Beans4Feeds

Review Meeting

PGRO

Peterborough

28 April 2016

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� CONTEXT

� Major issue in the main UK aquaculture sector – Atlantic salmon farming

� Development of sustainable feeds

� Replacement of the marine ingredients, fishmeal (protein) and fish oil

� Alternative proteins� Plant-derived proteins

� Issues - low protein content, limiting amino acids (Met, Lys), anti-nutritional factors (ANFs)

� PROJECT

� Innovate UK (TSB) Call

� Project Consortium and Aims

� Strategy and Outputs

� Activities – Workpackages

� Partner Roles

� Today – The Review Meeting

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Overview of the Beans4Feeds Project

Global Fish Supply

• Increasing world population

• Increased demand for food including fish/seafood

• Fish/seafood from capture fisheries stagnant

• Increased demand being met by aquaculture (>50%)

• Aquaculture is the fastest growing animal-food production sector

• Very efficient � FCR ~ 1.2 for salmon

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World populationAfrica Asia Europe Latin America and the Caribbean Northern America Oceania

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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2030

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World fish production

Capture production Aquaculture production

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Issues in the Development of Sustainable Feeds

• Carnivorous Fish Species (Salmonids & Marine Fish)

• Natural diet is protein and lipid (v.low carbohydrate)

• Fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO) traditional ingredients

• Reduction in use of marine raw materials

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Aquaculture Feeds – FM and FO

� Why FM & FO?

� In nature, fish eat other fish

� Both readily accepted and digested by fish

� Previously, both readily available and cheap

� Essentially converting low value species into high value species

� Paradox

� FM and FO derived from wild capture fisheries that, like all other fisheries, are

at their sustainable limit

� FM and FO production from feed grade fisheries is static (but probably

sustainable) – but they finite raw materials & limiting ingredients

� Last 25 years, around 20 -25 million tonnes (mt) fish reduced to 5.2 - 7.5 mt

(average 6.5) of FM and 0.8 -1.6 mt (ave. 1) FO

� In 1992, aquaculture used 15% and 20% of global FM and FO � In 2008

almost 70% FM and 90% FO. In 2013, 72% FM and 75% FO

� Alternatives to FM required

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Fishmeal

Use in 2013

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72%

6%

20%

2%

Fishmeal Usage by Market 2013

Aquaculture

Chicken

Pig

Other

5% 5%

28%

21%

9%

24%

8%

Use of Fishmeal in Aquaculture 2013

Cyprinids Eels Crustaceans Marine fish Other Salmonoids Tilapias

Alternative Protein Sources• Other marine sources

• Krill meal and crustacean (crab & shrimp) meals – not really major protein sources (e.g. minerals, pigments)

• Algal meals – limited production & supply

• Supply and sustainability issues; used for specific purposes/functional feeds

• Animal meals (processed animal products, PAPs; LAPs)

• Blood meal, poultry meal, feather meal – 60-80%

• Banned in EU after the BSE scare in the UK

• Now some allowed BUT producer/retailer reluctance to reintroduce

• Insect meals – volumes? EU regulatory issues?

• Plant proteins

• Oilseed meals – soybean, sunflower, rapeseed

• Cereals – wheat, corn (maize)

• Legumes – peas, faba (field or horse) beans, lupins

• Most sustainable, readily available and utilised alternatives

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Plant Proteins I

• Protein content

• Carnivorous fish need energy dense diets

• Essentially protein and lipid

• Salmon need high levels of each

• FM >60%, but plant meals often 30-35%

• Need to produce protein concentrates

• Soy protein concentrates (SPC) - > 60%

• Glutens – wheat (80%) & corn (> 60%)

• Amino acid composition

• Low levels of certain amino acids (e.g. Met and Lys)

• Blending plant proteins sources

• Use of crystalline amino acids

• Micronutrients

• Lower in some microminerals – e.g. Iodine and Selenium, come from FM

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Plant Proteins II

• Antinutritional factors

• Compounds found in plant meals that produce negative effects on health and nutrient balance

• Gut function incl. digestion and absorption of nutrients and growth

• Feed efficiency

• Tissue pathologies e.g. pancreatic hypertrophy, liver dysfunction, goiterogenesis etc.

• Immune suppression

• Some are specifically produced by plant to protect from grazing

• Fish not adapted to these compounds

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Plant Proteins III

• Antinutritional factors

• Enzyme inhibitors – e.g. proteinase inhibitors

• Lectins – hemagglutinins, legumes

• Saponins – glycosides, distal enteritis in salmonids fed soybean meal

• Phytoestrogens – many plant materials

• Glucosinolates/Goitrogens – thyroid disruption (rapeseed)

• Tannins – seed coats

• Phytic acid – legumes

• Others

• Gossypol – (cottonseed)

• Cyclopropene fatty acids (sterculic and malvalic acids) - cottonseed

• Glycoalkaloids – potatoes, PPC

• Arginase inhibitors –soybean, sunflower

• Can be reduced by processing

• Heat – especially proteins (enzyme inhibitors etc.)

• Production of concentrates – especially non-proteins10

Development of salmon feed composition in

Norwegian salmon farming from 1990 to 2013

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65.4

33.5

24.819.5 18.3

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31.1

16.6

11.2 10.9

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35.5

36.736.7

12.5

18.3 19.2

9.611.2 8.4

11.1 11.2

1.0 2.0 2.2 3.1 3.7

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1990 2000 2010 2012 2013

Diet composition (%) 1990-2013

microingredients

starch

plant oil

plant protein

marine oil

marine protein

Ytrestøyl et al., 2015

Norwegian Salmon Feeds – Ingredients 2010 ���� 2012/3

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Development of protein-rich and starch-rich fractions from faba beans for salmon and terrestrial animal production, respectively

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Innovate UK (TSB)

Call: Sustainable Protein ProductionProject 101096

Beans4Feeds - Funding & Timescales

� A four-year £2.6m project � Industry led co-funded project� £1.3m from Innovate UK

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The Consortium

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Beans4Feeds - StrategyDomestically grown faba beans

Simple processing with Air Classification (AC)- product grinding & cyclone

Protein concentrate (BPC) Starch concentrate (BSC)

Development new bean varieties

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Replace imported SPC in salmon feeds

Replace wheat & imported soybean meal in pig &

poultry feeds

Project benefits

� Locally sourced feed ingredient� Reduced imported raw materials, especially soy

protein concentrate (SPC)� Improved salmon aquaculture & pig and poultry

production� Economics� Food security� Sustainability

� Address concerns of SPC supply & deforestation� Nitrogen-fixing ability of beans improve soil quality� Reduction in the use of fossil fuel-based fertilizers

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Workpackages� WP1 Economics & sustainability

� 1.1 Economic sensitivity analysis� 1.2 Life-cycle analysis

� WP2 Work on existing commercial bean production� 2.1 Optimisation of air fractionation� 2.2 Determine expected maximum dietary inclusion in salmon feeds� 2.3 Health and disease responses in salmon� 2.4 Demonstrate high inclusion in market sized salmon� 2.5 Establish nutritional value in pigs and poultry

� WP3 Bean genetic resources� 3.1 Up-scale high protein/low anti-nutritional factor spring beans� 3.2 Survey germplasm for high protein and low anti-nutritional factors� 3.3 Transfer useful traits to winter beans and develop to cultivars� 3.4 Evaluate new varieties, air classification and fish studies

� WP4 Pilot production� WP5 Project management

� 5.1 Management & project meetings� 5.2 Knowledge transfer to industry including farming community� 5.3 Compiling interim & final reports

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Project

Partners

Activities

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� Lead partner - Provide leadership, support and guidance to ensure the original aims of the project are fulfilled

� Manage a screening study with salmon parr investigating a wide range of BPC inclusion replacing SPC and fishmeal

� Manage a post-smolt salmon study to define the optimal inclusion levels of BPC

� Manufacture test quantities of BPC and SPC to understand the trade-offs in process yield and throughput

� Evaluate new bean varieties with respect to their suitability for concentrate manufacture and use in salmon feeds

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• Carry out detailed economic analysis of factors affecting commercialisation of bean concentrates, including production costs, CAPEX evaluations and the value of BPC compared to fishmeal and SPC in commercial salmon feeds

• Investigate LCA of salmon feeds containing BPC compared to fishmeal and SPC to understand sustainability benefits of BPC

• Manage a large proof of concept trial using BPC asa replacement for fishmeal and SPC in commercial salmon feeds throughout the seawater production cycle

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� Project management (executive)

� Biochemical composition of feeds

� Effects of BPC on biochemical composition of salmon � Proximate compositions (Moisture, oil, protein, ash etc.) and

pigment

� Effects of BPC on salmon biochemistry, physiology and metabolism

� Gene expression determined by transcriptomic (microarray) and qPCR analyses of tissue (liver and intestine) RNA

� Determine sub-clinical effects to support the establishment of maximum dietary inclusion of BPC in salmon feeds

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• Effects of BPC on gut health in salmon

• Histological analysis of intestine – inflammatory response

• Intestinal gene expression (transcriptomics) – immune response

• Effect of BPC on vaccination efficacy and disease challenge

BPC dietsNew diets

Molecular markers vaccination trials

TranscriptomicsGut and systemic immune function

Gut healthMorphological impacts of dietary components

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Effects of BPC on Product Quality in harvest-size salmon (PoC trial)

� Fillet yield� Flesh quality

� Colour (Digital [Paint software] and Roche Colour Score [Salmofan] comparison)

� Texture (tensile strength and firmness)� Gaping (the tendency for unsightly tears to develop

in flesh)

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Faba bean low vicine lines

Variants for protein level and quality

Faba bean agronomy

Improved N-harvest

Purify

Multiply

Field-plot

Salmon trials

Cross to spring

beans

Cross to winter

beans

Select, multiply, propagate

Faba bean germplasm

Sustainable protein production

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Cross

Test

Select

Develop

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Survey existing germplasm

Low ANF

Protein yield

Protein Quality

Application of Bean Starch Concentrate (BSC) for pigs and poultry

� Feedstuff evaluation� Metabolizable energy and ileal AA digestibility (poultry)� Digestible energy, total tract and ileal AA digestibility (pigs)

� Growth performance� Weight gain, intake and feed conversion ratio� BSC for wheat/SBM to identify optimal inclusion level

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� Commercial application of Bean Starch Concentrate (BSC) for

pigs and poultry

• Effects of BSC inclusion on the physical properties of pig

and poultry diets

• Feasibility and economics of including BSC in commercial

pig and poultry diets

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Project Outputs & Dissemination (60+)

� Scientific publications (13+)

� Salmon studies – 7 peer-reviewed papers (4 published, 1 submitted, 2 in prep.)

� Pig & Poultry studies - 2 peer-reviewed papers in preparation

� Bean/crop development --1 Book chapter “in press” and 3+ papers in preparation

� Presentations (30)

� Salmon studies – 8 presentations (4 oral, 4 poster) at International conferences in

UK, Europe, Australia and USA

� Pig & Poultry studies - 3 presentations at international conferences (BSAS / WPSA)

� Bean/crop development – 19 presentations (13 oral and 6 poster) at national and

international conferences/meetings

� Trade Magazines, Other press and media (12+)

� Salmon studies – 5 articles in trade magazines

� Pig & Poultry studies – referred to in many articles

� Bean/crop development – 7 newspaper, magazine and trade press reports

� Policy documents (5)

� Bean/crops – 5 policy related reports and documents

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