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Constitutional Constitutional AmendmentsAmendments

CourtCourtCasesCases

Important Important PeoplePeople

Major Major EventsEvents RandomRandomKey TermsKey Terms

- $100- $100

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and constituent political units.

Separation of Powers

- $200

The doctrine that the individual branches of government (executive, legislative, judicial) have separate and unique powers the others cannot interfere upon each other.

- $300

Impeachment

A formal process in which an official is accused of unlawful activity, the outcome of which, depending on the country, may include the removal of that official from office as well as criminal or civilpunishment.

- $400

Elastic Clause

States that Congress can exercise those powers that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out the enumerated powers, e.g., establishment of the first Bank of the United States

- $500

Reapportionment

Reallocation of House seats to the states on the basis of changes in state populations, as determined by the census

- $100

Amendment I

Freedom of Religion, Speech and the Press; Rights of Assembly and Petition.

- $200

Amendment VIII

Bails, fines and punishments must be humane and fit the crime committed.

- $300

Amendment X

States or people have all powers not given to national government. (ie: marriage)

- $400

Amendment XIII

Abolition of Slavery

- $500

Amendment XXV

If president is removed, dies, or resigns, the vice president becomes president. The president fulfills a vice president vacancy, by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

- $100

Brown vs. Board of Education (1954)

Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and whites students unconstitutional.

- $200

Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.

- $300

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819)

U.S. Constitution is "the supreme law of the land." This case began the process of expanding the power of the federal government through the necessary and proper clause.

- $400

Wesberry vs. Sanders

This court case found that apportionment in Georgia districts grosslydiscriminated against voters since district population varied greatly in turn diluting their votes.

Buckley vs. Valeo

This case clarified what is permissible in regards to campaign contributions. One part of the decision held that restrictions on individual contributions to political campaigns and candidates did not violate the First Amendment. Another part of the decision found that restricting theAmount that candidates themselves can contribute to their own campaigns does in fact violate the First Amendment.

- $500

- $100

James Madison

Wrote the first drafts of the U.S. Constitution, co-wrote the Federalist Papers and sponsored the Bill of Rights.

- $200

Thomas Jefferson

He was a draftsman of the U.S. Declaration of Independence; the nation's first secretary of state; second vice president (1797-1801); and, as the third president (1801-09), the statesmanresponsible for the Louisiana Purchase.

C4-$300

- $300

Alexander Hamilton

A founding Father of the U.S., chief of staff to General Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the first American political party.

- $400

FDR

He became the 32nd U.S. president in 1933, and was the only presidentto be elected four times. He led the United States through the GreatDepression and World War II, and greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal.

- $500

Bill Clinton

The 42nd U.S. President, was the 2nd President to be impeached and lead the U.S. to a period of strong economic prosperity. Signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement.

- $100

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

The provisions of this civil rights act forbade discrimination on the basis of sex as well as race in hiring, promoting, and firing.

- $200

The Federalist Papers

The Federalist Papers is a collection of 85 essays advocating ratification of the U.S. Constitution that was published serially in New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788.

- $300

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Established the Federal Reserve System as the central banking authority of the United States.

C5-$400

- $400

Economic Cooperation Act (Marshall Plan)

Help restore the devastated economies of postwar Europe and, in so doing, reduce the threat of Communist takeover in those vulnerable countries.

- $500

Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Making the railroads the first industry to be regulated by thefederal government.

- $100

Amendment II

Right to Bear Arms

- $200

Implied powers

Those that are "necessary and proper" to carry out Congressenumerated powers, and are granted to Congress through the elastic clause.

- $300

Roe vs. Wade

Women have the constitutional right to terminate pregnancy (Court Case).

C6-$400

- $400

Theodore Roosevelt

The youngest man to assume the U.S. presidency; He becamecommander-in-chief after President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901, and won a second term in 1904.

- $500

Who was the first U.S. President to be assassinated?

Abraham Lincoln