 31th National Conference on Advances in Radiation

Measurement Systems and Techniques; organized by

the Indian Association for Radiation Protection

(IARP) and held at BARC, Mumbai during

March 19-21, 2014.

B A R C N E W S L E T T E R

I ISSUE NO. 340 I SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER 2014

Edited & Published by:Scientific Information Resource Division,

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, IndiaBARC Newsletter is also available at URL:http://www.barc.gov.in

Central Complex, BARC

bi-monthly • september - october • 2014 issn:0976-2108 barc

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