best cities: benchmarking and energy savings tool for low ......best cities: benchmarking and energy...

BESTCities:BenchmarkingandEnergySavingsToolforLowCarbonCities

SoftwareUserGuidev.1.4

StephanieOhshita,CeciliaFino-Chen,LixuanHong,NinaKhanna ChinaEnergyGroupEnergyAnalysisandEnvironmentalImpactsDivisionEnergyTechnologiesAreaLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory

July2016

ThisworkwassupportedbytheEnergyFoundationChinathroughtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyunderContractNo.DE-AC02-05CH11231.

ERNESTORLANDOLAWRENCEBERKELEYNATIONALLABORATORY

ReportDisclaimerThisdocumentwaspreparedasanaccountofworksponsoredbytheUnitedStatesGovernment.Whilethisdocumentisbelievedtocontaincorrectinformation,neithertheUnitedStatesGovernmentnoranyagencythereof,norTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanyinformation,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process,orservicebyitstradename,trademark,manufacturer,orotherwise,doesnotnecessarilyconstituteorimplyitsendorsement,recommendation,orfavoringbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof,orTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.TheviewsandopinionsofauthorsexpressedhereindonotnecessarilystateorreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentoranyagencythereof,orTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia.ErnestOrlandoLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryisanequalopportunityemployer.

AcknowledgmentsThistoolwasdevelopedwiththegeneroussupportoftheEnergyFoundationChinathroughtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyundercontractNo.DE-AC02-05CH11231.WealsoacknowledgethesignificantassistanceofStephenHammer,UrbanDevelopmentandResilienceUnit,WorldBank,andBenEde,theprogrammer.WewouldliketothankIvanJacquesandPedziMakumbeoftheWorldBank’sEnergySectorManagementAssistanceProgram(ESMAP).BESTCitiesispartlybasedonamodeloriginallydevelopedbyESMAPknownasTRACE,theToolfortheRapidAssessmentofCityEnergy.

CopyrightStatementBESTCities©2013,TheRegentsoftheUniversityofCalifornia,throughLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratory(subjecttoreceiptofanyrequiredapprovalsfromtheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy).Allrightsreserved.Ifyouhavequestionsaboutyourrightstouseordistributethissoftware,pleasecontactBerkeleyLab'[email protected]"BESTCities([LBNLsoftwaredisclosureref.no.2014-086])".NOTICE:ThissoftwarewasproducedbyTheRegentsoftheUniversityofCaliforniaunderContractNo.DE-AC02-05CH11231withtheDepartmentofEnergy.For5yearsfromMay19,2014,theGovernmentisgrantedforitselfandothersactingonitsbehalfanonexclusive,paid-up,irrevocableworldwidelicenseinthisdatatoreproduce,preparederivativeworks,andperformpubliclyanddisplaypublicly,byoronbehalfoftheGovernment.Thereisprovisionforthepossibleextensionofthetermofthislicense.Subsequenttothatperiodoranyextensiongranted,theGovernmentisgrantedforitselfandothersactingonitsbehalfanonexclusive,paid-up,irrevocableworldwidelicenseinthisdatatoreproduce,preparederivativeworks,distributecopiestothepublic,performpubliclyanddisplaypublicly,andtopermitotherstodoso.ThespecifictermofthelicensecanbeidentifiedbyinquirymadetoLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryorDOE.NeithertheUnitedStatesnortheUnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy,noranyoftheiremployees,makesanywarranty,expressorimplied,orassumesanylegalliabilityorresponsibilityfortheaccuracy,completeness,orusefulnessofanydata,apparatus,product,orprocessdisclosed,orrepresentsthatitsusewouldnotinfringeprivatelyownedrights.TheEnglishversionofthiscopyrightnoticeistheofficialnotice.

BESTCitiesSoftwareDisclaimer *WARRANTYDISCLAIMER*. THESOFTWARE ISSUPPLIED "ASIS"WITHOUTWARRANTY OFANYKIND.BERKELEY LAB,ITSLICENSORS, THEUNITEDSTATES,THEUNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OFENERGY,WORLDBANK,ANDTHEIREMPLOYEES: (1)DISCLAIM ANYWARRANTIES, EXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDING BUTNOTLIMITED TOANYIMPLIEDWARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY,FITNESS FORAPARTICULAR PURPOSE, TITLEORNON-INFRINGEMENT, (2)DONOTASSUME ANYLEGAL LIABILITY ORRESPONSIBILITYFORTHEACCURACY, COMPLETENESS, ORUSEFULNESS OFTHESOFTWARE, (3)DONOTREPRESENTTHATUSEOFTHESOFTWAREWOULDNOT INFRINGEPRIVATELY OWNEDRIGHTS, (4)DONOTWARRANT THATTHESOFTWAREWILLFUNCTION UNINTERRUPTED, THATITISERROR-FREE ORTHATANYERRORSWILLBECORRECTED. *LIMITATIONOFLIABILITY*. INNOEVENTWILLBERKELEY LAB,WORLDBANK,ORANYOFTHEIRLICENSORS, BELIABLEFORANYDIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL,SPECIALORPUNITIVE DAMAGES OFANYKINDORNATURE, INCLUDING BUTNOTLIMITEDTOLOSSOFPROFITSORLOSSOFDATA,FORANYREASONWHATSOEVER, WHETHER SUCHLIABILITY ISASSERTED ONTHEBASISOFCONTRACT, TORT (INCLUDINGNEGLIGENCE ORSTRICTLIABILITY), OROTHERWISE, EVEN IFBERKELEY LAB,ORWORLDBANK,HASBEENWARNEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITY OFSUCHLOSSORDAMAGES. INNOEVENT SHALLBERKELEYLAB'SORWORLDBANK'S LIABILITY FORDAMAGESARISINGFROMORINCONNECTIONWITHTHISAGREEMENT EXCEED THEAMOUNT PAIDBYYOU FORTHESOFTWARE. *INDEMNITY*.YOUAGREE TOHOLDHARMLESS AND INDEMNIFY BERKELEYLAB,WORLDBANK,ANYOFTHEIRLICENSORS, THEUNITED STATES,THEUNITED STATESDEPARTMENTOFENERGY,ANDTHEIR EMPLOYEES, FROMANDAGAINSTANYTHIRDPARTYCLAIMARISING FROMORINANYWAYRELATEDTOYOURUSEOFTHESOFTWARE,OROTHERACTIONS CONNECTEDWITHUSEOFTHESOFTWARE,INCLUDING ANYLIABILITY OREXPENSE ARISING FROMALL CLAIMS,LOSSES,DAMAGES (ACTUALANDCONSEQUENTIAL),SUITS,JUDGMENTS, LITIGATION COSTSANDATTORNEYS' FEES,OFEVERYKINDANDNATURE. INSUCHACASE,BERKELEY LABWILLPROVIDEYOUWITHWRITTENNOTICE OFSUCHCLAIM, SUITORACTION.

BESTLowCarbonCities–UserGuide

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TableofContents

PART I: Hardware and Software Requirements.......................................................1

PART II: Low Carbon Cities and Best Cities Methodology.......................................2

1. Purpose of the BEST Low Carbon Cities Tool.......................................................................2

2. Methodology Overview..........................................................................................................2

3. Low Carbon Development Plans and Actions........................................................................4

4. Data Gathering........................................................................................................................4

5. Energy and Carbon Inventory.................................................................................................5

6. Benchmarking of Low Carbon Indicators...............................................................................5

7. Sector Improvement Potential and Prioritization....................................................................8

8. Policy Analysis and Prioritization........................................................................................10

PART III: Screen-by-Screen User Guide.................................................................14

Screen 1: Language Selection...................................................................................................14

Screen 2: Introduction...............................................................................................................14

Screen 3: City and Climate Selection.......................................................................................15

Screen 4: BEST Low Carbon Cities Homepage.......................................................................16

Screen 5: City & Sector Data....................................................................................................17

Screen 5.1: City-wide Data.................................................................................................................18Screen 5.2: Industry Data....................................................................................................................18Screen 5.3 Public & Commercial Buildings Data...............................................................................19Screen 5.4: Residential Buildings Data...............................................................................................19Screen 5.5: Transportation Data..........................................................................................................20Screen 5.6: Power & Heat Data..........................................................................................................20Screen 5.7: Public Lighting Data........................................................................................................21Screen 5.8: Water & Wastewater Data...............................................................................................21Screen 5.9: Solid Waste Data..............................................................................................................22Screen 5.10: Urban Green Space Data................................................................................................22

Screen 6 Energy & Carbon Inventory.......................................................................................23

Screen 6.0 Energy unit conversion factors and carbon emissions factors...........................................24Screen 6.1 City-wide Energy & Carbon.............................................................................................28Screen 6.2 Industrial Sector Inventory................................................................................................286.3 Public & Commercial Buildings Sector Inventory........................................................................29


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6.4 Residential Buildings Sector Inventory.........................................................................................296.5 Transportation Sector Inventory...................................................................................................296.6 Power & Heat Sector Inventory....................................................................................................296.7 Public Lighting Sector Inventory..................................................................................................296.8 Water Supply & Wastewater Treatment Inventory.......................................................................296.9 Solid Waste Sector Inventory.......................................................................................................296.10 Urban Green Space (Carbon Sequestration)...............................................................................29

Screen 7: Benchmark Results...................................................................................................30

Screen 7.1: Benchmark Results—City-wide Energy per Capita.........................................................31Screen 7.2: Benchmark Results— Power & Heat – Renewable Share...............................................32Screen 7.3 Benchmark Results – Transportation Energy per Capita..................................................32

Screen 8: Sector Improvement Potential...................................................................................33

Screen 9: Sector Improvement Potential Override....................................................................34

Screen 10: City Authority.........................................................................................................35

Screen 11: Sector Prioritization Results....................................................................................36

Screen 12: City Capabilities.....................................................................................................37

Screen 13: Policy Appraisal......................................................................................................38

Screen 14: Detailed Policy Recommendations.........................................................................39

Screen15: Policy Review..........................................................................................................40

Screen16: Policy Matrix...........................................................................................................41

Screen17: Priority Policies........................................................................................................42

PART IV: Related Tools: BEST Cities, GREAT, ELITE Cities, Urban RAM........43

PART V: Data Sharing and User Feedback.............................................................45

APPENDICES..........................................................................................................47

Appendix 1: Data Gathering Spreadsheet (in Chinese)............................................................47

Appendix 2: China’s Five Climate Zones.................................................................................63

Appendix 3: Categories for Benchmark Filters........................................................................64

Appendix 4: Definitions of City Authority (for Sector Prioritization).....................................65

Appendix 5: Definitions of City Capabilities (for Policy Prioritization)..................................66

Appendix 6: Policy Attributes and Numerical Ranges based on City Size...............................67

Appendix 7: Example Policy Recommendation: Energy Audit & Assessment........................68

Appendix 8: Attributes & Capability Requirements for 72 Policy Recommendations.............74


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PARTI:HardwareandSoftwareRequirements

HardwareandSoftwareTheBenchmarkingandEnergy-SavingToolforLowCarbonCities(BESTCities)isdesignedtoworkwitheitheraPCorMac.ForPCusers,pleasefirstbesurethatyouhaveoneofthefollowingWindowsoperatingsystems:MicrosoftWindowsXP(32bit),WindowsVista(32bitand64-bit),orWindows7(32bitand64bit).ForMacusers,MacOSXv10.6orv10.7(32bitand64bit)isrequired.

Next,pleasedownloadanauxiliarysoftwarecalledAdobeAirfromhttp://get.adobe.com/air/.ThenobtaintheBESTCitiestoolbycompletingtherequestformathttps://china.lbl.gov/tools/best-cities.

Thisuserguideisavailableinpdfformathttps://china.lbl.gov/tools/best-cities.

ToolHousekeepingToolUpdates.WhentheBESTCitiestoolgetsanupdate,eitherduetode-bugging,orexpansionorrevisionoffunctionality,userswillbepromptedtodownloadthelatestversionofthetoolwhentheyrunthetool.Whenprompted,pleasefollowtheupdateinstructionsshownonthescreen.DataCollectionWorksheetLocation.Tofacilitatedatacollection,userscanuseaseparate,stand-aloneworksheettogatherdataforinputtotheBESTCities.Theworksheetislocatedinsidethe“Documents”boxatthelower-rightcornerofthetool.InputDataFileLocation.Onceuserscreateacityprofileandinputandsaverequireddata,thecityfilewithinputdataissavedonuser’scomputeras.xmlfile.GraphicsandReportsExport.Analysisfromthetool,includinggraphicsorsimplereports(in.csvformat),canbeexportedtotheuser’scomputer.


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PARTII:LowCarbonCitiesandBestCitiesMethodology

1. PurposeoftheBESTLowCarbonCitiesToolTheBenchmarkingandEnergy-SavingToolforLowCarbonCities(BESTCities)isadynamicdecision-makingtool,designedtoassistlocalpolicymakersandurbanplannersinprioritizingstrategiesforenergyandcarbonsavingatthecitylevelinChina.1China’s12thFive-YearPlan(2011-2015)targetsareductionincarbonintensityoftheeconomy(CO2emissionsperunitofGDP)by17%.Inthe"LowCarbonDevelopment2014-2015energysavingactionplan,"theStateCouncilcallsforinterimtargetsofmorethan4%in2014andmorethan3.5%in2015.TheStateCouncilalsocallsforenergyintensitysaving(energyconsumptionperunitofGDP)ofmorethan3.9%peryearfor2014and2015.Thelonger-termgoalistoreducecarbonintensityby40-45%from2005to2020.Withtargetsforlow-carbondevelopmentfeaturingprominentlyinthe12thFYPandlonger-termplanning,citiesmustdeterminehowtomeettargetsandpromoteaclimate-friendlycity.TheBESTCitiestoolcanhelp.

2. MethodologyOverviewTheBESTCitiestoolhasthreemainmodules:

(1)InventoryandBenchmarking,(2)SectorPrioritization,and(3)PolicyAnalysisforlowcarbondevelopment.

Whereasothertoolsmayfocusonenergybutnotcarbon,orprovideapolicydatabasebutnotaprioritizationmechanism,theBESTCitiesmethodologycombinesthesecomponentstofacilitatedevelopmentofalowcarbonactionplan.Figure1providesanoverviewofthetool(BESTCitieshomepage).Table1summarizesthefeaturesofthetool.

1ThoughdesignedtosupportChina’srapidlydevelopingcities,thetoolmaybeusedforcitiesinternationally.


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Figure 1. BEST Low Carbon Cities – Overview of Functions

Table 1. Design Features of BEST Low Carbon Cities

Feature BESTLowCarbonCities

PrincipalComponents 3Modules:InventoryandBenchmarking;SectorPrioritization;PolicyAnalysis

SectorsCovered 9Sectors:Industry,Public&CommercialBuildings,ResidentialBuildings,Transportation,Power&Heat,PublicLighting,SolidWaste,Water&Wastewater,UrbanGreenSpace

BenchmarkingKPIs 35KeyPerformanceIndicators(KPIs):across9sectorsandcity-wide

SectorPrioritization 3Criteria:sectorimprovementpotential,sectorcarbonemissions,cityauthorityineachsector

PolicyRecommendations

72energyefficiencyandcarbonemissionsreductionpoliciesacross9sectors

PolicyAttributes 3Attributes:carbonsavingspotential,firstcosttogovernment,speedofimplementation

PolicyPrioritization 3Criteria:matchcitycapabilitieswitheachpolicy’sneedsforhumanresources(technicalandmanagerial),finances,andenforcement

ProgramOutput Abilitytoexportnumerousgraphsandreports,includingbenchmarkinggraphs,prioritypolicies,andpolicydetails.


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3. LowCarbonDevelopmentPlansandActionsThemainpurposeoftheBESTCitiestoolistoassistwithpreparingandimplementingalowcarbondevelopmentplan.Thetoolmaybeusefulforcityofficials,urbanplanners,andenergyandenvironmentalspecialists.Figure2showsthemainstepsinlowcarbondevelopment,akintoclimateactionplanning.BESTCitiesincludestheEnergyandCarbonInventorystep,Benchmarkingtoinformthetargetsettingstep,andPolicyAnalysistohelpcitieschoosepolicystrategiesandimplementthem.

Figure 2. Steps in Low Carbon Development

4. DataGatheringThedesignofBESTCitiesaimedformoderatedatarequirements–sufficientforinventory,benchmarking,andpolicyselection,butnottootime-consumingtocollect.FortheCity&SectorDatasection,theuserisaskedtoinputcity-wideinformationonpopulation,totalprimaryenergyconsumption,totalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,grossdomesticproduct(GDP),thecity’sclimatezone,thecity’sHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI),andtheshareofindustryandservicesectorGDP.Theuserisalsoaskedtoinputannualenergyconsumptiondatabyfuelforeachofthenineend-usesectorsinthetool.BEST-CitieshasbeendesignedtoconsiderdataavailabilityinChina.Muchoftherequireddataisavailabletocityauthoritiesinlocalstatisticalyearbooksorthroughothersources.BecausemanyChinesestatisticsarereportedinunitsof10^4,theBESTCitiestoolfollowstheseunits.Tofacilitatedatagathering,thetoolisaccompaniedbyaspreadsheet,showninAppendix1.Thetoolcanstillfunctionifmissingsomedata,thoughamorecompletedatasetisnecessarytogivemoreaccurateresults.Oncethedataareentered,thetoolgeneratesthecity’sEnergy&Carbon

CommitLeadership

Energy&CarbonInventory

SetTargets

ChooseStrategies&Policies

Implement

Monitor&Evaluate


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Inventory,providingfinalenergyuseandCO2equivalentemissionsforeachofthenineend-usesectors.

5. EnergyandCarbonInventoryEnergyandCarbonInventory.Thetoolquicklyassesseslocalenergyuseandcarbon-relatedgreenhousegasemissions(carbondioxide(CO2)andmethane(CH4))acrossninecitysectors:

• Industry,• PublicandCommercialBuildings,• ResidentialBuildings,• Transportation,• PowerandHeat,• StreetLighting,• WaterandWastewater,• SolidWaste,and• UrbanGreenSpace.

Sincetheuserentersfuelconsumptioninphysicalunits(e.g.metrictonsofcoalconsumed),theInventorycomponentofBESTCitiesusesfuelenergyconversionfactorsfromChina’sNationalBureauofStatistics(NBS,2011)andusesCO2andCH4emissionsfactorsfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC,1996;IPCC2006).China-specificcarbonsequestrationconversioncoefficients(EC,2012)andenergyunitconversionfactorsforpowerandheatbyProvinceareused(NBS,2011).2Thoughmostofthegreenhousegasemissionscalculatedbythetoolareenergy-related,afewsectorhavenon-energyemissionsorsequestercarbon.EmissionsfromtheSolidWastesectoraremethaneemissionsfromdecompositionoforganicwaste.FortheUrbanGreenSpacesector,thetoolcalculatestheuptakeofCO2byurbanvegetation,i.e.,carbonsequestration.Asaresult,emissionsfortheUrbanGreenSpacesectorarenegative.

6. BenchmarkingofLowCarbonIndicatorsBenchmarking.CitiescanusethetooltobenchmarktheirenergyandcarbonperformancetoothercitiesinsideandoutsideChina,andidentifythosesectorswiththegreatestenergyandcarbonsavingpotential.Thetoolconductsbenchmarkingon35low-carbonKeyPerformance

2Due todata limitations, emissions calculationsarebasedonproduction–not consumption - forbothpowergenerationandheat.Forelectricity,theconversionfactor isbasedontotal fuelconsumptionforpowergenerationwithinaprovincedividedbytotalelectricityoutput.Foraprovincewithasubstantialpower imports, theproduction-sidecalculationsmayover-orunderstate theemissions factorofpowerconsumeddependingon theoriginof the importedelectricity. For heat, such issues areunlikely, sincethereisnotlongdistancetradeofheat.


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Indicators(KPI),aswellasrelatedindicatorsonairquality(e.g.,AirQualityDays,PM2.5concentration)andurbanization(e.g.,populationdensity).BESTCitiesincludesadatabaseofmorethan200cities,withavailableindicatordataforeachcity.Theindicatordatawerecompiledfrommultipledatasets.Becauseeachdatasetfocusesondifferentindicators,thecoverageofKPIsforeachcityvaries.AsusersvoluntarilysharetheirKPIdata,thetoolwillincorporateitintotheKPIdatabaseforbetterbenchmarking.Table2liststheindicatorsforeachcitysector,aswellascity-wideindicatorsonenergy,carbon,andtheeconomy.Oneindicatorpersector(inbluetext)isdesignatedas“Representative”andusedlatertoestimatetheimprovementpotentialandprioritypoliciesforeachsector.NotethatmanyoftheindicatorsinTable2havetargetsspecifiedinthe12thFYP.Forexample,IndustrialEnergyIntensity(tce/10^4RMB),isakeyindicatorfortheIndustrialsector,whileShareofRenewableEnergyinElectricitySupply(%)isanimportantindicatorforalowcarbonPowerandHeatsector.Figure3givesanexampleofbenchmarkingresultsfortheIndustrysector,onindustrialeconomicenergyintensity(tonnesofcoalequivalentper10,000RMB).TheexampleCityAiscomparedtoothercitiesofsimilarpopulation,inrankorder.FromthisresultitcanbeseethatCityA(showninthegoldenbar)hasarelativelyhighindustrialenergyintensity,likelyduetoaheavyindustrialbase.ThoughBESTCitiesdoesn’tdirectlycalculateannualprogressonparticulartargets,thetooldoesprovidetheindicatorandbenchmarkinginformationforacitytotracktheirperformance.


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Table 2. Key Performance Indicators for Low-Carbon Cities in China

KPI# KPIName UnitofmeasureCity-wideCW01 PrimaryEnergyConsumptionpercapita(city-wide,peryear) tce/personCW02 GHGEmissionspercapita(city-wide,peryear) tCO2e/personCW03 GDPpercapita(city-wide,peryear) 10^4RMB/personCW11 EnergyIntensity(city-wide,economic) tce/10^4RMBCW12 CarbonIntensity(city-wide,economic) tCO2e/10^4RMBIndustry*IN01 IndustrialEconomicEnergyIntensity

(FinalEnergyconsumption/unitindustrialvalueadded)tce/10^4RMB

IN02 IndustrialCarbonIntensity(GHGemissions/unitofindustrialvalueadded)

tCO2e/10^4RMB

IN03 ShareofFossilFuelinIndustrialEnergy(excludingheatandelectricity) %IN04 ShareofElectricityUseinIndustrialEnergy %PublicandCommercialBuildingsBL01 Publicbuildingselectricityintensity kWh/m

2

BL03 ShareofGreenBuildings(%ofcity-widefloorspacedesignatedas"Green"buildingorsimilarlylabeledbuilding)

%

ResidentialBuildingsBL02 Residentialbuildingsenergyusepercapita tce/person

BL05 ShareofDistrictheatingsuppliedbycogenerationfacilities %

TransportationTR01 Transportationenergyusepercapita tce/personTR02 ExtentofPublicTransitLines

(lengthofrailandbuslinesincityarea)km/km2

TR03 ModeShareofNon-motorizedTransport(%oftripsbywalkingandbicycling)

%

TR04 Modeshareofpublictransit(%oftripsbybusandrail) %Power&HeatPH01 ShareofRenewableEnergyinlocalelectricitysupply %StreetLightingSL01 ElectricityIntensityofStreetLighting

(Grid-connectedelectricityconsumedperkmoflitroadsperyear)kWh/km

SolidWasteSW01 Municipalsolidwastedisposedpercapita(peryear) kg/personWater&WastewaterWW01 Waterconsumptionpercapita(peryear) m3/personWW02 Electricityintensityofpotablewatersupply kWh/m3WW03 EnergyintensityofWastewatertreatment tce/10^4m3UrbanGreenSpaceUG01 UrbanGreenSpacepercapita

m2/person

Notes:Allindicatorsareonayearlybasis.


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Indicatorsinblueare“Representative”andusedtocalculatetheSectorImprovementPotential.* The Industry sector also includes Indicators for energy intensity – physical (tce/tonne) or economic(tce/10^4RMB)–forIndustrialsub-sectors:SteelProduction,BuildingMaterials,CementProduction,FlatGlass Production, Chemical Industry, Synthetic Ammonia Production, Ethylene Production, TextileProduction,andFoodIndustry.

Figure 3. Industry Sector Benchmark Results: Industrial Energy Intensity (tce/10,000 RMB)

7. SectorImprovementPotentialandPrioritizationInthenextcomponentofthetool,BESTCitiesconsidersthecarbonsavingpotentialdeterminedfrombenchmarking,aswellasthecity’slevelofauthorityfordecision-makingineachcitysector,toprioritizesectorswiththegreatestpotentialforenergyandcarbonsaving.Thiscomponenthasthreesections:1)SectorImprovementPotential,2)CityAuthority,and3)SectorPrioritizationResults.SectorImprovementPotential.Basedontheearlierbenchmarkingresults,BESTCitiesestimatestheSectorImprovementPotentialforone“Representative”KPIforeachsector.Forexample,fortheResidentialBuildings sector, theRepresentativeKPI is residentialbuildingsenergyusepercapita.ForthePowerandHeatsector,theRepresentativeKPIistheshareofrenewableenergy


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inthelocalelectricitysupply.TheBEST-Citiessector improvementpotentialvalueiscalculatedas:

SectorImprovementPotential[%]= ⎸!"#!"#$!!"#!"#$!%# !"##"$ ⎸

!"#!"#$ (eq.1)

KPI!"#$!%# !"##"$= !"#!"#$% !" !" !"##"$ !!!" !!! !"#$ !"#$% !"#$!!"#$%&

# !" !"#"$% !"#$% !" !"##"$ (eq.2)

where the KPIaverage better is the mean of the values of all chosen peer cities with betterperformance.IntheResidentialBuildingsector,forexample,iftenpeercitiesusedlessenergypercapitathanyourcity(i.e.,thetenpeercitiesperformed“better”thanyourcity),theimprovementpotentialis the difference between the average value of those ten peer cities’ residential energy percapita,andthatofyourcity,dividedbytheresidentialenergypercapitainyourcity,The improvement potential is a simple, rough estimate, for the purpose of selecting policystrategiestopursueforenergyandcarbonsavings.Iftheuserdesires,thecalculatedpotentialscanbeoverriddenbasedontheirknowledgeoftheactualsavingspotentialsineachsector.CityAuthority.Decision-makingauthorityisanotherconsiderationinprioritizinglowcarbonactionsatthecitylevel.Whilesomeactions—suchasimprovingenergyefficiencyoflocalgovernmentbuildings—caneasilybeundertakenwithinlocaljurisdiction,otheractions—suchasrenewableelectricitysupply—mayneedapprovalfromhigherlevelsofgovernment.Ifasectorhasalargeimprovementpotentialbutlimitedcityauthority,itcanstillbeworthwhileforacitytoundertakethecoordinationneededforactioninthesector.Appendix3providesdefinitionsofcityauthorityutilizedintheBESTCitiestool.

SectorPrioritization.TheoverallSectorPrioritizationScoreconsidersthemagnitudeofsectorgreenhousegasemissions,aswellasthepotentialforimprovementandthecity’sjurisdictionalauthorityineachsector.

SectorPrioritizationScore=SectorImprovementPotential(%)xSectorCO2eEmissions(10^4tCO2e)xCityAuthority [eq.3]

Forexample,inmanyChinesecities,thePowerandHeatsectorisverycarbon-intensive,hashighemissions,andhasmuchpotentialforimprovingtheshareofrenewableenergyinelectricitygeneration.De-carbonizingelectricpowersupplywouldresultinlargecarbonsavings.YetlocalgovernmentofficialscurrentlyhavelimitedauthoritytochangethegeneratingmixforthePowersector.Asaresult,thePowerandHeatsectormaynothavethehighestSectorPrioritizationScore.


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8. PolicyAnalysisandPrioritizationPolicyAnalysis.BESTCitieshelpscityauthoritiesprioritizeactionacrosscitysectorsandevaluatetheappropriatenessofmorethan70policystrategiesthatcansaveenergyandcarbon.Byidentifyingthosestrategiesmostrelevanttolocalcircumstances,thetoolhelpslocalgovernmentofficialsdevelopalowcarboncityactionplanthatcanbeimplementedinphases,overamulti-yeartimeframe.ThePolicyAnalysismoduleofthetoolhasfiveparts:1)CityCapability,2)PolicyAppraisal,3)PolicyReview,4)PolicyMatrix,and5)PriorityPolicies.CityCapability.BESTCitiesexaminesthreeareasofcitygovernmentcapabilitiesforeachsector:(1)Finance,(2)HumanResources,and(3)PolicyEnforcement.ThetoolaskstheusertocharacterizecitycapabilitiesasHigh,Medium,orLowforeacharea,foreachsector.Forexample,intheResidentialBuildingssector,cityofficialsmighthaveaMediumleveloffinancingforresidentialbuildingprograms;Highhumanresources,intermsofskilledstaff;andMediumenforcementcapabilitieswithnumerousconstructioncompanies.Appendix5givesthedefinitionsofcapabilitiesforthethreeareasofCityCapability.PolicyAppraisal.InthePolicyAppraisalcomponentofthetool,thefocusshiftsfromsectortoindividualpolicies.ThiscomponentofBESTCitiesmatchesCityCapabilitiesineachsectorwiththecapabilities(orcompetencies)neededforeachofthe72policiesinthetool’sdatabase,toidentifyfeasiblelowcarbonactionsforthecitytoimplement.SeeTable3forasummaryoflowcarbonpoliciesincludedthetool.ThePolicyAppraisalsectionrankspoliciesbasedontheresultsoftheassessmentofthecapabilitiesofthecityintermsofprojectfinance,humanresources,andpolicy,regulation,andenforcementineachprioritizedsector,comparingeachpolicy'sminimumrequirementsagainsttheself-assessedlevelsofcapabilitiesandopportunityinthecity.Thecolor-codingofappraisalresultsworksonthesimpletrafficlightsystem:greenindicatesgoodcompatibility,yellowmarginalcompatibility,andredpoorcompatibility.Theinitialappraisalisundertakentogiveguidancetothecity;itisnotprescriptiveanditistheresponsibilityofthecitytodeterminewhichpolicieswillbetakenfurther.PolicyReview.ThePolicyReviewsectiondisplaysallpoliciesselectedthroughthePolicyAppraisalalongwiththeirattributes:SpeedofImplementation,CarbonSavingsPotential,andFirstCosttoGovernment.Thisisaveryusefulsummaryofrecommendedpolicies,whichtheusercansortbyclickingonanyofthepolicyattributes.TheestimatedrangeofvaluesforthesepolicyattributesarefromtheBEST-Citiesdatabase,basedonthesizeofthecity;seeAppendix6forthevalues.ThetoolalsoallowstheusertooverridetheestimatedvaluesandenteramorespecificvalueofCarbonSavingsPotentialorFirstCost,basedonthecity’sownanalysis.ThePolicyReviewcanbeexportedasareport.


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Table 3. BEST-Cities Policies and Programs

Sector Policy/Program Sector Policy/ProgramIndu

stry

Benchmarking

Tran

sportatio

n

BicyclePathNetworksEnergyAudit/Assessments BikeShareProgramsIndustrialEnergyPlan CleanVehicleProgramsStretchTargetsforIndustry CompleteStreetsIncentivesandRewardsforIndustrialEnergyEfficiency

VehicleCO2EmissionStandards

IndustrialEnergyEfficiencyLoansandInnovativeFunds

Mixed-UseUrbanForm

TaxRelief IntegratedTransportationPlanningEnergyorCO2Tax PublicTransitInfrastructure:LightRail,

BRT,andBusesIndustrialEquipmentandProductStandards

ParkingFeesandMeasures

DifferentialElectricityPricing PublicEducationonTransportOptionsEnergyManagementStandards VehicleLicensePoliciesEnergyManagerTraining CommutingProgramsRecyclingEconomyandBy-productSynergyActivities

VehicleFuelEconomyStandards

Low-carbonIndustrialParks CongestionCharges,andRoadPricingFuel-switching BicyclePathNetworks

Public&Com

mercialBuildings

MoreStringentLocalBuildingCodes

Power&Heat

MinimumPerformanceStandardsforThermalPowerPlants

GreenBuildingGuidelinesforNewBuildings

LoadCurtailmentIncentives/DemandResponse/CurtailableRates

ExpeditedPermittingforGreenBuildings

PowerInvestmentsubsidiesandtaxincentivesforRenewableEnergy

TargetsforEfficientandRenewablesinBuildings

Time-basedElectricityPricingSchemes:IncliningBlockPricingandTime-of-UsePricing

BuildingEnergyLabelingandInformationDisclosure

TransformerUpgradeProgram

MandatoryBuildingEnergy-EfficiencyAudit

DistrictHeatingNetworkingMaintenanceandUpgradeProgram

PublicEducationCampaignsonBuildingEnergyEfficiencyandConservation

RenewableEnergyandNon-fossilEnergyTargetsorQuotas

MunicipalBuildingEnergyEfficiencyTaskForce

Public

Lightin

g

PublicLightingPlan

EnergyPerformanceContractingandEnergyServiceCompanies

AuditandRetrofitPrograms

RetrofitSubsidiesandTaxCreditsforExistingBuildings

Water&

Wastewater PublicEducationMeasures

SubsidesforNewBuildingsthatExceedBuildingCode

MethaneCaptureandReuse/Conversion


12

CityEnergyandHeatMaps ActiveLeakDetectionandPressureManagementProgram

CooperativeProcurementofGreenProducts

PrioritizeEnergyEfficientWaterResources

FinancialIncentivesforDistributedGenerationinBuildings

FacilityOperatorTrainingProgram

Resid

entia

lBuildings

ReachStandardsforEfficientApplianceandEquipment

WaterManagementPlan

BuildingWorkforceTraining ImproveEfficiencyofPumpsandMotorsGreenBuildingGuidelinesforNewBuildings

Codes,ConsumerEducation,andIncentivesforWater-EfficientProducts

MoreStringentLocalBuildingCodes PublicEducationMeasuresCityEnergyandHeatMaps

SolidW

aste

RecyclingandCompostingMandateandProgram

BuildingEnergyLabelingandInformationDisclosure

LandfillMethaneRecovery

TargetsforEfficientandRenewablesinBuildings

IntegratedSolidWasteManagementPlanning

ExpeditedPermittingforGreenBuildings WasteCompostingProgramRetrofitSubsidiesandTaxCreditsforExistingBuildings

WasteVehicleFleetMaintenance,AuditandRetrofitProgram

SubsidesforNewBuildingsthatExceedBuildingCode

AnaerobicDigestion

Energy-EfficientEquipmentandRenewableEnergyTechnologyPurchaseSubsidies

PublicEducationProgram

PublicEducationCampaignsonBuildingEnergyEfficiencyandConservation

Urban

Green

UrbanGreenSpaceUrbanForestryManagement

PolicyMatrix.ThePolicyMatrixprovidesagraphical,color-codeddisplayofprioritypoliciesina3x3matrix,sortedbyFirstCostandCO2EmissionsReductionPotential.CheckboxesallowtheusertoalterthedisplaybasedontheirpreferencesforSpeedofImplementation.DetailedPolicyRecommendations.FrommultiplesectionsofPolicyAnalysis,theusercanclickonthenameofapolicytoviewmoreinformation.BESTCitiescontainsadatabaseofmorethan70lowcarbonpolicies,includinga2-4pageexplanationandcharacterizationofeachpolicy.Thedetailedpolicysheetsinclude:

• PolicyDescription• ImplementationStrategyandChallenges• MonitoringMetrics• CaseStudies• PolicyAttributes:


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o CarbonSavingsPotential,o FirstCosttoGovernment,o SpeedofImplementation

• ToolsandGuidance• References

PriorityPolicies.Thisfinalcomponentofthetoolpresentsarankedlistingofprioritypoliciesforyourcity’sLowCarbonDevelopmentPlan.ThePriorityPoliciescanbeexportedasareportandutilizedinotherdocumentsasneededbythecity.


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PARTIII:Screen-by-ScreenUserGuide

Screen1:LanguageSelectionWhentheBESTCitiestoolisfirstlaunched,theusercanselecttoviewthetoolinEnglishorChinese.

Screen2:IntroductionThesecondscreenappearingafterlaunchofthetoolistheIntroduction,includinganoverview,Acknowledgementsintooldevelopment,andcontactinformationforinquiriesorfeedbackaboutBESTCities.


15

Screen3:CityandClimateSelectionTheCityandClimateSelectionscreenallowsuserstospecifyanewcityfordataentry,ortoloadcitydatapreviouslyentered.CitydatainputintoBESTCitiesissavedonuser’scomputerorserveras.xmlfile.SpecifyingtheChineseprovinceinwhichthecityislocatedenablesbenchmarkingwithprovincialdata,forexampleIndustrialenergyintensity(energyperunitGDP).BESTCitiesalsoutilizesthecity’sclimatezoneforbenchmarkingpurposes.Forexample,tocompareenergyconsumptioninResidentialBuildings,whichisstronglyinfluencedbyheatingandcoolingdemand,itisappropriatetobenchmarkwithcitiesinthesameclimatezone.TheCityandClimateSelectionscreenshowstheChinaclimatezonemap;thisinformationisalsoincludedinAppendix2oftheUserGuide.


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Screen4:BESTLowCarbonCitiesHomepageAllmainfunctionsoftheBESTCitiestoolareaccessedfromthehomepage.The“Home”buttononotherpagesreturnstheusertothisscreen.ThehomepageshowsthethreemainmodulesoftheBESTCitiestool:

(1)InventoryandBenchmarking,(2)SectorPrioritization,and(3)PolicyAnalysisforlowcarbondevelopment.

NavigationandDataUnitsMuchoftheBESTCitiestoolisorganizedbycitysector,withamenuofcitysectorsontheleft-handsideofthescreen.Clickingonasectorbringsuptheassociatedscreen,fordata,energyandcarboninventory,benchmarking,improvementpotential,cityauthority,citycapabilities,etc.

“Documents”givesuseraccesstodetailsofmorethan70Policy

Recommendations

Thepenciliconallowsusertochangecityname,climate,andprovince.


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DataunitsfollowtheconventionsinChinesestatistics,oftenusingincrementsoftenthousand,10^4(ratherthanWesternscientificnotationwithincrementsof10^3).Energyunitsareconvertedtocommonunitsofmetrictonnesofcoalequivalent(tce)andpresentedas10^4tce.GreenhousegasemissionsareexpressedastonnesofCO2equivalent(tCO2e),includingcarbon-basedgreenhousegassesasappropriate(CO2andCH4).Emissionsareexpressedas10^4tCO2e.Metricunitsareusedforotherparameters(e.g.,squaremetersofbuildingareaorgreenspace).

Screen5:City&SectorDataThescreensforCityandSectordatagatherinformationonyourcityasawhole,andforspecificsectors.Fillindataascompletelyaspossible,sinceanymissingdatamayaffectbenchmarkingandpolicyresults.Ifaparticularpieceofdatacannotbeobtained,orisnotapplicabletoyourcity,leavetheboxblank.Enteronlynumbersinthe“Quantity”cells.Intheappropriatecells,notetheYearandDataSourceforeachdatapoint.TheCityDatasectionasksforcity-wideinformationonpopulation,totalprimaryenergyconsumption,totalgreenhousegas(GHG)emissions,grossdomesticproduct(GDP),thecity’sclimatezone,thecity’sHumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI),andtheshareofindustryandservicesectorincityGDP.FortheSectorData,inputannualenergyconsumptiondata,byfuel,foreachofthenineend-usesectorsinthetool.BEST-CitieshasbeendesignedtoconsiderdataavailabilityinChina.Muchoftherequireddataisavailabletocityauthoritiesinlocalstatisticalyearbooksorthroughothersources.Thescreenshotsbelowshowmostofthedatarequiredcity-wideandforeachsector.Inthetool,youmustscrolldown(usingthescrollbarontheright-handsideofthescreen)toseeallthedatafields.Appendix1summarizesallthedataneededinaspreadsheet(inChinese)tohelpwithdatagathering.StartbyenteringtheCity-wideData.Youmayenterthedatainanyorder,andcontinueontoanysector.However,ifyoumoveontoanotherscreenbeforecompletingdataentry,thetoolwillgiveawarning:

Dataaremissing.Pleaseprovidedataforeachcelltoensuremeaningfulresults.Ifdataarenotapplicable,enterzero(“)”).Choose“return”tofillinmissingdatanow.Choose“Continue”ifdataarenotavailableatthistime;comebacklatertofillinblankcells.Warning:yourresultswillnotbeaccurateifdataaremissing.

Saveyourcitydata(usingthe“SaveCityData”buttonintheupperleft-handcornerofthescreen)wheneveryouquittheBESTCitiessoftware;thetoolwillalsopromptyoutosaveyourcitydata.


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Screen5.1:City-wideData

Screen5.2:IndustryData


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Screen5.3Public&CommercialBuildingsData

Screen5.4:ResidentialBuildingsData

Dataontotalareaofbuildingsinthecity,greenbuildings,andpublic/commercialbuildingsareusedtotrackenergyandcarbonintensity,andforbenchmarking

purposes.


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Screen5.5:TransportationData

Screen5.6:Power&HeatData


21

Screen5.7:PublicLightingData

Screen5.8:Water&WastewaterData


22

Screen5.9:SolidWasteData

Screen5.10:UrbanGreenSpaceData

Hoverthecursoroverthe“i”buttontoseemore

informationabouttherequesteddata.

Chinesesolidwastedatastatisticsarenotedinthesecategories:landfill(disposedwaste),composting(recoveredorganicwaste),andincineratedwaste(WasteToEnergy).Fewcitieshavestatisticsonrecycledwasteat

present.


23

Screen6Energy&CarbonInventoryOncethecityandsectordataareentered,thetoolgeneratesthecity’sEnergy&CarbonInventory,providingfinalenergyuseandCO2equivalentemissionsforeachoftheninesectors.Sincetheuserentersfuelconsumptioninphysicalunits(e.g.metrictonsofcoalconsumed),thetoolusesfuelenergyconversionfactorsfromChina’sNationalBureauofStatistics(NBS,2011)andusesCO2emissionsfactorsfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC,1996;IPCC2006).ThetoolalsousesChina-specificcarbonsequestrationconversioncoefficients(EC,2012)andprovince-levelenergyunitconversionfactorsforpowerandheat(NBS,2011).3TheCity-wideinventoryshowthetotalprimaryenergyconsumptionandcarbonemissionsreportedbythecity,aswellasthesectorfinalenergytotalscalculatedbytheBESTCitiestool.Becausethetooliscalculatingsectorend-useenergy,andattributingemissionstothesectorusingtheenergy,electricity(power)andheatareincludedintheotherend-usesectorsonthisscreen.Duetothesedifferentapproachestoenergyandcarbonaccounting,thereportedtotalcity-wideinventoryandthesumofthecalculatedsectorinventorieswillresultindifferentnumbers.Theinventoryscreensforeachsectorshowthefuel,energyconsumptioninunitsof10^4tce,andcarbonemissionsinunitsof10^4tCO2e.

3Due todata limitations, emissions calculationsarebasedonproduction–not consumption - forbothpowergenerationandheat.Forelectricity,theconversionfactor isbasedontotal fuelconsumptionforpowergenerationwithinaprovincedividedbytotalelectricityoutput.Foraprovincewithasubstantialpower imports, theproduction-sidecalculationsmayover-orunderstate theemissions factorofpowerconsumeddependingon theoriginof the importedelectricity. For heat, such issues areunlikely, sincethereisnotlongdistancetradeofheat.


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Screen6.0Energyunitconversionfactorsandcarbonemissionsfactors6.0.1FuelEnergyConversionCoefficients Fuel Energy

ConversionCoefficient

units Year DataSource

P1 Coal 0.7143 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P2 Coke 0.9714 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P3 CrudeOil 1.4286 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P4 Diesel 1.4571 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P5 FuelOil 1.4286 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P6 Gasoline 1.4714 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P7 Kerosene 1.4714 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P8 Biomass 0.4645 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P9 LPG 1.7143 104tce/104tonne 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P10 NaturalGas 1.33E-3 104tce/104m3 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011

P11 OtherCoalGas(TownGas)

1.786E-5 104tce/104m3 2010 ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011


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6.0.2EnergyUnitConversionsforPower&Heat,byProvince

Province

P12:Electricityenergyunitconversion

P13:DistrictHeatenergyunitconversion

(10^4tce/10^4kWh) (10^4tce/10^10kJ)

Anhui 3.24E-04 0.0399

Beijing 2.73E-04 0.0406

Chongqing 2.88E-04 0.049Fujian 2.43E-04 0.0379

Gansu 2.67E-04 0.0415

Guangdong 2.73E-04 0.041

Guangxi 2.20E-04 0.0574

Guizhou 2.90E-04 0.0523Hainan 2.95E-04 0.0117

Hebei 3.28E-04 0.0465

Heilongjiang 3.91E-04 0.0567

Henan 3.43E-04 0.0489Hubei 2.00E-04 0.0615

Hunan 2.46E-04 0.0438

InnerMongolia 3.99E-04 0.0596

Jiangsu 2.80E-04 0.0374

Jiangxi 3.14E-04 0.0512Jilin 3.60E-04 0.0501

Liaoning 3.69E-04 0.0484

Ningxia 3.57E-04 0.0461

Qinghai 1.77E-04 0.0378

Shandong 3.36E-04 0.0436Shanghai 2.77E-04 0.041

Shanxi 3.43E-04 0.0459

Shaanxi 3.20E-04 0.0435

Sichuan 2.08E-04 0.0285

Tianjin 3.21E-04 0.0421Xinjiang 3.13E-04 0.0426

Yunnan 2.52E-04 0.051

Zhejiang 2.65E-04 0.0376


26

6.0.3CarbonEmissionFactorsforSelectedFuels

Fuel

CO2eEmissionFactorsforFuels

Source(104tCO2e/104tce)

Q1 Coal 2.812 IPCC1996

Q2 Coke 2.769 IPCC1996

Q3 CrudeOil 2.147 IPCC1996

Q4 Diesel 2.168 IPCC1996

Q5 FuelOil 2.265 IPCC1996

Q6 Gasoline 2.028 IPCC1996

Q7 Kerosene 2.104 IPCC1996

Q8 Biomass 3.209 IPCC1996

Q9 LPG 1.846 IPCC1996

Q10 NaturalGas 1.642 IPCC1996

Q11OtherCoalGas(TownGas) 3.166

ChinaEnergyStatisticalYearbook2011


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6.0.4CO2eEmissionFactorsforPower&Heat(byProvince)

ProvinceQ12:CO2eEmissionFactorforElectricity(104tCO2e/(104kWh)

Q13:CO2eEmissionFactorforHeat(104tCO2e/1010kJ)

Anhui 9.040E-04 0.1080

Beijing 6.590E-04 0.1002

Chongqing 6.940E-04 0.1346

Fujian 5.370E-04 0.0999

Gansu 6.280E-04 0.1126

Guangdong 6.470E-04 0.1058

Guangxi 4.850E-04 0.1588

Guizhou 7.190E-04 0.1449

Hainan 6.970E-04 0.0251

Hebei 9.060E-04 0.1248

Heilongjiang 1.049E-03 0.1515

Henan 9.150E-04 0.1332

Hubei 3.410E-04 0.1438

Hunan 5.670E-04 0.1257

InnerMongolia 1.076E-03 0.1647

Jiangsu 7.470E-04 0.1026

Jiangxi 8.220E-04 0.1377

Jilin 9.230E-04 0.1370

Liaoning 9.940E-04 0.1298

Ningxia 9.730E-04 0.1267

Qinghai 2.140E-04 0.0756

Shandong 9.290E-04 0.1191

Shanghai 7.490E-04 0.1069

Shanxi 9.460E-04 0.1247

Shaanxi 8.610E-04 0.1184

Sichuan 3.390E-04 0.0714

Tianjin 8.840E-04 0.1143

Xinjiang 7.790E-04 0.1148

Yunnan 4.970E-04 0.1413

Zhejiang 6.690E-04 0.1037


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Screen6.1City-wideEnergy&Carbon

Screen6.2IndustrialSectorInventory

ReportedEnergyandCarbonInventory

CalculatedInventoryforEnergyEnd-UseSectors


29

Theotherenergy-basedsectorshaveasimilarformatfortheirenergyandcarboninventoryresults:

6.3Public&CommercialBuildingsSectorInventory

6.4ResidentialBuildingsSectorInventory

6.5TransportationSectorInventory

6.6Power&HeatSectorInventory

6.7PublicLightingSectorInventory

6.8WaterSupply&WastewaterTreatmentInventory

6.9SolidWasteSectorInventoryTheSolidWastesectorinventoryshowstheamountofwastetreatedineachwastecategoryandemissions(mainlyCH4)dueonlytolandfilledwaste.

6.10UrbanGreenSpace(CarbonSequestration)Unliketheothercitysectors,whichconsumeenergyandemitgreenhousegasses,UrbanGreenSpacesequesterscarbon.Eveniftheamountofcarbonsequestrationisrelativelysmall,theinclusionoftreesandothervegetationhasmultipleenvironmental,climatic,andsocialbenefits.TheinventoryscreenforUrbanGreenSpaceshowstheareaofgreenspaceandtheamountofCO2esequestered.


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Screen7:BenchmarkResultsUtilizingCityandSectorData,aswellasresultsoftheEnergyandCarbonInventory,BESTCitiescalculates35KeyPerformanceIndicators(KPIs)foryourcity.ThetoolthenconductsbenchmarkingofthoseKPIswithothercitiesinChinaandinternationally,drawingonadatabaseofmorethan200cities.TheKPIsarereportedasratiossothattheycanbeeasilycomparedacrosscities.FilteringandSelectingComparatorCities:Toconductmeaningfulbenchmarking,theBESTCitiestoolallowsforfilteringofcomparatorcitiesbyPopulation,ClimateZone,HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI),andIndustrialshareofGDP.Adrop-downmenuinthemid-rightcornerofthescreenallowsselectionofafilter.Appendix3liststhenumericalrangesforeachfiltervariable.Yourcityappearsasagoldenbarinthegraph,whilethefilteredcomparatorcitiesappearaspurplebars.Thetoolalsoallowsuserstoselectorde-selectparticularcitiesforbenchmarking.Theusercanscrollthroughthelistofcitieswithdataforaparticularindicator,andcheckorun-checktheboxinfrontofeachcomparatorcity.Thesemanually-selected(unfiltered)comparatorcitieswillappearasblue-coloredbarsinthegraph.Screen7.1showsanexampleofbenchmarkingforaCity-wideIndicator:PrimaryEnergyPerCapita(tce/person).Intheexample,CityAiscomparedtoothercitiesofasimilarpopulationsize,fromadatabaseof288cities.ThedataforCityAareshowninthegoldenbar,thecomparatorcitiesfilteredbyPopulationareshowninpurplebars,andcitiesmanuallyselectedfromthechecklistareshowninbluebars.Screen7.2givesanexampleofbenchmarkingforthePower&Heatsector:ShareofRenewableEnergyinLocalElectricitySupply(%).Fewercitiesinthedatabasehadthisdata,sonofilterisapplied.CityAshowsavalueof10%renewableenergy,aheadofShanghaiatonly2%,butnotasgoodasGuangzhouandDelhiat12%andMumbaiat21%.Screen7.3looksatTransportationenergypercapita(tce/person),asabenchmarkoftheoverallenergyintensityoftheTransportationsector.TogenerateaJPGfileofachart,clickonExport.


31

Screen7.1:BenchmarkResults—City-wideEnergyperCapita

Yourcityisthegoldenbar.

CitiesfilteredbyPopulationarethepurplebars.

Citiesmanuallychecked(orunfiltered)arethebluebars.

TheHomebuttonreturnsyoutothemain

menu.

ClickonotherSectorsorKPItoseethoseBenchmarkResults.


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Screen7.2:BenchmarkResults—Power&Heat–RenewableShare

Screen7.3BenchmarkResults–TransportationEnergyperCapita

TheseresultsshowthatCityAhasanenergy-

intensivetransportsector.

TheseresultsshowthatCityAhasfairlylowshare

ofrenewables.


33

Screen8:SectorImprovementPotentialTheslidersontheSectorImprovementPotentialscreenhavebeenpre-setusingthedataprovidedintheBenchmarkingmodule.TheBESTCitiessectorimprovementpotentialiscalculatedasthemeanofthevaluesofallchosenpeercitieswithbetterperformance.


34

Screen9:SectorImprovementPotentialOverrideIfyouhavemoredetailedanalysisofenergyorcarbonsavingpotentialinacitysector,youcanutilizetheOverridefunction.Movethesliderbartorepresenttheresultsofyourcity’sanalysis,andprovideareasonfortheoverride.


35

Screen10:CityAuthorityDecision-makingauthorityisanotherconsiderationinprioritizinglowcarbonactionsatthecitylevel.Whilesomeactions—suchasimprovingenergyefficiencyoflocalgovernmentbuildings—caneasilybeundertakenwithinlocaljurisdiction,otheractions—suchasrenewableelectricitysupply—mayneedapprovalfromhigherlevelsofgovernment.Ifasectorhasalargeimprovementpotentialbutlimitedcityauthority,itcanstillbeworthwhileforacitytoundertakethecoordinationneededforactioninthesector.Appendix3providesdefinitionsofcityauthorityutilizedintheBESTCitiestool.TheCityAuthorityscreenhassliderbarstoselectthelevelofauthority,from0to100%.Explanations(alsocolor-coded)areincludedontheright-handsideofthescreen.


36

Screen11:SectorPrioritizationResultsUponviewingtheSectorPrioritizationScores,theusercandecidewhetherornottoconsiderpoliciesinallsectors.Byuncheckingtheboxforasector,theusercanremoveitfromtheprioritylistandnotconsideractionsinthatsector.Bykeepingallsectorschecked,theuserwillhavetheopportunitytoviewallrecommendedpoliciesandthenchoosepriorityactions.


37

Screen12:CityCapabilitiesAself-assessmentofCityCapabilitiesineachsectorisusedtorecommendpolicyactionsineachsector.Appendix5providesdefinitionofHigh,Medium,andLowcapability.Foreachsector,andeachareaofCapability—Finance,HumanResources,Enforcement—selectthecapabilitylevelthatbestreflectsyourcity.


38

Screen13:PolicyAppraisalThePolicyAppraisalscreenmatchescitycapabilitiesineachsector(enteredbytheuserofthetool)withthecapabilitiesneededforindividualpolicies(fromtheBESTCitiespolicydatabase).IntheexamplescreenfortheResidentialBuildingssector,CityACapabilities(yourcitycapabilities)forthesectorarenotedinthebluerowinthemid-upperpartofthescreen.EachofthepolicyoptionsforResidentialBuildingsislistedinarowbelow,andshowthecapabilitiesneededforeachpolicy.ThePolicyAppraisalscreentheusesa“trafficsignal”approach.“Green”meansthatcitycapabilitiesarewell-suitedtothatpolicy.“Yellow”meansthatsomecitycapabilitiesmaybeweakandextraattentionshouldbegivenifcitychoosestopursuethatpolicyaction.“Red”meansthatcitycapabilitiesareweakinmorethanoneareaforaparticularpolicy,andthecitymaywanttofirstundertakepolicieswithagreaterlikelihoodforsuccess.Bydefault,allthepoliciesareselectedforconsiderationinthecity’slowcarbondevelopmentplan.Youmaychoosetoun-checkapolicywithapoormatchofcapabilities(i.e.,witha“red”stoplight)toremoveitfromfurtherconsideration.Oryoumaykeepallpoliciescheckedandpursueenhancementofcitycapabilitiesforpolicyimplementation.

YourCityCapabilities


39

Screen14:DetailedPolicyRecommendationsFrommultiplesectionsofPolicyAnalysis,theusercanclickonthenameofapolicytoviewmoreinformation.BESTCitiescontainsadatabaseofmorethan70lowcarbonpolicies,includinga2-4pageexplanationandcharacterizationofeachpolicy.Thedetailedpolicysheetsinclude:

• Description• ImplementationStrategyandChallenges• MonitoringMetrics• CaseStudies• PolicyAttributes:

o CarbonSavingsPotential,o FirstCosttoGovernment,o SpeedofImplementation

• ToolsandGuidance• References

Appendix7containsanexampleofadetailedpolicyrecommendation.


40

Screen15:PolicyReviewPoliciesselectedinPolicyAppraisalallshowuponthePolicyReviewscreen,meaningtheuserhasessentiallydecidedtopursuethem,andtheonlyquestionleftishowtoprioritizetheirimplementation.Toenablecomparisonof“low/medium/high”rankingsacrossdifferentsectors,thisscreenassignsverybroadnumericalcategoriestoeachrankingforboththecostandcarbonimpactcategories.Thesecategoriesnecessarilyvarybythesizeofthecity,asthesamerecommendationwillinevitablycostmoreanddeliveragreatercarbonimpactinalargecitythanifitwereimplementedinasmallcity.TheBESTCitiestooldynamicallyadjuststhenumericalestimatesdisplayedonthisscreenbasedonthecitypopulationdatafirstenteredonScreen4.ThissystemwasfirstdescribedforDetailedPolicyRecommendations,andthePolicyReviewscreenemploysthesamestrategy.The“ExportasReport”function(buttoninupper-leftcornerofscreen)createsa.csvfileoftheanalysisshownonthescreen.ThisreportcanbeopenedinExcelorWordorsimilarsoftware,foreditinganduseinotherreportsthecitymightprepare.


41

Screen16:PolicyMatrixThePolicyMatrixshowsallrecommendationsfromtheprioritizedsectorssortedbyFirstCostandCO2EmissionsReductionPotential.ThecheckboxesallowtheusertoalterthedisplaybasedontheirpreferencesforSpeedofImplementation.IntheexampleofCityA,thepolicieswithlowcostandhighcarbonsavingspotentialinclude“Reach”StandardsforEfficientAppliancesandEquipment,fortheResidentialBuildingssector,sincethatsectorhasafairlylargepotentialforimprovement,andbecausethecitycapabilitiesforimplementingpolicyinthatsectoraresufficientforthisparticularpolicy(appliancestandards).Thehighestprioritypoliciesarefoundintheupperrightcellsofthematrix(color-codedwithbrightgreen).


42

Screen17:PriorityPoliciesFinally,thePriorityPoliciessectionofthetoolshowsthecity'sprioritizedlistoflow-carbonpolicies,basedondataandanalysisbytheBEST-Citiestool.Theusercanclickonapolicynametoseedetails(Description,ImplementationStrategies,Metrics,CaseStudies,andAttributes).AllPoliciesaresavedinhtmlandcanbeprintedseparatelyusingtheexportfunction.


43

PARTIV:RelatedTools:BESTCities,GREAT,ELITECities,UrbanRAM

Asthemostrecentofthefourbilinguallow-carbontoolsdevelopedbytheChinaEnergyGrouptoassistChinesepolicymakersandresearcherswithlowcarbonplanning,theBESTCitiestoolbuildsupontheexperiencesandfunctionalitiesofthethreeexistingtools.Thefirsttwolow-carbonplanningtools–theUrbanFormRapidAssessmentModel(UrbanRAM)andtheGreenResources&EnergyAppraisingTool(GREAT)forCities–weredevelopedtohelpcitiesandregionsidentifyandquantifythemajorlocalsourcesofenergyconsumptionandCO2emissions.TheUrbanRAMtoolspecificallyhelpscitiesbetterunderstandthemajorcontributorstoitsenergyandcarbonfootprintfrombothanembodiedandoperationalperspective.Itisdistinctfromtheothertoolsinthatitincorporatesalife-cyclemodelingapproachtoquantifyinglocalenergyconsumptionandemissions,andtherebyidentifieskeydriversofandareasofopportunityforreducingacity’senergyandcarbonfootprint.TheGREATCitiestool,ontheotherhand,usesabottom-energyend-usebasedmodelingapproachthatcantrackenergyconsumptiontoaverydetailedend-useandtechnologylevelfordifferentgeographicscopes.Becauseitisbuiltusinganaccountingframework,theGREATCitiestoolcanalsotrackandquantifyenergyproductionandresourceextractionbeyondthescopeofonlyenergyconsumption.TheGREATcitiestoolalsodistinctlyprovidesthefunctionalityforconductingscenarioanalysistoevaluateandquantifythepotentialenergyandemissionreductionopportunitiesandpolicies.BoththeUrbanRAMandGREATCitiestoolscomplementstheBESTCitiestoolbyprovidingmoredetailedandnuancedperspectivesonthekeysourcesoflocalenergyuseandenergy-relatedCO2emissions.WhileGREATCitiescanalsobeusedbylocalpolicymakerstoevaluatepotentialenergyandCO2reductionstrategies,itdiffersfromBESTCitiesinthatitrequiresuserstohavemoreinformationaboutthesestrategiesanddesignrepresentativepolicyscenariostoquantifypotentialsavings.TheEcoandLow-carbonIndicatorToolforEvaluatingCities(ELITECities)wasdevelopedasabenchmarkingtooltohelpChinesepolicymakersevaluatetheperformanceoftheircityagainstbenchmarkperformancegoalsfor33keyindicatorsin8differentcategoriesandanoverallweightedperformance.ThebenchmarkperformanceforeachindicatorandoverallperformancearesetusingChinesetargetsorexemplaryperformanceorinternationalbest-practicestandardsandperformance.Asabenchmarkingtooldesignedtohelpevaluateperformance,ELITECitiesismosthelpfultolocalpolicymakersindefiningandevaluatingthestatusandprogressoflowcarboneco-cities.ThisissimilartothebenchmarkingfunctionalitythatisalsoofferedbytheBESTCitiestool.However,unlikeBESTCities,ELITECitiesdoesnotprovideuserswithinformationonspecificstrategiestoreducelocalenergyuseandCO2emissionsandthuscannotdirectlyinformcitiesinthedevelopmentoflowcarbonactionplans.Figure1providesagraphicalrepresentationofthekeyareasoffocusforthefourlow-carbontools.


44

Figure 4. Overview of China Energy Group's Low Carbon Tools and Focus Areas

Insummary,theBESTCitiestoolcombineselementsfromprevioustoolstoprovidebothaquickassessmentandbenchmarkofacity’senergyconsumptionandlowcarbonperformance.However,itdiffersfromothertoolsinthatituniquelyprovidespolicymakerswithspecificinformationonconcreteandappropriatereductionstrategiesthatcanbeincorporatedintolowcarbonactionplans.Formoreinformationortodownloadthesetools,pleasevisit:

• UrbanRAM:http://china.lbl.gov/tools-guidebooks/urban-ram• GREAT:http://china.lbl.gov/tools-guidebooks/great• ELITECities:http://china.lbl.gov/tools-guidebooks/elite-cities

QuantifytotallocalenergyuseandCO2emissions

Benchmarkenergy/carbonperformance

Evaluatepotentialreductionstrategies

UrbanRAM

GREAT

ELITECities

BEST


45

PARTV:DataSharingandUserFeedbackInoccasionwhereuserswouldliketosharedataofdifferentcities,usermaydosothrough“ExportCityData”,“ImportCityData”,and“ManageCityImports”tabinsidethe“FileMenu”sittingontopofthetoolscreen.Citydatacanbeexportedeitherasazipfileoracsvfile.Userscanthensendthisdatafileasamailattachmenttootherusers.UserscanalsosendtheircitydatatoLBNLthatcanbeincorporatedaspartofbenchmarkingdatainthefuture.Todoso,simplychecktheboxthatlocatesbeneath“ExportZip”tab.

Userswhoreceiveanexportedcitydatafilecanimportthedatastoredwithintothetoolthrough“ImportCityData”tab.Ifuserswouldliketoremovetheimportedcitydatafile,pleasedosothrough“ManageCityImports”,fromwhereuserscandeleteanindividualcitydatafile.


46

FormorequestionsandfeedbackregardingtheBESTCitiestool,ortocontributebenchmarkingdataforthetool,pleasecontactanyoneofthefollowing.NanZhou([email protected])LynnPrice([email protected])ChinaEnergyGroupEnergyAnalysis&EnvironmentalImpactsDivisionEnergyTechnologiesAreaLawrenceBerkeleyNationalLaboratoryBerkeley,CA,USAHuXulian([email protected])EnergyResearchInstituteBeijing,ChinaHuMin([email protected])EnergyFoundationChinaBeijingChina


47

APPENDICES

Appendix1:DataGatheringSpreadsheet(inChinese) BESTCitiesHighestPriority additionaldatafortheELITECitiestool BESTCities–OtherData CalculatedIndicatorsCity-WideData(城市总体指标数据 )

Indicators 指标City-widePopulationDensity(people/m2)

城市总体人口密度（人/平方米）

UrbanPopulationDensity(people/m2)

城市核心区人口密度（人/平方米）

Serviceas%ofGDP 第三产业占 GDP比重（%）

Industryas%ofGDP 工业占 GDP比重（%）

DecomposedIndicator 分解指标数据数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估算数据，替代数据还是专家

判断）年份资料来源

备注（如果是

估算或替代数

据，请注明方

法） Population(persons) 人口（人） UrbanPopulation(incitycore)

城市人口（核心区）

TotalLandArea(10^4m2)

总面积（平方公里）

UrbanLandArea(incitycore)(10^4m2)

城市占地面积（城市核心区）（平方公里）

GDP 全市生产总值（万元）


48

TertiarysectorGDP 第三产业增加值（万元）

IndustryGDP 工业增加值（万元）

HDI 人类发展指数


49

Energy&Climate&EnvironmentData(能源气候环境数据 )

Indicators 指标计算结果

EnergyIntensity(city-wide,economic)(tce/10^4RMB) 能源强度（全市，全经济范围）（吨标煤/万元）

CarbonIntensity(city-wide,economic)(tCO2e/10^4RMB)

碳强度（全市，全经济范围）（吨二氧化碳当量/万元）

GDPpercapita(104RMB/capita) 人均国内生产总值（万元/人）

PrimaryEnergyConsumptionpercapita(tce/capita) 人均一次能源消费量（吨标煤/人）

CO2Emissionspercapita(tons/capita/year) 人均二氧化碳排放（吨/人/年）

Decomposed Indicator

分解指标

数据

数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估算数据，替代数据还是专家判

断）

年份

资料来源

备注（如果是估算或替代

数据，请注明方法） Annual CO2 emissions

(104 tons) 全市每年二氧化碳排放

总量（万吨）

Annual Primary Energy Consumption (104tce)

全市每年一次能源消费量（万吨标准煤）

PM2.5 Concentration (µg/m3 annual avg)

PM2.5浓度（µg/m3年平均）

NOx Concentration (µg/m3 annual avg)

氮氧化物浓度（µg/m3年平均）

SO2 Concentration (µg/m3 annual avg)

二氧化硫浓度（µg/m3年平均）

Air Quality Days (% of days per year air quality meets Chinese Level II standard; "blue sky" threshold)

空气质量（每年空气质量

大中国二级标准天数百分

比，蓝天数百分比）

备注：可再生能源包括风电，太阳能，水电，地热能，生物质能，不包括核电


50

IndustryData(工业数据 )

DecomposedIndicator 分解指标数据

数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估

算数据，替代数

据还是专家判

断）

年份资料来源

备注（如果是

估算或替代数

据，请注明方

法）

TotalIndustrialValue-Added(104RMB) 工业增加值（万元）

SteelProductionFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

钢铁生产终端能源消费量（万吨

标准煤）

SteelProductionPhysicalAmount(104tonnes) 钢铁产量（万吨）

BuildingMaterialsFinalEnergyConsumption(104tonnes)【1】

非金属矿物制品业终端能源消费

量（万吨标准煤）

BuildingMaterialsValue-Added(104RMB)

非金属矿物制品业增加值（万元）

CementProductionFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

水泥生产终端能源消费量（万吨

标准煤）

CementProductionPhysicalAmount(104tonnes) 水泥产量（万吨）

FlatGlassProduction:FinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

平板玻璃终端能源消费量（万吨

标准煤）

FlatGlassProductionPhysicalAmount(104tonnes) 平板玻璃产量（万吨）

ChemicalsFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

化学原料及化学制品制造业终端

能源消费量（万吨标准煤）

ChemicalsValue-Added(104RMB)化学原料及化学制品制造业增加

值（万元）

SyntheticAmmoniaProductionFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

合成氨生产终端能源消费量（万

吨标准煤）

SyntheticAmmoniaProductionPhysicalAmount(104tonnes) 合成氨产量（万吨）

EthyleneProductionFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

乙烯生产终端能源消费量（万吨

标准煤）

EthyleneProductionPhysicalAmount(104tonnes) 乙烯生产产量（万吨）


51

TextileProductionFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

纺织业终端能源消费量（万吨标

准煤）

TextileProductionValue-Added(104RMB) 纺织业附加值（万元）

FoodIndustryProductionFinalEnergyConsumption(104tce)

食品制造业终端能源消费量（万

吨标准煤）

FoodIndustryProductionValue-Added(104RMB) 食品制造业增加值（万元）

备注：建筑材料在这里指非金属矿物制品业

工业能源消费量年份资料来源备注原煤（万吨）104tn 焦炭（万吨）104tn 原油（万吨）104tn 柴油（万吨）104tn 燃料油（万吨）104tn 汽油（万吨）104tn 煤油（万吨）104tn 生物燃料（万吨）104tn 液化石油气（万吨）104tn 天然气（万立方米）104cu.m 其他煤气（万立方米）104cu.m 电力（万千瓦时）104kWh 热力（万百万千焦）1010KJ


52

Public&CommercialBuildingsData(公共建筑数据 )

Indicator 指标

Residential Building Energy Intensity (kWhe/m2/year) 居住建筑能耗强度（千瓦时/平方米/年）

Public Building Electricity Intensity (kWh/m2/year) 公共建筑电耗强度（千瓦时/平方米/年）


数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估算数据，

替代数据还是专家判

断）

年份资料来源

备注（如果是

估算或替代数

据，请注明方

法） TotalAreaofPublic&CommercialBuildings(m2) 公共建筑总面积(平方米）

Annual Residential Building Energy Consumption (104tce)

全市每年居住建筑能源消费总量（万吨标准煤）

Total floorspace of residential buildings (m2)

全市居住建筑楼面面积

（平方米）

Annual Public Building Electricity Consumption (kWh)

全市每年公共建筑电力消费量

（千瓦时）

Total floorspace of public buildings (m2)

全市公共建筑楼面面积（平方米）

TotalAreaofGreen-labeledBuildingsintheCity(m2)

城市绿色标识建筑总面积（平方

米）

TotalAreaofAllBuildingsintheCity(m2) 城市所有建筑总面积（平方米）

TotalInstalledCapacityofRenewableEnergySystemsInstalledinPublic&CommercialBuildingsintheCity(kW)

城市公共建筑可再生能源技术发

电装机量（千瓦）

TotalInstalledCapacityofCHPSystemsInstalledinPublic&CommercialBuildingsintheCity(kW)

城市公共建筑热电联产系统装机

量（千瓦）

DistrictHeatingSuppliedCity-widefromCo-generationFacilitiesintheCity(1010KJ)

城市热电联产供应的集中供热

（万百万千焦）1010KJ


53

公共建筑能源消费量年份资料来源原煤（万吨）104tn 燃料油（万吨）104tn 汽油（万吨）104tn 煤油（万吨）104tn 液化石油气（万吨）104tn 天然气（万立方米）104cu.m 其他煤气（万立方米）104cu.m 电力（万千瓦时）104kWh 热力（万百万千焦）1010KJ


54

ResidentialBuildingsData(居住建筑数据 ) 居住建筑能源消费量年份资料来源备注原煤（万吨）104tn 燃料油（万吨）104tn 液化石油气（万吨）104tn 天然气（万立方米）104cu.m 其他煤气（万立方米）104cu.m 电力（万千瓦时）104kWh 热力（万百万千焦）1010KJ

Power&HeatData(电力&热力数据 )Indicators 指标计算结果 Share of Renewable Electricity Supply in Local Electricity Consumption (%)

全市可再生能源电力供应占电力消费比例（%）

Proportion of Primary Energy from Renewable Sources (%)

一次能源中可再生能源比重（%）

分解指标数据数据类型(请注明是统计数据，估算数据，替代

数据还是专家判断）年份资料来源

备注（如果是

估算或替代数

据，请注明方

法）全市电力消费总量（万千瓦时）

全市可再生电力供给量（万千瓦时）【1】

发电耗煤系数（克标煤/千瓦时）

发热耗煤系数（万吨标准煤/万百万千焦）

发电等量二氧化碳排放系数（万吨等量二氧化碳/万千瓦时）

发热等量二氧化碳排放系数（万吨等量二氧化碳/万百万千焦）


55

备注：【1】可再生能源包括风电，光伏面板，水电，地热能，生物质能，不包括核电和太阳能热水器

Water&WastewaterData(水&废水数据 )Indicators 指标计算结果MunicipalWaterConsumptionperCapitaperDay(liter/capita/day) 人均每天生活用水量（升/人/天）

IndustrialWaterConsumptionper10,000RMB(liter/10,000RMB) 万元工业总产值用水量（升/万元）

WastewaterTreatmentRateoftotalwastewater(%) 废水处理率（%）

DrinkingWaterQualityoftotaldrinkingwater(%) 来自二类及以上地表水源地饮用水占全部饮用水比例（%）

RecycledWaterUseoftotalMunicipalWater(%) 生活用水中再生水使用比例（%）

EnergyIntensityofMunicipalWaterSupply(kWhe/l) 自来水供应能耗强度（千瓦时/升）


数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估算

数据，替代数据还

是专家判断）

年份资料来源备注（如果是估

算或替代数据，

请注明方法）

TotalWaterSuppliedCity-widePerYear(104tonnes) 全市每年水供应总量（万吨）

TotalAmountofWastewaterTreatment(104tonnes) 全市每年废水处理量（万吨）

TotalMunicipalWaterConsumption(104tonnes) 全市每年生活用水总量（万吨）

TotalIndustrialWaterConsumption(104tonnes) 全市每年工业用水总量（万吨)

TotalAnnualIndustrialOuputValue(10,000RMB) 全市每年工业总产值（万元）

TotalAmountofWastewaterGeneration(104tonnes) 全市每年废水排放总量（万吨）

TotalAmountofDrinkingWatercomesfromGradeIIoraboveWaterSources(m3)

全市每年来自二类及以上水源地

饮用水量（立方米)【1】


56

TotalAmountofRecycledWaterUseintotalMunicipalWater(m3)

全市每年生活用水中再生水使用

量（立方米）

TotalEnergyConsumptiontoSupplyMunicipalWater(kWhe)

全市每年供应自来水能源消费量（千瓦时）

备注：

【1】地表水环境质量标准GB3838-2002

依据地表水水域环境功能和保护目标，按功能高低依次划分为五类：

I类——主要适用于源头水、国家自然保护区

II类——主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地一级保护区、珍稀水生生物栖息地、鱼虾类产卵场、仔稚幼鱼的索饵场等

III类——主要适用于集中式生活饮用水地表水源地二级保护区、鱼虾类越冬汤、洄游通道、水产养殖区等渔业水域及游泳区

IV类——主要适用于一般工业用水区及人体非直接接触的娱乐用水区V类——主要适用于农业用水区及一般景观要求水域

水供应能源消费量年份资料来源备注原煤（万吨）104tn 焦炭（万吨）104tn 柴油（万吨）104tn 燃料油（万吨）104tn 汽油（万吨）104tn 煤油（万吨）104tn 生物燃料（万吨）104tn 液化石油气（万吨）104tn 天然气（万立方米）104cu.m 其他煤气（万立方米）104cu.m 电力（万千瓦时）10

4kWh

热力（万百万千焦）1010KJ


57

废水处理能源消费量年份资料来源备注原煤（万吨）104tn 焦炭（万吨）104tn 柴油（万吨）104tn 燃料油（万吨）104tn 汽油（万吨）104tn 煤油（万吨）104tn 生物燃料（万吨）104tn 液化石油气（万吨）104tn 天然气（万立方米）104cu.m 其他煤气（万立方米）104cu.m 电力（万千瓦时）10

4kWh

热力（万百万千焦）1010KJ


58

SolidWasteData(固体废弃物数据 )Indicators 指标计算结果

MunicipalSolidWasteIntensity(kg/capita/year) 人均城市生活垃圾强度（千克/人/年）

MunicipalWasteTreatmentRateofTotalCollectedMSW(%) 城市生活垃圾无害化处理率（%）

IndustrialRecyclingRate(%) 工业固体废物综合利用量（%）

DecomposedIndicator 分解指标数据数据类型(请注明是统计数据，估算数据，替代

数据还是专家判断）年份资料来源

备注（如果是估


请注明方法）Total Collected Municipal Solid Waste (104 tons)

全市每年城市生活垃圾清运

量（万吨）

Total Landfill (104 tons) 全市每年垃圾填埋量（万吨）

Total Composting (104 tons) 全市每年垃圾堆肥量（万吨）

Total Incinerated Waste (104 tons)

全市每年垃圾焚烧量（万

吨）

TotalTreatedMunicipalSolidWaste(104tons)

全市每年城市生活垃圾无害

化处理量（万吨）

TotalIndustrialSolidWasteGeneration(104tons)

全市每年工业固体废物产生

量（万吨）

TotalUtilizedIndustrialSolidWaste(104tons)

全市每年工业固体废物综合

利用量（万吨）

TransportationData(交通数据 )

分解指标数据数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估算数据，替代数据还是专家


备注（如果是估算或替代数

据，请注明方法）

公交线网（公交车，电车，地

铁，轻轨等）长度

全市人均每年出行次数总计（次）


59

全市人均每年公交出行次数总计（次）

公交站点 500米半径覆盖面积（平方公里）

全市建成区面积（平方公里）市政车辆（包括出租车）总数

（辆）

市政车辆中节能和新能源汽车数

（辆）【1】

全市人均每年工作出行次数（次）

全市人均每年步行和自行车工作

出行次数（次）

备注：【1】节能和新能源汽车包括电动车，混合动力车，生物燃料和 1.6L排量及以下的轿车

交通能源消费量年份资料来源备注

柴油（万吨）104tn

汽油（万吨）104tn

液化石油气（万吨）104tn

电力（万千瓦时）104kWh


PublicTransportationNetworkPenetration(km/km2) 公交线网密度（公里/平方公里）

PublicTransportationShareofTripsofalltrips(%) 公共交通分担率（%）

ModeShareofNon-motorizedTransportofworkingtrips(%) 工作出行非机动化（步行和自行车）比例（%）

AccesstoPublicTransportationofBuiltArea(%) 公交站点 500米半径覆盖面积占建成区总面积比例（%）

MunicipalFleetImprovementofTotalVehicles(%) 节能和新能源汽车占公车比例（%）


60

PublicLightingData(公共照明数据 )





城市街道照明用电量（万千瓦

时）

城市照明街道长度（公里）

Economy&HealthData(经济&健康数据 )


数据类型 (请注明是统计数

据，估算数

据，替代数据

还是专家判

断）

年份资料来源

备注（如果是

估算或替代数

据，请注明方

法）

Totalnumberofeconomicallyactivepopulation(persons)

经济活动人口总数（人）

Totalnumberofemployedpopulation(persons) 就业人员总数（人）

Annualenvironmentprotectionspending(10,000RMB)

全市每年环保支出（万元）

AnnualR&Dinvestmentspending(10,000RMB)

全市每年研发支出（万元）

Areasoforganiccertificationofagricultureland(km2)

被认证的有机农用地面

积（平方公里）

TotalAreasofagricultureland(km2)农用地总面积（平方公里）


Employmentpercentageofeligibleadults(%) 就业率（%）

EnvironmentalprotectionspendingratioofannualGDP(%) 全市每年环保支出占 GDP比例（%）

R&DinvestmentratioofannualGDP(%) 全市每年研发投资占 GDP比例（%）


61

Organiccertificationofagriculturallandpercentageoftotalagriculturalland(%) 被认证的有机农用地占农用地比例（%）

LandUseData(土地利用数据 )





城市绿地总面积（平方公里）

全市混合用地面积（平方公里）


GreenSpaceIntensity(m2/capita) 人均绿地面积（平方米/人）

ShareofMixedUseZoingintotalarea(%) 混合用地比例（%）

UrbanLandUseIntensity(m2/capita) 城市人均用地面积（平方米/人）

SocietalWellbeingData (社会健康数据 )


数据类型 (请注明是统计数据，估算数

据，替代数据还是

专家判断）

年份资料来源备注（如果是估


请注明方法）

Totalnumberofhealthcarepractitioner(persons)

全市卫生技术人员总数（人）

Totalnumberofworksfromhighereducation(persons)

全市受高等教育（大学及以上）从

业人员总数（人）

Totalnumberofhouseholds 全市家庭数（户） Totalnumberofhouseholdswithinternectconnectivity

全市连互联网家庭数（户）

Totalfloorspaceofaffordablehousing(m2)

全市经济适用房楼面面积（平方

米）

Totalfloorspaceofhousing(m2) 全市居住建筑楼面面积（平方米）


62

生态城市规划情况调查完成情况

1.城市编制了碳清单吗？

2.城市在城市服务机构和公共建筑开展过能源审计吗？

3.城市审计过水消费和分配系统的损失吗？

4.城市审计过生活垃圾来源和种类吗？

5.城市审计过居民流动性（交通出行）模式吗？

6.城市会例行调查市民对城市环境质量的观点吗？

7.城市建立了低碳发展规划吗？

8.城市有网络平台向市民公布低碳生态城市建设进展吗？

9.市政府有部门专门管理和跟踪所有政府部门开展的低碳发展活动吗？

10.城市有低碳生态城市区或者工业园示范项目吗？

备注：如果已经完成，请在”完成情况“下填 1，如果未完成，请在”完成情况“下填 0


63

Appendix2:China’sFiveClimateZones

English Chinese(中文 )SevereCold 严寒地区Cold 寒冷地区Temperate 温和地区HotSummerColdWinter 夏热冬冷地区HotSummerWarmWinter 夏热冬暖地区


64

Appendix3:CategoriesforBenchmarkFiltersThefollowingcategoriesareusedinBenchmarkingtofiltercitiesintopeercitygroups:

a. Populationi. ≤499.999ii. 500.000-999.999iii. 1million–4.999.999iv. 5million–9.999.999v. ≥10million

b. Climatezonei. SevereColdii. Coldiii. HotSummer/ColdWinteriv. HotSummer/WarmWinterv. Warm

c. HDIi. 0–0.199ii. 0.2–0.399iii. 0.4–0.599iv. 0.6–0.799v. 0.8–1.0

d. IndustryShareofGDPi. 0–0.399ii. 0.4–0.499iii. 0.5–0.599iv. 0.6–1.0

e. ServiceSectorShareofGDPi. 0–0.299ii. 0.3–0.399iii. 0.4–0.499iv. 0.5–1.0


65

Appendix4:DefinitionsofCityAuthority(forSectorPrioritization)BESTCities-CityAuthority(LevelofControl)Definitions

LevelofControl %Control DescriptionNationalStakeholder 1-5% Policyisformulatedatthenationallevelin

consultationwithmunicipalgovernments.ProvincialStakeholder 5-30% Policyisformulatedattheprovinciallevelin

consultationwithmunicipalgovernmentsonissuesoutsideofitsjurisdiction.

MultipleAgencyJurisdiction

30-50% Municipalgovernmenthassomecontrolofoneormoreaspectsofthesector(regulatoryandbudgetary)butwillneedtoworkwithotheragenciestointroducechange.

PolicyFormulator 50-75% Municipalgovernmentisresponsibleforformulatingpolicyorlocalregulationsbutmaynothaveanenforcementrole.

BudgetControl 75-90% Municipalgovernmenthasfullfinancialcontrolovertheprovisionofservices,purchaseofassets,anddevelopmentofinfrastructure,butitmaylacksomeenforcementroleorpowers.

Regulator/Enforcer 90-100% Municipalgovernmenthasstrongregulatorycontroloverthesectorandisabletocreateandenforcelegislation,andwherepossiblesanctionthoseentitiesoutofcompliance.


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Appendix5:DefinitionsofCityCapabilities(forPolicyPrioritization)BESTCities-DefinitionsofCityCapability

Area CityCapability

Description

Fina

nce

Low Fundingisavailablefrommunicipalbudgetstreamsonly.Municipalgovernmenthasnoexperienceofotherfinancialorpartneringmechanisms.

Medium Municipalgovernmenthassomeexperiencewithgrants,softloans,andcommercialfinancinginstruments.

High Municipalgovernmenthasrelevantexperienceininnovativefinancingmechanisms,suchasperformancecontracting,ESCOpartnerships,andcarbonfinancing,inadditionaltogrants,softloans,andcommercialfinancinginstruments.

Hum

anResou

rces

Low Municipalgovernmenthasfewtechnicallyskilledstaffand/orasmallavailableworkforce.Staffmustbetrained/orworkforceexpandedtodeliveranynewlowcarbonprojects.

Medium Municipalgovernmenthasaccesstoahighlytrained/skilledpersontoleadtheinitiativeand/oramediumsizedworkforceavailable.Additionalstaffand/ortrainingmaybenecessarytodeliveranynewlowcarbonprojects.

High Municipalgovernmenthasaccesstoasufficientnumberoftrained/technicallyproficientstaffresources,includingskilledplanners/modelers.

PolicyEn

forcem

ent

Low Municipalgovernmentisresponsibleformasterorstrategicplanning,butengagementwithotheragenciesisweak.Municipalgovernmenthaslimitedcapacitytoregulateatthelocallevel.Enforcementisweak.

Medium Municipalgovernmenthastheabilitytoregulatelocalactivityinthissector.Enforcementisinneedofstrengthening,however.

High Municipalgovernmentisresponsibleforallregulatorystandardsandpolicies.Municipalgovernmenthasenforcementpowers,whichituseseffectively.


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Appendix6:PolicyAttributesandNumericalRangesbasedonCitySize

‒ SpeedofImplementation:low(3years)

‒ CarbonImpactPotential:low,medium,high

CarbonimpactpotentialinTC02e(notevariationacrossdifferentsizedcities) Population <500,000 500,000–

999,9991million–4,999,999

5million–9,999,999

>10million

Low 2.5million >5million

‒ FirstCost:low,medium,high‒

FirstCost(inRMB)(notevariationacrossdifferentsizedcities) Population <500,000 500,000–

999,9991million–4,999,999

5million–9,999,999

>10million

Low 50million >100million


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Appendix7:ExamplePolicyRecommendation:EnergyAudit&Assessment

DescriptionConductinganenergyauditorassessmentofanindustrialenterpriseinvolvescollectingdataonthemajorenergy-consumingprocessesandequipmentinaplantaswellasdocumentingspecifictechnologiesusedintheproductionprocessandidentifyingopportunitiesforenergyefficiencyimprovementthroughouttheplant,typicallypresentedinawrittenreport.Standardizedtools,informationalmaterials,andotherenergy-efficiencyproductsareoftenprovidedduringtheaudit.Someauditprograms,liketheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy’sEnergySavingsAssessmentsprogram,provideadirectoryornetworkofaccreditedauditors.Energyauditsorassessmentsaresometimescoupledwithbenchmarking,asawaytoquicklyidentifytheenergy-savingspotentialsbeforeconductafullenergyassessment.Formoreinformationonbenchmarking,pleaseseepolicy“Benchmarking”.Toincentivizeuseofenergyauditsorassessmentsaswellasadoptionofrecommendedenergyefficiencytechnologiesandmeasures,fiscalincentives,suchasfiscalrewards(“SubsidiesandRewardsforIndustrialEnergyEfficiency”),energyefficiencyloansandfunds(“IndustrialEnergyEfficiencyLoansandInnovativeFunds”),ortaxrelief(“TaxRelief”)canbeprovided.Otherpolicies,suchasanationalorsub-nation