beneficial and detrimental effects of earthquake...
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Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Beneficial and Detrimental Effects of
Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction
Boris Jeremic
Feng, Yang, Behbehani, Sinha, Wang, Pisanó, Abell
University of California, Davis, California, USA
GeoMEast2018
Cairo, Egypt
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Outline
IntroductionMotivation
Earthquake Soil Structure InteractionEnergy Dissipation, Elasto-PlasticitySeismic Motions
Summary
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Motivation
Outline
IntroductionMotivation
Earthquake Soil Structure InteractionEnergy Dissipation, Elasto-PlasticitySeismic Motions
Summary
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Motivation
Motivation
Improve modeling and simulation for infrastructure objects
Use select fidelity (high ↔ low) numerical models to
analyze static and dynamic behavior of soil/rock structure
fluid systems
Reduction of modeling uncertainty, ability to perform
desired level of sophistication modeling and simulation
Accurately follow the flow of input and dissipation of energy
in a soil structure system
Development of an expert system for modeling and
simulation of Earthquakes, Soils, Structures and their
Interaction, Real-ESSI: http://real-essi.info/
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Motivation
Predictive Capabilities
◮ Prediction under Uncertainty: use of computational model
to predict the state of SSI system under conditions for
which the computational model has not been validated.
◮ Verification provides evidence that the model is solved
correctly. Mathematics issue.
◮ Validation provides evidence that the correct model is
solved. Physics issue.
◮ Modeling and parametric uncertainties are always present,
need to be addressed
◮ Goal: Predict and Inform rather than (force) Fit
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Motivation
Hypothesis
◮ Interplay dynamic characteristics of the Dynamic Forcing /
Earthquake, Soil/Rock and Structure in time domain, plays
a decisive role in successes and failures
◮ Timing and spatial location of energy dissipation
determines location and amount of damage
◮ If timing and spatial location of the energy dissipation canbe controlled (directed), we could optimize soil structuresystem for
◮ Safety and◮ Economy
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Motivation
Uncertainties
◮ Modeling uncertainty, introduced by simplifyingassumptions
◮ low sophistication modeling and simulation◮ medium sophistication modeling and simulation◮ high sophistication modeling and simulation◮ choice of sophistication level for confidence in analysis
results
◮ Parametric uncertainty, Mui + Cui + K epui = F (t),
◮ propagation of uncertainty in material, K ep,◮ propagation of uncertainty in loads, F (t),◮ results are PDFs and CDFs for σij , ǫij , ui , ui , ui
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Motivation
Parametric Uncertainty: Soil Stiffness
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
SPT N Value
You
ng’s
Mod
ulus
, E (
kPa)
E = (101.125*19.3) N 0.63
−10000 0 10000
0.00002
0.00004
0.00006
0.00008
Residual (w.r.t Mean) Young’s Modulus (kPa)
Nor
mal
ized
Fre
quen
cyTransformation of SPT N-value: 1-D Young’s modulus, E (cf. Phoon and Kulhawy (1999B))
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Outline
IntroductionMotivation
Earthquake Soil Structure InteractionEnergy Dissipation, Elasto-PlasticitySeismic Motions
Summary
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Energy Input and Dissipation
Energy input, static and dynamic forcing
Energy dissipation outside SSI domain:◮ SSI system oscillation radiation◮ Reflected wave radiation
Energy dissipation/conversion inside SSI domain:◮ Inelasticity of soil, contact zone, structure, foundation,
dissipators◮ Viscous coupling with internal/pore fluids, and external
fluids
Numerical energy dissipation/production
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Energy Dissipation due to Elasto-Plasticity
Single elastic-plastic element under cyclic shear loading
Difference between plastic work and dissipation
Plastic work can decrease, dissipation always increases
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Energy Dissipation Control Mechanisms
0 2 4 6 8 10Time [s]
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ener
gy [M
J]
Kinetic EnergyStrain EnergyPlastic Free EnergyPlastic DissipationViscous DampingNumerical DampingInput Work
0 2 4 6 8 10Time [s]
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ener
gy [M
J]
Kinetic EnergyStrain EnergyPlastic Free EnergyPlastic DissipationViscous DampingNumerical DampingInput Work
0 2 4 6 8 10Time [s]
0
100
200
300
400
500
Ener
gy [M
J]
Kinetic EnergyStrain EnergyPlastic Free EnergyPlastic DissipationViscous DampingNumerical DampingInput Work
Plasticity Viscous Numerical
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Energy Dissipation Control
0 2 4 6 8 10Time [s]
0
250
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000En
ergy
[MJ]
Kinetic EnergyStrain EnergyPlastic Free EnergyPlastic DissipationViscous DampingNumerical DampingInput Work
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Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Inelastic Modeling for Components
◮ Soil elastic-plastic◮ Dry, single phase◮ Unsaturated (partially saturated)◮ Fully saturated
◮ Contact, inelastic, soil/rock – foundation◮ Dry, single phase, Normal (hard and soft, gap open/close),
Friction (nonlinear)◮ Fully saturated, suction and excess pressure (buoyant
force)
◮ Structural inelasticity/damage◮ Nonlinear/inelastic 1D fiber beam◮ Nonlinear/inelastic 2D wall element
Jeremic et al.
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Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Soil Modeling Parameters
0.0 0.5 1.0Penetration δn [mm]
0
1
2
Sti
ffness
Kn [
N/m
]
1e10
Jeremic et al.
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Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Representative points
23
1
4(8)
5(9)6(10)
7(11)
12(13)
Location of pointsPoint ID X (m) Y (m) Z (m) layer
1 0 0 14 structure2 15 15 14 structure3 0 15 14 structure4 0 15 0 structure5 0 15 -36 structure6 0 -15 -36 structure7 0 -15 0 structure8 0 15 0 surrounding soil9 0 15 -36 surrounding soil
10 0 -15 -36 surrounding soil11 0 -15 0 surrounding soil12 0 0 -36 structure13 0 0 -36 surrounding soil
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Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
SMR: Inelastic ESSI Effects, Top Center
5 10 15 20Time [s]
1.00.50.00.51.0
A x [g
]
Elastic Inelastic
5 10 15 20Time [s]
1.00.50.00.51.0
A y [g
]
Elastic Inelastic
5 10 15 20Time [s]
1.00.50.00.51.0
A z [g
]
Elastic Inelastic
0 5 10 15 20Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
FFT A x
[g]
Elastic Inelastic
0 5 10 15 20Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
FFT A y
[g]
Elastic Inelastic
0 5 10 15 20Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
FFT A z
[g]
Elastic Inelastic
23
1
4(8)
5(9)6(10)
7(11)
12(13)
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
SMR: ESSI Effects, Material Modeling
Material A Material B
5 10 15 20Time [s]
1.00.50.00.51.0
A x [g
]
Elastic Inelastic
5 10 15 20Time [s]
1.00.50.00.51.0
A x [g
]
Elastic Inelastic
0 5 10 15 20Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
FFT A x
[g]
Elastic Inelastic
0 5 10 15 20Frequency [Hz]
0.00
0.05
0.10
FFT A x
[g]
Elastic InelasticMaterial A: nonlinear, vM - AF
0.0006 0.0004 0.0002 0.0000 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006Strain [unitless]
40000
20000
0
20000
40000
Stre
ss [P
a]
Material B: Bilinear
Jeremic et al.
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Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
SMR: Accelerations Along Depth
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40Width [m]
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Dept
h [m
]
X=15
A
B
C
D
E
1g
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
Time [s]
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40Width [m]
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Dept
h [m
]
X=15
A
B
C
D
E
1g
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0Tim
e [s]
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40Width [m]
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Dept
h [m
]
A
B
C
D
E
1g
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
Time [s]
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40Width [m]
50
40
30
20
10
0
10
Dept
h [m
]
A
B
C
D
E
1g
0.0
2.5
5.0
7.5
10.0
12.5
15.0
17.5
20.0
Time [s]
Nonlinear
site
effects
SSI
effects
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Depth variation - PGA & PGD
Structure BottomStructure Bottom
◮ The PGA & PGD of SSI systems are (very) different from free field motions,
◮ Material nonlinearity has significant effect on acceleration response.
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Energy Dissipation, Elasto-Plasticity
Energy Dissipation for an SMR
(MP4)
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
Outline
IntroductionMotivation
Earthquake Soil Structure InteractionEnergy Dissipation, Elasto-PlasticitySeismic Motions
Summary
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
Stress Testing SSI Systems◮ Excite SSI system with a suite of seismic motions
◮ Waves: P, SV, Sh, Surface (Rayleigh, Love, etc.)
◮ Variation in inclination, frequency, energy and duration
◮ Try to "break" the system, shake-out strong and weak links
L o L w
L oL w
L oL w
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
Stress Test Wavelet Signals◮ Ricker
-0.005
-0.004
-0.003
-0.002
-0.001
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Ric
ker2
nd F
unct
ion
Am
plitu
de
Time [s]
0
2e-05
4e-05
6e-05
8e-05
0.0001
0.00012
0.00014
0.00016
0 2 4 6 8 10
Ric
ker2
nd F
FT
Am
plitu
de
Frequency [Hz]
◮ Ormsby
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Orm
sby
Fun
ctio
n A
mpl
itude
Time [s]
0
5e-05
0.0001
0.00015
0.0002
0.00025
0.0003
0.00035
0.0004
0.00045
0.0005
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Orm
sby
FF
T A
mpl
itude
Frequency [Hz]
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
Free Field, Variation in Input Frequency, θ = 60o
(MP4)
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
SMR ESSI, Variation in Input Frequency, θ = 60o
(MP4)
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
SMR ESSI, 3C vs 3×1C
(OGV)
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Seismic Motions
Free Field vs ESSI - Different Frequencies
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time [s]
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
Ax [
g]
SMR Free field
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time [s]
60
30
0
30
60
Ax [
g]
SMR Free field
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time [s]
60
30
0
30
60
Ax [
g]
SMR Free field
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time [s]
0.50
0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
Az [
g]
SMR Free field
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time [s]
60
30
0
30
60
Az [
g]
SMR Free field
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0Time [s]
60
30
0
30
60
Az [
g]
SMR Free field
AB
C
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI
Acceleration response - Surface center point A
X direction
Z direction
(a) f = 1Hz θ = 60o (b) f = 5Hz θ = 60o (c) f = 10Hz θ = 60o
Introduction Earthquake Soil Structure Interaction Summary
Summary
Summary
◮ Numerical modeling to predict and inform, rather than fit
◮ Education and Training is the key!
◮ Funding from and collaboration with the US-DOE,
US-NRC, US-NSF, CNSC-CCSN, UN-IAEA, and Shimizu
Corp. is greatly appreciated,
◮ Real-ESSI/MS-ESSI Simulator System:
http://real-essi.info/
http://ms-essi.info/
◮ Lecture Notes, Book:
http://sokocalo.engr.ucdavis.edu/~jeremic/
LectureNotes/
Jeremic et al.
Real-ESSI