bhavnagar ijniversity litlri1ry, bhavnagar. history...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER III
Bhavnagar IJniversity Litlri1ry,
BHAVNAGAR.
HISTORY OF
DIAMOND
INDUSTRY IN
BHAVNAGAR
CITY
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3.1 Bhavnagar City - Its Social, Cultural and Economic History :
Bhavnagar is the second largest city in the Saurashtra region in
Gujarat state. It is situated in the south-east corner of Saurashtra at the
head of the gulf of Khambhat, is about 200 Kms from Ahmedabad by
road and 230 Kms by railways. It is well connected with all major towns
and cities of Gujarat and also with Mumbai by State Transport and
private bus services. It is connected with Mumbai by air. Daily Indian
Airlines and Jet Airways flights are flown between Bhavnagar and
Mumbai. Bhavnagar is the fifth largest city of Gujarat with a population
of over 6 lakhs, chiefly engaged in trade and commerce.
Bhavnagar was founded in the year 1723 A.D. by the Gohil Ruler
Bhavsinghji the first. Bhavsinghji-I (1703-1764) a Rajput king ruled the
state of Gohilwad from Srihor, :l towp 22 km in the west. He spotted this
place near the seashore with the twin objective of enabling himself to take
to sea in case of invasion and developing the maritime trade of his state.
The name Bhavnagar was derived from the king's own name, the suffix
mgar meaning a city. Unlike most other princedoms in the Saurashtra
region, Bhavnagar was fortunate in being ruled by a succession of
benevolent princess, Helped and guided by competent and welfare
oriented administrators, they made it economically, culturally and
politically a progressive state. When India won freedom, Bhavnagar was
the first among the 500-odd Indian princely states to opt for merger with
the democratic Indian Union. The last ruler Krishnakumruji voluntarily
handed over the administration of his state to the people's representatives
in 1948 in the presence of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.
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Bhavnagar is a notable cultural and educational center of Gujarat
besides being an important port and expanding industrial and commercial
centre. It is also known as the cultural capital of Saurashtra. Its life is
rooted in communal and cultural harmony.
Bhavnagar got its municipality in the year 1872 which was
converted into Municipal Corporation from 14 Feb 1982. Bhavnagar was
the first state in Saurashtra to get its own railway. Bhavnagar has an all
weather well developed intermediate part with a natural harbour. Where a
look gate was constructed in 1961 to overcome the difficulty of siltation
and to ensure flotation of ships even during receding tides.
Bh~vnagar was pioneer in banking. The Bhavnagar Darbar Bank
was established here as early as 1902 and existed till after independence.
The city IS throbbing with industrial development. Its large
industries include iron and steel works, metal works, rubber, textile and
machine tools factories, while the small industries comprise plastic,
hardware, dyeing and printing, dairy confectionery etc. The largest ship
breaking yard in Asia is at Alang, 50 km to the south that has provided
base for many industries and vocations in the city. Bhavnagar is one of
most important centers of diamond cutting and polishing industry. This
industry provides job opportunity to over 2 lakhs of people in and around
the city.
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3.2 Genesis of Diamond Industry in Bhavnagar City:
Bhavnagar was one of the most important places, which has
supplied trained workers for diamond cutting and polishing industry in
the country. Workp.rs from Bhavnagar used to go to Surat and
Ahmedabad and earned their lively hood by cutting and polishing
diamond there. Bhavnagar was an industrially backward area and there
was less job opportunity for uneducated and less educated peoples.
Therefore this migration was continued to the industrially developed
areas. Migration of workers in the diamond cutting and polishing industry
was a part of it.
The earliest diamond units were ls!ablished in Nirmalnagar locality
of Bhavnagar city by a few Surat trained individuals in 1966. Main
objective of these worker-entrepreneurs was to come ba"k home and scarf
their own business with the help of newly acquired skills. Though this
city was one of the main suppliers of labours for this industry, during that
initial period this industry in the city suffered for the shortage of trained
workers. Industry could no. grow at a faster speed. Wages rate was low
comparing to other centers of this industry and therefore workers were
not interested to come back and start working at h0me town. There was
no training school fur the workers. So the unit owners used part of their
installed capacity for the training of new workforces. Other factor which
has restricted the growth during that period was the shortage of rough
diamonds. Manufacturers of Bhavnagar have to tie up with the importers,
traders and agents of Surat and Mumbai for the rough diamond. Since
these unit owners were new in the business and their business contact
were limited very few were interested to supply rough to them. They
were not in a position to purchase rough diamond to do their own job.
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This caused block age of huge funds for rough diamond and they has to
make own effort for selling the polished diamond, in doing so they have
to move to Surat or Mumbai for selling their product Exporters and
merchants did not pay for the product at the time of delivery, thereby
further blocking of their capital. Diamond industry of Bhavnagar started
with all these problems al'd with the passage of time this centre has find
its own solution & superiority in the diamond industry.
3.2.1 History of Growth and Development
The first recession in 1969 hit the diamond industry hard in Surat.
The recession was so grave that many units of Surat was unable to pay
wages to workers and eventually shut down their operations. Workers
working at in Surat were mainly from Saurash~ra region rendered jobless.
Situation was so criti'::al that many workers could return home with just
their shirts on. By the year 1972-73 demand for small diamor.d revived in
the international market. This time those jobless workers back home
filled the shortage of labours that was prevailing in the city. With the
revival of demand some of those displaced workers started their own
business at home town. Thus the initial recession that had hit the diamond
industry in Surat had come as a blessing for the other centers of the
industry. Many new units were set up at different places of the Saurashtra
like Bhavnagar, Vallabhipur, Palitana, Botad, Gadada, Dhola etc. During
the revival period of 1972-73 demand for single cut, diamond kept
increaslllg. Large number of trained workers sitting jobless at Bhavnagar
provided the necessary input to this industry. Large numbers of single cut
units have come up in the city. It was during that period the division
between single cut and double cut diamond units got localised. Thus
Bhavnagar become specialised in single cut while Surat and Palanpur on
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double cut, as Surat had lost large part of her single cut workers during
the recession of 1969.
In the meantime during 1973 to 1977 demand for single cut
diamonds increased continuously in the international market. To fill this
supply gap large number of diamond units came into existence in the
Bhavnagar proper. During this spurt lot of rough diamond used to reach
Bhavnagar city from Surat and Mumbai. Demand for trained skilled
workers rose considerably and workers started demanding huge advances
for joining new units.
A competition started among unit owners to get good workers by
paying luracative advances. Many unit owners started to give training to
the new corners and they were later on absorbed by the :mits. Thus units
have used part of tl..eir capacity for training the new & entrants to create a
dedicated army of workers. Bhavnagar is an important centre oftrade and
commerce. People of this city always jumped into those activities where
profit margin is quite good. By seeing the success of the new
entrepreneurs in diamond industry many people joined and started their
own business.
The industry that started its operation in a very small-way in 1966
at Nirmalnagar later on spread into the areas of Sardarnagar, Vitthalwadi
GIDC and Kumudwadi in the year of 1 ';168. In the years 1969-71 the
industry faced recession. During this time many units closed down
permanently and many suspended their operation. After the revival of
demand for single cut diamond in 1972-73 many units reopened and
many more new units were established. This time units were proliferated
into the different areas of the city. Many units came up at Bordi Gate,
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Ghogha Circle, and Ambawadi etc. Though the industry shows rapid
growth and proliferation in seventies, it was not devoid of problems. It is
stated that that sudden rise in activities raised the problem of advance to
workers- "Baki" in somewhat disproportionate way. The quality of
polished diamond could not keep parallel with the quality of rough
diamond. Several Mumbai based traders suffered on account of poor
quality in 1978. With the increase in demand industry further grown and
proliferated into the residential areas of Sarita Society and Vijayraj Nagar
1978-79. In the next year i.e. during 1979-80 the industry again faced
another recession and this time it hit Bhavnagar and other taluka based
units badly. It was only during mid 1980 that the signs of revival were
seen. But this time Bhavnagar based units faced two major problems.
Firstly during the recession of 1979-80, workers could not bet
opportunity to work to their full potential; mallY units suspended their
operation partially. Workers earning went down and many of them
!>hin.:!J into the agricultural field. Many workers rendered jobless and
many left the job as earning was inadequate. This time workers left the
job but pocketed advances received from the unit owners and could not
turned up after the revival of demand at the end of 1980. Secondly
merchants and traders of Mumbai and Surat were not happy with the
Bhavnagar based units. They had suffered due to poor quality
manufacturing and processing of diamond by Bhavnagar units. So this
time they were reluctant to resume their business with Bhavnagar based
units. In addition to this, price (If rough diamond had gone up in the
international market. Those interested to do their own-work found it
difficult to purchase required quantities of roughs. It was either blockage
of huge funds or smaller turnover for the businessmen of Bhavnagar. In
spite of all those difficulties Bhavnagar never looked back. Traders and
merchants of Bhavnagar seeing this opportunity started their own
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business at Bhavnagar and provided the rough diamond to the units.
Local availability of rough made it possible for large number of new units
to come up. This time during 1982-83 new units came up in the areas of
Sanaskar MandaI, Rammantra Mandir area, Ghogha Octroi Check post,
Shivaji Circle, Anwantwadi and Desai Nagar. This time it is seen that
new units started shifting from the centre of the city towards the outer
part of the Bhavnagar. With the growth of this industry demand for
residential buildings for diamond units went up. Many buildings were
taken over by the units owners at higher rate of rentals. Thus it becomes
difficult for new unit owners to start business at higher rental premises.
Since workers come from the hereby villages, so moving the units to the
outer part of ci!y broUg!lt them tow8.rds the proximity of labour. Problems
faced by the units owners dunng recessions made them experienced. This
time new units stopped paying any advances to the workers and existing
units gradually recovered the advances fro~ workers. Thus the c.dvance
or "baki" which was a peculiar feature of this industry was gradually
abolished.
3.2.2. Development and Growth of Diamond Market:
Diamond market of Bhavnagar is as old as that of the diamond
cutting and polishing industry of this city. During the sixties also there
were diamond merchants and agents who were dealing with rough as well
as polished diamonds. Their numbers were limited and their activities
were within small range. They were unable to meet the requirement of
diamond industry of this city. Three merchants started their activities in a
small way in the year 1966. They were not the independent merchants.
They were purchasing rough from Surat and Mumbai and selling the
polished diamond at Mumbai. Their number and activities grown with the
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growth of the diamond cutting and polishing industry. By the end of
1977-78 number of merchants rose over 25. During the recession of 1979
some of the merchants suspended their operations and some restricted
their activities. After the revival of demand for single cut diamond in
international market at the end of 1980 demand for rough diamond
increased but very few Surat and Mumbai traders were interested to
supply rough to the units of this city. Many units faced the problem of
rough diamond and forced to restrict their activities. During those period
unit owners, merchants and traders of this city realised the problem of the
large number of units suffering due to shortage of roughs. To solve this
problem need of a permanent market for rough and polished diamond in
this city was realised. The !11arket should be in a position to supply rough
and purchase th;! produced diamond. Dealing in rough and polished
diamond is more profitable option than establishing a unit. Only hurdle
for this ousiness is huge amount of investment. One who had investable
sum can eam good return from this activity. Since Mumbai based tmdcrs
were not interested to supply rough to Bhavnagar units, a large supply
gap was created. Bhavnagar people already in trade and commerce took
this as an opportunity and many new people with surplus funds entered
into the diamond trading business. These activities started to grow at a
faster speed and gradually der;endence of Bhavnagar units on Surat and
Mumbai for rough diamond came down. Business of merchants and
diamond traders came into full swing since 1988. A new group of people
joined into this industry as "Agents". They are an important group who
are connecting the unit owners with the merchants, traders and
importer/exporters. Trading activity touched the new height when
multi storied building named "Crystal" with large number of rooms came
into existence since 1990 as the authorised diamond market of this city.
Since that time activities of dj:.mond merchants and agents got localized
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in and around the "Crystal" building. Diamond market of Bhavnagar
never looked back after 1990. Number of new people, unit owners and
other businessmen joined into this industry. Number of new complexes
came up around the 'Crystal' building and new businessmen occupied
those buildings. In the year 200 I a new business complex exclusively for
diamond merchants, traders and agents came into existence. This new
complex named "Madhav Ratna" is the new diamond market situated at
Nirmalnagar. Diamond cutting and polishirlg activities started at
Nirmalnagar in 1966 and gradually shifted to different areas of the city
but trading and business activities in diamond remains localised in and
around "Crystal" and "Madhav Ratna" building at Nirmalnagar.
3.2.3. Types of Diamond Cutting Bhavnagar City Specialised In:
Diamond Un;ts of Bhavnagar ciC'J started its operation with the
single cut diamond in 1966 from Nirmalnagar. The industry in this city
faced many ups and down and adopted itself in an efficient manner with
the changing scenario in international market. During the recession in
1969 single cut workers returned home from Surat. With the revival of
demand for single cut diamond since 1972, Bhavnagar units have started
to show up with the help of those jobless workers sitting at home. Since
That time Bhavnagar became specialized in "Single cut" diamond.
During seventies 90 percent or more units were engaged in single cut
diamond. Bigger units in the seventies tried to diversify their activities.
Some of those units started trading in diamond along with manufacturing.
This situation brought them nearer to the national and international
markets of diamond. These merchants' unit owners perceived every
opportunity and modified their activities as per the market demand. The
other units later followed their strategy. Since seventies some units
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.--------- --------
shifted their activities from single cut diamond to double cut diamond and
some units have combined double cutting with their existing single cut
activities. By seeing the growing demand of baguette cut diamond (which
is commonly known as "chouki") in international markets at the
beginning of 1990, many units shifted their operation from single cut to
baguette cut production. Since investment in starting a baguette cut unit is
45 percent less than that of a single and double cut unit, many new units
of baguette cut came up during nineties. Demand for baguette cut
diamond was so good that number of diamond units engaged in this
activity overtook that of double cut diamond. During nineties after single
cut, baguette cut diamond dominated the decade. In the decade of nineties
sins Ie CLlt v:ere dominant covering nearly 55 percent of the business
while baguette cut and double cut were doing nearly 30 percent and 15
percent of the total business. It is already explained diamond industry of
Bhavnagar City has adopted nicely with the chan~'.ing trends in this
industry. In the beginning of this entry demand for a new type of fancy
cut diamond namely princess cut increased in the international market.
Bhavnagar units welcomed this fancy "princess cut" diamond and many
units started doing this job. This fancy cut needs same set up as that of
baguette cut but rough diamond for this particular cut need of very high
standard of quality. This costly rough was the hindranc~ for the growt.1-} of
this business. Merchants and agents were not interested to lend this ccstly
rough for job work. Thus bigger units with adequate funds started this
type of cutting. Gradually this cutting makes its position in this city and at
present princess cut diamond commanding nearly 9-10 percent of
Bhavnagar business. Niru-Impex is one of the biggest princess cut units
in India, operation from Bhavnagar. Similarly Jewell Star is the biggest
unit of this city engaged in double, baguette and princess cut diamonds.
Bhavani Gems another star of Bhavnagar city and it is the only DTC sight
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holder from this city. Om Diamond another big name of this city
specialist in bigger and double cut diamonds.
3.3 Universe of Diamond Industry in Bhavnagar City:
It is already stated in the previous chapter that data base record of
diamond units of this district and city is not maintained by the authorities
who are suppose to do so. No recorded data are available with District
Industry Centre or with Inspector of Industries. Again all units of this city
are not registered with Shop and Establishment Registrar of Bhavnagar
Municipal Corporation. No effort is made to make every unit registered
with this office. Since no official efforts are made by any of those
organisation to implements its rules and regulation compulsory for all
units, no one is interested to do so. Therefore this absence of data base
and consequently intentional violation of Factories Act 1948 is so
rampant in this city. Due to this very reasons number of other possible
sources like GIDC regional office at Bhavnagar, Small Industries
Association of Bhavnagar, Diamond Association of Bhavnagar, District
Information centre, Collector's office, Office of the District Statistical
officer, Office of the Bhavnagar DeVelopment Authority and office of the
District Development Officer were visited. Other than this offices
Department of Small Seale Industry of Gujarat and Diamond Board of
Gujarat were visited at to Udyog Bhavan in Gandhinagar. Though
. Diamond industry is the one of most labour intensive industry and in
terms of total employment it is one of the first few, no record of this
industry is available either in district or state leveL
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After making so much of fruit less effort, finally Gujarat Electricity
Board was approached. It was observed that all units of this city and
nearly all units of the district use electricity for running the diamond
cutting and polishing work. So GEB was an important source for getting
the required data. But GEB do not keep detail records about the number
of polishing machines, lathes or workers employed by a unit. To have
some ideas about these dimensions of a unit. GEB officials were
requested to provide data about the installed capacity of the meter.
Though it is not dependable criteria for the size of a unit but some general
ideas can be made from this data. After making more than 20 visits in the
GEB offices following time series data of diamond units of this city and
current year data of this industry for this district and city were collected
and complied as show in Exhibit 3.1 and 3.2.
£xhibit 3.1.
Diamond Units of Bhavnagar as on 31-Dec-2003
As per GEB Records
Installed Metcr Capacity
Arca No of Units Upto 10 10-2S 2S-S0 Above SO
BHP BHP BHP BHP
Bhavnagar City 2431 168 20 5
tlhavnagar City Area 8644 235 25 7
District Rural Area 3699 48 08 --
District Total 12343 283 33 7
Source: Gujarat Electricity Board, Circle office, Bhavnagar.
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Total
2624
8911
3755
12666
From exhibit 3.1 it is seen that within the area of Bhavnagar Municipal
Corporation there are a total of 2624 units. Out of those 2431 units are
small to medium in size with installed meter capacity upto 10 BHP. This
installed capacity can support nearly 40-50 polishing machines and they
constitute nearly 92.65 pe~ent of total units. Similarly medium to large
size units with installed meter capacity within 10-25 BHP are 168 in
number and they constitute nearly 6.4 percent of total units. These two
groups make a total of 99 percent of the total units. Very large units in
this city are 25 in number and they makes less than one percent of the
total units.
Similarly in Bhavnagar district there are a total of 12666 diamond
cutting and polishing units recorded with GEE. Out of these a total of
3755 units are in the rural areas of the district which is 29.65 percent of
the total units. The remaining 8911 units or 70.35 percent of total units
are operating in the city areas of the district. Out of total units of the
district, a total of 12343 or 97.45 percent are small to medium in size.
Relatively bigger units are 283 in number and constitute 2.7.3 percent of
total units. From the exhibit it reveals that 20.7 percent of total units of
this district are operating in the Bhavnagar City only. Again 59.4 percent
<'fthe medium to bigger units are in this city. Similarly 20 nut of33 and 5
I)ut of 7 bigger and biggest sizes units of this district are from this city.
From this figure we can say that this industry has been proliferated into
the rural areas in large numbers and supplementing the earning for the
rural people. Out of total 12666 units operating in this district 8911 units
are in the city areas. These units are providing job opportunity to lakhs of
peoples of the city and nearby villages. In terms of job creation, diamond
industry comes first in. th.is district as well as in the Bhavnagar City.
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3.3.1 Area wise Distribution ofUnits(As per Official Records):
Records of area wise distribution of units are not available with any
of the authority. However in the record of GEB's city division it is seen
that there are five subdivisions namely Power house, Khar Gate,
Diamond Chowk, Kalanala and Hill drive in Bhavnagar city. From rural
division Chitra subdivision was also taken into account as it comes under
the preview of BMC. This is shown in the Exhibit - 3.2.
Exhibit -3.2
Registered Diamond units as per GEB records
Bhavnagar cit)' Installed Meter Capacity Total
Upto 10 10-25 25-50 Above 50 units
BHP BHP BHP BHP
Power House 1128 85 12 2 1227
Khar Gate 7 2 -- -- 9
~mondChowk 235 9 I I 246
Kalanala 101 27 5 2 135
Hill Drive 630 41 I -- 672
Chitra 330 4 1 -- 335
Total 2431 168 20 5 2624
Source: Gujarat Electricity Board, Circle office, Bhavnagar.
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I"
Figure - 3.1
Area Wise Distribution of Diamond Units in Bhavnagar City
[JPowerHouse
II KberGate
o Diamond Cbowk
o Kalanala
[] HiD Drive
• Cbitra
In the powerhouse subdivision 1127 diamond units are registered.
Nirrnalnagar, Vitthalwadi GIDC, Kumudwadi, Bortalav and Desai nagar
areas come in the Power House subdivision. Main market, Vadva and
other prime areas of the city come within Khar Gate subdivision and in
this subdivision only 9 diamond units are registered and all those units are
small to medium in size. Ambawadi, Sanaskar MandaI, Bordigate,
Ghogha circle, Limdi etc comes under Diamond Chowk subdivision and
246 units are registered in this division. In Kalanala subdivision 135
cutting and polishing units are registered. Anwantwadi, Vijayraj Nagar,
Sarita Society, RTO road, university areas comes within this subdivision.
Sardarnagar, Rammantra Mandir, Ghogha Octroi check post, Talaja
Octroi Check post, Shivaji circle etc outer part of the city comes under
Hill drive subdivision. After powerhouse, next highest numbers of units
are seen in these areas and a total of 672 units are registered here with
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"
It
A < ciI .. a
'" ~ ,. ..:
'k",""c \:J>.,w'-
*--,.: 0",
{'~,...:
~o
•
Figure 3.2
Location of Diamond Units in
Blh:avnagar City
e\\~'1N'b"""/o.RI'
c~" ,,,1.1 f," \-\ ¥-/\ iI... '-" ¥-IO
SIt'> "'-....
""'l"l, ~ MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF DIAMOND UNITS IN BHAVNAGARCITY DIAMOND UNITS - A DIAMOND MARKET - JOt
\<
BHAVNAGAR CITY ,. N
1. Sarita Society
2. Kumudwadi
3. Borlalav
4. Desainagar ~,," ,.. e>AN\)~~
,.-.
GEB. Chitra division has 335 registered units that are located in the areas
ofChitra, Fulsar, and Karmachari Nagar etc.
3.3.2 Growth Pattern of Diamond Units in Bhavnagar City
Time series data or historic data for the registered diamond units
since the inception of this industry in the city is not available with any
government agencies. Some sort of data is available with house tax
department of BMC since 1994 but those data are incompletl! in many
respects and not worth enough for considl!ration. GEB records for
diamond units of this city are available with City division of GEB since
19QO. 'fhis data is quite closer to the reality and considered for trend
analysis. Registered diamond units since 1990 to 2003 are presented in
the exhibit 3.3. From exhibit 3.3. it is sl!en that there were 957 units in the
year 1990 which grown to the number of 2624 units in Dec 2003. Growth
of the Industry were higher in the initial period uf nineties and gradually
declined and later on stabilized at around 4.5 percent per annum at the
end of the pervious century. In the current century there was again some
momentum during 2000-2001. After the terrorist attack on World Trade
Centre at New York in 2001, demand for cut and polished diamond
declined suddenly in international market. Diamond industry in India
after that period experienced negative growth rate. Again after a year
demand started rising and industry experienced good growth rate of 6.84
percent in 2003. Compound growth rate for the entire period since 1990
to today is about 8 percent over a period of 14 years. Considering 1996 as
the base year or origin, trend equation of the industry become y= 1790.16
+ 121.38 x, where y is the number of registered units in a year and x is
unit of one year with origin at 1996.
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r I
I~ Exhibit 3.3
Registered Diamond Units with GEB Since 1990 Onwards:
Year No of Units Yearly Compound Addition of
SI No (x) (y) Growth Growth new units
Rate (%) Rate( entire
period)
1 1990 957 --
2 1991 1139 19 182 , 1992 1302 14.31 163 ~
t\ 1993 1451 811.44 149
5 1994 1603 10.48 I
152
6 1995 1730 7.92 8.06 I 127 I
" 1996 1845 6.64 t
115 I
-8 1997 1922 4.17
,
77
9 1998 2015 4.84 9' -' 10 ,)99 2118 5.11 1()~
1 1 2000 2283 7.79 165
12 2001 2467 8.05 184
13 2002 2456 -0.05 -1 1
14 2003 2624 6.84 168
IS Total 1687
Source: GUJarat Electricity Board, Circle office. Bhavnagar
From year to year data it is seen that growth is not spread evenly
over the period of 1990 to 2003. From the exhibit it is seen that in 1990
there were a total of 957 units registered with GEB.A total of 182 new
units were added in the year1991. Another 163 new units were added in
the yearl992. Similarly 149 new units in 1993,152 in 1994, 127 new
units in 1995, 115 new units in 1996,77 in 1997,93 in 1998,lO3 in 1999,
165 in 2000 and 184 new units in 2001 were added in the industry.
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I ,
I
,
-
i
! ,
I ,
I
I
r--- - --
I" I
Industry seen negative growth in the year 2002 and 11 units were
declined from the previous total. In the year 2003 demand for cut and
polished diamond revived in international market and its positive impact
is seen in Bhavnagar city also. In this year 168 new units joined in the
industry.
Reference:
l.Korat P G, Jani S V and Bhal J D, (1995) History of Bhavnagar State,
Pachrva Prakashan, Ahmedabad.
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