beyond das: advances in distributed rayleigh sensing dr ... · company history 1939 hewlett-packard...
TRANSCRIPT
Presentation Overview
IntroductionAP SensingProducts and Services
TechnologyDAS ConceptDAS TerminologyPhase vs Amplitude
Case StudyEnhanced DTS
2
Company History
1939 Hewlett-Packard (HP) started as a test and measurement company.
1959 HP establishes its first production site outside of the US in Boeblingen, Germany.
1999 The measurement business from HP is spun off into Agilent Technologies.
2007 The fiber optic monitoring business is spun off to create AP Sensing.
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Global Presence
Boeblingen Germany
Houston USA
BasingstokeUK
ShanghaiChina
SeoulKorea
Bahrain
Singapore
4
Mexico
Headquarters
Established Markets
Fire Detection
Power Cable Monitoring
LNG Monitoring
Pipeline Monitoring
5
Established Markets
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Geo- and Hydrological
Well & Reservoir Monitoring
Perimeter Security
Train & Rail Monitoring
Innovative Technology Company
2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
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Code CorrelationLow power
Outdoor
ConfiguratorATEX
SmartVision 1.0
DDW
Dual-Ended8 & 12 channel
GeoDTS
Single receiverMultiSensorBoard
VdS
-40°C
Modbus
24 channel
IEC-104
UL521
Integrated ModbusHD relays
SIL 2
OPC / DNP3
10x speed
30km SM
Hibernation ModeRTTRSafety tester
40km MM
SmartVision 3.x
4x speed
DVSDAS B
50km SM
50km MM
DAS A
RTTR 7.0
70km SM
DAS C
RTTR 10.0
70km MM
8 km 12 km
R&D % of RevenueIntel 20%AP Sensing 17% Google 13%Siemens 6%Samsung 6%Apple 3.5%
AP Sensing Solutions
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Instruments Enclosure Rack Solutions
ATEX
Low Temperature
Wall Mount
- Redundant Systems- Networking- UPS- Backup Solutions- Operator Displays
DAS
DTS
AP Sensing Solutions
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ModbusIEC 60870
DNP3
OPCIEC 61850
Data Server& Smart
Capture™
Multi Client
ProtocolInterface
Asset View™
InsightView™
Smart Alarm™
RTTR (DCR) Engine
Powerful Analysis and Configuration Tools
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Rules Machine Learning
Fibre Configuration
SmartVision MapView• Live data can be displayed either
on satellite image or conventional schematic representation
• Train data including position, velocity and length can be displayed
• Cars at road crossings and pedestrians can also be monitored and displayed
Confidential11
TechnologyDAS Measurement
The coherent Rayleigh effect is stimulatedby minute strain changes in the fiber as aconsequence of thermal, acoustic,vibration or strain effects. The returnedsignals are analyzed and presented in theform of frequency and amplitude ofdisturbance.
DAS is an OTDR basedtechnology. The position ofthe acoustic/vibration event isdetermined by measuring thearrival time of the returninglight pulse, similar to a radarecho.
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Terminology
Coherent Rayleigh Noise
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Coherent OTDRf-OTDR
Coherent Fading Noise 1984
1987
1991 [6]1988 [7]
Distributed Acoustic Sensing 2005Distributed Vibration Sensing 2008
Distributed Rayleigh Sensor
Amplitude DASPhase DAS
Technology
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BackscatterSignal.
LightSource
PulseGeneration
ReceiverData Acq.
f
Processing
Fiber under test
OpticalAmplifier
f
f
P. Healey, “Fading in heterodyne OTDR,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 1, p. 30, 1984.
Fleischer-Reumann, M., and Sischka, F. “A High-Speed Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer with Improved Dynamic Range.” Hewlett-Packard Journal. 1988
AP Sensing N5000 (2015).
Technology
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InterferenceTransfer Function
Input Signal
Output Signal
The transfer function is actually varying depending on the local scattering
Constructive
Destructive
Hartog, A. (2017). An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors (First). CRC Press. P.237
Technology
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Amplitude Measurement
• Acoustic signal generates a disturbance in the 1D speckle
• Disturbance has a random sensitivity and direction
• Good for locating events but not suitable for reproducing applied signal
Technology
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ReceiverData Acq.
Processing
BackscatterSignal.
Laser PulseGeneration
f Fiber under test
OpticalAmplifier
ff+Df
Gauge LengthCarrier Frequency Df
Dual Pulse Technique
Technology
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Transfer Function
Input Signal Output Signal
The output is proportional to the input
Input Signal
Cha
nge
in P
hase
Technology
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Phase MeasurementDifferential Phase Measurement
• Acoustic signal generates a disturbance in the 1D speckle
• Disturbance has a known and repeatable sensitivity and polarity
Signal Repeatability
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DAS Performance Comparison
• Conventional DAS Technology • Non-linear signal response over distance and acoustic intensity• Can suffer from fading
• 2P Squared DAS• High SNR over 70 km measurement range• Linear response over distance & signal strength• Reduced Fading
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Differential Phase DAS
10m
@49 km
Amplitude DAS
60m
@25 km
Signal Linearity
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Dynamic Range / Linearity
Spatial Resolution
Self-phase Noise
SEAFOM - DAS Parameter Definitions and Tests (August 2018)
Advanced Signal Processing
The linear transfer between applied signal and the instrument output provides a much more robust prediction of events.
Prediction of class is based on proximity to the centroid of each class in different hyperplanes
Most likely Blue Event
Feat
ure
A
Feature B
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Frequency Spectrum (Hz)10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Earthquakes Rock Movement
VSPMicroseismic
Leaks
Acoustic Emissions (Rock)Sand Detection
Acoustic Emission (Metals)
Conventional DAS Measurements
Frequency Spectrum (Hz)10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
TemperatureStrain
Earthquakes Rock Movement
VSPMicroseismic
Leaks
Acoustic Emissions (Rock)Sand Detection
Acoustic Emission (Metals)
Conventional DAS Measurements
Extending DAS Applications
Lower NoiseImproved Dynamic Range
Distributed Rayleigh Sensing
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AudiblePhysical
Current
Value
DC
Established
Case StudyEnhanced DTS (eDTS)
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Distributed Temperature Sensors based on Raman scattering provide reliable, robust measures of the absolute temperature of the optical fiber
Distributed Rayleigh Sensors can provide a measure of the changes in temperature of the fiber in short periods of time
Combination of Raman DTS and DAS produces a system with improved performance both in response time and in temperature resolution
Visualisation .. DAS Configurator
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FBE Analysis TemperaturePulsedHeat
Hot Plate
Standard FBE Output DTGS Temperature Output
Test set up – with one fiber
Integration .. Enhanced DTS Measurement
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Acoustic vs Temperature .. Amplitude
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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
10.02.85.78.611.414.317.220.123.025.828.731.634.5N
umbe
r of S
ampl
es (N
orm
alis
ed)
pk-pk Phase (radians)
Train Signals (pk-pk)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0 0.40.81.21.62 2.42.83.23.64 4.44.8N
umbe
r of S
ampl
es (N
orm
alis
ed)
pk-pk Phase (radians)
Car Signals (pk-pk)
<0.03degC
<0.3degC
Examples of signal magnitudes from Machine Learning Library Data
Two key factors- Temperature changes are slow- Phase changes due to temperature are
large – generally much larger than acoustic signals
0.07degC/s
100Hz20nStrain
Enhanced DTS Temperature Resolution
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Improved temperature resolution and reduced measurement time at 69km
SmartVision
Spatial Resolution 2degCMeasurement Time 30minsRange 69km
2530354045505560657075
11:45:36 11:52:48 12:00:00 12:07:12 12:14:24 12:21:36 12:28:48 12:36:00 12:43:12eDTS
Mea
sure
d Te
mpe
ratu
re [°
C]
Time
eDTS @ 69.5 km
Temperature [°C]
Enhanced DTSMeasurement Time
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2527293133353739414345
12:00:00 12:02:53 12:05:46
eDTS
Mea
sure
d Te
mpe
ratu
re [°
C]
Time
DAS provides fast responseEach data point is 10seconds
Summary
• DAS terminology can be very confusing• Not all DAS systems are the same• Performance of a DAS where the output is linear and repeatable with the
input offers significant advantages• The low frequency output of the DAS is predominantly temperature and can
be used to enhance the Raman DTS measurement to provide either an improved temperature resolution or a faster measurement output
• Exciting and evolving field with many advances to come
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Questions?References
[1] Muanenda, Y.; Oton, C.; Faralli, S.; Nannipieri, T.; Signorini, A.; Pasquale, F. Hybrid distributed acoustic and temperature sensor using a commercial off-the-shelf DFB laser and direct detection. Opt. Lett. 2016, 41, 587–590.
[2] Y. Koyamada, Y. Eda, S. Hirose, S. Nakamura, and K. Hogari, “Novel Fiber-Optic Distributed Strain and Temperature Sensor with Very High Resolution,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E89–B, no. 5, pp. 1722–1725, 2006.
[3] K. Miah and K. D. Potter, “A Review of Hybrid Fiber-Optic Distributed Simultaneous Vibration and Temperature Sensing Technology and Its Geophysical Applications,” Sensors, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1–25, 2017.
[4] M. Karrenbach et al., “DAS Microseismic Monitoring and Integration With Strain Measurements in Hydraulic Fracture Profiling,” in Proceedings of the 5th Unconventional Resources Technology Conference, 2017.
[5] M. M. Molenaar, D. J. Hill, P. Webster, E. Fidan, and B. Birch, “First Downhole Application of Distributed Acoustic Sensing ( DAS ) for Hydraulic Fracturing Monitoring and Diagnostics,” in SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference, 2011, pp. 1–9.
[6] Taylor, H. F., & Lee, C. E. (1991). Patent No. US 5194847. https://doi.org/10.1145/634067.634234.[7] Dakin, J., & Lamb, C. (1988). Patent No. GB2222247A. United Kingdom.[8] Hartog, A. (2017). An Introduction to Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors (First). CRC Press.