bees, pesticides, and politics · 2018. 7. 21. · bees pollinate our gardens and plants that...

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7/18/2018 1 7/18/2018 Pesticide Applicator Recertification Credit Check in at the table in the back of the room for special instructions. The following states offer credit for this session: Daniel A. Potter, Professor Dept. Of Entomology, Univ. of Kentucky Bees, Pesticides, and Politics Challenges and Opportunities for the Horticulture Industry Early one June 2013 morning at an Oregon shopping center parking lot…… Shortly later, as shoppers begin to arrive… 50,000 dead and dying bees Oregon Dept. of Agriculture officers Endangered species conservation biologists

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Page 1: Bees, Pesticides, and Politics · 2018. 7. 21. · Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the

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7/18/2018

Pesticide Applicator Recertification Credit

Check in at the table in the back of the room for special instructions. 

The following states offer credit for this session:

Daniel A. Potter, ProfessorDept. Of Entomology, Univ. of Kentucky

Bees, Pesticides, and PoliticsChallenges and Opportunities for the 

Horticulture Industry

Early one June 2013 morning at an Oregon shopping center parking lot……

Shortly later, as shoppers begin to arrive…

50,000 dead and dying bees

Oregon Dept. of Agriculture officers

Endangered species conservation biologists

Page 2: Bees, Pesticides, and Politics · 2018. 7. 21. · Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the

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More backlash…..

“This product is highly toxic to bees… Do not apply or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting the treatment area” 

The Oregon bee kill resulted from a label violation

Why all this attention on bees?

What challenges and opportunities does this issue for the Horticulture Industry?

Growers, Garden Centers, Landscapers

Land Care Industry

Why care about bees?

Bee pollination services to US Agriculture valued at $20 billionper year

Cherries

Tomatoes

Melons,  squash

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Without bees, they’ll all be off the menu

The California almond industry alone requires use of 1.4 million honey bee colonies!

Why conserve urban bees? 

Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife

Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the Industry

Honey bees are not native to America

Brought here by early colonists in the 1600s 4000 species of native bees also provide pollination services in the USA!

Besides honey bees…

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Sweat bees (Halictidae)Mason, resin, & leafcutter bees (Megachilidae)

Bumble bees (Apidae) Mining bees (Andrenidae)

Some Familiar Native Bees Bees and Wasps are NOT the same

Mason bee nest

Feeding time!

Bees feed their young on pollen and nectar

Fuzzy, with  branched hairs

Body adapted to carry pollen

Bees and Wasps are NOT the same

Wasps have little to no hair

Wasps feed their young on meat!

Honey bees are docile unless hive is threatened, and native bees rarely sting 

Most stings in urban settings are from wasps!

Honey bees and native pollinators have been having a tough time of it Why are bee populations

declining?

Page 5: Bees, Pesticides, and Politics · 2018. 7. 21. · Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the

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Most scientists agree that there is no single cause for declining bee populations 

Rather, interactions between multiple stresses are involved

Varroa mites:  #1 pest of honey beesSuck blood and transmit deadly bee diseases

Yikes!!

Nosema fungus causes “dysentery” in bees

Exotic bee diseases 

Deformed wing virus

Why are honey bees declining?

Honey bee diseases are spilling over into native bee populations

Why else are honey bees declining?

Good Not good 

Real honey boosts baby bees’ immune systems

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Why are honey bees declining? Why are honey bees declining?

Travel stress!

Didn’t I use to live here? 

Why are ALL bees declining?Habitat loss

Why are ALL bees declining?Environmental stressors

Less varied, less nutritious pollen & nectar

Acute or chronic exposure to pesticides

DiseasesParasitic mites

Habitat LossStressful management practices

Acute and chronic pesticide exposures

Parasites,  diseases

Insecticide exposure

Other stressors

One stress can increase bees’ vulnerability to others

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Varroa mites, diseases, management stress, habitat loss

It is hard to recover from a concussion…

Insecticide exposure

If you are also being kicked in the head

Public perception is that pesticides, esp. neonicotinoid insecticides are the main cause of bee decline

Conflicting studies and media coverage… What are neonicotinoids and why does the Land Care Industry use them?  

Treated

Not Treated

Neonicotinoids are relatively long‐lasting so they can provide extended pest control 

Emerald ash borer

White grubs

TreatedNot Treated

Neonicotinoids are systemic insecticides

They move upward in the plants’ vascular system to all parts of the plant

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Systemic applications are often more practical and less hazardous than sprays

This…… Or this…

Psyllids

Lace bugs

Scale insects

Neonics are very effective for systemic control of:

Leaf miners

Whiteflies

Aphids

Urban landscapes account for a tiny  fraction of neonicotinoid use

Douglas & Tooker Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015

Turf & landscape  (purple line) 

But… the Horticulture Industry is “low‐hanging fruit” in the debate about banning pesticides

The “bee issue” has become the new driver for those pressures 

Managing Pests Safeguarding Pollinators

Growers and Land Care Professionals

Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea……..

… that does not mean that neonics are harmless to bees!

Although it is very unlikely that horticultural use of neonics is impacting bee populations….  

Page 9: Bees, Pesticides, and Politics · 2018. 7. 21. · Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the

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Bees can potentially be exposed via contact orsystemic transference into pollen and nectar

At high enough dosages, neonicotinoids can kill bees outright and also impair colony function

The research shows:

Emerald Ash Borer Impact: Toledo Ohio

Before (2006) After (2009)

Fact: All current effective insecticides for EAB are systemic and intrinsically toxic to bees.  

Question:  Would saving these trees have been justified?     

Photos: D. Herms, OSU

Is there an acceptable threshold for bee hazard from insecticides in urban landscapes? 

If so, how should it be balanced against the pest management benefits? 

Question: Can we establish Best Management Practices for integrated pest and pollinator management (IPPM)? 

Model system for lawn studies: 

White clover intermixed with cool‐season turf 

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Eusociality when first workers emerge

Queens overwinter, each starts a new colony in early spring

New queens seek  overwintering sites, colony dies out

Midsummer switch to producing new queens and males

More workers produced, colony grows

Gynes emerge, mating and outcrossing

Solitary Phase(first few weeks)

Neonicotinoids

We compared lawn insecticides from two chemical classes:

Clothianidin

Imidacloprid

Anthranilic diamide

Chlorantraniliprole

Applications were at typical timing for preventive grub control 

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

MASKED  CHAFERLIFE  CYCLE

MASKED  CHAFERLIFE  CYCLE

Insecticides were applied at label rate and  watered in; bees were introduced 1 day later 

Hives started with queen & 20 workers

30 open‐bottom cages

When colonies were checked after 6 days’ exposure we saw: 

58% fewer live bees3‐fold more dead bees

No adverse effects

GaineswayHorse Farm

Colonies then moved to safe foraging site and left for 6 weeks 

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Weighing colonies in the field

Get him!!

Get him!!

Larson et al PLOS One 2013

Colonies that had foraged for 6 days on neonic‐treated weedy turf struggled to grow Evaluating Colony Health

Non‐treated or Acelepryn‐treated

Neonicotinoid ‐treated

The neonic‐exposed colonies were too weak to reproduce (i.e., no new queens) 

Larson et al. 2013

Will bees avoid sprayed flowers?

Larson et al PLOS One 2013

Spraying plots Counted bees for each day for 1 week

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Will bees avoid sprayed flowers?   

NO!

Untreated

Take home points:

Direct exposure to neonic residues on flowering lawn weeds is harmful to bees!

Our research did identify some ways to reduce neonic bee hazard in lawn care: 

Mow flower heads before or after treatment 

Granular formulations pose less hazard than sprays

Hooray!

Another key point:

Acelepryn is an effective, non‐neonic lawn insecticide that is non‐hazardous to bees

This work has been shared with thousandsof practitioners and is helping the industry to adopt more “bee‐friendly” lawn care

How can we reduce systemic insecticide hazard to bees on woody landscape plants? 

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Foster holly Clethra

Residue Studies on Woody Landscape Plants

2 neonics

3 treatment  timings

Hawthorn

Post BloomNovember Pre-bloom

imidacloprid dinotefuran

200‐300 flowers = 1 sample

Twigs with blooms mounted in tubes

Extracting Nectar for Residue Analyses

Collecting flowers Prepping flowers

Spin out the nectar

The research showed:

Probably OK if applied post‐bloom

Hazard remains the following spring even if used post‐bloom

Take‐home point: 

Avoid using neonicotinoids on bee‐attractive plants unless there is no other way to protect the plant 

Or, prune to remove flower buds 

Treat ASAP after bloom

If you must treat bee‐attractive woody plants with systemic insecticides….

Controls caterpillars, beetles, and sawflies

What are some alternatives?

Short‐residual products should be OK so long as not applied during bloom:

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New EPA Bee Advisory Box An harder question:

Do neonicotinoids impact bee health at the landscape level?  

Hazard = Toxicity x Exposure

High exposureHigh hazard

Low exposureLow hazard

Urban bees visit many types of plants, only a small fraction of which are ever treated 

High risk of exposure Much lower risk

Consumer attractive plants

Bee attractive plants

Treated plants

Relatively few plant species meet all three criteria

Linden

‘Single’ roses  Hawthorn BoxwoodsHybrid roses

Ash treesCherrylaurel

Conifers

Page 15: Bees, Pesticides, and Politics · 2018. 7. 21. · Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the

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Keep the Cost/Benefit in Perspective!

Emerald Ash Borer Impact: Toledo Ohio

Before (2006) After (2009)

Pollinator‐friendly land care is good for the industry

Lots of folks want to help the pollinators

My granddaughters Adele and Evie; Halloween 2017

The best way to help urban pollinators is to give them more and better food! 

Best Trees and Shrubs for Bees  A single tree or shrub can provide 1000s of flowers with high‐quality pollen and nectar

Kentucky yellowwood

Summersweet (Clethra)

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Listmania!We sampled 75 species of woody landscape plantsFive sites (replicates), 250 bees per plant species>18,750 bees identified

375 Sample Sites!

Municipal and Institutional landscapes

Cemeteries Home landscapesArboreta

Street trees

We compared plants’ attractiveness to bees by timed “snapshot counts”

Then we collected and identified 250 bees from 5 sites per plant species 

Different woody ornamentals attract unique bee assemblages 

Flowering crabapple Fuzzy Deutzia

Page 17: Bees, Pesticides, and Politics · 2018. 7. 21. · Bees pollinate our gardens and plants that provide food for urban wildlife Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the

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Bee diversity and species richness vary by plant species  

Mock Orange (Philadelphus)

Chaste tree(Vitex) 

Non‐nativeNative

Chelosoma philadelphi

Flower Form Matters!

Hydrangea paniculata

Hydrangea arborescens

Prairie rose

Hybrid tea rose

Good!

Pretty useless

Are natives best for bees?

Not necessarily!!

Non‐natives and natives can be equally attractive!

Non‐native plant

Average Snapshot Counts

Both can attract diverse bee assemblages

Beebee tree

Higan cherrySeven sons flower tree

Devil’s walking stickAmerican yellowwood

Bottlebrush buckeye

Winged sumac

Eastern redbud spiraea

Cornus mas

Native Non‐native

Chaste tree

Some GREAT shrubs for bees

Sweetspire (Itea)

Glossy abelia

Winterberry holly

SummersweetClethra

Dwarf fothergilla

Buttonbush

Virginia spiraea

Fuzzy deutzia

St. John’s Wort

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Spring Early Summer Late Summer

Serviceberry Bottlebrush buckeye Bee bee tree

Crabapple Climbing prairie rose Winged sumac

False Indigo  Clethra Glossy abelia

Eastern redbud Hydrangea paniculata Seven son flower tree

Cornelian cherry St. John's wort Chaste tree

Winter king hawthorn Winterberry Devil's walking stick

American yellowwood Golden rain tree Buttonbush

Foster's holly Amur maackia

Flowering cherry Virginia spirea

How to Build a Bee‐Friendly Landscape(Choose some from each column)

On Horticultural Research Institute Website……

Marketing opportunities for growers and retailers

Many of the best “bee magnets” are also nearly pest‐free!

False Indigo St. John’s Wort Bee Bee Tree Chaste Tree

Glossy abelia Seven‐Son Flower      Amur Maackia Black gum  

Native plants are good, but mixing in some (non‐invasive) exotics can buffer bees from seasonal gaps in flower availability 

Early spring Summer Autumn

Cornelian cherry dogwood

Bottlebrush buckeye

Seven sons flower tree 

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Monarch butterfly: a beloved, iconic species

Monarchs migrate to and from overwintering grounds in Mexico

The eastern migratory population of monarchs is in serious decline

Billions of stems of milkweed have been lost from the monarch breeding grounds in the US Midwest

Planting milkweed is key to the North American Monarch Conservation Plan

Seed Kit: $16

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Demand for milkweed transplants is booming 

Butterfly Milkweed Common MilkweedSwamp Milkweed Narrow‐leaved 

Milkweed

Green Milkweed Showy MilkweedWhorled MilkweedBroad‐leaved Milkweed

Which Milkweeds are Best?

Common MilkweedSwamp Milkweed Showy Milkweed

Best Milkweeds for Monarchs

Yum!Best Milkweeds for Bees

Butterflyweed(Asclepias tuberosa) 

Whorled milkweed(Aclepias verticillata) 

New study confirms monarchs quickly find and use milkweeds in small urban gardens!

What Garden Design Attracts More Monarchs? 

Milkweed Outside Milkweed Inside Mixed

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Milkweed around perimeter

Place the milkweeds around the perimeter, set off by mulch

Garden Design Matters for Monarchs! Cultivars with double blooms or covered with sterile sepals often have little value to pollinators 

Do horticulturally‐selected milkweed cultivars have the same conservation value as straight species? 

Asclepias incarnataSwamp Milkweed

‘Soulmate’ ‘Ice Ballet’ ’Cinderella’ 

Asclepias tuberosaButterfly Milkweed

‘Hello Yellow’ ‘Gay Butterflies’ ‘Blonde Bombshell’

Are horticulturally‐selected milkweed cultivars as good as straight species? 

So far, the research says “yes!”

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One last example:  Operation Pollinator for Golf Courses 

Seed mix developed for Ohio Valley Region   

Primary species:

Lanceleaf Coreopsis Bergamot Black‐eyed Susan New England Aster

Prairie coneflowerPlains Coreopsis Purple coneflower

And…. smaller amounts of others to add variety and interest

Establishing KY Operation Pollinator Plots

Scalp Herbicide

Scarify and rake

Seed

June 2013 July 2013

Lakeside GC, Lexington (same site)

We documented 49 types of bees and butterflies, including three declining bumble bee species, in our plots on KY golf courses 

‐ Dobbs and Potter 2014

Operation Pollinator has been implemented on hundreds of golf courses in 30 states

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Take home point: Conserving pollinators benefits urban habitats

Take Home Points: 

Diversify landscapes with pest‐resistant flowering plants 

[Both natives and non‐natives can help to support pollinators]

Pollinator‐Friendly Plants and Land Care Benefit the Industry!!

Can the public’s empathy for pollinators help turn these…………. into these? 

Research Supported by: Thanks!

Nursery/Landscape Endowment Fund