battle of nahawand
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Battle of Nahawand (642)Main article: Battle of NahavandAfter the conquest of Khuzistan, the Caliph Umar wanted peace. Though considerably weakened, the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated in the minds of the newly-ascendant Arabs, and Umar was wary of unnecessary military engagement with the Iranians. He wanted to leave the rest of Persia to the Iranians. Umar said:“ I wish there was a mountain of fire between us and the Iranians, so that neither they could get to us, nor we to them.[28] ”But the Iranians thought differently. The pride of the imperial Persians had been hurt by the conquest of their land by the Arabs. They could not acquiesce in the occupation of their lands by the Arabs.[29]A Sassanid army helmetAfter the defeat of the Persian forces at the Battle of Jalula in 637, Emperor Yazdgerd III went to Rey and from there moved to Merv where he set up his capital. From Merv, he directed his chiefs to conduct continuous raids in Mesopotamia to destabilize the Muslim rule. Within the next four years, Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge the Muslims once again for the throne of Mesopotamia. The Emperor sent a call to his people to drive away the Muslims from their lands. In response to the call, hardened veterans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia marched in large numbers to join the imperial standard and marched to Nihawand for the last titanic struggle between the forces of the Caliphate and Sassanid Persia. 100,000 Persian fighters assembled, commanded by Mardan Shah.The Governor of Kufa, Ammar ibn Yasir, received intelligence of the Persian movements and concentration at Nihawand. He reported the matter to Umar. Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his easternmost frontier, he felt compelled to act given the concentration of the Persian army at Nihawand.[30] He believed that so long as Persia proper remained under Sassanid rule, Persian forces would continue raiding Mesopotamia with a view to one day recapturing the region. Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander of the forces of Kufa, and was ordered to march to Nihawand. Governor of Busra Abu Musa, was to march to Nihawand commanding his forces of Busra Nouman ibn Muqarrin marched from Ctesiphon to Nihawand while Umar decided to lead the army concentrated at Madinah in person and command the Muslims at the battle. Umar's decision to command the army in person was not well received by the members of Majlis al Shura at Madinah. It was suggested that Umar should command the campaign from Madinah, and should appoint an astute military commander to lead the Muslims at Nihawand. Umar appointed Mugheera ibn Shuba as commander of the forces concentrated at Madinah and appointed Nouman ibn Muqarrin as commander in chief of the Muslims at Nihawand. The Muslim army left for Nihawand and first concentrated at Tazar, and then moved to Nihawand and defeated the Persian forces at the Battle of Nihawand in December 642. Nouman died in action, and as per Umar's instructions Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman became new commander in chief. After the victory at Nihawand, the Muslim army captured the whole district of Hamadan after feeble resistance by the Persians.[28]TRANSCRIPT
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Battle of Nahawand (642)
Main article: Battle of Nahavan
![Page 2: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
d
After the conquest of Khuzistan, the Caliph Umar wanted peace. Though consider
![Page 3: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ably weakened, the image of the Persian Empire as a fearsome superpower still resonated
![Page 4: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
in the minds of the newly-ascendant Arabs, and Umar was wary of unnecessary military
![Page 5: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
engagement with the Iranians. He wanted to leave the rest of Persia to the Iranians. U
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mar said:
But the Iranians thought differently. The pride of the imperial Persians
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had been hurt by the conquest of their land by the Arabs. They could not acquiesce in
![Page 8: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
the occupation of their lands by the Arabs.[29]
A Sassanid army
helm
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et
After the defeat of the Persian forces at the Battle of Jalula in 637, Emperor Yazdgerd
![Page 10: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
III went to Rey and from there moved to Merv where he set up his capital. From Merv,
![Page 11: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
he directed his chiefs to conduct continuous raids in Mesopotamia to destabilize the Mus
![Page 12: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
lim rule. Within the next four years, Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge th
![Page 13: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
e Muslims once again for the throne of Mesopotamia. The Emperor sent a call to his pe
![Page 14: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ople to drive away the Muslims from their lands. In response to the call, hardened vete
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rans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia marched in large numbers to join
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the imperial standard and marched to Nihawand for the last titanic struggle between th
![Page 17: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
e forces of the Caliphate and Sassanid Persia. 100,000 Persian fighters assembled,
![Page 18: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
commanded by Mardan Shah.
The Governor of Kufa, Ammar ibn Yasir, received intellige
![Page 19: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
nce of the Persian movements and concentration at Nihawand. He reported the matter
![Page 20: Battle of Nahawand](https://reader033.vdocuments.site/reader033/viewer/2022051115/55cf925e550346f57b95e54c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
to Umar. Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his eastern
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most frontier, he felt compelled to act given the concentration of the Persian army at Nih
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awand.[30]
He believed that so long as Persia proper remained under Sassanid rule, Per
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sian forces would continue raiding Mesopotamia with a view to one day recapturing th
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e region. Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman was appointed commander of the forces of Kufa, and
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was ordered to march to Nihawand. Governor of Busra Abu Musa, was to march to Nihawan
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d commanding his forces of Busra Nouman ibn Muqarrin marched from Ctesiphon to N
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ihawand while Umar decided to lead the army concentrated at Madinah in person and comm
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and the Muslims at the battle. Umar's decision to command the army in person was not
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well received by the members of Majlis al Shura at Madinah. It was suggested that Umar
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should command the campaign from Madinah, and should appoint an astute military com
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mander to lead the Muslims at Nihawand. Umar appointed Mugheera ibn Shuba as com
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mander of the forces concentrated at Madinah and appointed Nouman ibn Muqarrin as comm
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ander in chief of the Muslims at Nihawand. The Muslim army left for Nihawand and fir
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st concentrated at Tazar, and then moved to Nihawand and defeated the Persian forces at th
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e Battle of Nihawand in December 642. Nouman died in action, and as per Umar's in
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structions Hudheifa ibn Al Yaman became new commander in chief. After the victory
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at Nihawand, the Muslim army captured the whole district of Hamadan after feeble resi
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stance by the Persians.[28]
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Waste sorting is the process by which waste is separated into different elements.[1] Waste sorting can occur manually at the household and collected through curbside collection schemes, or automatically separated in materials recovery facilities or mechanical biological treatment systems. Hand sorting was the first method used in the history of waste sorting.[2]
Waste can also be sorted in a civic amenity site.
Waste segregation means dividing waste into dry and wet. Dry waste includes wood and related products, metals and glass. Wet waste, typically refers to organic waste usually generated by eating establishments and are heavy in weight due to dampness. Waste can also be segregated on basis of biodegradable or non-biodegradable waste.
Landfills are an increasingly pressing problem.[citation needed] Less and less land is available to deposit refuse, but the volume of waste is growing all time. As a result, segregating waste is not just of environmental importance, but of economic concern, too.
Contents
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1 Methods 2 By country 3 See also 4 References 5 External links
Methods[edit]
Waste is collected at its source in each area and separated. The way that waste is sorted must reflect local disposal systems. The following categories are common:
Paper Cardboard (including packaging for return to suppliers) Glass (clear, tinted – no light bulbs or window panes, which belong with residual waste) Plastics Scrap metal Compost Special/hazardous waste Residual waste
Organic waste can also be segregated for disposal:
Leftover food which has had any contact with meat can be collected separately to prevent the spread of bacteria.
o Meat and bone can be retrieved by bodies responsible for animal wasteo If other leftovers are sent, for example, to local farmers, they can be sterilised before
being fed to the animals Peel and scrapings from fruit and vegetables can be composted along with other degradable
matter. Other waste can be included for composting, too, such as cut flowers, corks, coffee grindings, rotting fruit, tea bags, egg- and nutshells, paper towels etc.
Chip pan oil (fryer oil), used fats, vegetable oil and the content of fat filters can be collected by companies able to re-use them. Local authority waste departments can provide relevant addresses. This can be achieved by providing recycling bins.
By country[edit]
In Germany, regulations exist that provide mandatory quotas for the waste sorting of packaging waste and recyclable materials such as glass bottles.[3]