bat conclusions waste treatment - environmental … detailed batc.pdf · 2018-07-13 · waste...

Waste Treatment draft BAT conclusions – Guideline draft for the expression of initial positions

WT_BATC_2013_07_AP_MC 1

[Colour codes used in this document] Black: items derived from the conclusions on BAT of the currently adopted WT BREF,

including some rewording. Dark red: standard texts Green: additional proposals expected to meet the BAT conclusions criteria set in the BREF

Guidance [Blue]: messages to the TWG [in square brackets] [The original numbers of the conclusions on BAT of the adopted WT BREF are indicated below each BAT conclusions statement of this document, e.g. BAT 2, 13, while deleted conclusions on BAT are indicated with struck through numbers, e.g. BAT 82. The word [other] is used in a list or table to indicate that other items of the list or table are expected Empty cells or suspension points (…) are used to indicated areas where further work is needed]

BAT conclusions

for

Waste Treatment

(Detailed guideline draft for the expression of initial positions)



TABLE OF CONTENT

1 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES............................................................................................... 4 Scope…………… ................................................................................................................................... 4 Definitions............................................................................................................................................... 7 General considerations ............................................................................................................................ 9 Reference conditions for emissions to air................................................................................................ 9 Averaging periods for emissions to air.................................................................................................... 9 Conversion of emissions concentration to reference oxygen level........................................................ 10 Reference conditions for emissions to water ......................................................................................... 10 Averaging periods for emissions to water ............................................................................................. 10 1.1 General BAT conclusions ......................................................................................................... 11

1.1.1 Overall environmental performance .................................................................................... 11 1.1.1.1 Environmental management systems............................................................................. 11 1.1.1.2 Monitoring ..................................................................................................................... 12

1.1.2 Waste treatment performance.............................................................................................. 14 1.1.2.1 Reception, handling and storage .................................................................................... 15 1.1.2.2 Compatibility to mix or blend........................................................................................ 18 1.1.2.3 Input pre-treatment and output finalisation.................................................................... 19

1.1.3 Emissions to air ................................................................................................................... 21 1.1.4 Emissions to water and water consumption......................................................................... 24 1.1.5 Consumption of raw materials and chemicals ..................................................................... 25 1.1.6 Energy consumption............................................................................................................ 26 1.1.7 Noise and vibrations ............................................................................................................ 27 1.1.8 Prevention of soil and groundwater contamination ............................................................. 28 1.1.9 Decommissioning................................................................................................................ 28

1.2 BAT conclusions for mechanical treatments............................................................................. 31 1.2.1 BAT conclusions for sorting, sieving .................................................................................. 31

1.2.1.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 31 1.2.2 BAT conclusions for crushing, shredding, or milling.......................................................... 31

1.2.2.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 31 1.2.2.2 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 32 1.2.2.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air ............................................................................... 32 1.2.2.4 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 33 1.2.2.5 Vibrations ...................................................................................................................... 33

1.3 BAT conclusions for biological treatments............................................................................... 34 1.3.1.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 34 1.3.1.2 Odour ............................................................................................................................. 34

1.3.2 BAT conclusions specific to aerobic treatment ................................................................... 34 1.3.2.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 34 1.3.2.2 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 35 1.3.2.3 Water consumption and emissions to water................................................................... 36 1.3.2.4 Energy efficiency........................................................................................................... 37

1.3.3 BAT conclusions specific to anaerobic digestion................................................................ 38 1.3.3.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 38 1.3.3.2 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 38 1.3.3.3 Water consumption and emissions to water................................................................... 39 1.3.3.4 Energy efficiency........................................................................................................... 40

1.4 BAT conclusions for physicochemical treatments .................................................................... 42 1.4.1 BAT conclusions for extraction........................................................................................... 42

1.4.1.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 42 1.4.1.2 Acid emissions to air...................................................................................................... 42 1.4.1.3 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 42

1.4.2 BAT conclusions for washing ............................................................................................. 43 1.4.2.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 43 1.4.2.2 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 43

1.4.3 BAT conclusions for physicochemical treatment of water-based liquid waste ................... 44 1.4.3.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 44 1.4.3.2 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 44 1.4.3.3 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 45

1.4.4 BAT conclusions for thermal drying ................................................................................... 46 1.4.4.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 46



1.4.4.2 Ammonia emissions to air ............................................................................................. 46 1.4.4.3 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 46

1.4.5 BAT conclusions for immobilisation................................................................................... 47 1.4.5.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 47 1.4.5.2 Asbestos emissions to air ............................................................................................... 47 1.4.5.3 Lead emissions to air ..................................................................................................... 48 1.4.5.4 Cadmium emissions to air.............................................................................................. 48 1.4.5.5 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 48

1.4.6 BAT conclusions for thermal desorption............................................................................. 49 1.4.6.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 49 1.4.6.2 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 49 1.4.6.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air ............................................................................... 50 1.4.6.4 Acid emissions to air...................................................................................................... 50 1.4.6.5 SOX emissions to air ...................................................................................................... 51 1.4.6.6 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 51

1.4.7 BAT conclusions for distillation.......................................................................................... 52 1.4.7.1 General environmental performance.............................................................................. 52 1.4.7.2 Mercury emissions to air................................................................................................ 52 1.4.7.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air ............................................................................... 53 1.4.7.4 Emissions to water ......................................................................................................... 53

Description of techniques...................................................................................................................... 55



1 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES SCOPE…………… These BAT conclusions concern the following activities specified in Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EU, namely: • 5.1. Disposal or recovery of hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day

involving one or more of the following activities: (a) biological treatment; (b) physicochemical treatment; (c) blending or mixing prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points

5.1 and 5.2 of the Annex I to the Industrial Emissions Directive; (d) repackaging prior to submission to any of the other activities listed in points 5.1 and

5.2 of the Annex I to the Industrial Emissions Directive; (e) solvent reclamation/regeneration; (f) recycling/reclamation of inorganic materials other than metals or metal compounds; (g) regeneration of acids or bases; (h) recovery of components used for pollution abatement; (i) recovery of components from catalysts; (j) oil re-refining or other reuses of oil; (k) surface impoundment.

• 5.3 (a) Disposal of non-hazardous waste with a capacity exceeding 50 tonnes per day

involving one or more of the following activities: (i) biological treatment; (ii) physicochemical treatment; (iii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration; (iv) treatment of slags and ashes; (v) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electrical and

electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and their components. (b) Recovery, or a mix of recovery and disposal, of non-hazardous waste with a capacity

exceeding 75 tonnes per day involving one or more of the following activities: (i) biological treatment; (ii) pre-treatment of waste for incineration or co-incineration; (iii) treatment of slags and ashes; (iv) treatment in shredders of metal waste, including waste electrical and

electronic equipment and end-of-life vehicles and their components. When the only waste treatment activity carried out is anaerobic digestion, the capacity threshold for this activity shall be 100 tonnes per day.

• 5.5. Temporary storage of hazardous waste pending any of the activities listed in points 5.1, 5.2, 5.4 and 5.6 of the Annex I to the Industrial Emissions Directive with a total capacity exceeding 50 tonnes.'

In particular, these BAT conclusions cover the following processes and activities, whether these are carried out as the primary activity on the installation or as a directly associated activity to another IED activity:

• the loading, unloading and handling of waste • the temporary storage of waste • the blending and mixing of waste



• Waste treatment processes such as: o Mechanical treatment of waste: o Biological treatment of waste o Physicochemical treatment of waste o Combined treatment of waste (e.g. mechanical-biological treatment of biological waste)

• Upstream and downstream activities directly associated with the waste treatment (e.g. combustion of biogas from the anaerobic digestion)

• the applied techniques to prevent and control emissions and consumption • site remediation measures needed as a consequence of the waste treatment activity within IED

installations. These BAT conclusions do not address the following activities: • activities covered by Council Directive 91/271/EEC concerning urban waste-water treatment; • temporary storage, pending collection, on the site where the waste is generated; • waste management activities, recovery or disposal of waste not occurring in IED installations and

related acceptance criteria; • recovery of waste to substitute raw materials used in IED installations covered in other BAT

reference documents and related acceptance criteria; • waste incineration and co-incineration and related acceptance criteria; • landfilling and related acceptance criteria (covered by Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April

1999 on the landfill of waste); • underground storage of waste and related acceptance criteria; • waste management in the extractive industries (covered by Directive 2006/21/EC); These BAT conclusions do not address the following topics: • end-of-waste criteria, product specifications These BAT conclusions are without prejudice of the following directives and regulations: • end-of-life vehicles (covered by Directive 2000/53/EC) • electronic waste (covered by Directive 2012/19/EU) • batteries (covered by Directive 2006/66/EC) • [placeholder for the regulation on ship recycling COM/2012/0118 final – 2012/0055 (COD)] • POP-containing waste (Regulation (EC) n. 850/2004) • PCB-containing equipments are decontaminated (Directive 96/59/EC) Other reference documents, which are relevant for the activities covered by these BAT conclusions, are the following:

Reference document Activity / Subject

Emissions from Storage BREF (EFS) Storage and handling of fuels and additives

General Principles of Monitoring (MON) Emissions and consumptions monitoring

Energy Efficiency BREF (ENE) General energy efficiency

Economic and Cross-Media Effects (ECM) Economic and cross-media effects of techniques

CWW Common waste water and waste gas treatments



WI Waste incineration

LCP, CLM, IS, GLS, […] Waste co-incineration and recovery of waste as a substitute of other materials in IED installations

MTWR Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities



DEFINITIONS For the purpose of these BAT conclusions, the following definitions apply:

Term used Definition

Biological treatment Treatment of biodegradable waste by mean of aerobic or anaerobic process that degrade the biological matter to stable compounds.

Mechanical treatment […] wet bio-waste Biowaste with water content > 80 % Biogas The gaseous output of the anaerobic digestion process Waste input The incoming waste to be treated in the waste treatment plant Waste holder The subject sending the waste input to the waste treatment plant

Waste producer The subject that generated the waste input sent to the waste treatment plant

Output The processed material flow dispatched from the waste treatment plant Mixing The process of merging solid waste streams Blending The process of merging liquid waste streams POP content Recovery rate

Extraction Treatment of solid or liquid wastes by mean of co- or counter-currant of e.g. vapour, solvent, acid, to extract pollutants as metals, salts, organic compounds.

Immobilisation Treatment of solid waste by mean of e.g. stabilisation, solidification, vitrification, melting, to reduce the rate of contaminant migration to the environment and/or to reduce the level of toxicity of the waste.

Water-based liquid waste […] Washing […] Thermal drying […] Immobilisation […] Thermal desorption […] Distillation […] Dust […] HCl all gaseous chlorides expressed as HCl HF all gaseous fluorides expressed as HF Hg The sum of mercury and its compounds, expressed as Hg CH4 […] VOC […] TOC […] Continuous measurement Measurement using an 'automated measuring system' (AMS) or a

'continuous emission monitoring system' (CEM) permanently installed on site

Periodic measurement Determination of a measurand (particular quantity subject to measurement) at specified time intervals using manual or automated reference methods. A periodic measurement of emissions to air is the average over 3 consecutive measurements of at least half an hour). A periodic measurement of emissions to water is a flow-proportional composite sample over 24-hour.

PEMS Predictive Emissions Monitoring Systems: systems used to determine the emissions concentration of a pollutant based on its relationship with a number of characteristic continuously-monitored process parameters and feed quality data of an emission source.

For the purposes of these BAT conclusions, the following acronyms apply: Acronyms Definition

POP Persistent organic pollutant MSW Municipal Solid Wastes MBT Mechanical Biological Treatment WEEE Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment



EoLV End of Live Vehicles WFGD Wet flue-gas desulphurisation AMS automated measuring system CEM continuous emission monitoring system PEMS Predictive Emissions Monitoring Systems



GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS The techniques listed and described in these BAT conclusions are neither prescriptive nor exhaustive. Other techniques may be used that ensure at least an equivalent level of environmental protection. Unless stated otherwise, the techniques identified in these BAT conclusions are generally applicable. [NOTE: Whilst cross-references are provided to other parts of this document in order to aid the work of the TWG, they will not be included in the final BAT conclusions themselves. Such cross-references are consequently displayed in square brackets.] EXPRESSION OF EMISSION LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH THE BEST AVAILABLE TECHNIQUES (BAT-AELs) [TWG: please note that in order to avoid repetition, this section contains general considerations that are essential to the understanding of the BAT conclusions taken as a standalone document, such as:

- reference conditions for air emissions (e.g. dry gas, standard temperature/pressure, oxygen concentration)

- averaging periods - sampling times - conversions to reference conditions - adopted units of measures]

Reference conditions for emissions to air Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to air given in these BAT conclusions refer to monthly average values of concentrations, expressed as mass of emitted substance per volume of waste gas under the following standard conditions: dry gas, temperature 273.15 K, pressure 101.3 kPa. For combustion processes, oxygen reference conditions for oxygen are given in Table 1.1. Table 1.1: Oxygen reference conditions for BAT-AELs concerning emissions to air from combustion processes

Activities Unit Oxygen reference conditions

Combustion process using liquid or gaseous fuels with the exception of gas turbines and engines

mg/Nm3 3 % oxygen by volume

Gas turbines (including combined cycle gas turbines – CCGT) and engines

mg/Nm3 15 % oxygen by volume

Averaging periods for emissions to air

Unless stated otherwise, BAT-AELs refer to monthly average values Monthly average: average over a period of one month based on valid hourly averages measured by continuous measurements For continuous measurements Daily average: average over a period of one day based on valid hourly averages measured by continuous measurements



For periodic measurements BAT-AELs refer to the average value over the sampling period

Conversion of emissions concentration to reference oxygen level The formula for calculating the emissions concentration at reference oxygen level (see Table 1.1) is shown below.

ER = 21 – OR 21 – OM × EM

Where: ER (mg/Nm3): emissions concentration corrected to the reference oxygen level OR OR (vol %): reference oxygen level EM (mg/Nm3): emissions concentration referred to the measured oxygen level OM

OM (vol %): measured oxygen level. Reference conditions for emissions to water Unless stated otherwise, emission levels associated with the best available techniques (BAT-AELs) for emissions to water given in these BAT conclusions refer to values of concentration (mass of emitted substances per volume of water) expressed in mg/l. Averaging periods for emissions to water Unless stated otherwise, the averaging periods associated with the BAT-AELs are defined as follows:

Daily average Average over a sampling period of 24 hours taken as a flow-proportional composite sample. Time-proportional sampling can be used provided that sufficient flow stability is demonstrated.

Yearly/Monthly average Average (weighted according to the daily flows) of the daily average values taken with the minimum frequency set for the relevant parameter within a year/month


1.1 General BAT conclusions Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section are generally applicable. The process-specific BAT conclusions included in Sections 1.2 to 1.4 apply in addition to the general BAT conclusions mentioned in this section. 1.1.1 Overall environmental performance

1.1.1.1 Environmental management systems 1. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment plants,

BAT is to implement and adhere to an environmental management system (EMS) that incorporates all of the following features:

[BAT 1, 3, 5, 16, 17, 18, 40, 57]

i. commitment of the management, including senior management; ii. definition of an environmental policy that includes the continuous improvement of the

installation by the management; iii. planning and establishing the necessary procedures, objectives and targets, in conjunction

with financial planning and investment; iv. implementation of procedures paying particular attention to:

(a) structure and responsibility (b) training, awareness and competence (c) communication (d) employee involvement (e) documentation (f) efficient process control (g) maintenance programmes (h) emergency preparedness and response (i) safeguarding compliance with environmental legislation;

v. checking performance and taking corrective action, paying particular attention to:

(a) monitoring and measurement (see also the Reference Document on the General Principles of Monitoring)

(b) corrective and preventive action (c) maintenance of records (d) independent (where practicable) internal and external auditing in order to determine

whether or not the EMS conforms to planned arrangements and has been properly implemented and maintained;

vi. review of the EMS and its continuing suitability, adequacy and effectiveness by senior

management; vii. following the development of cleaner technologies;

viii. consideration for the environmental impacts from the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, and throughout its operating life;

ix. application of sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis. Specifically for waste treatment sector, it is also important to consider the following potential features of the EMS:


x. details on point iv above that include:

(a) process and risk management procedures (b) periodic specific job training or education for all personnel (e.g. on environmental

protection and prevention from risks, safety operations, process performance) (c) indications of the availability of qualified on-duty staff during all the plant activities. (d) The ability of the personnel implementing all the procedures (e.g. pre acceptance,

acceptance, sampling, checking and analysis, see BAT 8 and BAT 9) to cope with all the issues relevant for the waste treatment in the concerned plant, due to his profession and/or experience.

xi. Details on point v above to indicate the type of recordings indicated in these BAT conclusions

xii. A good housekeeping system embedded within the EMS covering the following basic items: (a) an adequate training programme that includes also the preventive actions that

workers need to take on environmental risks (b) leak detection and maintenance procedures (see BAT 7.d) (c) procedures for moving and dispatching drums and containers under the instructions

from the appropriate manager (d) an operational diary integrated with the waste tracking system (see BAT 7.c) to

record drums/containers moving procedures xiii. Noise and vibrations management plan and reduction programme (see BAT 22) xiv. Odour reduction programme (see BAT 16) xv. Own residues/waste management plan, integrated within the basic housekeeping techniques

(see BAT 12.f) and with internal/external benchmarking techniques (see BAT20.b). xvi. a structured accident management plan

xvii. an incident diary xviii. loading and unloading management system (see BAT9.b)

xix. energy efficiency plan (see BAT 21.b) xx. water audits (see BAT 18.f)

xxi. decommissioning plan (see BAT 24.b) xxii. [Other]

Applicability The scope (e.g. level of details) and nature of the EMS (e.g. standardised or non-standardised) is generally related to the nature, scale and complexity of the installation, and the range of environmental impacts it may have.

1.1.1.2 Monitoring 2. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment, BAT is to

monitor emissions to: a. air before releasing to the atmosphere b. water at the point of discharge at the boundary of the installation, including

indirect discharge for the pollutants given in each BAT-AEL table of these conclusions, with at least the frequency indicated in the same table and in accordance with EN standards. If EN standards are not available, BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

[50, 55, 74]


3. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment, BAT is to

monitor the process parameters and the additional environmental parameters given below.

[50]

Parameter Applicability Point of measurement Monitoring frequency

Water consumption daily Energy consumption Waste input Waste processed Waste rejected daily Sludge generation daily Waste generation Waste water flow … Waste water toxicity Noise level [other] 4. In order to improve the overall environmental performance of waste treatment

installations, BAT is to improve the knowledge of the waste input by performing waste characterisation with at least the minimum frequency and in accordance with EN standards given below. BAT is to record the outcome of the characterisation onto advanced computerised process control system as described in BAT 7.

Waste(s) Sampling frequency Analysis and

characterisation parameter

[waste] - [parameter] 5. BAT is to monitor periodically odour emissions to air in accordance with EN standards

(e.g. by using dynamic olfactometry according to EN standards). When applying complementary methods for which no EN standards are available (e.g. measurement/estimation of odour exposure, estimation of odour impact), BAT is to use ISO, national or other international standards that ensure the provision of data of an equivalent scientific quality.

Applicability Applicability is restricted to cases where the results of BAT16 I and II show that odour emissions are likely to cause a significant odour exposure to sensitive receptors. 6. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce the environmental risks of

treating hazardous waste, BAT is to monitor in the emissions to air and to water each hazardous substance found in the waste input characterisation/analysis above the concentration level that lead the waste input to be categorised as hazardous.


1.1.2 Waste treatment performance [BAT 91, 117, 118, 119, 130] 7. In order to prevent accidents and to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce

pollution emissions from waste treatment, BAT is to use all the techniques given below: [BAT 2, 7, 12, 40, 53, 60, 62, 66, 72, 78]

Techniques Description Applicability a Complete set of

operational documents A fully-fledged set of engineered project sheets is produced, kept available and implemented to ensure the provision of full details of all the activities carried out on-site, including the following:

(i) a plan of the site clearly identifying the following areas: - the waste treatment plant - the inspection, unloading and sampling areas (see

BAT10) (ii) detailed descriptions, flow charts and mass balances of the

waste treatment methods (iii) descriptions of the procedures in place for the waste

treatment process (iv) diagrams of the main plant items that have environmental

relevance, together with process flow diagrams (schematics) (v) details of the chemical reactions and their reaction

kinetics/energy balance (vi) details of the advanced computerised process control system

(see technique b): general philosophy and environmental monitoring information

(vii) details on the environmental protection measures in place during other than normal operating conditions such as momentary stoppages, start-ups, and shutdowns

(viii) an instruction manual, detailing also the roles and profiles of staff

Generally applicable

b Advanced computerised process control system

An advanced computerised process control system includes all the main parameters in order to keep a full control of the ongoing treatment process. In addition to the automatic measurements, the system integrates all the recordings given in these BAT conclusions. (see BAT 1.xi). All the data are backed-up.


c Waste tracking system A tracking system includes the following elements: (i) carrying out data traceability through several operational

steps (e.g. pre-acceptance/acceptance/storage/treatment/dispatch). (ii) the application of a waste tracking system unique identifier

(label/code) to each container at the reception stage (see BAT 8). The identifier includes the date of arrival on-site and the European Waste List (EWL) code.

(iii) Records of deliveries, on-site treatment and dispatches are made and kept up-to-date in real-time onto the advanced computerised process control system. The treatment steps are documented by using the same flow charts and mass balances given in BAT 7.a. Records are typically held for a minimum of six months after the waste has been dispatched

(iv) recording and referencing the information on waste characteristics and the source of the waste stream, so that it is available at all times. A reference number is given to the waste and is obtainable at any time to enable the operator to identify where a specific waste is in the installation, the length of time it has been there and the proposed or actual treatment route

(v) The tracking system operates also as a waste inventory/stock control system in real-time onto the advanced computerised process control system. It includes: date of arrival on-site, waste



producer details, details on all previous holders, an unique identifier, pre-acceptance and acceptance analysis results, package type and size, intended treatment/disposal route, an accurate record of the nature and quantity of wastes held on-site including all hazards details on where the waste is physically located in relation to a site plan, at which point in the designated disposal route the waste is currently positioned.

d Leakage detection and repair

A procedure that, for the purpose of early detection, operates regularly leak checks of vessels, tanks, spits, drainage, pipe work and triggers a prompt reaction by the maintenance team. Particular attention is paid to underground elements. See BAT 1.xii(b).

Applicable in installations where materials that may easily leak and generate fugitive emissions and or soil contamination are stored.

e [other] 1.1.2.1 Reception, handling and storage 8. In order to reduce the environmental risks in the waste treatment and to improve the

waste treatment performance, BAT is to have a good knowledge of the waste input and a safe and sound waste input reception by using all the following techniques:

[BAT 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 43, 72, 87, 92, 95, 105]

Techniques Description Applicability a Pre-acceptance

procedure The waste input pre-acceptance procedure provides details of the following steps that are performed by the operator: (i) The following information is received and verified with the

producer; • the contact details of the waste producer • an appropriate description of the waste input, including its

composition and hazardousness; • information on the nature and variability of the waste input

generation process; • the European Waste List (EWL) code for the waste input.

(ii) for each new waste treatment request, a potentially suitable treatment method for each waste input batch is identified, taking into account:

- the installation treatment capabilities and risks; - the desired output quality and intrinsic risk

(iii) representative waste input samples from its generation process are obtained and analysed;

(iv) tests on the waste input samples with respect to the planned treatment are conducted;

(v) the treatment of the waste input is assessed, by applying a clear and sound-based methodology, on the basis of the physicochemical properties of each individual waste input batch and the specifications for the output (treated waste).

(vi) [other]


b Sampling procedure and laboratory facility

A sampling procedure and laboratory facility includes: (i) The sampling procedure is based on a risk approach. Some

elements to consider are the type of waste (e.g. hazardous or non-hazardous) and the knowledge of the customer (e.g. waste producer)

Generally applicable This may affect the applicability


(ii) registration of all waste materials (iii) the relevant physicochemical parameters are checked on (e.g.

by viscometry, infrared, chromatography and mass spectrometry as appropriate)

(iv) sampling procedures are customised for • bulk liquid • bulk solids • large and small containers / vessels. The number of samples

increases with the number of containers / vessels. • laboratory smalls.

(v) details of the sampling of wastes in drums within designated storage, e.g. the time-scale after receipt

(vi) sample prior to acceptance (vii) the following information is determined and recorded:

• the sampling regime for each load, together with a record of the justification for the selection of each option are recorded;

• a suitable location for the sampling points; • the capacity of the sampled vessel (for samples from drums,

an additional parameter would be the total number of drums); • the number of samples and degree of consolidation; • the operating conditions at the time of sampling.

(viii) in the case of cold ambient temperatures, a temporary storage may be needed in order to allow sampling after defrosting.

(ix) a laboratory to timely analyse all the samples at the required speed.

(x) a robust quality assurance system and quality control methods for the laboratory. The laboratory analyses results are timely recorded onto the advanced computerised process control system. Particularly for hazardous wastes, this often means that the laboratory needs to be on-site

(xi) [other]

of some of the above items in this BAT (see Section 4.1.1.5).

c Acceptance procedure

The waste input acceptance procedure provides details the following steps that are performed by the operators: (i) the operator accepts the waste input only if a defined

treatment method and disposal/recovery route for the output of the treatment is determined; the results of the laboratory analysis are used to fine-tune the main control parameters for the chosen treatment route (e.g. by mean of bench-scale test) (see pre-acceptance technique a(v));

(ii) the operator follows clear and unambiguous criteria for the rejection of wastes and the reporting of all non conformances;

(iii) the residual waste storage capacity of the installation is an information always kept up-to-date in the advanced computerised process control system; a pre-booking system ensures that the residual waste storage capacity is sufficient for the incoming acceptable waste inputs;

(iv) the operators fully document and deal with waste inputs arriving at the site, by checking and recording that the following criteria are available, guaranteed and respected

• the necessary storage given by the real-time inventory, • treatment capacity, • dispatch conditions, including the acceptance criteria required

by the receiver of the output; (v) determination that the waste input is not radioactive waste; (vi) the operators inspect the waste input also to check compliance

with the description received during the pre-acceptance procedure: • visually when there are no safety concern • when visual inspection is not feasible for safety and/or healthy

reasons, the control of the compliance of waste-input is supported by analytical equipments (e.g. viscometry, infrared, chromatography, mass spectrometry), laboratories and the adequate human resources



d Reception system A reception system includes: (i) move waste to the storage area only after acceptance of the

waste (ii) written procedures to manage non-accepted waste (iii) a dedicated quarantine waste storage area where the rejected

waste can temporarily be safely stored when the inspection or analysis indicates that the wastes fail to meet the acceptance criteria (including, e.g. damaged, corroded or unlabelled drums). Such storage and procedures are designed and managed to promote the rapid management of the rejected waste (e.g. days or less)

(iv) a procedure dealing with rejected waste that includes all measures to:

• inform competent authorities, • safely store the delivery for any transition period • reject the waste and send it back to the waste producer or to

any other authorised destination. (v) [other]


e [other] 9. In order to reduce the environmental risk of accidents and incidents from the handling of

waste, BAT is to use all the following techniques: [BAT 28, 40]

Techniques Description Applicability a Handling systems

and procedures Handling systems and procedures ensure that wastes are transferred to the appropriate storage safely.

b Loading and unloading management system

A management system for the loading and unloading of waste takes into consideration any risks that these activities may incur. In is an integrated part of the EMS (see …), whose options include ticketing systems, supervision by site staff, keys or colour-coded points/hoses or fittings of a specific size

c Waste origin checking

A qualified person attends the waste holder site to check the laboratory smalls and the old original waste to categorise them according to the waste treatment procedures and to package the waste into specific containers, which may include special protection from mechanical damage (e.g. fillers adapted to the packaged waste properties)

Applicable to the treatment of waste from an unclear origin or undefined waste

d Fit-for-purpose equipments

Vessels, hoses, valves and connections are used when they are not damaged.


e [other] 10. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce the environmental risk of

the storage of waste, BAT is to use all the following techniques: [BAT 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34]

Techniques Description Applicability a Strategic location of

storage areas The storage areas are located:

• away from watercourses and sensitive perimeters, and

• to reduce the handling and movement of wastes across the site

• A dedicated area/store for sorting and repackaging laboratory smalls or similar waste is equipped with all necessary measures related to the specific risk


of the wastes b Safety storage

conditions Waste-input and output are stored in specific containers, in a building under slight negative pressur and controlled temperature

Applicable to mercury-containing waste

c Storing of containerised wastes under cover

Containerised wastes are stored in covered areas that give protection from e.g. sunlight, too high/low temperature, precipitation. The covered areas have adequate ventilation and access always available.

Applicable when containerised wastes are stored at any stages, including pending the sampling and emptying. Not applicable if the waste or the containers are not affected by ambient conditions.

d Sorting and repackaging laboratory smalls

laboratory smalls or similar waste are sorted according to their hazard classification, with due consideration for any potential incompatibility problems and then repackaged. After that, they are moved to the appropriate storage area.

e Valve closures All connections between the vessels are capable of being closed via valves.

f Preventing overflows Prevention measures for sludge and liquids to achieve levels higher than a safe threshold. Preventing the emergence of foams that may affect such measures in tanks for liquids, e.g. by regularly controlling the tanks, by sucking out the sludge for appropriate further treatment and using anti-foaming agents. Equipping tanks and vessels with level meters and alarms. These systems need to be sufficiently robust (able to work if sludge and foam is present) and regularly maintained.

g Inert atmosphere Storing organic liquid waste with a low flashpoint under a nitrogen atmosphere allows keeping it inert.

h Bund for liquids Bunds for liquid waste storage are impermeable and resistant to the stored liquids. Separate bunds are used for incompatible liquids.

i Tank and pipe work labelling

Tank and process pipe work labelling consists in:

i. clearly labelling all vessels with regard to their contents and capacity, and applying an unique identifier. Tanks have an appropriately labelled system depending on their use and contents

ii. labels differentiating between waste water and process water, combustible liquid and combustible vapour and the direction of flow (i.e. in or outflow)

iii. keeping records for all tanks, detailing the unique identifier; capacity; its construction, including materials; maintenance schedules and inspection results; fittings; and the waste types which may be stored/treated in the vessel, including flashpoint limits

iv. keeping the labelling system synchronised with the advanced computerised process control system of BAT 7.b

j Minimisation of storage residence time

Take measures (e.g. acceptance planning, identifying the maximum capacity limit for that waste, and ensuring storage capacity is not exceeded) to avoid problems that may be generated from the storage/accumulation of waste

Not applicable when the waste is used as a reactant.

k [other] 1.1.2.2 Compatibility to mix or blend 11. In order to reduce pollution emissions and to prevent incidents/accidents from the waste

treatment, BAT is to use all the following techniques:


[BAT 13, 14, 29, 30, 72, 78, 79, 80]

Techniques Description Applicability a Segregation and

compatibility procedure

A segregation and compatibility procedure includes the following features: (i) keeping records of the testing, including any reaction

giving rise to safety parameters (increase in temperature, generation of gases or raising of pressure); a record of the operating parameters (viscosity change and separation or precipitation of solids) and any other relevant parameters, such as generation of odours; the records are inserted into the advanced computerised process control system of BAT 7.b;

(ii) packing containers of waste into separate drums based on their hazard classification. Waste which are incompatible (e.g. oxidisers and flammable liquids, metals-bearing waste and complexing agents, other chemical incompatibilities) are not stored in the same drum;

(iii) evidence of the mixing/blending environmental benefits is proven and recorded onto the advanced computerised process control system of BAT 7.b by considering the following features:

(i) The reduction of substances concentration in the waste is not considered an environmental benefit;

(ii) the type of waste (e.g. hazardous, containing POP/accumulative substances): waste with POP, accumulative substances, chromium (VI), [other substance] are usually not compatible with other materials or waste, unless a specific environmental benefit is obtained by the mixing/blending operation.

(iii) waste treatment to be applied, (iv) the emissions of the treatment process as well as (v) the subsequent steps that will be carried out to the output

Applicable above [threshold for each concerned waste]

b Procedure to mix/blend

Mixing/blending operations, such as: (i) bulking of different batches that have to be unloaded; (ii) re-using the waste from one activity/treatment as a feedstock

for another are carried out: (i) after a positive outcome of the segregation and compatibility

procedure; (ii) by trained personnel under instruction and supervision of a

suitable manager/chemist; additional care is taken when opening of packaged waste is required;

(iii) under local exhaust ventilation (see BAT 13)

c [other] 1.1.2.3 Input pre-treatment and output finalisation 12. In order to reduce the amount of treated waste sent to disposal and increase the waste

recovery efficiency while achieving the output quality requested by the receiver, BAT is to implement the European waste hierarchy by using the following techniques:

[BAT 2, 4, 11, 15, 34, 122, 123, 50, 58, 59, 60, 86, 94, 103]

Techniques Description Applicability

a Detailed material balance A detailed materials balance provides a

breakdown of the material input (waste, raw material, chemicals) and output (including waste



to disposal, waste water, emissions to air) by type (i.e. gaseous, liquid, solid). This involves: (i) reporting the waste input flow (ii) reporting the raw material consumption (iii) reporting the output and dispatched from

the installation (iv) providing materials flow information (for

example, Sankey diagrams) showing how the materials flow throughout the process.

b Waste activities survey

A survey of the activities carried out and the waste treated, including also a monthly balance sheet of the waste, residue streams, and the auxiliary materials used at the waste treatment plant. The results are recorded onto the advanced computerised process control system of BAT 2.


c

Enhanced quality of waste input

The required quality of waste necessary for improving the environmental performance of the waste treatment process to be carried out can be obtained by e.g. :

- having a close relationship with the waste producer/holder, suggesting the customers sites to implement measures to enhance the waste quality

-

Generally applicable within the constraint given by the authorities control on the waste producer.

d Preparation of waste input Preparation or pre-treatment of waste input may involve several different operations depending on the waste nature

(i) and (ii) are applicable to preparation of solid waste fuels from a limited ferromagnetic portion.

e

Full knowledge and control of the output characteristics

The knowledge and control are obtained by analysing and recording the output according to the relevant parameters important for the receiver (e.g. landfill, incinerator).

f

Own residues management plan

Internal residues management plan optimise the reuse or regeneration and establish the proper disposal of internal residues or waste. Several own residues or waste are properly handled, reused or disposed of by implementing the waste hierarchy:

- Used packaging, including unusable or broken containers, tanks, drums (see BAT 12.g)

- spent scrubber media - exhaust catalyst - sludge - [other]

g

Re-usable packaging Re-usable packaging (drums, containers, IBCs, palettes, etc.) are newly used for containing waste when they are in a good working state and sufficiently clean on the basis of the compatibility check between the two substances contained (first and second use). In case of need, they are sent for appropriate treatment (e.g. reconditioning, cleaning, and washing).

h [other] BAT-associated environmental performance levels The BAT-associated recovery efficiency levels are presented in Table 1.2

Table 1.2: BAT-associated recovery efficiency levels


BAT-AEPL

New plant Existing plant Waste stream Parameter Unit Monitoring frequency

Monthly average

Waste oil [65 %, dry basis]

[other waste streams]

Recovery rate % Continuous measurement

1.1.3 Emissions to air 13. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce diffuse emissions to air

from waste treatment activities, BAT is to use all the following techniques: [BAT 24, 28, 29, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 65, 72, 82, 88, 89, 98]

Techniques Description Applicability a Exhaust gas capture,

collection and treatment The suitably sized (e.g. for peak loads associated with loading and unloading) exhaust gas extraction, capture and abatement system consists in: (i) covering the holding tanks, pre-treatment

areas, storage tanks, mixing/reaction tanks and the filter press areas

(ii) capturing nearest to the source and collecting the exhaust gas from vessels and tanks in the handling of liquid waste, e.g. by mean of extraction or depression and connecting the head space above the settlement tanks to the overall site exhaust treatment units; vapour return lines for loading and unloading vehicles, routing all vents to abatement systems

(iii) handling and treating solids and sludge waste in closed areas which are fitted nearest to the source with extractive vent systems linked to abatement equipment;

(iv) equipping storage tanks and vessels with suitable capture, collection and treatment systems to treat the vent gases from specific tanks (e.g. thermal oxidiser/incinerator or an activated carbon adsorption).

Applicable when emissions to air (e.g. dust, toxic substances) or odour nuisance are generated in the loading, unloading, handling, storing and processing ([process steps]) of waste and raw materials.

b Low pressure process Keep the process under low pressure, controlled temperature, linked with air treatment

Applicable when treating mercury-containing waste

c Enclosed buildings connected to abatement

Highly odorous materials are stored and handled in fully enclosed or suitably abated vessels placing them in enclosed buildings connected to abatement

Applicable to highly odorous materials

d Abatement system optimisation

Correctly operate, regularly clean and optimise the removal efficiency of the abatement system

e Recycling of effluents Separated dust and contaminated carbon from air treatment are returned to the process

Applicable when treating mercury-containing waste

f enclosed conveyor systems Applicable to dusty solid waste g [Other] The BAT reference document on Emissions from Storage (EFS BREF) contains BAT conclusions that are of relevance for the storage and diffuse emissions of fuels and additives.


14. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce dust emissions to air from

waste treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below: [BAT 41, 93, 107, 128]

Technique Description Applicability

a Wet scrubber

b ESP

c Bag or fabric filter Generally applicable

d [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for dust are presented in Table 1.3.

Table 1.3: BAT-associated emission levels for dust

Waste stream Pollutant Unit Monitoring frequency

BAT-AEL Monthly average

MSW Metallic wastes

(shredding, crushing)

Spent activated carbons

Ashes Soils

[Other]

Dust mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement

[In previous BATC, the PM emission levels associated to the use of BAT (mg/Nm3): 5 – 20]

15. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce VOCs emissions to air from

waste treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below: [BAT 37, 93, 126]

Technique Description Applicability a Condenser

b Adsorption system

c Thermal oxidiser

d activated carbon Applicable to extracted gas from tanks holding waste contaminated with solvents

e [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for VOCs are presented in Table 1.4

Table 1.4: BAT-associated emission levels for VOCs



Drums/tanks (washing)

MSW

VOCs in total C

mg/Nm3 Continuous measurement


Soils

sludge

Liquid wastes

[Other]

[In previous BATC, the VOCs emission levels associated to the use of BAT (mg/Nm3): 7 – 20, for low VOC loads, the higher end of the range can be extended to 50]

16. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce odorous emissions, BAT is

to set up and implement an odour management plan, as part of the EMS in BAT 1, that includes all of the following elements:

I. a protocol for conducting odour monitoring;

II. a protocol for response to identified odour events; III. an odour prevention and elimination programme designed to identify the source(s), to

measure odour emissions, to measure/estimate odour exposure (see BAT 5), to characterise the contributions of the sources and to implement elimination and/or reduction measures; it includes a table containing actions and timelines;

IV. a reporting programme to regularly inform management on the results of the odour management plan;

V. a review programme to regularly update the odour management plan; VI. training of staff;

VII. a review of historical odour incidents and remedies and the dissemination of odour incident knowledge.

VIII. [other] Applicability The applicability of BAT 16 III. is restricted to cases where the results of BAT16 I. and II. lead to the assumption that odour emissions are likely to cause a significant odour exposure to sensitive receptors. 17. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce odorous emissions from

waste treatment, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13.


a Minimisation of residence times

Odour emissions are prevented by minimising the residence time of odorous waste in unloading, handling, storage and treatment areas, in particular under anaerobic conditions.

b Chemical treatment Use of chemicals to destroy or to reduce the formation of odorous compounds

Generally applicable.

c End-of-pipe treatment

This potentially includes: bio filtration; bioscrubbing; biotrickling; moving bed trickling filter.


d [other]


1.1.4 Emissions to water and water consumption 18. In order to reduce water consumption and, where practicable, to prevent the discharge of

pollutants to water from the waste treatment, BAT is to use all the techniques given below. [BAT 20, 34, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 54, 74, 116]

Technique Description Applicability a Waste water

treatment plant design

At the design stage, identifying the main expected chemical constituents of the treated effluent and make an informed assessment of the fate of these chemicals in the environment results in adequate levels of emissions. See pre-acceptance and acceptance procedures in BAT 8.


b Segregation of different water streams in the water and drainage systems

Design of an industrial site with optimised water management, where each (potentially) contaminated water stream (e.g. road water, run-offs, process water) is collected and treated separately, depending on the pollution content. Design of an industrial site in order to avoid sending non-contaminated water to general waste water treatment system and to reuse as much as possible collected water internally for industrial/sanitary purpose in substitution of other raw water. The rainwater is collected in a special basin for checking, treatment if contaminated, and further use

Applicable to new plants. Applicable to existing plants within the constraints given by the configuration of the water circuits

c Segregate water streams with hazardous compounds

Identify, segregate and treat waste waters that may contain hazardous compounds (e.g. adsorbable organically bound halogens (AOX); cyanides; sulphides; aromatic compounds; benzene or hydrocarbons)

Applicable to new plants. Applicable to existing plants within the constraints given by the configuration of the water circuits

d Maximise internal water recycling

Increase the number and/or capacity of water recycling systems.

Water recycling may be limited considering the waste treatment process (see specific sections)

e Avoid the use of potable water

Avoid the use of potable water for processes and air-pollution abatement techniques


f Water audits Carry out regular water audits (see EMS in BAT 1), with the aim of increasing the reliability of the control and abatement performance, reducing water consumption, and preventing water contamination


g [other] BAT-associated environmental performance levels The BAT-associated water consumption levels are presented in Table 1.5

Table 1.5: BAT-associated water consumption levels BAT-AEPL


daily average [process/waste

steams] Fresh water consumption

m3/t Continuous measurement

19. In order to reduce emissions to water from waste treatment plants, BAT is to use one or a

combination of the techniques given below: [BAT 52, 53, 55, 56, 67, 75, 83, 116, 120]



a Mechanical treatment

Filtration, sedimentation, oil separation Generally applicable

b Biological treatment Aerobic biological waste water treatment using aeration, including the removal of suspended solids by, e.g. sedimentation, secondary flotation

c Physicochemical treatment

Removal of COD, particulates by adding chemicals to cause the solids to settle, and metals by increasing pH (precipitation, flocculation, coagulation, sedimentation, neutralisation). Some additional treatment (e.g. metal hydroxide precipitation, sulphide precipitation) may be needed e.g. when operating spent activated carbon regeneration

d Adsorption Activated carbon Applicable to waste water that is contaminated by hazardous substances

e Thermal treatment Evaporation Applicable to waste water that is highly contaminated by hazardous substances

f [other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for direct and indirect discharge to water are presented in Table 1.6

Table 1.6: BAT-associated emission levels to water from waste treatment

Pollutant Unit Monitoring frequency


pH - COD TOC TSS

Sb+As+Pb+Cr+Co+Cu+Mn+Ni+V Cd+Tl

Hg HCT AOX

mg/l

Continuous measurement

[In previous BATC, emission values associated with the use of BAT (ppm): COD 20 – 120 BOD 2 – 20 Heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) 0.1 – 1 Highly toxic heavy metals: As <0.1 Hg 0.01 – 0.05 Cd <0.1 – 0.2 Cr(VI) <0.1 – 0.4]

1.1.5 Consumption of raw materials and chemicals 20. In order to reduce raw materials and chemicals consumption in the waste treatment, BAT

is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below: [BAT 22, 23, 61]

Technique Description Applicability a use of waste as a

raw material Waste is used as a raw material for the treatment of other wastes by substituting chemicals or raw


materials. The waste supply availability is guaranteed, but alternative treatments or other raw materials are also available to avoid any unnecessary waiting treatment time.

b benchmarking of materials consumption

carry out an internal benchmarking (e.g. on an annual basis) of raw materials consumption (see also BAT 1.ix and 12.a)

Some applicability limitations derive from the presence of impurities in the waste that substitutes the raw material.

c [other] BAT-associated environmental performance levels The BAT-associated raw materials and chemicals consumption levels are presented in Table 1.8

Table 1.7: BAT-associated raw materials and chemicals consumption levels BAT-AEPL


Monthly average [Raw material] consumption

[immobilisation, other

process/waste steams]

[chemical] consumption

kg/t Continuous

measurement

1.1.6 Energy consumption 21. In order to use energy efficiently in the waste treatment, BAT is to use all the following

techniques: [BAT 20, 21]


a

Detailed energy balance A detailed energy balance provides a breakdown of the energy consumption and generation (including exporting) by the type of source (i.e. electricity, gas, liquid conventional fuels, solid conventional fuels and waste). This involves: (v) reporting the energy consumption

information in terms of delivered energy (vi) reporting the energy exported from the

installation (vii) providing energy flow information (for

example, Sankey diagrams or energy balances) showing how the energy is used throughout the process.


b

Energy efficiency plan An energy efficiency plan entails defining and calculating the specific energy consumption of the activity (or activities), setting key performance indicators on an annual basis (e.g. MWh/tonne of waste processed) and plan the periodic improvement targets and related actions.


c [other] The BAT reference document on Energy Efficiency (ENE BREF) contains BAT conclusions that are of relevance for the reduction of energy consumption and the efficient use of energy. BAT-associated environmental performance levels The BAT-associated energy consumption levels are presented in Table 1.8


Table 1.8: BAT-associated energy consumption levels BAT-AEPL


Monthly average Electrical energy

consumption [process/waste steams]

Fuel consumption MWh/t Continuous measurement

1.1.7 Noise and vibrations 22. In order to reduce noise and vibrations emissions from relevant sources from waste

treatment, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below: [BAT 18]


a Strategic planning of the location of equipment, units and buildings

Noise levels can be reduced by increasing the distance between the emitter and the receiver and by using buildings as noise screens.

Applicable to new plants. In the case of existing plants, the relocation of equipment and production units may be restricted by the lack of space.

b Noise and vibrations management plan

A noise and vibrations management plan includes identification of noise and vibrations sources and affected areas, calculations and measurements of noise levels, and a reduction programme with the identification of most cost-effective combination of techniques, their implementation, and monitoring. See EMS (BAT 1)


c Operational and management techniques in buildings containing noisy equipment

This includes: • improved inspection and

maintenance of equipment to prevent failures;

• closing of doors and windows of covered areas;

• equipment operation by experienced staff;

• avoidance of noisy activities during night-time;

• provisions for noise control during maintenance activities.

d Low-noise equipment This potentially includes: • compressors with ≤ 85 dB(A); • speed-controlled pumps; • avoidance of punched disks.

e Noise-reducers Installation of noise-reducers on equipment and ducts.

f Vibration insulation Vibration insulation of machineries and decoupled arrangement of noise sources and potentially resonant components.

g Enclosure of noisy equipment Enclosure of noisy equipment in separate structures such as buildings or soundproofed cabinets where internal-external lining is made of impact-absorbent material.

h Soundproofing of buildings This potentially includes: • sound-absorbing materials in walls

and ceilings;

Applicability is restricted to cases where the results of BAT 22.b lead to the assumption that noise or vibrations emissions are likely to cause a significant nuisance to sensitive receptors


• sound-isolating doors; • double-glazed windows.

i Noise abatement Noise propagation can be reduced by inserting obstacles between emitters and receivers. Appropriate obstacles include protection walls, embankments, and buildings.

Applicability is restricted to cases where the results of BAT 22.b lead to the assumption that noise or vibrations emissions are likely to cause a significant nuisance to sensitive receptors. Applicable to new plants. In the case of existing plants, the insertion of obstacles may be restricted by the lack of space.

j [other] 1.1.8 Prevention of soil and groundwater contamination 23. In order to prevent soil and groundwater contamination from the waste treatment, BAT is

to use all the following techniques, in addition to BAT 9 and 10: [BAT 24, 42, 47, 63, 64]


a Sealed surface A sealed surface (e.g. full concrete base) in the whole waste treatment area (e.g. reception facility, storage area, treatment areas) that falls to internal site drainage systems which lead to storage tanks or to interceptors that can collect rainwater and any spillage. Interceptors with an overflow to sewer have automatic monitoring systems, such as pH checks, which can shut down the overflow.

Applicable to new plants

b Adequate drainage and overflow infrastructure

The drainage infrastructure of the areas where waste is received, handled, stored, treated or dispatched contains all possible contaminated run-offs and the drainages from incompatible wastes do not mix. Overflow pipes of vessels for liquids are directed to a contained drainage system (i.e. the relevant bund area or another vessel). Also rainwater falling on the processing areas is collected along with tanker washings, occasional spillages, drum washings, etc. and returned to the processing plant or collected in a combined interceptor.


c Waterproof retention area Each storage tank for liquids is put in a waterproof retention area

d Aboveground vessels and pipe work

Aboveground vessels and pipe work are used.


e Security basin Implement a security basin to collect accidentally polluted water. The discharge from this storage is only possible after the conclusion of all the treatment measures and a subsequent final inspection

f [other] 1.1.9 Decommissioning


24. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce the environmental risks during the decommissioning of waste treatment plants, BAT is to use all the following techniques:

[BAT 19]


a Design considerations for decommissioning

Design considerations for end-of-life plant decommissioning: (i) considering the environmental impact from

the eventual decommissioning of the installation at the stage of designing a new plant, as forethought makes decommissioning easier, cleaner and cheaper

(ii) decommissioning poses environmental risks for the contamination of land (and groundwater) and generates large quantities of solid waste; preventive techniques are process-specific but general considerations may include:

- using aboveground structures - incorporating features that facilitate

dismantling - choosing surface finishes that are easily

decontaminated - using an equipment configuration that

reduces trapped chemicals and facilitates drain-down or cleaning

- designing flexible, self-contained units that enable phased closure

- using recyclable and/or biodegradable materials where possible.


b Decommissioning plan A decommissioning plan incorporates the following features:

i. inclusion of some of the staff experienced in running the former plant at all stages of elaboration and implementation;

ii. provision of procedures and instructions for all stages of implementation;

iii. provision of a detailed training and supervision programme for personnel;

iv. determination of the quantity of waste to be recovered and disposed of and of the contamination levels contained therein;

v. provision of working areas which are: - …

vi. emptying of the waste containers, tanks, pipe works, vessels, drainage, drums, bund … by:

- … vii. carrying out of all dismantling and demolition

operations by: - storing of contaminated equipment in

suitable areas; - accounting of waste streams; - decontaminating or renewing the waste

water collection systems in or around the plant;

- monitoring of …in air, water and waste, including for an appropriate time after the finalisation of the decommissioning or conversion;

viii. if needed, interim storage of waste on site in



storage facilities that are: - well lit and weatherproof; - equipped with a suitable secondary

containment capable of retaining 110 % of the volume of any single container;

- equipped with aspiration and abatement equipment;

- periodically inspected; ix. if needed, transport, potential further treatment

and disposal of waste. c [other]


1.2 BAT conclusions for mechanical treatments Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to the mechanical treatment of waste, in addition to the general BAT mentioned in Section 1.1.

1.2.1 BAT conclusions for sorting, sieving

1.2.1.1 General environmental performance 25. In order to improve the general environmental performance and reduce the risk of

accidents and incidents from the sorting of wastes, BAT is to implement the European waste hierarchy by using an appropriate combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 24, 84, 124]


a Optimising recovery rate Operate sorting considering the potential recovery of the waste components, e.g. sort out and recover metallic parts before biological treatment

b Near Infrared spectroscopy (NIR)

Near Infrared spectroscopy helps the process of sorting out different type of plastics

c Visual inspection Visual inspection of the incoming waste to sort out the bulky metallic or non-metallic parts

d Separators for metals The use of magnetic ferrous and non-ferrous metal separators.

Applicable to preparation of solid waste fuels from non hazardous waste. Not applicable when preparing solid waste fuels from source-separated waste streams.

e Dedicated sorting location

Operate sorting in dedicated areas or buildings, according to the hazard classification of the waste to be sorted, and with due consideration for any potential incompatibility

f Filter cleaning Steam- or high-pressure water jet is used to rapid clean the filter holes of the sieving processes. Applicable to liquid waste

g [Other]

1.2.2 BAT conclusions for crushing, shredding, or milling

1.2.2.1 General environmental performance

26. In order to improve the general environmental performance and reduce the risk of accidents and incidents from crushing, shredding, or milling of wastes, BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 33, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127]



a

Prevent hazardous components in waste-input

In complement of BAT 25, this includes: a. Confiscate and repatriate dangerous items (e.g.

gas cylinders, dirty drums, EoLVs with dangerous parts, etc.) to the appropriate owner left by mistake in the waste stream

b. Reception and acceptance of drums and tanks only with certificate of cleanliness

c. Produce and follow a detailed baled material inspection procedure before fragmentising


b Inert atmosphere Perform crushing/shredding operations under full encapsulation and under an inert atmosphere. The inert atmosphere is captured and treated.

Generally applicable to plants processing waste containing flammable, hazardous or highly volatile substance

c [Other]

1.2.2.2 Mercury emissions to air 27. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce mercury emissions to air

from crushing, shredding, or milling of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Adsorption

b Condensation

Applicable where waste contaminated by mercury is treated

c [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for mercury are presented in Table 1.9

Table 1.9: BAT-associated emission levels for mercury from crushing, shredding, milling of wastes


BAT-AEL Daily average

Mercury-containing waste

[Other] Hg mg/Nm3


1.2.2.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air 28. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce dioxins and furans

emissions to air in the crushing, shredding, or milling of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Thermal oxidiser

Thermal oxidation at 1100 °C (850 °C when burning exhaust gases with less than 1 % of halogenated organic substances) with a two seconds residence time and an oxygen content > 3 %

Applicable where waste contaminated by halogenated organic substances is treated

b [Other]


BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans are presented in Table 1.10

Table 1.10: BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans from the crushing, shredding and milling of wastes


BAT-AEL Average over the sampling period

EoLV WEEE MSW

Drums/containers [other]

Dioxins and furans

ngI-TEQ/Nm3

Periodic monitoring Times/year

1.2.2.4 Emissions to water 29. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to water from the

crushing, shredding or milling of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given in BAT 18 and 19:

BAT-associated emission levels Specific BAT-associated emission levels for zinc emissions to water from crushing, shredding and milling of wastes are presented in Table 1.11.

Table 1.11: BAT-associated emission levels for zinc from the crushing, shredding milling of wastes



EoLV [Other]

Zn mg/l Continuous

measurement

1.2.2.5 Vibrations 30. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce vibrations emissions from

mechanical treatment of waste, BAT is to use the technique given below, in addition to BAT 22:


a Dampening adjustment Adjustment of mill and its dampening mounts, taking into consideration the foundation

Applicable to plants close to sensitive receptors

b Resonance assessment Assessment of resonance during mill operation

Applicable to plants close to sensitive receptors

c [Other]


1.3 BAT conclusions for biological treatments Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to biological treatment of waste, in addition to the general BAT mentioned in Section 1.1.

1.3.1.1 General environmental performance 31. In order to prevent at source the generation of pollutants and to improve the general

performance of the biological treatment of waste, BAT is to select and pre-treat the waste input feedstock by using the techniques given below.

[BAT 66]


a Selection of feedstock for biological systems

Active parts of the feedstock can be easily re-used or recycled after an early separation from the rest (e.g. glass, metals)


b Admissible waste adjustment

adjust the admissible waste types and separation processes according to the type of process carried out and the abatement technique applicable (e.g. depending on the content of non-biodegradable components)


c [other]

1.3.1.2 Odour 32. In order to reduce emissions to air of odorous substances from the unloading, storage and

handling of biodegradable waste, BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 16 and 17.

[BAT 65]


a Automated and rapid action doors

(opening times of the doors being kept to a minimum)

Applicable in combination with technique c to odour-intensive wastes

b Closed feed bunkers housing closed feed bunkers constructed with a vehicle sluice

Applicable in combination with technique c to highly odour-intensive wastes

c Exhaust air collection device

An exhaust air collection device results in an small vacuum effect in the hall or bunkers area


d Odour abatement Include the use of the air as combustion air in the engines or bio-filter


e [Other]

1.3.2 BAT conclusions specific to aerobic treatment

1.3.2.1 General environmental performance 33. In order to improve the general environmental performance of aerobic biodegradation,

BAT is to use an appropriate combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 7.


[BAT 67, 69]

Techniques Description Applicability a Specific process parameters

control Controlling the levels of biodegradation and the air supply by using a stabilised air circuit and by adapting the aeration to the actual biodegradation activity allow to keep full control of the biodegradation process and to avoid anaerobic conditions. Other parameters are used for additional control of the process or of the output quality


b enclosed bioreactors Fully enclosed bioreactors allow having a better control of the biodegradation processes

c Uniform and optimised feed

A uniform and optimised feed is ensured by optimising the C:N ratio

d [Other]

1.3.2.2 Emissions to air 34. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to air from aerobic biodegradation, BAT is to use

the techniques given below: [BAT 68, 69, 70]


a Fine tune the process control

A fine tuning of the process control parameters based on the continuously learning of the connection between the controlled variables of biological degradation and the measured (gaseous) emissions

b Bag filter c regenerative thermal

oxidiser

d [Other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels to air from aerobic biodegradation are presented in Table 1.15.

Table 1.12: BAT-associated emission levels for odour, NH3, N2O, Hg, CH4, dust, VOC from aerobic biodegradation

BAT-AEL Monthly average Type of waste Parameter Unit Monitoring

frequency New plant Existing plant

exhaust gas specific volume

Nm3/t [old values: 2500 – 8000] [old values: 2500 – 8000]

odour ouE/m3 [old values: <500 – 6000] [old values: <500 – 6000]

NH3 [old values: <1 – 20] [old values: <1 – 20]

N2O

CH4

Hg

[Sewage sludge, biological waste from separated

collection, mechanically pre

treated MSW, other]

[Other]

mg/Nm3

Continuous monitoring


1.3.2.3 Water consumption and emissions to water 35. In order to reduce water consumption and prevent emissions to water of aerobic

biodegradation plants, BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18. [BAT 69]


a Water management integration

A close integration between the process and the water management by mean of the advanced computerised process control system allow to keep full control of the water consumption


b Waste water reuse The waste water and leachate is recycled as water input to the maximum extent allowed by the process (e.g. high concentrations of some toxic compounds may cause negative effects).


c recycling process waters recycling process waters or muddy residues within the aerobic treatment process to completely avoid water emissions.


d [other] BAT-associated environmental performance levels Specific BAT-associated water consumption levels from aerobic treatment are presented in Table 1.13.

Table 1.13: BAT-associated water consumption levels from aerobic treatment BAT-AEPL


daily average Sewage sludge

Biological waste from separated

collection

mechanically pre-treated MSW

[Other]

Fresh water consumption

m3/t Continuous measurement

36. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to water from aerobic treatment plants, BAT is to

use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18 and 19. [BAT 71]


a [tertiary techniques that remove nitrogen compounds]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to water are presented in Table 1.15.

Table 1.14: BAT-associated emission levels for emissions to water from aerobic treatment




P N (1) NH3

Nitrate Nitrite

Cl



treated MSW, other] [Other]

mg/l Continuous

measurement

(1) Total Nitrogen

1.3.2.4 Energy efficiency 37. In order to use energy efficiently in aerobic treatment, BAT is to use the techniques given

below. [BAT 69]

Techniques Description Applicability a Building insulation thermally insulating the ceiling of the biological

degradation hall in aerobic processes

b Pre-treatment pre-treat the waste by anaerobic digestion Applicable to wet biodegradable waste

c [Other]


1.3.3 BAT conclusions specific to anaerobic digestion Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to anaerobic digestion plants and their associated activities, in addition to the general BAT mentioned in Section 1.1.

1.3.3.1 General environmental performance 38. In order to improve the general environmental performance of anaerobic digestion plants,

BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 7. [BAT 67]


a Specific process parameters control

Measuring TOC, COD, N, P and Cl levels in the inlet and outlet flows allow to keep full control of the anaerobic process. Other parameters may be added for additional control of the process or of the output quality.


b [Other]

1.3.3.2 Emissions to air 39. In order to prevent or reduce diffuse emissions of methane to air from anaerobic

digestion, BAT is to use the techniques given below. [NEW]


a b [Technique] 40. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to air when using biogas from anaerobic digestion

as a fuel in gas engines, gas turbines or boilers, BAT is to use the techniques given below. [BAT 68]


a Biogas pre-treatment Pre-treatment, e.g. scrubbing the biogas with iron salts


b Denox techniques E.g. SCR Generally applicable c thermal oxidation unit

d activated carbon filtration Generally applicable e [Other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for NOX, SOX, CO, Hg, H2S and VOC in the engine combustion of biogas from anaerobic digestion are presented in Table 1.15.

Table 1.15: BAT-associated emission levels for NOX, SOX, CO, Hg, H2S and VOC in the combustion of biogas from anaerobic digestion

Type of combustion

Pollutant Unit Monitoring frequency



unit New plant Existing plant NOX SOX CO

[Formaldehyde?]

H2S VOC

Gas engine

Hg

mg/Nm3 Continuous monitoring

(1)

NOX SOX CO

[Formaldehyde?]

H2S VOC

Gas turbine

Hg


(1)

NOX SOX CO

[Formaldehyde?]

H2S VOC

boiler

Hg


(1)

Reference O2: …%; (1) When the abatement technique is applied to the biogas before combustion the measurement may take place also before the combustion.

1.3.3.3 Water consumption and emissions to water 41. In order to reduce water consumption of anaerobic digestion plants, BAT is to use the

techniques given below. [BAT 67]


a Water management integration

A close integration between the process and the water management by mean of the advanced computerised process control system allow to keep full control of the water consumption


b Waste water reuse The waste water is recycled as water input to the reactor to the maximum extent allowed by the anaerobic process (e.g. high concentrations of some toxic/inhibiting compounds may cause negative effects on the biological process).


c [Other] BAT-associated environmental performance levels Specific BAT-associated water consumption levels from anaerobic digestion are presented in Table 1.16

Table 1.16: BAT-associated water consumption levels from anaerobic digestion BAT-AEPL


daily average Sewage sludge Fresh water m3/t Continuous measurement


Biological waste from separated

collection

mechanically pre-treated MSW

consumption

42. In order to prevent or reduce emissions to water from anaerobic digestion plants, BAT is

to use the techniques given below. [BAT 68]


b [tertiary techniques that remove nitrogen compounds]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels from anaerobic digestion are presented in Table 1.17.

Table 1.17: BAT-associated emission levels from anaerobic digestion

Type of waste Pollutant Unit Monitoring frequency


P N (1) NH3

Nitrate Nitrite



treated MSW, other] Cl

mg/l Continuous

measurement

(1) Total Nitrogen

1.3.3.4 Energy efficiency 43. In order to increase the energy efficiency and to reduce the emissions to air of anaerobic

digestion of biodegradable waste and associated activities, BAT is to use all the techniques given below. Flaring the biogas is not BAT.

[BAT 67]


a Using biogas as a fuel Using biogas from anaerobic digestion as a fuel in energy conversion apparatus, e.g. gas engines, gas turbines, boilers, vehicles.

Not applicable for limited periods due to safety reasons or non-routine operational conditions (e.g. start-ups, shutdown)

b Biogas maximisation Maximise the production of biogas. This technique needs to consider the effect on the digestate and biogas quality

c Thermo-chemical pre-treatment of the waste input

d thermophilic digestion operate the system under thermophilic digestion conditions. For certain types of wastes, thermophilic conditions cannot to be reached


e Engines injection design and management

Engines injection design and management to avoid biogas slip to flares

f [Other] BAT-associated environmental performance levels The BAT-associated energy efficiency levels are given in Table 1.18.

Table 1.18: BAT-associated energy efficiency levels for anaerobic digestion installation BAT-AEPL Type of plant Parameter Unit

(yearly average)

Existing Anaerobic digester

New

Biogas generation rate per mass unit

of waste

MJ/t

Gas engine

Gas turbine

[other]

Conversion efficiency, LHV basis

%


1.4 BAT conclusions for physicochemical treatments Unless otherwise stated, the BAT conclusions presented in this section apply to physicochemical treatment of waste, in addition to the general BAT mentioned in Section 1.1.

1.4.1 BAT conclusions for extraction

1.4.1.1 General environmental performance 44. In order to increase the general environmental of the extraction of pollutants from wastes,

BAT is to use all the techniques given below:


a Close loop operation Return the extraction solvent to the process

Applicable to solvent extraction

b [Other]

1.4.1.2 Acid emissions to air [39, 85] 45. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce acid emissions to air from

acid extraction, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in additions to BAT 13:


a scrubber Generally applicable

b [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for acid are presented in Table 1.19

Table 1.19: BAT-associated emission levels for acid from extraction of pollutant from wastes



Solid wastes as e.g. pre-treatment before immobilisation

[acid] mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement

1.4.1.3 Emissions to water 46. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce emissions to water from

extraction, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given in BAT 18 and 19. BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for chlorine and sulphate are presented in Table 1.20.

Table 1.20: BAT-associated emission levels to water from extraction of pollutant from wastes




Oil

Solvent

Spent catalysts

sludge

soils

Cl-

Oil

Solvent

Spent catalysts

sludge

soils

Sulphate

mg/l Continuous

measurement

[Other] [Other]

1.4.2 BAT conclusions for washing

1.4.2.1 General environmental performance 47. In order to improve the general environmental performance of the washing of wastes,

BAT is to use the techniques given below: [BAT 34]

Techniques Description Applicability a Full encapsulation of the

washing vessels To prevent diffused/flammable emissions, the washing vessels for drums/containers containing highly volatile substances and/or flammable substances are fully encapsulate and linked to an appropriate atmosphere control systems

Applicable to the washing of drums/containers

b Close loop operation Reuse of the washing water Generally applicable c [Other]

1.4.2.2 Emissions to water 48. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce phenol emissions to water

from washing of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18 and 19:


a Extraction b Adsorption c Wet oxidation with hydrogen

peroxide

d [Other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for phenols emissions to water from washing of wastes are presented in Table 1.21


Table 1.21: BAT-associated emission levels to water from washing

Waste stream Pollutant Unit Monitoring frequency BAT-AEL

Monthly average

Drums/Tanks Soils

Phenols [or phenol index with EN 14402 analytical method]

mg/l [-] Continuous

measurement

1.4.3 BAT conclusions for physicochemical treatment of water-based liquid waste

1.4.3.1 General environmental performance 49. In order to improve the general environmental performance, to prevent accidents or

incidents and to reduce emissions from the physicochemical treatment of water-based liquid waste, BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 11, 18 and 19.

[BAT 76, 78, 79, 80]

Techniques Description Applicability a Testing emulsions before

break-up In case of presence of e.g. cyanides, the emulsion is treated by chemical oxidation (see c below)

b Chemical oxidation According to the waste-input composition, oxidation of water-based liquid waste containing cyanide, nitrite, [other substance] by using e.g. hypochlorite, chlorine, ozone, peroxides. Nitrous fumes are avoided during the oxidation/acidification treatment of nitrites.

Applicable to water-based liquid waste containing cyanide, nitrite, [other substance].

c Chromium reduction According to the waste-input composition, reduce Cr(VI) contained in the water-based liquid waste to Cr(III)

Applicable to water-based liquid waste containing Cr(IV), as pre-treatment prior to metal precipitation

d pH control Adding caustic soda in excess is a mean of controlling a decreasing pH

e [Other] The BAT reference document on Common Waste Water/Waste gas treatment/management in the chemical sector (CWW BREF) contains BAT conclusions that are of relevance for the physicochemical treatment of water-based liquid waste.

1.4.3.2 Emissions to air 50. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce HCN emissions to air from

chemical oxidation of water-based liquid waste, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:

[BAT 39, 77]


a Preventive detection

b Base scrubber

c [Other]


BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for HCN are presented in Table 1.22

Table 1.22: BAT-associated emission levels for HCN from oxidation of water-based liquid waste



Chemical oxidation

HCN mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement

51. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce ammonia emissions to air

from treatment of water-based liquid waste, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below:

[BAT 81]


a dual column air stripping system

In dual column air stripping system with an acidic scrubber, the ammonia is recovered and/or removed from the gas phase by scrubbing with sulphuric acid to produce ammonium sulphate

waste with ammonia solutions up to 20 w/w-%

b [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for NH3 in exhaust stacks are presented in Table 1.23

Table 1.23: BAT-associated emission levels for NH3 in exhaust stacks from treatment of water-based liquid waste



Ammonia-rich liquid waste

NH3 mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement


chemical oxidation of water-based liquid waste, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given in BAT 18 and 19.

[BAT 73] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for chlorine to water from chemical oxidation of water-based liquid waste are presented in Table 1.24:

Table 1.24: BAT-associated emission levels to water for chlorine from physicochemical treatment of water-based liquid waste

Waste / process Pollutant Unit Monitoring frequency


Hypochlorite or chlorine chemical oxidation

Cl mg/l Continuous

measurement


[other] [other]

1.4.4 BAT conclusions for thermal drying

1.4.4.1 General environmental performance [BAT 126] 53. In order to improve the general environmental performance of the drying of wastes , BAT

is to use all the techniques given below:

Techniques Description Applicability a Full encapsulation of drying

vessels To prevent diffused emissions, the drying vessels for wastes containing e.g highly volatile and/or odorous substances, are fully encapsulated and linked to appropriate atmosphere control systems

b Low air emission process Reuse waste gas as process air for drying

1.4.4.2 Ammonia emissions to air 54. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce ammonia emissions to air

from drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:

[BAT 39]

Technique Description Applicability a Adsorption

b Scrubber

c [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for ammonia are presented in Table 1.25

Table 1.25: BAT-associated emission levels for ammonia from drying of wastes



sludge NH3 mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement


drying, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given in BAT 18 and 19 BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for emissions of Cl and sulphate to water from extraction of solid wastes are presented in Table 1.26.

Table 1.26: BAT-associated emission levels to water from drying of wastes


Waste stream Pollutant Unit Monitoring

frequency BAT-AEL

Monthly average

sludge Soils

Cl

sludge Soils

Sulphate mg/l


1.4.5 BAT conclusions for immobilisation [BAT 85, 90]

1.4.5.1 General environmental performance 56. In order to improve the general environmental performance of immobilisation of wastes,

BAT is to use all the techniques given below: [BAT 87]


a Specific acceptance procedure for immobilisation process

Wastes to be treated by solidification/immobilisation do not contain high levels of VOCs, odorous components, solid cyanides, oxidising agents, [other]

b Management of reagents The amount of reagents is fine-tuned to control exactly the process.

c [Other]

1.4.5.2 Asbestos emissions to air 57. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce asbestos emissions to air

from thermal immobilisation of asbestos-containing waste, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Wet operating conditions

Add water to asbestos-containing waste pre-treating before thermal immobilisation

b [Other]

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for asbestos are presented in Table 1.27

Table 1.27: BAT-associated emission levels for asbestos from thermal immobilisation of asbestos-containing waste



Asbestos-containing waste Asbestos mg/Nm3



1.4.5.3 Lead emissions to air [BAT 93] 58. In order prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce lead emissions to air from

thermal immobilisation of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Adsorption

b Thermal oxidiser

c [Other]

Applicable where waste contaminated by lead is treated

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for Pb are presented in Table 1.28

Table 1.28: BAT-associated emission levels for Pb from immobilisation of wastes



Spent carbon Ashes sludge Soils

Pb mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement

1.4.5.4 Cadmium emissions to air [BAT 93] 59. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce Cd emissions to air from

thermal immobilisation of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Adsorption

b Thermal oxidiser

c [Other]

Applicable where waste contaminated by cadmium is treated

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for Cd are presented in Table 1.29

Table 1.29: BAT-associated emission levels for Cd from thermal immobilisation of wastes



Spent carbon Ashes Sludge Soils

Cd mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement

1.4.5.5 Mercury emissions to air [BAT 93]


60. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce mercury emissions to air from thermal immobilisation of wastes, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Adsorption

b Condensation

c [Other]


BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for Hg are presented in Table 1.30

Table 1.30: BAT-associated emission levels for Hg from thermal immobilisation of wastes



Spent carbon Ashes Sludge Soils

[Other]

Hg mg/Nm3 Continuous

measurement

1.4.6 BAT conclusions for thermal desorption

1.4.6.1 General environmental performance [BAT 109, 110, 111, 114] 61. In order to improve the general environmental performance of the thermal desorption,

BAT is to use the techniques given below:

Techniques Description Applicability a Prevent the cross

contamination between the waste and the heating gas

Use an indirect fired kiln for treatment of industrial carbons to avoid contact between kiln content and flue-gases generated from a burner

b Flue-gas treatment train quench and/or venturi and aqueous scrubbing sections, followed by an induced draft fan

c Characterisation of waste input for spent activated carbon

This includes: • an effective quality control

procedure in place to ensure that the operator can differentiate between the carbon used for potable water or food grade carbon and the rest of spent carbons

• a written undertaking from waste input producer indicating what the activated carbon has been used for

Applicable to regeneration of spent activated carbon

1.4.6.2 Mercury emissions to air [BAT 93]


62. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce mercury emissions to air from thermal desorption, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Condensation

b [Other]



Table 1.31: BAT-associated emission levels for Hg from thermal desorption of wastes



Soils Spent activated

carbon

Spent catalysts [Other]


measurement

1.4.6.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air [BAT 112, 113, 93] 63. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce dioxins and furans

emissions to air from thermal desorption, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Thermal oxidiser

Thermal oxidation at 1100 °C (850 °C when burning exhaust gases with less than 1 % of halogenated organic substances) with a two seconds residence time and an oxygen content > 3%


b [Other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans are presented in Table 1.32

Table 1.32: BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans from thermal desorption of wastes



Soils

Spent activated carbon

Spent catalysts

Dioxins and furans

ngI-TEQ/Nm3

Periodic monitoring [n. times] /

year

1.4.6.4 Acid emissions to air 64. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce acid emissions to air from

thermal desorption, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


[BAT 39, 115]


a Scrubber Caustic or soda ash scrubbing solutions

Applicable to regeneration of spent activated carbon

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for acid are presented in Table 1.33

Table 1.33: BAT-associated emission levels for acids from thermal desorption of wastes



Spent activated carbon [acid] mg/Nm3


1.4.6.5 SOX emissions to air [BAT 108] 65. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce SOX emissions to air from

thermal desorption, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Wet scrubber Applicable to regeneration of spent catalyst and spent activated carbon

BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for SOX are presented in Table 1.34

Table 1.34: BAT-associated emission levels for SOX from thermal desorption of wastes




Spent catalysts SOX mg/Nm3


1.4.6.6 Emissions to water [BAT 116 120] 66. In order to prevent or, where it is not practicable, reduce emissions to water from thermal

desorption, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18 and 19:



peroxide

d [Other] BAT-associated emission levels


The BAT-associated emission levels for sulphate and phenols emissions to water from thermal desorption of wastes are presented in Table 1.35:

Table 1.35: BAT-associated emission levels to water from thermal desorption of wastes



Spent catalysts


Soils

Sulphate

Spent catalysts


Soils

Phenols [or phenol index with EN 14402 analytical

method ]

[Other] [Other]

mg/l Continuous

measurement

1.4.7 BAT conclusions for distillation

1.4.7.1 General environmental performance [BAT 96, 101, 102, 103, 106, 129] 67. In order to improve the general environmental performance and to increase the waste

recovery efficiency of distillation, BAT is to use the appropriate techniques given below:

Techniques Description Applicability a Process performance

use a highly efficient vacuum system

Applicable to re-refining of waste oil

b Acceptance procedure for distillation

Chlorinated solvents and PCBs checks are part of the acceptance procedure; in case of presence, the incoming waste is rejected.


c Reuse of residues

use the residues from vacuum distillation or thin film evaporators e.g. as asphalt products


d Recover the solvent from distillation residue

evaporate the residue from the distillation columns to recuperate the solvents

Applicable to solvent distillation

e heat-exchange units external Use heat-exchange units external to the waste treatment vessel if heating of the liquid waste is required

Applicable to hazardous waste treatment

1.4.7.2 Mercury emissions to air 68. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce Hg emissions to air from

distillation of waste, BAT is to use one or a combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:

[BAT 97] Technique Description Applicability

a Condensation

b Adsorption

c [Other]




Table 1.36: BAT-associated emission levels for Hg from treatment of wastes containing mercury



Liquid Solid

sludge Soils

[Other]


measurement

1.4.7.3 Dioxins and furans emissions to air [BAT 99, 100] 69. In order to prevent, or where that is not practicable, to reduce dioxins and furans

emissions to air from distillation of waste, BAT is to use the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 13:


a Thermal oxidiser

• direct vent streams to a thermal oxidiser with waste gas treatment if chlorinated species are present in the vent stream

• thermal oxidation at 1100 °C (850 °C when burning exhaust gases with less than 1 % of halogenated organic substances) with a two seconds residence time and an oxygen content > 3%, for the vacuum distillation vent of vacuum generators or for the air from process heaters


b

Condensation followed by caustic scrubbing and activated carbon guard bed

Applicable to the distillation of waste oil with high levels of chlorinated species

c [Other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans are presented in Table 1.37

Table 1.37: BAT-associated emission levels for dioxins and furans from thermal desorption of wastes



Waste oils

Waste solvents

[Other]

Dioxins and furans

ngI-TEQ/Nm3

Periodic monitoring [n. times] /

year

1.4.7.4 Emissions to water [BAT 104] 70. In order to reduce emissions to water from distillation of waste, BAT is to use one or a

combination of the techniques given below, in addition to BAT 18 and 19:




peroxide Applicable in case of phenol content

d Ion exchange e [Other] BAT-associated emission levels The BAT-associated emission levels for phenols emissions to water from (vacuum) distillation are presented in Table 1.38:

Table 1.38: BAT-associated emission levels to water from (vacuum) distillation

Waste stream Pollutant Unit Monitoring

frequency BAT-AEL

Monthly average

Waste oil Phenols [or phenol index with EN

14402 analytical method ]

[Other] [Other] mg/l



DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES [TWG: please note that if needed to avoid repetitions a descriptive list of techniques that are frequently used in the BAT conclusions and need be described to the understanding of the BAT conclusions taken as standalone document will be inserted here]

bat conclusions waste treatment - environmental … detailed batc.pdf · 2018-07-13 · waste...

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