besser--cni/jisc 6/16/00 1 projected changes: prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
218 views
TRANSCRIPT
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 1
Projected Changes: Prospect of digitized movies already has some mourning loss of film
(SF Chronicle, 3/5/00)
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 2
Video Technology to Make the Head Spin (NYT 3/2/00)
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 3
ECI - Hole in Space (both)
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 4
ECI - 84-locations
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 5
ECI - 84-Community Memory
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 6
ECI - 84-MOCA
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 7
ECI - Avatars & Humans
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 8
ECI - Avatar Stage
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 9
Complexity of Rich Media
_ Works often have artistic nature (including video games)
_ Enormous number of elements can, at times, be very important to preserve (pacing, original artifact, elements used to construct the artifact)
_ Too complex to save every one of these aspects for every type of material
_ Importance of saving documentation
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 10
Rich Media Technologies
_ Streaming media vs. Downloaded files_ Bandwidth and compression_ Need to offload functions onto clients
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 11
The Inter-relation Problem
-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info
-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?
-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 12
The Translation Problem
Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning– -A photo vs. a painting– -If Info is produced originally in digital form in
one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?
– Behaviors
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 13
Problems of Rich Media
_ Complexity of formats (storage & compression)_ Synchronicity between media/streams_ Pieces and Boundaries_ Persistent IDs_ Interactivity_ Historical context_ Content_ Recontextualization (Postmodernism)
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 14
Opportunities--a scenario
_ Huge stable online DB of rich media (Prelinger Archives)
_ Creators create new works that consist mainly of links to and transitions btwn pieces of the rich media DB
_ Works are not really assembled until run-time_ Securing IP permission may shift from capital-intensive
producer to end-user_ Economics of media production may change drastically
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 15
Structural Metadata for Complex Objects-
_ MPEG 4_ SMIL
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 16
Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL)
_ For repurposing and reuse in different ways_ Use XML to reference various pieces in different
ways_ Supported by Realmedia but not Microsoft or
Macromedia
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 17
MPEG 4
_ Object-oriented_ Very low level of granularity (even objects vs
backgrounds)_ Scaleable bandwidth use_ Binary Format for Scenes (BIFS) borrows
concepts from VRML
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 18
Indexing ofMoving Image Materials
_ Whole works vs. parts of Works_ MPEG 7_ Approaches to segmentation & thumbnail
representation_ Closed caption indexing_ Audio description indexing_ Semiotics
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 19
Other Types of Metadata-
_ Longevity_ Identification/Provenance_ Rights Management
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 20
The Short Life of Digital Info: Digital Longevity Problems-
Disappearing Information The Viewing Problem The Scrambling Problem The Inter-relation Problem The Custodial Problem The Translation Problem
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 21
The Viewing Problem
Digital Info requires a whole infrastructure to view it
Each piece of that infrastructure is changing at an incredibly rapid rate
How can we ever hope to deal with all the permutations and combinations
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 22
The Scrambling Problem
Dangers from: Compression to ease storage & delivery Container Architecture to enhance digital
commerce
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 23
The Inter-relation Problem
-Info is increasingly inter-related to other info
-How do we make our own Info persist when it points to and integrates with Info owned by others?
-What is the boundary of a set of information (or even of a digital object)?
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 24
The Custodial Problem
How do we decide what to save? Who should save it? How should they save it?
– -methods for later access: emulation, migration, etc.
– -issues of authenticity and evidence
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 25
The Translation Problem
Content translated into new delivery devices changes meaning– -A photo vs. a painting– -If Info is produced originally in digital form in
one encoded format, will it be the same when translated into another format?
– Behaviors
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 26
Pieces of the Solution (1/2)
-We need to insist upon clearly readable standardized ways for digital objects to self-identify their formats
-We should discourage scrambling -We need to better understand information
inter-relates to other Info, and what constitutes “boundaries” of Info objects
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 27
Pieces of the Solution (2/2)
-People and organizations wishing to make information persist need guidelines of how to go about doing it
-We need to better understand how translating from one storage or display format to another affects the meaning of a work
-We need to save the “behaviors” of a digital object, not just it’s “contents”
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 28
Metadata can be the first line of defense
Can tell you– where the file is (if you can’t find the file)– where more info about the file is (if you have the
file but most other metadata has become separated)
– what the file format is– what the compression scheme is– what application program and version is needed
for the file
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 29
Groups Working onthe Big Longevity Problem
http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/Longevity/
CPA Task Force CPA Study Group Getty “Time & Bits” Conference-
Internet Archive Long Now
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 30
Migration/Refreshing
Impact on evidential value
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 31
Emerging Standards for Complex Works_ Howard Besser_ UCLA School of Education & Information
_ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/image-meta.html_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/moa2/ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-moving.html http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Classes/287-mov-index-bib.html_ http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/~howard/Metadata/UC-May00/_ http://www.getty.edu/gri/standard/intrometadata/_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Imaging/Databases/#standards_ http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/Longevity/_ http://www.ifla.org/II/metadata.htm_ http://purl.oclc.org/metadata/dublin_core/_ http://purl.oclc.org/corc/_ http://lcweb.loc.gov/ead/_ http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Metadata/sp2000.html
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 32
Data Structures:The VRA Core
28 elements specifically for visual resource collections
Work Description Categories- Visual Document Description Categories- http://www.oberlin.edu/~art/vra/dsc.html
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 33
VRA Core:Work Description Categories
Work type Title Measurements Material Technique Creator Role Date Repository name Repository place
_ Repository number_ Current site_ Original site_ Style/period/group/
movement_ Nationality/culture_ Subject_ Related work_ Relationship type_ Notes
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 34
VRA Core:Visual Document Description
Categories Visual document type Visual document format Visual document measurements Visual document date Visual document owner Visual document owner number Visual document view description Visual document subject Visual document source
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 35
Thesaurus for Graphic Materials
designed for subject indexing of pictorial materials, particularly large general collections of historical images
for cataloging and retrieval good for general audiences and broad approaches
to the material TGM-I: Subject Terms & TGM-II: Genre and
Physical Characteristic Terms http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/print/tgm/toc.html
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 36
AAT
120,000 terms for describing objects, textual materials,
images, architecture, and material culture from antiquity to present
large and complex http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 37
ULAN
name authority http://www.getty.edu/gri/vocabularies/
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 38
Thesaurus of Geographic Names
over 1 million records hierarchical and global throughout history most records include coordinates and
descriptive notes
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 39
Semantics/Syntax/Structure
_ Semantics– meaning, as defined by a community to meet their particular needs
(DC)
_ Syntax– a systematic arrangement of data elements for machine processing
– facilitates the exchange and use of metadata among various applications (HTML, XML, RDF)
_ Structure– a formal arrangement of the syntax with the goal of consistent
representation of the semantics (rules defining field contents like 1/11/99)
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 40
Metadata Mapping-
Crosswalks Resource Description Framework (RDF)
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 41
Crosswalks
mapping btwn differing metadata structures eliminate the need for monolithic,
universally adopted standards focus on flexibility and interoperatiblity RDF-based metadata registries
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 42
Crosswalk ExampleCDWAObject IDCIMISchema FDAVRA CoreCategories USMARCDUBLINCOREOBJECT/WORK (core) DocumentClassification-CatalogLevel (core)DocumentClassification-Group Type
Object/Work-Type (core) Type ofObject objectNAMEDocumentClassification- DocumentType (core)Purpose-Purpose(Broad) (core)Purpose-Purpose(Narrow)
W1. WorkType 655 Genre-Form Type
Object/Work-Components quantity DocumentClassification-Extent 300a PhysicalDescription-Extent ORIENTATION/ARRANGEMENT
DescriptionTITLES ORNAMES(core)
Title objectTitlebibliographicTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-RepositoryTitleGroup/ItemIdentification-DescriptiveTitle (core)Group/ItemIdentification-InscribedTitle
W2. Title 24Xa Titleand Title-RelatedInformationTitle
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 43
Resource Description Framework (RDF, spec released 2/99)
_ W3C Metadata activity_ designed to move the Web beyond simple links to
semantically-rich relationships btwn resources_ metadata application using XML as a common syntax for
exchange and processing_ flexible architecture for managing diverse application-
specific metadata packets that can be processed by machines_ associates resources, property types, and corresponding
values_ http://www.w3.org/RDF/
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 44
RDF
_ Resources (character strings, names, digital objects)
_ Property (“is the author of”)_ Value
_ resources+properties=relationships_ many different relationships can be reflected
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 45
XML-encoded RDF
_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://www.w3.org/RDF/RDF prefix="RDF" ?>
_ <?xml:namespace ns=http://purl.oclc.org/DC/ prefix="DC" ?>
_ <RDF:RDF>_ <DC:Creator>Howard Besser</DC:Creator>_ </RDF:Description>_ </RDF:RDF>
Besser--CNI/JISC 6/16/00 46