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ROADWAY SAFETY

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U.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway Administration

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Version 11.0

Instructor GuideBasic Modules

A Road Construction Industry Consortium Training ProgramA Road Construction Industry Consortium Training ProgramROADWAY SAFETY+

AAATHE VOICE OF TRANSPOR ATION

Laborers' Interna onal Union of North AmericaLaborers’ Health and Safety Fund of North America

LIUNA Training & Educa on Fund

American Road & Transporta on Builders Associa on

Interna onal Union of Opera ng Engineers

Na onal Asphalt Pavement Associa on

American Associa on of State Highway Transporta on Officials

Texas Transporta on Ins tute

©2012 Laborers Health & Safety Fund of North America, Washington, DCAll rights reserved. This material was produced under grant number 46C3-HT06 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and is based upon work supported by the Federal Highway Administration under grant agreement DTFH61-06-G-00007. Any opinions,

�ndings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the Author(s) and do not necessarily re�ect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor or the Federal Highway Administration. No statement made in this booklet should be construed to convey an impression that any member of the consortium, its af�liates, employees, or subcontractors have assumed any

part of the employer’s exclusive legal responsibility for providing a “safe and healthful workplace” as mandated by the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the

U.S. Government. Produced for the consortium by FOF Communications.

U.S. Department of Transporta onFederal Highway Administra on

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INTERNATIO

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LABOR OMNIA VINCIT

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Preface

Roadway Safety + is a comprehensive, flexible, multi-threaded

program in which each presenter can take a different path.

This instructor guide will help you find the presentation path and mode

that work best for you.

Some presenters use all the technical features for a fully

interactive program.

Some use RSP as a “Power Point” style tool with

interactive demos.

Some like the basic slide show mode with or without

interactive demos.

Notes

This Instructor Guide covers theRSP Basic Modules.

Advanced Modules are covered in the separate Instructor Guide to Advanced Modules. Nine of theAdvanced Modules also have companion guidance documentsavailable in the PRINT MATERIALS tabof the Instructor Menu.

Advanced Modules appear in theSet Module Order play list in theInstructor Menu.

Utility Wok Zone Traffic Controlappears in gray on the Set ModuleOrder play list in the InstructorMenu.

Contents

Basic Modules Page

Advanced Modules

Other Modules

InstructionZone +ROADWAY SAFETY

A Road Construction Industry Consortium Program

IntroductionRunovers/Backovers (6 modules)TTCDs (Temporary Traffic Control Devices)Operator SafetyStruck or Crushed (2 modules) Flagger SafetyNight Work (5 modules)ExcavationElectrical Hazards (4 modules)Sprains and StrainsFall HazardsNoise HazardsHealth HazardsWorking OutdoorsEmergenciesSafe DrivingDisaster Response

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TTC Tool KitAccess/EgressSpeed ManagementPositive GuidanceWork Zone Safety for Motorcycles/BicyclesExposure ControlsUse of Law EnforcementPublic/Traveler InformationStrategies on Improving Worker SafetyPayment for TTCs

Utility Work Zone Traffic Control Courses Wayne State University(Tabs at screen top for courses/print manuals)

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See HOW‐TO VIDEO

on Home tab ofInstructor

Menu

. . . . . . . .

See RSP USER TIPS

on next 2 pagesand page 48 of

this Guide

The RSP Basic Modules appear inyellow on the Set Module Orderplay list on the Instructor Menu.The RSP Advanced Modulesappear on the Set Module Orderplay list in red; however, the In‐structor Guide for those modulesis a separate document.

RSP Interactive Quizzes are activated in the Instructor Menu.RSP Print Quizzes are in the PRINTMATERIALS tab on InstructorMenu. (See next page.)

RSP Case Studies (Stories) are inthe PRINT MATERIALS tab on the Instructor Menu.

All print products listed at left (except FlipBook) are availablein the PRINT MATERIALS tab on theInstructor Menu.

Key Navigation TipsIn all Roadway Safety+ Basic Modules, controls for advancing, returning, etc., arevisible at bottom of screen. (InAdvanced Modules, controls appear on mouseover.)

The right arrow advances to the next screen. The left arrow returns to the previous screen.DETOUR lets you go to any screenin the module. Screen numberand total number of screens inthe module appear at left of theQUIT button.

In INTERACTIVE mode, the red‐and‐white END symbol willappear at lower right after youhave clicked through the entirescreen. In SLIDE SHOW mode, thissymbol is always present.

Don’t outrun your computer!

What Are Roadway Safety+ Basic Modules?ROADWAY SAFETY+ Basic Modules are designed for presentation by supervisory personnel with safety and health experience or by safety and health personnel or by professional vocational/skills training instructors in the road construction industry.

As an instructor, you must do more than present knowledge. You must impact a trainee’s attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. That is why ROADWAY SAFETY+ Basic Modules are designed using the QUESTIONING METHOD. Research shows that trainees must be able to voice their objections to new ideas and contribute their own solutions to problems. In this Guide, the maincolumn displays course content in Q&A form. The right column contains other relevant informa‐tion designed to spark the interaction you need for effective instruction.

Quizzes. Quizzes before and after each module let you and the trainees know where they startand how much they learn. RSP Quizzes are in interactive or print form (see next page).

Stories. Stories and case studies can be a very effective tool in training. Stories help instructorspoint out the dangers while using real‐life scenarios. The stories in the RSP Case Studies can bepresented at the beginning of a modular session to stimulate participation. Each story takes only2‐3 minutes. You may also want to use your own stories and personal stories from the trainees.

What Does an Instructor Need to Deliver Roadway Safety+?

• RSP USB/Flash drive or DVD or web download (http://www.workzonesafety.org), a computer, and a projector (You may also install RSP on a USB and move it from machine to machine.)

• FlipBook (optional) and/or• Trainee Booklets for all trainees and/or• Toolbox Pamphlets for all trainees• Print quizzes with answer keys for Basic Modules (optional).

English, Spanish, and Portuguese. With the web download or DVD version, the instructorcan switch instantly among English, Spanish, and Portuguese in any of the RSP Basic Modules. All of the above products come in English, Spanish, and Portuguese for the Basic Modules.



Flip among English,Spanish, and Portuguese in RSP Basic Modules

Next module in your ‘Set Module Order’Choose English or Metric

units of measure

Click *menu to go out of order toany module in your selected play list See HOW‐TO VIDEO

Instructor Menu

QUIT button offers ‐Go to Instructor Menu ‐Quit the Program or ‐Return to Program

To play narratorin selected

language, clickVOICE and

mouseoverright to show

volume slider. Voice plays

automatically inINTERACTIVE

mode. On staticscreens, you

must right‐click each line.

See TIPS FOR USEon Instructor Menuand on page 48 of

this Guide

Screen numberEnd symbol appears after last bullet on a screen

How Should an Instructor Deliver Roadway Safety+?

See navigation detailson pages 48‐49 of

this Guide

RSP Interactive Quizzes are activated in the Instructor Menu.

RSP Print Quizzes are in the PRINTMATERIALS tab on InstructorMenu.

Script Error? Very rarely, you maysee this message as you clickthrough RSP. It asks: Continue?Click YES.

Instructor Set Up Menu TipsAs the user, you decide how to present ROADWAY SAFETY+

. RSP contains many features.Some are simple. Others are very sophisticated. The most basic approach is to click the STARTbutton* on the Home tab of the Instructor Menu. To explore RSP features and customize your set up for your own uses, look in each tab at the top of the Menu. To learn about RSP featuresand navigation, watch the 10‐minute How‐To‐Video by clicking that button and/or read theTips for Use instructions by clicking that button.



If you activate theinteractive quizzes(see above), this ?will appear on thefirst and last screensof a module. Click ? to start quiz.

See HOW‐TO VIDEO

on Home tab ofInstructor

Menu

To skip selecting features, just click START andselect Interactive, Slide Show, or Auto Advance

Play List ‐ dragselect titles intodesired sequence PDF print

products

See if newerversions areavailable onwebsiteCustomize RSP window to monitor

Click to turnon Acronymsand/or Help

Set to enable optionaldisplay of applicable national and/or stateregulation(s) by bullet

Rarely, RSPscreens may notdisplay properly

and you installfonts to correct

All RSP measuresdisplay in english

or metric. You canset default here.

You can change itat any time on

any screen.

Activate interactive quiz

option (see below)

Interactive quizzes can be used alone, with print quizzes, or with an Audience Response System (ARS). See Quiz Settings tab in the Instructor Menu and watchthe video. For technical issues with ARS connections, email [email protected] withRSP ARS User in email subject box.

*

Click to read brief instructions

See details on pages 48‐49

Introduction

S-1: What Is the Roadway Safety Program?S‐1 describes the program and identifies the Roadway Consortium that developed RoadwaySafety+. S‐1 also acknowledges funding from the U.S. Federal Highway Administration and theU.S. DOL Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Mouseover each logo to show the full name of the organization.

OPTIONAL SCREENS

S-2: Why Do We Need a Roadway Safety Program?Building roads and highways can be dangerous. Each year:

• About 7,500 highway construction workers get hurt or sick.

• More than 80 highway construction workers are killed.

Our work doesn't have to be dangerous if• We are made aware of the hazards.• We are given ways to avoid the hazards.• We raise safety concerns with our supervisors.• We stay alert at all times.

Working together, we can make sure everyone goes home safe and healthy.

S-3: Do Safety Programs Help?Workers must follow company safety policies. Workers should:

• Follow all safety rules and practices.

• Avoid horseplay and reckless behavior.

• Ask for instructions if you don’t understand.

• Join in safety discussions. Ask questions.Share your knowledge and experience.

• Stay alert at all times.

Employers are responsible for determiningwhether employees understand the information.

The Introduction is a mandatorymodule. S‐1 must be shown.

RSP Basic Modules provide anoverview of common hazards andprevention measures in highwayand road construction. RSP Advanced Modules provideguidance for supervisors, manage‐ment, and agencies in identifyingand controlling work zone hazards.

S‐2 explains why roadway safetytraining is necessary. Click 1 orstrike 1 key to show the Stay Alertdiversion.Click BACK or strike B keyto return.

S‐3 presents 5 basic practices allroad workers should follow. S‐3also offers the above diversion.(Notice the 1 is now faded if youshowed the diversion from S‐2.This indicates a diversion or demohas been shown.)

Advance to next module in yourSet Module Order.



Introduction 1

Runovers/BackoversModule Structure

Introduction (2 screens)Basic Awareness Tab (4 screens)Advanced Tab‐General (14 screens) on Screen 14 choice of tabs for

‐Operators/Drivers Tab (5 screens)‐Contractors Responsibilities Tab (11 screens)‐Agency/Owner Responsibilities Tab (4 screens)‐Basic Awareness Tab (same as above)

Module Outline

Introduction S-1: What Are Runovers and Backovers?When a worker on foot is struck by a vehicle. Vehicle types:

• Motorists’ vehicles passing through a work zone.• Construction vehicles, equipment operating in work zone.

Introduction S-2: Are Runovers and Backovers a Problem?They are the main cause of road work deaths. Facts:

• In a recent year, 63% of road worker deaths were due to runovers/backovers.• More than half are by construction vehicles and equipment — especially dump trucks.• Remainder are by vehicles traveling through the work zone:

‐ Intrusions into work space‐ Workers in traffic space

BASIC AWARENESS

Basic S-1: Can We Be Safe Near Equipment/Traffic?Being struck is the biggest danger in road work. Workerson foot must:

• Remain alert at all times.• Check surroundings often. Listen for warnings.• Keep a safe distance from traffic.• Stay behind protective barriers where possible.• Look out for each other. Warn coworkers.

Basic S-2: What Other Precautions Do We Need?Employers must show the use of proper personal protective equipment. Workers must wear:

• Proper class of safety vest at all times in the work zone.• High‐visibility clothing and headgear.• Bright‐colored hard hats are more visible.

Class 2: Minimum for roadway workers or workers in close proximity to traffic. Recommended forother workers in inclement weather, in areas with complex backgrounds, or where vehicles andequipment travel at speeds greater than 25 mph. Examples: roadway construction workers, utilityworkers, survey crews.

Class 3: For work when exposed to high speed traffic and/or conditions where visibility of workersmay be reduced. For conditions where equipment operators perform tasks near workers on foot.Worker must be conspicuous through a full range of body motions at a minimum of 1,280 feet andidentifiable as a person. Examples include flaggers, roadway construction workers, utility workers,survey crews, emergency responders.

A one‐page Case Study sheet is in Case Studies in PRINT MATERIALStab at top right of the InstructorMenu.

TABS for each segment appear atbottom of screen. Segment titlesappear at top left of screen.

S‐1 ‘Introduction’ title appears attop left.

Workers can also be hit by debrisfrom passing vehicles and by vehicle mirrors.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:BASIC AWARENESSADVANCED

S‐1 ‘Basic’ title appears in moduletitle at top.

S‐2 Click or strike red numbers toshow definitions of the classes.

Class 3 applies most often in roadconstruction.



Runovers/Backovers 2

This module is structured to enablethe instructor to present segments relevant for the specific audience.

Basic S-3: What About Construction Equipment?Treat equipment and vehicles with caution. Around equipment and vehicles:

• Stay out of ‘blind spots.’• Communicate with drivers and operators by radio and/or eye contact.• Don't approach until you communicate with the operator or driver and he/she

acknowledges you.• Stay outside a ‘safety circle’ around equipment.• Stay clear of vehicles. Know the traffic control plan.• Use spotters when you must work with your back to equipment or traffic.

Equipment Blind Spots Demo• Follow screen instructions.• Place mouse over worker at point A and drag.

(Moving worker at point A also moves the worker behind the excavator at bottom.)

• All heavy equipment has blind spots.• Operators and workers on the ground need to

become familiar with them.

Work Zone Set Up Demo• Click screen to show the instructions. You can drag

and drop each sign or you can click boxes for ‘ShowAll West/East Bound Signs’ for correct placements.

• Points to be made: the set up is more than just hanging up a few signs. It's more difficult than itseems, but guidelines are available.

Basic S-4: How Can We Be Safe When Placing TCDs?Simple precautions make placement of TCDs (Traffic Control Devices) safer. Workers should:

• Wear Class 3 vests to be easily seen.• Place, relocate, or remove TCDs when traffic flow is light.• When possible, work from platform on vehicle.• Use seat, seatbelt, fall restraint, or guardrail and a handhold when guardrail must be

removed.• Stay in constant communication with driver.• Use shadow vehicle to warn drivers.

S‐3 Strike or click 1 to use BLIND SPOT DEMO.Follow screeninstructions.Moving worker atpoint A also moves worker behindexcavator at bottom.Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐3.

Which blind spots are the mostdangerous? What can be done toavoid them? Discuss mirrors,backup alarms, camera and radar systems, use of barriers.

S‐3 Strike or click 2 to use WORK ZONE SET UP DEMO.Mouseover red ‘Instructions’ attop. Click BACK or strike B to returnto S‐3.

See the RSP Advanced Module ‘Positive Guidance’ for informationon setting up work zones. Also seeRSP Advanced Modules ‘SpeedManagement’ and ‘Access/Egress.’Corresponding guidance documents on these topics areavailable under the PRINT MATERIALStab on the Instructor Menu and asdownloads on WorkZoneSafety.org.

See RSP Basic Module ‘TTCDs.’

ADVANCED tab available at bottom screen right.




ADVANCED

General S-1: Why So Many Runovers/Backovers?Mainly because roads are more congested. Congestion:

• Expedited schedules, small work spaces, rapid work to minimize impact on traffic flow.• Work on existing roads exposes workers to traffic.• More work zones — tens of thousands during peak construction times.

General S-2: Why Are Workers Killed by Motorists?Motorists enter the work space. Motorists may be:

• Unable to see workers.• Surprised by work zone and TTC (Temporary Traffic Control) set up.• Ignoring warnings.• Distracted or impaired

‐Phones, handheld devices‐Drowsy‐Drugs, alcohol

• Speeding.

General S-3: Why Are Workers Killed by Motorists?Workers stray into the traffic space. Workers may:

• Be preoccupied by work.• Not appreciate the risks.

• Have no convenient access to work areas.‐Rest rooms‐Food and water‐Shade/breaks‐Other local work areas‐Staging of company and personal vehicles

General S-4: How Do We Prevent Runovers by Motorists?Use proper TTCD set up and retrieval. Proper TTCD (Temporary Traffic Control Device) set up:

• Comply with MUTCD and State/local document.• Inspect and maintain TTCDs.

• Ensure qualified engineer makes modifications when necessary.• Setup/retrieve in correct order.

TTCD Setup/Retrieval Demo• Install from the first TTCD motorists see to the last.• Remove from the last TTCD seen to the first.

S‐1 ‘Advanced’ title appears inmodule title at top. ‘General’ titleappears at top left.

The question does not imply thatmotorists intentionally harm workers. Workers must know thattoo many motorists are not completely in control of their vehicles or even aware of the work zone.

S‐4 Strike or click 1 to use TTCD SETUP/RETRIEVAL DEMO.Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return.

Ask trainees to analyze why thissystem is the safest way toinstall/retrieve TTCDs.

Also see RSP Basic Module ‘TTCDs.’




ADVANCED (Continued)General S-5: How Do We Prevent Runovers/Backovers?Workers must always be sure to be visible. How to be visible:

• Wear appropriate high‐visibility garments‐Safety supervisor will determine type‐FHWA regs require minimum Class 2 for all work

• Hi‐viz garments must be clean, in good condition.• Hi‐viz garments must fit and be closed in front.• Wear hard hat, sleeved shirt, other PPE.• Don’t stand over crest of hill, in shadows, other places where you may not

be visible to motorists, operators.• Lighting affects visibility, drivers’ vision hindered by

‐Bright sunlight, sun close to horizon (dawn, sunset)‐Work lights, equipment lights, lights of oncoming traffic

When To Replace Hi-Viz Apparel Demo• Click each photo in turn to increase size.• Photos provided by Michigan Department of

Transportation and Washington Department of Transportation.

.• The Roadway Work Zone Safety and Health PartnersAlliance brochure ‘High Visibility Clothing for Heavy& Highway Construction’ can be displayed by clicking Here on screen (see right column image).

General S-6: How Do We Prevent Runovers/Backovers?Workers should stay in protected areas. Protected areas:

• Stay on work side of barrier.• Know proper path/course to leave for breaks.• Stay away from open traffic lanes.• Talk with others only in safe area away from traffic.• Get in/out of vehicles on non‐traffic side.• Plan emergency escape route, revise as needed.• Park personal vehicle for safe access to work and vehicle.

General S-7: Can an Internal Traffic Control Plan Help?Yes. ITCP coordinates flow of equipment and workers. An ITCP will:

• Route vehicles to minimize backing.• Create traffic‐free zones for workers on foot.• Reduce speed through work areas.• Limit access/exit from work areas.• Improve communication between workers and equipment.

Workers must • Be trained on where equipment operates and enters/exists work space.

S‐5 Click or strike 1 to show garments.Click or strike red numbers to show definitions of the classes.Class 3 applies mostoften in road construction. See full definitions on page 2.Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐5.

S‐5 Click or strike 2 to show WHEN TO REPLACE HI‐VIZ APPAREL DEMO. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐5.

S‐6 After Bullet 7, click or strike rednumbers at left to review imagefor each bullet.

S‐7 Click or strike 1 to see InternalTraffic Control Plan booklet. Usethe PDF controls to page throughand/or print booklet. The bookletis also available for download onthe web link on screen.

S‐7 Click or strike 2 to show anInternal Traffic Control Plan. Clickimage or strike 3 to return to S‐7.ITCP does not have to be highlyproduced like the example. An ITCP could be a sketch — as long as it is clear and effective and communicated to all workers.




S‐10 Click or strike 1 to use BLIND SPOT DIAGRAMS DEMO.Follow screen instructions. Clickeach vehicle model to see its diagram. Click web link to seemore diagrams. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐10.

S‐10 Click or strike 2 to use BLIND SPOT DEMO. Follow screeninstructions. Moving worker atpoint A also moves worker behindexcavator at bottom. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐10. SeeBLIND SPOT DEMO description onpage 2.

ADVANCED (Continued)General S-8: How Can We Be Safe Around Equipment?Avoid entering equipment operating areas. Near moving, swinging, “pinch point” vehicles:

• Obey markings and barricades in work space, stay outside “danger zone.”• Never enter space unannounced.

Approach only after communicating with operator:• By radio• With hand signals.• Wait until operator returns signal.• Never assume operator sees you.

Ride on vehicles/equipment only in proper seat designed for human occupancy.

General S-9: How Do We Avoid Being Crushed?Follow basic rules to avoid being crushed by equipment. Basic rules:

• Lockout/tagout/hazardous energy control during maintenance, repair, cleaning, inspection.• Always secure equipment from unintentional movement.• Avoid scissor or pinch points, exposed gears, other movable points.• Do not wear loose‐fitting clothing or jewelry that may get caught in moving equipment parts.

General S-10: What Are ‘Blind Spots’?Areas where workers on foot cannot be seen by operators. Never assume operator sees you:

• Each type of equipment has different blind spots.• If you can’t see operator’s face in mirror, operator can’t see you.• Operators focus on gauges, tasks, conditions, etc.• Proper communication is key.

Devices help eliminate ‘blind spots’• Cameras.• Sonar devices.• Radar devices.• Tag systems.

Blind Spots Diagrams Demo• A NIOSH research team measured and plotted the

actual blind spots of a wide variety of equipment.• If you do not see a model relevant for your trainees

in the RSP Demo, then click the link to the NIOSHwebsite for more makes and models.

See Blind Spots Demo description on page 3.




ADVANCED (Continued)General S-11: Why Do We Use Back-Up Alarms?Alarm warns that operator may not see workers when backing up. Respond to alarm!

• Immediately identify alarm source.• Don’t rely only on alarms

‐ Alarms can become ‘background noise.’‐ Listen for alarms masked by other noise.

• Use and trust your senses.

General S-12: Why Must We Learn About TTCDs? We must understand use, spacing, maintaining. Barrels, cones, tubular devices:

• Will not stop cars from entering work space.• Mark boundary between work/traffic spaces.• Align/space so drivers see boundary.• Maintain retroreflective bands for night visibility,

keep clean of dirt/marks.• Notify supervisor if set up might need correction.

Barriers: Concrete, moveable, water‐filled:• If hit hard enough, can be pushed into work space.• Large vehicles can go over.

Barriers may not protect from mirrors or other objects extending from vehicles. Avoid working or standing close to barrier.

General S-13: What Is a Spotter? Spotters warn operators about nearby workers and hazards. If you are spotter, make sure:

• Operators know your position.• Workers know your responsibilities.• Workers do not move behind equipment until you signal permission.

Spotters must:• Be trained in safe procedures including continuous visibility/contact with operator.

With no spotters present, workers must be extra careful and communicate with operator directly before approaching equipment/vehicles.

General S-14: What Are the Best General Safety Tips? Work zone is hazardous and requires you to be fully alert at all time. Safety tips:

• Check surroundings often, listen for warnings.• Never work impaired by alcohol, drugs,

medications, or any substance that makesyou less alert.

• Get enough sleep, rest before starting your shift.

• Look out for each other, warn coworkers!

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:OPERATORS/DRIVERSCONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIESAGENCY/OWNER RESPONSIBILITIESBASIC AWARENESS




OPERATORS/DRIVERS

Operators S-1: Can an Internal Traffic Control Plan Help?Yes. ITCP coordinates flow of equipment and workers. An ITCP will:



Operators S-2: How Do We Learn About the ITCP?Get a copy of ITCP from the site safety officer or foreman. Review ITCP:

• Note where workers on foot will work, set up forms of communication.• Ensure worker and equipment areas are marked.• Talk with other operators and drivers to confirm their understanding of ITCP.• Do not wear loose‐fitting clothing or jewelry that may get caught in moving equipment parts.

Operators S-3: What Prevention Devices Can We Use?Alarms, cameras, radar systems, mirrors. Back up alarms:

• Make sure yours is working.• Alarms with broadband white noise make it easier to distinguish/locate.

Video cameras:• Properly mounted cameras eliminate ‘blind spots’ in rear view mirrors.• Best system pairs camera with sensor to tell driver to look at screen.

Radar systems:• Warn driver as vehicle nears an object.

Mirrors:• Not high‐tech — must be working, clean, properly adjusted — may still be blind spots.

Back Up Alarm Audio Demos• Ask trainees if they are familiar with all of the types

of audio alarms in the demo.• Ask trainees which alarm they think would be most

effective and why.

See Blind Spots Diagrams Demo description on page 6.

S‐1 Click or strike 1 to show anInternal Traffic Control Plan. Clickimage to return to S‐1. The ITCPdoes not have to be highly produced like the example. An ITCP could be a sketch — as long as it is clear and effective and communicated to all workers.


S‐3 BACK UP ALARMS AUDIODEMOS. Click or strike 1 to playaudio clip of common back upalarm. Click 2 to turn off. Click 3 toplay audio clip of broadband whitenoise back up alarm. Click 4 to turnoff. Click 5 to play audio clip ofvoice alarm triggered by sensor.Click 6 to turn off.

S‐3 Click or strike 7 to use BLIND SPOT DIAGRAMS DEMO.Follow screen instructions. Clickeach model to see its diagram.Click web link to see more diagrams. Click BACK or strike B to return to S‐3.




OPERATORS/DRIVERS (Continued)Operators S-4: What Should We Know About Spotters? Recommended by NIOSH, ANSI, other experts. Spotters:

• Required by some states when camera/radar are not used.• Can also be in danger — who spots the spotters?• Can help protect workers with their backs to equipment/traffic.• If you lost visual contact with spotter, stop until you reconnect.

Operators S-5: What Are Basic Backing Rules?Avoid backing unless absolutely necessary. Backing rules:

• Never back up unless certain no workers on foot are behind — get out of cab to check if necessary.

• If no spotter is assigned, ask someone to spot for you.• If you see worker in mirror, stop until certain worker is in a safe position.• Never assume worker will safely walk behind vehicle — don’t continue backing until you

know worker is safely in the clear.

CONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIES

Contractor S-1: How Do We Prevent Runovers by Motorists?Use proper TTCD set up. Proper TTCD set up:

• Comply with MUTCD and State/local document.• Inspect and maintain TTCDs.• Test drive work zone to find problems with set up.

• Ensure qualified engineer makes modifications when necessary.• Detect vehicles entering buffer area between crews and traffic.

SeeTTCD Setup/Retrieval Demo description on page 4.

Contractor S-2: How Can Worker Clothing Help?Follow recommendations in ANSI/ISEA 109. Ensure workers are distinguished from surroundings:

• Provide appropriate class of clothing‐ Class 1 ‐ not appropriate for road construction work‐ Class 2‐ Class 3

• Strive for high contrast: if equipment is orange, wear bright yellow‐green, etc.

• Set and enforce rules to require all workers to properly wear highvisibility apparel.

S‐4 NIOSH is the National Institutefor Occupational Safety and Healthin the Centers for Disease Control(CDC) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. ANSI is theAmerican National Standards Institute, a private organizationsetting standards for industry.


S‐1 ‘Contractor’ title appears inmodule title at top. ‘Contractor’title appears at top left.

S‐1 Strike or click 1 to use TTCD SETUP/RETRIEVAL DEMO.Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐1.

Ask trainees to analyze why thissystem is the safest way toinstall/retrieve TTCDs.


S‐2 ANSI is the American NationalStandards Institute, a private organization setting standards forindustry. ISEA is the InternationalSafety Equipment Association, aprivate organization.

S‐2 Click or strike 1 to show garments. Click or strike red numbers to show definitions of the classes. Class 3 applies mostoften in road construction. See full definitions on page 2. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐2.




CLICK TO STOP

CONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIES (Continued)Contractor S-3: What Other Measures Can We Use?Use positive separation whenever possible. Protective measures:

• Provide shadow vehicles and truck‐mounted attenuators (TMAs) in mobile work zones andareas where workers need more protection from motorists.

• Temporary barriers installed by trained personnel.• Train workers on worker protection contractual provisions required by owner agency.

• See brochure.• Use good procedures for setting, retrieving TTCDs.

Attenuator Demo• Click Review Attenuator Applications button to see

drop‐down menu of FHWA Typical Applications in‐volving attenuator use. Select one to show. Discussset up and rational for attenuator use.

• Click Show Attenuator Use to show a video clip of an attenuator in use protecting workers from an out‐of‐control motorist.

SeeTTCD Setup/Retrieval Demo description on page 4.

Contractor S-4: What Other Measures Can We Use?Provide for safe access to and egress from work area. Protective measures:

• Provide safe location for workers to park vehicles, access work space.• Mark points for safe crossover of construction vehicle paths and, if necessary, open traffic lanes.• Local rest areas, toilets, water coolers to give workers safe access without crossing vehicle

paths.• Provide proximity warning if workers get too close to travel lanes.

Contractor S-5: Can an Internal Traffic Control Plan Help?Yes. ITCP coordinates flow of equipment and workers. An ITCP will:



Contractor S-6: How Do We Communicate the ITCP?Site safety officer and foremen are responsible. ITCP communication:

• Site safety officer, foreman explain ITCP and hand out copies.• Copies to all workers, inspectors, subs, truckers.• As ITCP is updated, relay revised ITCP to all.• Site safety officer, foreman enforce compliance with ITCP.• Warn workers on foot out of position, vehicles in pedestrian zones, truck drivers exceeding site

speed limit.• Workers must review, follow ITCP.

S‐3 Strike or click 1 to use ATTENUATOR DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐3.

S‐3 Click or strike 2 to show thePositive Protection pamphlet. Usethe controls to page throughand/or print pamphlet. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐3.

S‐3 Strike or click 3 to use TTCD SETUP/RETRIEVAL DEMO.Follow screen instructions.ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐3.Ask trainees to analyze whythis system is the safest way to install/retrieve TTCDs.






CONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIES (Continued)Contractor S-7: What Prevention Devices Can We Use?Back up alarms, cameras, radar systems, mirrors. Back up alarms:

• Required on all construction equipment, vehicles‐Alarms were inoperable in 28% of OSHA‐investigated deaths‐When several vehicles operate, workers cannot distinguish alarms from surrounding noise‐Alarms with broadband white noise make it easier to distinguish‐Quieter alarms may be required in cities (NYC)

Contractor S-8: What Prevention Devices Can We Use?Back up alarms, cameras, radar systems, mirrors.

Video cameras:• Properly mounted cameras eliminate ‘blind spots’ in rear view mirrors.• Best system pairs camera with sensor to tell driver to look at screen.

Radar systems:• Warn driver as vehicle nears an object.

Mirrors:• Not high‐tech — must be working, clean, properly adjusted.• May still be some blind spots.

Contractor S-9: What Should We Know About Spotters? Recommended by NIOSH, ANSI, other experts. Spotters:

• Required by some states when camera/radar are not used.• Can also be in danger — who spots the spotters?• Can help protect workers with their backs to equipment/traffic.

Contractor S-10: What Are Key Training and Safety Rules?Training, rules must be consistent for operators, drivers, workers. Training/rules:

• Make sure all workers, drivers, operators are trained on safety rules.• Establish no “blind backing” rules for trucks, equipment.• Set up accountability procedures for those who violate rules.

Contractor S-11: What Are Best Practices for TTC Mgt?Provide at least one trained work zone supervisor/TTC technician onsite. Best practices:

• Keep logs, records, photos, other documentation of TTCP, work site.• Document problems.• Note, evaluate, correct problem ‘indicators’ such as

‐Displaced TTCDs‐Skid marks‐Erratic traffic

S‐8 Click or strike 1 to use BLIND SPOT DIAGRAMS DEMO.Follow screen instructions. Clickeach model to see its diagram.Click web link to see more diagrams. Click BACK or strike B to return to S‐8.

S‐8 BACK UP ALARMS AUDIODEMO. Bullet 2 triggers audio clipof voice alarm triggered by sensor.Click 2 or advance to next bullet toturn off. Click 3 to play again.

S‐9 NIOSH is the National Institutefor Occupational Safety and Healthin the Center for Disease Control(CDC) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health. ANSI is theAmerican National Standards Institute, a private organizationsetting standards for industry.





AGENCY/OWNER RESPONSIBILITIES

Agency S-1: How Can We Protect Workers from Traffic?Provide traffic monitoring and management. Traveler information systems:

• Alternate route information.

• Estimated delay (time/distance).

• Notification of stopped, slowed traffic.

Agency S-2: How Do We Prevent Runovers by Motorists?Use Intelligent Transportation System technology. ITS technology:

• Sensors, queue detectors, counters, cameras, variable message systems.

• Automated enforcement where legal.

• Variable speed limits based on detected traffic volume, back ups.

• Work space intrusion alarm.

Agency S-3: What About Positive Separation? Provide separation of workers and motorists when appropriate. Positive separation:

• See FHWA (Subpart K) and state/local regs to determine type most appropriate for WZ• Options

‐Full road closure‐Temporary barrier‐Movable barrier‐Truck mounted attenuators (TMA)

See Attenuator Demo description on page 10.

Agency S-4: What Else Can Owners/Agencies Do?Here are additional protections to consider. Protections:

• See items for work zone traffic control — Subpart K.• Adequate oversight to enforce TC requirements.• QC/QA programs to address project specific problems and to improve overall work zone

safety programs.


S‐3 Click or strike 1 to show thePositive Protection pamphlet. Usethe controls to page throughand/or print pamphlet. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐3.

S‐3 Click or strike 2 to show thepull‐down menu of related issuescovered in Subpart K. Select one tosee regulatory language. Clickimage or strike 3 to return to S‐3.

S‐3 Strike or click 4 to use ATTENUATOR DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐3.

S‐4 Click or strike 1 to show thepull‐down menu of related issuescovered in Subpart K. Select one tosee regulatory language. Clickimage or strike 2 to return to S‐4.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right:OPERATORS/DRIVERSCONTRACTOR RESPONSIBILITIESAGENCY/OWNER RESPONSIBILITIESBASIC AWARENESS





SLOW DOWN

ROAD WORK

AHEAD

TTCDs (Temporary Traffic Control Devices)

Module Outline

TTCD S-1: What Are the Main Hazards of TTCD Use?Workers and motorists face different hazards. Worker hazards:

• Struck by motorist. • Struck by construction vehicle.• Fall from vehicle.• Angry motorists.

Motorist hazards: • Entering buffer or work space as TTCDs are set up or removed. • Merging as lane closes.• Traffic congestion, delays, and rear end collisions.

TTCD Hazard Demo• Click Hazard Demos.• Select: Fall From Work Vehicle.• News video clip reports road worker killed while

setting TTCDs when a coworker backed over him.• Discuss the incident with trainees and ask them

how it should have been prevented.

TTCD S-2: How Can We Safely Place TTCDs?Use safe equipment.Employers should provide:

• Platforms for safe deployment/retrieval. • Seat belts, fall restraint, and/or guardrails.• Shadow vehicles or attenuators. • Automated TTCD deployment/retrieval devices.• A means to communicate with supervisors or law enforcement in case of aggressive

motorists or emergencies.• Traffic congestion, delays, and rear end collisions.

Seat Belt Demo• Click View Seat Belt Demos.• Select: Head Injury to play video clip of car crash and brief talk by neuro‐physician. • Select: Thrown from Car2 to play video clip of real‐life event in which person flies from

rolling vehicle, lands on freeway, and is run over repeatedly by oncoming traffic.

See Attenuator Demo description on page 10.

S‐1 Strike or click 1 to use TTCD HAZARD DEMO. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐1.

S‐1 Strike or click 2 to see AngryPublic diversion screen. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐1.

S‐2 Strike or click 1 to show varietyof platform designed for TTCD setting/retrieving. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐2.

S‐2 Strike or click 2 to show SEAT BELT DEMO. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐2.

S‐2 Strike or click 3 to use ATTENUATOR DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐2. See thedemo description on page 10.

S‐2 Strike or click 4 to see illustrations of automated systemsfor setting/retrieving TTCDs. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐2.



TTCDs 13

This module contains 4 main screens.

TTCD S-3: How Can We Safely Place TTCDs?Require safe work practices. Workers should:

• Wear Class 3 or 2 high visibility garments. • When possible, work from a platform on the vehicle.• Use fall restraint equipment. • Stay in constant communication with the driver.

‐Visual communication as a minimum‐Audio communication is strongly recommended‐Audio plus visual communication is the best

See Seat Belt Demo description on page 13.

Communication Demo• Click Communication Demo button.• Select: Communication Failure to see a second news video on the road worker killed while

setting TTCDs when a coworker backed over him — see TTCD HAZARD DEMO on page 13.• Select: New System to see video clip on cutting edge technology — a robot system that

uses stereo cameras and radar.

TTCD S-4: What Are Best Practices?Precautions make TTCD placement safer. Contractors should:

• Place, relocate, remove TTCDs when traffic is light.

• Install TTCDs from the first TTCD motorists see to the last.

• Remove TTCDs from the last TTCD motorists see to the first.

• Prohibit workers on foot from operating behind a backing vehi‐cle, behind vehicles that might back up, or in equipment blindspots.

• Plan ‘moving work zones’ with proper mobile warning devices(see MUTCD).

‐ Arrow panels‐ Changeable message boards‐ Flashing vehicle lights‐ Truck/trailer‐mounted attenuators

S‐3 Click or strike 1 to see garments. Then click or strike rednumbers to show definitions of the classes. Click BACK or strike B to return to S‐3.

S‐3 Strike or click 2 to show varietyof platformed designed for TTCDsetting/retrieving. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐3.


S‐3 Strike or click 4 to show COMMUNICATION DEMO. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐3.




TTCDs 14

Operator SafetyModule Outline

Operator Safety S-1: How Can Operators Stay Safe?Unload, operate equipment only if qualified. Equipment operation:

• Before starting the equipment, do a complete walk‐around inspection.• Test the back‐up alarm and other safety devices.• Locate and test all controls.• Know the equipment blind spots and swing radius.• Use equipment seatbelts.

Entering and exiting equipment:• Use 3 points of contact to prevent falls.• Look for other moving equipment, vehicles.• Wipe up all grease and fluids on equipment walking and working surfaces.

See Blind Spots Demo description on page 2.

Operator Safety S-2: What Are Other Safety Measures?Stay alert and aware of the hazards. Equipment maintenance/repair:

• Report all repair needs to your supervisor.• Always lock out and tag out equipment that cannot be safely operated.

General safety:

• Use personal protective equipment (PPE) supplied and required by your employer.

• Never use cell phones, AM/FM radios, iPODs, MP3 or CD/DVD players, or other distractionswhile operating equipment.

• Safely secure equipment before using employer‐provided hand‐held cell phones or walkie‐talkies.

• Secure unattended equipment.

• Lock‐out and tag‐out before repair or maintenance. Set the parking brake and chock thewheels. Block dump truck bed.

Operator Safety S-3: How Can We Be Safe in the Work Zone?The operator has special responsibilities. Know the job:

• Know the work zone and your position in it.• Know the Internal Traffic Control Plan.• Know designated equipment routes and areas.• Identify rollover hazards such as unleveled areas, embankments, unstable soil.• If you must move cones or barricades, return them to the original positions as soon as

possible.

Operator Safety S-4: How Can We Protect Other Workers?Always keep other workers in mind. On the work site:

• Know the locations of other workers around you at all times.• Set up a means of communication with workers such as flaggers, grade checkers, and others.• Never allow other workers to ride on equipment.• Where possible, provide barriers between workers and equipment.• Avoid excessive speeds and dangers caused by hills, obstacles, curves.

A one‐page Case Study sheet is in Case Studies in PRINT MATERIALStab at top right of the InstructorMenu (Crane Operator Falls 30Feet from a Crane While Workingfrom a Freeway Overpass).

S‐1 Strike or click 1 to use BLIND SPOT DEMO.Follow screeninstructions. Moving worker atpoint A also moves worker behindexcavator at bottom. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐1.




Operator Safety 15

This module contains 4 main screens.

Struck or CrushedModule Structure

General (6 screens)Management/Contractors Tab (7 screens)

Module Outline

Struck-General S-1: Can Road Workers Be Struck/Caught?Each year 22 are killed, more injured, disabled in this way. Common events:

• Struck by falling object.• Struck by swinging or slipping object.• Caught in and/or squeezed by equipment, other objects.• Caught in and crushed by falling materials or objects (e.g., trench cave‐in).

Struck-General S-2: What Are the Primary Causes?Six causes are the most common. Causes:

• Improper storing, securing materials.• Failure to use adequate guards for power tools.• Missing or poor communication between workers.• Failure to properly rig/tie down materials.• Failure to shore up soil/materials that may cave‐in.• Failure to guard against falling tools, materials when working oer head (e.g., toe boards,

debris nets).

Struck-General S-3: What Materials/Eqpt Strike or Crush?Four types of materials/equipment are most common. Types:

• Tools, suspended loads, other materials are major hazards.• Flying objects such from jackhammers, other power tools.• Manual work including pushing, pulling, prying.• Falling debris, tools from overhead work.

Flying Particle Demo• Use sliders to set disk diameter and speed. • Click ‘Show’ to see particle velocities in feet per

second and miles per hour. • ‘Results’ shows how many pounds of force impact

eye if struck by a one‐gram particle at this speed. • Click ‘Damage?’ to see the damage.• Click ‘HOW?’ to see mathematical formulas.

The General segment is the first 6 screens. The optional Management/Contractors Tabappears at the end of screen 6.

Ask trainees: What percentage ofinjuries are struck/crushed?(About 17% of all serious injuriesin highway work involve beingstruck by things other than equip‐ment (runovers/backovers). Another 3% are workers beingcrushed between objects. Together, these account for morethan one‐fifth of all serious injuries in highway work.)

S‐3 Strike or click 1 to use FLYING PARTICLE DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐3.

Set diameter and speed and thenask trainees to say how fast theythink the particle is flying.

Ask trainees if they wear safetyglasses. If not, ask if they thinkthey can close their eyes fastenough to avoid injury. Then showthe damaged eye ... that workerdid close his eyes fast enough butthe particle flew right through hiseyelid.



Struck or Crushed 16


Struck-General S-4: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control worker exposures to tools, loads, trees. Tools/particles:

• Ensure guards/shields in good repair on portable power tools.• Use all guards provided by manufacturer.• Do not remove tool guards.• Understand chain saw safety program, do not operate unless trained.• When cleaning with compressed air, reduce to 30 psi.• Use PPE including safety glasses, face shields..

Struck-General S-5: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control worker exposures to tools, loads, trees. Loads/materials:

• Never enter lifting areas unless assigned, trained.• Never walk, work under suspended loads.• Mark, barricade hazard areas – e.g., swing radius areas for cranes.• Use safe methods for rigging, hoisting, setting. ‐ Steel plates ‐ Manhole frames ‐ Barriers ‐ Trench boxes• Use PPE – hard hats, footwear, eye protection.

Struck-General S-6: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control worker exposures to tools, loads, trees. Loads/materials:

• Unless trained/assigned, do not enter restricted areas during felling, trimming, loading.• Check for functioning protective structures on equipment.• Ensure trained person is in charge of hoisting, rigging for logs and limbs.• When felling trees by most conventional methods, OSHA’s standard for logging operations

applies (1910.266).

MANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS

Struck-Mgt S-1: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. Materials hazards:

• Require blocking when unloading materials to ensure load doesn’t shift, fall.

• Instruct on need to stay clear of vehicles transporting materials. • Train employees on meaning of warning sounds, devices.• Direct that materials are tied down/secured when transported.• Require proper stacking of materials to prevent sliding, falling,

collapse.

See Back Up Alarms Audio Demos description on page 8.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:GENERALMANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS

S‐1 BACK UP ALARMS AUDIODEMOS. Click or strike 1 to playaudio clip of common back upalarm. Click 2 to turn off. Click 3 to play audio clip of broadbandwhite noise back up alarm. Click 4 to turn off.




Struck-Mgt S-2: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. Storage of goods:

• Heavy objects (e.g. steel sheets, tractor wheels) laid flat or stored in properly designed racking.

• Racking properly designed/manufactured to support goods stored. • Safe loading procedures for racking to avoid overloading or instability. • Goods stored at height secured against accidental dislodgement – restrain cartons on

pallets, ensure cartons are not damaged, no loose equipment etc. on pallets. • Good lighting, high visibility colors on racking supports to minimize damage by forklifts etc.

Struck-Mgt S-3: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. Overhead work:

• Ensure tools/materials are secured to prevent falling on people below.• Barricade hazard areas, post warning signs.• Require toe‐boards, screens, or guardrails on scaffolds, or• Use debris nets, catch platforms, or canopies to catch or deflect falling objects.

Struck-Mgt S-4: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. Cranes/hoists:

• Ensure workers avoid working beneath loads being moved.• Barricade hazard areas, post warning signs.• Inspect cranes/hoists for good condition of all components –

wire rope, lifting hooks, chains, etc.• Ensure that loads do not exceed lifting capacity of cranes and hoists.

Struck-Mgt S-5: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. Trees:

• Restrict worker access during felling, trimming, loading• Use safe hoisting, rigging for logs and limbs.• Comply with OSHA’s standard for logging operations (1910.266) when using conventional

means to fell trees.

Struck-Mgt S-6: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. Power tools/machines:

• Require safety glasses, goggles, face shields, etc., where machines or tools may cause flying particles.

• Inspect tools – e.g., saws, lathes – to ensure good condition of protective guards.• Make sure workers are trained in proper operation of powder actuated tools.

See Flying Particle Demo description on page 8.

Struck-Mgt S-7: How Do We Control S/C Hazards?Control six hazard types, require training. General training:

• OSHA's catch‐all for construction training (1926.21) requires employers to instruct workers inrecognition, avoidance of unsafe conditions and regulations applying to that employee.

Specific training:• OSHA's construction standard requires training for specific hazards. Except in Subpart H,

all Subparts in 29 CFR 1926 contain training requirements.

General recommendation:• Require all workers to wear hardhats.

S‐5 Click or strike 1 or click go to goto OSHA logging standard SubpartR. Click Close to return to S‐5. (Requires Internet connection.)

S‐6 Strike or click 1 to use FLYING PARTICLE DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐6.

S‐6 Strike or click 2 or click go to goto OSHA tools standard Subpart I.Click Close to return to S‐6. (Requires Internet connection.)

S‐7 Click or strike 1 or click go to goto OSHA 1926.21 Subpart C. ClickClose to return to S‐7. (Requires Internet connection.)

S‐7 Click or strike 2 or click go to goto OSHA requirements. Click Closeto return to S‐7. (Requires Internetconnection.)

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:GENERALMANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS





Flagger SafetyModule Structure

Flagger Safety (4 screens)Nightwork Flagger Tab (See Night Work modules, page 20)

Module Outline

Flagger S-1: What Are the Main Hazards of Flagging?Motorists kill about 20 flaggers each year. Flagging can be dangerous:

• High speed traffic,• Angry or aggressive drivers, and• After seeing flagger, a motorist going 60 mph needs almost 400 feet to stop.

Stopping Distances Demo• Use CAR SPEED and ROAD CONDITION list boxes to

select speed and road condition. • Select ‘english’ MPH or “metric’ KMPH. • Click green START button to start car. • Click red BRAKE button to see estimated stopping

distance for speed and road condition.• Click ‘English’ lower right to select language.

Flagger S-2: How Do We Protect Ourselves?Be visible and wear protective equipment. Wear high visibility clothing:

• Orange, yellow, or green vest. • Retro‐reflective vest at night.

Wear other protective equipment:• Long‐sleeved shirt and pants.• Hard hat.• Appropriate clothes for expected weather (rain gear, warm coat).

Flagger S-3: How Can We Protect Ourselves?Stay alert and out of harm’s way. Keep your guard up:

• Stand alone on the shoulder in clear view, not in open traffic lane.• Plan an escape route for emergencies.• Stay in communication with other flaggers.• Stay alert, keep focused on work.• Make sure your hand signals don't conflict with traffic signals.• Treat motorists with respect and courtesy, don’t pick fights or respond

to anger, notify law enforcement when motorists do not obey flaggers.• BE TRAINED!

Flagger S-4: What Should Flaggers Avoid?Flaggers must avoid dangerous behavior. Flagging Don’ts:

• Don't stand where you can be crushed.• Don't stand in the shade over the crest

of a hill, or around a sharp curve.• Don't leave your position until

properly relieved.• Don't stand near equipment.

The Flagger Safety segment is thefirst 4 screens. The optional Nightwork Tab can be accessed inthis module and in Night Workmodules.

S‐1 Click ‘Click Here to Look atStopping’ to use theSTOPPING DISTANCES DEMO.Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐1.

Before showing various stoppingdistances, ask trainees to estimatethe stopping distance for each setof speed and road condition. Discuss the meaning of these results for the safety of flaggers.

S‐2 Click or strike 1, 2 or 3 to seedefinitions of Class 1, 2 and 3 garments. Click to remove.

Class 2 is minimum at night. Class 3 is recommended.

S‐3 Click or strike 1 to go to Flagger Training and Certification Requirements and training resources at WorkZoneSafety.org.Click Close to return to S‐3. (Requires Internet connection.)

Don't pick fights or respond toanger. Notify law enforcementwhen motorists do not obey.

Remote control flagger stationsprovide additional protection. SeeNight Work Flagging and/or Advanced Module Worker Safety.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:FLAGGER SAFETYNIGHTWORK FLAGGING – page 20

Or advance to next module in yourSet Module Order.



Flagger Safety 19

This module has 4 main screens.

• Don't stand in a group.• Don't make unneeded conversation.• Don't read or daydream on duty.• Don't listen to music or use ear phones.• Don't turn your back to the traffic.

Night WorkModule Structure

Night Work Intro (1 screen)Basic Awareness (4 screens)Risks (7 screens)Hi‐Viz (7 screens)Lighting (7 screens)Flagging (4 screens)

Module Outline

Night Intro S-1: Why Do We Focus on Night Work?It has advantages, but more concerns for workers, motorists.Federal, state, municipal agencies all report increases in night projects.

• Reduced traffic volume – less congestion, improved mobility.• Better access to work site.• Longer work shifts.• Cooler temperatures.• Reduced business impact.

Concerns:• Increases worker and contractor fear of traffic.• Poses added health and safety issues.• Requires more effort to achieve acceptable health and safety for workers, public.

BASIC AWARENESS

Night Basic S-1: What Are the Special Challenges of Night Work?Night operations change the work environment. On the worksite:

• Poor visibility for motorists.• Poor visibility for workers.• Communication between shifts.• Impaired or drowsy drivers.

Physical and social disruptions:• Sleep disruption• Risk of injury drowsiness• Impaired family or social relationships.

Night Basic S-2: How Can We Protect Ourselves at Night?Use these SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS at the site for night work. First, increase visibility:

• Retro‐reflective clothing.• Flashing lights on body/clothing.• Retro‐reflective tape on equipment.• Adequate work area lighting.

Know your surroundings:• Vehicle and equipment paths.• Assigned work areas.• Safe paths to/from work locations.• On foot, watch out for equipment.• On equipment, watch for workers.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:BASIC AWARENESSRISKSHI‐VIZLIGHTINGFLAGGING


S‐2 Click or strike 1 to use Floures‐cent vs. Retro‐Reflective Demo.

Follow screen instructions to selectcar speed and pavement and touse mouse to move car toward the2 workers. Click BACK or strike B toreturn to S‐2.



Night Work 20

Night Work contains 5 modules.

Night Basic S-3: How Can We Protect Ourselves at Night?Use these SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS at the site for night work. Provide clear signage:

• Position signs for best visibility.• Use changing message/arrow signs.• Space drums, cones closer.• Proper lighting, contrast work lights from warning lights.

Inspect traffic control setup:• Test drive to highlight problems.• Inspect frequently.

Night Basic S-4: How Can Our Health Habits Help?Night work is not normal. You must compensate. On the worksite:

• Eat protein‐rich meals and avoid sugars and fats.• Drink water. Avoid caffeine.

At home:• Make sleep a priority.• Follow a pre‐sleep routine.• Have light snack before bed.• Keep daylight out.• Eat family meals together.• Plan non‐nighttime social activities.

NIGHT WORK RISKS

Night Risks S-1: Why Is Night Work Hazardous?Night work poses special concerns. Hazards:

• Reduced visibility for motorists, increased difficulty driving safely through WZ.• Bright work lights produce glare.• Alcohol, drug impaired, drowsy drivers. • Drivers, pedestrians, workers generally less alert and more tired.• Lower traffic volumes may result in higher speeds.• Increased truck traffic.• Daytime hazards are compounded by darkness.• Workers less visible to drivers and truck and equipment operators.• Decreased visibility can cause more trips, falls, runovers, backovers.

Night Risks S-2: What About Nighttime TTC?MUTCD provides only minimum guidelines. Nighttime Temporary Traffic Control:

• Must enhance Daytime WZ safety principles at night.• MUTCD does not provide many details for night work safety.• Standards, guidelines, typical applications in MUTCD, Part 6 are starting point for night WZ.• Enhanced traffic controls are needed to mitigate night work concerns.




Night Work 21

Night Risks S-3: What Are Key Safety Enhancements?Safety enhancements improve human performance. Safety enhancements:

• Retroreflective high visibility safety apparel meeting ANSI/ISEA ‐ Class 3 to improve worker visibility.

• WZ signs, channelizing devices, other hardware set up to account forlonger reaction times in low light.

• Temporary work zone lighting to ensure good visibility for drivers, workers• Temporary lighting set to avoid glare and shadows for motorists,

equipment drivers, and workers.

Night Risks S-4: What Are More Safety Enhancements?Safety enhancements improve human performance. More enhancements:

• Increased visibility of work vehicles, equipment, worksite hazards, materials.• ITCP (internal traffic control plan) for construction

vehicles and workers on foot. • Work schedules set up to allow workers to get

enough sleep.• Police enforcement.

Night Risks S-5: What About Worker Protections?Protections increase safety on work sites. Recommendations:

• High visibility Class 3 ANSI/ISEA 107 apparel.• Retroreflective strips on hard hats.• Worksite safety training.• Be familiar with TTCP and ITCP.• Be aware of nightly changes and changes within a shift.• Know where traffic, work vehicles/equipment are allowed – what lanes are open.• Be familiar with procedures for entering, crossing open travel lanes, e.g., look both ways, etc.

Night Risks S-6: How Do We Work Safety at Night?Follow these steps. Safety steps:

• Know location of and safe route to restroom, other project facilities.Employers must create safe routes – if not present, notify your supervisor.• Know where to park and how to safely reach your work station.• Be familiar with general safety rules for your project.• Be aware of project‐specific hazards – electrical, fall hazards, hazardous materials,

excavation, etc.• Know which supervisors are responsible for safety and who to contact with questions

or to report problems.



Night Work 22

Night Risks S-7: How Do We Minimize Sleep Loss?Here are recommended measures. Measures:

• Maintain strict sleep schedule, make sleep a priority.• During night work: eat small protein‐rich meals, avoid fats, sugars.• Drink water at night even though you are not in the sun.• Minimize caffeine at night to help you sleep during day.• Keep daylight out of sleeping room with heavy curtains, foil, blinds.• On family calendar: record your night work schedule, sleep schedule, days off to help

communicate with family, friends.

NIGHT WORK HI-VIZ

Night Hi-Viz S-1: What Are High-Visibility Garments?Make workers highly visible under range of day/nightconditions. ‘Hi‐Viz’ characteristics:

• Fluorescent background colors – orange, yellow, green.

• Retroreflective material in orange, yellow, white,silver, green.

• Visible at 1,000 feet or more.• Required for ALL workers.

Retroreflective Material Demo• Select Light On/Off at lower left.• Select Retroreflective Yes/No at lower right.• On No Retroreflective, notice that returned light rays

bounce in wide cone and most miss the eye.• On Yes Retroreflective, notice that returned light rays

bounce in concentrated cone and most strike the eye.• See discussion in right column of this page.• Ask trainees which they’d rather wear at night.

Garment Visibility Demo• Select motorist speed in LIST BOX at left.• Select garment type in radio button box below speed.• Either click Start button or control manually by

placing mouse over car at screen bottom.• As car moves toward red flagger figure (bottom right)

the numbers indicate distance from the flagger.• Look over driver’s shoulder and above steering wheel

as a worker becomes visible. Retroreflective becomesvisible at about 1200 feet. Fluorescent at 500 feet. Street clothes at 400 feet.

• Ask trainees which of the 3 garments they’d rather wear at night – and why.

S‐1 Strike or click 1, 2, or 3 to seegarments in different colors.Mouseover figure to see backview.Ask trainees why color selection?Answer: To provide contrast withdifferent backgrounds/equipment.

S‐1 Strike or click 4 to use RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIALDEMO. Follow screen instructions.Click BACK or strike Bto return to S‐1.

S‐1 Strike or click 5 to use GARMENT VISIBILITY DEMO.Follow screen instructions.ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐1.

What is retroreflective?Next time you’re driving at night,think about how the road signsmagically light up so you canread them as you pass. Thesesigns are retroreflective.The signsurface has either glass spheresor triangular prisms (pyramids)that take the headlight beam andbend it back to the car driver andpassengers. The retroreflectedlight returns to the driver as acone of light. Anyone outside thecone will not see the sign.



Night Work 23

Night Hi-Viz S-2: What Is Required for Worker Visibility?ANSI, MUTCD, FHWA set requirements. ANSI Requirements:

• ANSI/ISEA 107‐2004, American National Standard for High‐Visibility Safety Apparel.• Specify minimum amounts of retroreflective background material, color, placement.• MUTCD requires ANSI/ISEA 107‐1999 Apparel.

Garment selection is based on these documents.

Night Hi-Viz S-3: Which Garments Should We Wear?Wear garments recommended for night work. Requirements:

• ANSI provides 3 classes of high‐visibility apparel.• For most road work ANSI/ISEA 107 Class 2 is a minimum.• For night work ANSI/ISEA 107 Class 3 is highly recom‐

mended. • Class 2 and 3 are required.• Class 1 is not allowed.• Localities may have additional requirements.

Night Hi-Viz S-4: What Are Class 3 Garments?Most visible, best for night work. Class 3 garments:

• Full range of body motions seen from 1280 feet. • Most important when:

‐Near high speed traffic‐Sight distance is reduced (e.g., night)‐Work takes attention off traffic

• Highly recommended for night work.• Examples:

‐Flagging crews‐Highway road construction workers‐Utility workers

Range of Motion Demo• After moving through Screen 4, you can control the

demo by clicking ‘show’ or striking 2 and selecting Dayor Night.

• The demo shows how visually small (distant) a figurecan be and yet still be recognized as human.

• Ask trainees the advantages of being recognized at adistance as a human shape.

Night Hi-Viz S-5: How Do We Inspect Hi-Viz Garments?Inspect before each use. What to look for:

• Clean.• Proper retroreflectivity.• No fraying or missing stripes.• Fit, too large it will not be as visible • Proper fit allows motorists to recognize human shape.

See Replace Hi-Viz Apparel Demo description on page 5.

S‐2 Strike or click 1,to see fullscreen visibility chart. Click chart to hide.

S‐3 Click or strike 1 to go to diversion screen Garment Classes.Click red numbers to show defini‐tions of the classes. Click definitionto hide. Click BACK or strike B to return to S‐3.

S‐4 HI‐VIZ RANGE OF MOTIONDEMO. Demo starts automaticallywith 3rd line and continuesthrough successive lines. See Demo instructions at left.

S‐4 Click or strike 1 to go to diversion screen Garment Classes.Click red numbers to show defini‐tions of the classes. Click definitionto hide. Click BACK or strike B to return to S‐4.

ARTBA brochure High VisibilityClothing is available in the Hi‐VizApparel Demo (page 5) and in thePRINT MATERIALS tab in the InstructorMenu.

S‐5 Click or strike 1 to show WHEN TO REPLACE HI‐VIZ APPAREL DEMO. Click BACKor strike B to return to S‐5.



Night Work 24

Night Hi-Viz S-6: What Is Required for Vehicle Visibility?ANSI sets the requirements. Work vehicles:

• Flashing rotating beacons, strobe lights.

• Retro reflective tape to define size and shape.‐Use 2‐inch band of red‐white tape.

• Keep lights and tape clean.• Make sure lights work properly.

Night Hi-Viz S-7: What About Other Work Zone Items?Equipment, materials, hazards all must be made visible. Duringwork hours:

• Use barriers, crash cushions, channelizing devices.Non‐work hours

• Store away from WZ and clear zone or

• Protect with barriers, crash cushions, channelizing devices.

NIGHT WORK TEMPORARY LIGHTING

Night Lighting S-1: What Is the Goal of Temporary Lighting?Temporary lighting should achieve basic goals. Goals:

• Proper work space illumination.• Control glare to avoid blinding motorists, workers.• Minimize shadows.• Increase safety.• Increase productivity. • Improve work quality.

Night Lighting S-2: What Is the Goal of Temporary Lighting?Follow minimum recommendations. Recommendations:

• Project lighting plan details adequate illumination, control of glare and shadows.• Competent person’ oversees installation, adjustment of lights.

• Stay in lighted areas – avoid dark areas.

• When setting up light towers, avoid overhead power lines.

• Report lighting problems to supervisor:‐ Excessive shadows ‐ Glare problems ‐ Unlighted work areas ‐ Missing, malfunctioning lights

Night Lighting S-3: What Should Be Illuminated?Lighting should accomplish basic goals. Goals:

• Illuminate so workers can see work tasks.

• Illuminate equipment for motorists, workers.

• Mounted lights should not shadow work space.

• Back hoes, buckets, other rotating equipment radii should be illuminated.‐ Illuminate a safety circle around equipment.


S‐1 Click or strike red numbers atleft to return to images for eachbullet. Use this feature to discussthe comparisons of proper and improper temporary lighting.

S‐2 Click Table A to increase size.Click blow up to hide.



Night Work 25

Night Lighting S-4: Why Should We Control Glare?Glare is a hazard for motorists, workers. Glare:

• Results from light scatter within eye.• Reduces contrast.• Decreases visibility.• Can cause accidents.

Night Lighting S-5: How Do We Control Glare?Here are some basic guidelines. Guidelines:

• Mount light sources as high as practical.• Direct light downward toward pavement.• Aim light sources parallel or perpendicular to traffic.• ‘Competent person’ checks lights after every setup, adjusts to

ensure no glare from any likely viewing position, test drives WZ.

Night Lighting S-6: What About Work Vehicle Lights?Follow requirements for vehicles, equipment. Work vehicles, equipment:

• Must have conventional headlights. • Should have warning lights – strobes, rotating or flashing.

Best practices:• Headlights not sole illumination – temporary work lights must used.• Check all lights at start of each shift.• Replace non‐working lights before use of vehicle, equipment.

Night Lighting S-7: What Other Lights Can Be Used?Equipment‐mounted and balloon lights are supplements.

Balloon lights: Have a diffusion material around an internal globe to scatter the light and make itsoftly illuminate without shadows.

Features:• Good supplement to fixed lights.• Reduce shadows, glare for operators.• Better mobility for equipment.• Require secure mounting.• Aim to minimize glare.• Provide forward, rear illumination.• Beware of overhead line clearance.

.

.

S‐5 Click or strike red numbers atleft to demonstrate direction andaim of lights.

S‐7 Click 1 or Table A to increasesize. Click blow‐up to hide.



Night Work 26

NIGHT WORK FLAGGING

Night Flagging S-1: What Are Night Flagging Concerns?Night flagging is different from day flagging. Concerns:

• Risks increase at night.• Reduced visibility, impaired drivers.• Use flaggers at night only if necessary.• Provide temporary lighting for all flaggers.• Temporary signals or police officers are preferred when a flagger is not required.

Night Flagging S-2: What Are Night Flagging Applications?Here are basic applications and alternatives. Night flagging:

• Alternating one‐way flow.‐ Temporary traffic signals, AFADs.

• Vehicle/equipment access points.‐ Lane closure.

• Intersection control.‐ Temporary traffic signals, uniformed police.

• Temporary traffic stoppage.‐ Rolling road block, uniformed police and patrol cars.

• Flaggers as spotters.‐ ITCPs, no‐backing zones, backing and rear view devices.

• Flaggers for speed control. ‐ Police, radar activated CMS, automated speed enforcement.

Night Flagging S-3: What Are Proper Flagging Operations?Follow the MUTCD guidelines. Proper operations:

• Good equipment, illumination.• Well‐trained flaggers.• Avoid stopping moving traffic.• Advance signing.• Good sight distance.• Safe flagger position with escape path.• Flaggers in Class 3 gear at night.

Night Flagging S-4: What Illumination Is Needed?Flaggers must be totally visible at night. Best practices:

• Provide temporary illumination for all stations.• Supplement permanent road lighting.• Avoid

‐ glare‐ shadows‐ backlighting

• Use floodlight towers, other overhead light sources. • Temporary illumination required for flagger use.

S‐2 Click or strike red numbers atleft to return to images for eachbullet.

S‐3 On Bullet 4 use ZOOM +/‐ tochange sight distance of flagger –start with the minus.

S‐3 Use Show TA‐10 button toshow the Typical Application forthis flagging set up from the FHWA MUTCD.





Night Work 27

STOP

ExcavationExcavation S-1: Why Are Trenches Dangerous?A trench is an excavation deeper than it is wide. Trenches can kill:

• Workers can be buried alive.

• Cave‐ins can result from stresses in the walls, from nearby moving vehicles and equipment, or from spoil piles.

• Water can collect in the bottom.• Flammable/toxic work products can build up.• Gas from nearby sewer or gas lines can seep into the trench.

Before digging:• Locate electrical, gas, water, sewer and communications utilities.• Use extreme caution with equipment.

Trench Collapse Demo• The demo offers four options:

‐ Soil Weight‐ Impact Time‐ Reaction Time‐ Impact Force

• Click each option and follow instructions or make selections based on display.

• If time permits, allow a volunteer to test his/her reaction time in the Reaction Time segment.

Excavation S-2: How Do We Prevent Cave-Ins?Trenches 5 feet or deeper require support ‐ unless in stable rock:

• Sloping — soil angled to increase stability.

• Benching — steps in trench wall.

• Shoring — support system made of posts, wales, struts, and sheeting or aluminum hydraulic shoring.

• Shielding — protective frame or box, to protect workers after a cave‐in.

Keep spoil piles away from trench edges.

Excavation S-3: What Else Does Trenching Require?Employer should designate ‘competent person.’ ‘Competent person’ must inspect:

• At least daily and at the beginning of each shift.• After precipitation, a thaw, and other events that could increase hazards.• For disturbed ground, water, toxins, and other hazards.• For sagging or cracked walls or bottom bulges.• If walls sag or crack or the bottom bulges.• To keep spoil/equipment at least 2 feet from trench edge.• If there are nearby vibration sources such as railroads or pile driving.• That no worker is more than 25 feet from an exit ladder.The 'competent person' should stop the work if a hazard exists.


Trenches more than 4 feet deepmay be confined spaces.

An excavation with formwork 15 feet or less from a sidewall isalso a trench.

S‐1 Strike or click 1 to use TRENCH COLLAPSE DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐1.

Here are some common misconceptions about soil. Manyworkers believe: (1) soil is not thatheavy (up to 3000 lbs.) (2) Theyhave plenty of time to get out of itsway. (3) They can react faster thanthe soil can fall. (4) The impactforce of the soil isn't enough toknock them off their feet. Use thedemo to dispel misconceptions.

S‐2 Strike or click 1 to use TRENCH COLLAPSE DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐1.

S‐2 Strike or click 2 at lower rightto show ANSI definition of stablerock. Click definition or strike 3 tohide.



Excavation 28


Electrical HazardsModule Structure

General (7 screens)Power Tools/Equipment Tab (2 screens)Operators/Drivers Tab (1 screen)Contractors Responsibilities Tab (3 screens)

Module Outline

General S-1: What Are the Dangers of Electricity?Contact can cause explosion, fire, electrocution. On the worksite:

• Equipment contacting live overhead or underground electrical line can cause fire, explosion,or electrocution.

• Electricity can arc from line to equipment under some circumstances.• Electricity can cause severe external and internal burns.

Work around electricity only:• When trained.• When authorized.

About 5 road workers die from electrocution each year. Many more are injured.

Crane Electrical Fire Demo• The demo is an amateur video of a real incident in

which a crane contacted an overhead power line.• Click the Demo button to play video clip.• Discuss minimum safe distances.• Click STOP button to stop video.

Electrical Arc Demo• The demo is a security video of a real incident in which

an electrical arc contacted 3 workers.• Click the Demo button to play video clip.• Discuss how an electrical arc can occur in a fraction of

a second and talk about the resulting injuries.• Click STOP button to stop video.

Electrical Injuries Demo• The demo shows graphic photos of workers injured by

electrical contact.• Review the warning and then decide whether you

want to proceed.• Click a photo to show details of the injury.• You know your audience and so you are the one who

is qualified to decide whether to show this demo.


S‐1 Strike or click 1 to use CRANE ELECTRICAL FIRE DEMO.Click Demo button to play video.Click BACK or strike B to return toS‐1.

S‐1 Strike or click 2 to use ELECTRICAL ARC DEMO. ClickDemo button to play video. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐1.

S‐1 Strike or click 3 to use ELECTRICAL INJURIES DEMO. Follow instruction to view photosand show injury descriptions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐1.



Electrical Hazards 29


General S-2: What Are Current, Volts, Ohms, Amps?Key terms for understanding electricity. Terms:

• Current ‐ flow of electrons through a conductor (e.g., wire).• Voltage ‐ force/pressure that causes electricity to flow (like water behind dam).• Ohm ‐ resistance that impedes the flow of electricity through a conductor (like pipe size

restricts water flow).• Amp ‐ measurement of current from voltage sources through conductor (like water moving

through hose).

General S-3: How Much Electricity Will Hurt Us?If body becomes part of circuit, it can be fatal. Amount of current:

• Damage depends on amount of current (amps), pathway in body, duration of event.

Work around electricity only when:• You are trained in all aspects of jobs.• You are authorized to be there.

See Electrical Injuries Demo description on page 29.

General S-4: How Do We Treat Above-Ground Utilities?Use extreme caution, keep your distance. For work around power line:

• Assume it is live until tested, check with utility operator to ensure it is de‐energized and visibly grounded.

• If it must remain energized, for cranes and loads use OSHA 1926.1407—1411 requirements.• For other equipment or activities follow Table A as a minimum.• Use spotter to warm operator.• Post signs at ground level to mark safe distance.• Talk to foreman/supervisor about electrical safety if you work near overhead lines.

S‐4 Click 1 or strike 1 key to showthe 5 diversion screens on OSHA1926.1407‐1411. Click BACK orstrike B key to return.

From first diversion screen, click orstrike red numbers 1 ‐ 4 to showadditional diversion screens. ClickBACK or strike B keyreturn after each diversion.

S‐3 Strike or click 1 to use ELECTRICAL INJURIES DEMO. Follow instruction to view photosand show injury descriptions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐1.

S‐3 Click table to enlarge. Clickblow up or strike 3 to hide.




S‐6 Click 811 or click go to visit Call 811 website. Click Close to return to S‐5.

S‐6 Click chart or strike 1 to enlarge. Click or strike 2 to hide.

S‐6 Strike or click 3 to use UTILITY COLOR MATCH QUIZ:

Click Start New Quiz button. Click aUtility from left list and then click acolor to match it. If correct, applausesounds and ‘This is a Match!’appears. If incorrect, a HomerSimpson “do’h!” is heard and ‘NoMatch, try again’ appears. ClickBACK or strike B to return.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right. Select one:GENERALPOWER TOOLS/EQUIPMENTOPERATORS/DRIVERSMANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS


General S-5: What If Contact Happens?Do not touch equipment or person in contact. If you are on ground:

• Stay away from vehicle!• Do not touch any equipment or person in contact with line.• Tell foreman immediately to have lines de‐energized.

If you are in vehicle:• Stay in vehicle and do not touch any metal.• Try to drive out of contact, or have line de‐energized.• If you must get out, jump clear, land with feet together, do not touch vehicle, shuffle

slowly away.

General S-6: Can We Be Safe Around Buried Cables?Contact can cause explosion, fire, electrocution. Before digging:

• Look for ground markings (paint) of electrical, gas, communications utilities.• Review marked out areas. They may not be exact. Dig by hand within 2 feet of mark‐out.

When digging look for• Signs of previous digging.• Changes in soil types.• Concrete, plastic, gravel.• Asphalt patches, depressions from previous digging.• Warning tape or planks.• In demolition: utilities inside walls, floors.

General S-7: What If a Buried Line Is Hit?Take immediate action. Action:

• Report it immediately to your supervisor.• If it is a gas line, evacuate and secure area, call fire department.

POWER TOOLS/EQUIPMENT

Tools S-1: What About Power Tools, Equipment?Follow recommended safe practices. Safe practices:

• De‐energize, lockout/tagout power sources before repairing or servicing equipment, tools, machinery.

• Use GFCIs (ground fault circuit interrupters) on all power tools, equipment.• Use double insulated power tools.

Tools S-2: What About Power Tools, Equipment?Follow recommended safe practices. Safe practices:

• Inspect tools, cords to ensure good condition before each use‐ Check for missing ground prongs.‐ Look for gaps in insulation between cord and plug.‐ Inspect cords for worn, nicked torn insulation.‐ Check switches, guards, other protective features on hand tools.‐ Use non‐metallic ladders around electricity.‐ Use proper PPE including insulated gloves, footwear.




OPERATORS/DRIVERS

Operators S-1: What About Power Tools, Equipment?Follow recommended safe practices. Safe practices:

• Train operators to regularly check for clearance before operating machine.• Flag electric lines.• Use ground‐level markers to remind operators of utilities.• Maintain safe distance, as required by local, state, or federal codes or standards.• De‐energize or elevate electric lines whenever possible.

MANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS

Mgmt S-1: How Can Employers Control These Hazards?Adapt measures to eliminate, minimize hazard. Worksite analysis:

• Most work near energized power ON sources requires a ‘qualified person.’

• De‐energize power sources when possible.• When power sources cannot be de‐energized, lockout/tagout

power sources.• Ensure workers on foot are safe distance from equipment that

may contact lines.• Provide signs, warnings to inform workers of hazards.

Mgmt S-2: How Can Employers Control These Hazards?Adapt measures to eliminate, minimize hazard. Worksite analysis:

• Call ‘one call’ or ‘before you dig’ services to ensure all utilities are marked.• Check adaptation of equipment, installations to conditions of use (damp premises,

explosive atmospheres, etc.).• Provide proper PPE when needed.• Provide and ensure use of (GFCIs) ‘ground fault circuit interrupters’ on all power

tools, equipment.• If GFCIs are not used, employers must have an Assured Equipment Grounding

Conductor Program.• Check that measures are adopted.

Mgmt S-3: How Can Employers Control These Hazards?Use these additional measures. Measures:

• Hazard prevention and control‐ Take into account applicable specific regulations, local electrical codes.

• Safety and health training‐ Workers must have adequate information, training in use of electric equipment,

installations.‐ Workers must be advised of overhead and buried utilities in proximity to their

work areas.‐ Workers must be advised of overhead and buried utilities in proximity to their work areas.


S‐2 Click 811 or click go to go toCall 811 website. Click Close to return to S‐2. (Requires Internetconnection.)

S‐2 Click chart or strike 1 to enlarge. Click blow up or strike 2 to hide.

TABS now available at bottomscreen right.GENERALPOWER TOOLS/EQUIPMENTOPERATORS/DRIVERSMANAGEMENT/CONTRACTORS




Sprains & StrainsSprains S-1: What Injuries Are Most Common?Injuries can happen once or can accumulate. Common sprain/strain injuries in road work:

• Hand and wrist problems.• Back injuries.• Sprains, strains, and overexertion.

43% of lost work day injuries in roadway construction are sprains/strains.

Sprains S-2: What Causes These Injuries?Think of the most difficult parts of your job. These injuries may be caused by:

• Working in awkward postures, such as raking asphalt.• Handling heavy materials like in concrete formwork.• Repetitive work, like rebar tying.• Using vibrating tools like a pavement breaker.• Whole body vibration for operators.

Sprains S-3: How Can We Avoid Sprains and Strains?Think of ways to do the job differently. Work can be made easier:

• Minimize manual materials handling with dollies, hoists, other equipment.• Better job planning — deliver materials where they're used.• Store materials for easy access.• Use tools that are comfortable, easy to handle.

PPE and breaks can help:• Wear PPE like kneepads and shoulder pads.• Take breaks when possible, rotate difficult and easier tasks.

Sprains S-4: What Can You Do to Prevent Injuries?Do at least some of these measures. To prevent injuries:

• Plan and maintain a clear, level walking path.• Don't lift too much by yourself, get help.• Use proper lifting technique, lift with your legs not your back when possible.• Do stretching exercises before work.• Keep fit.

Lifting Demo• Follow screen instructions.• Mouseover text to reveal color boxes, select one.• Select load location at left.• Use slider to select weight.• Select grip point and destination.• Click Lift button to see NIOSH Lifting Index result.

More than one‐third of lost work day injuries in roadway construction are sprains andstrains.

Out of 7,933 highway workerswith lost workday injuries in2000, 3,378 had sprains orstrains. Another 85 had carpaltunnel syndrome or tendinitis.

Back injuries are the most common sprains and strains inconstruction.

Tell trainees to report sprains orstrains just as they would reportany other injury.

Ask: What ways could your risk ofinjury be reduced? How could wework smarter, not harder? Howcould the work be made easier toprevent sprains and strains?

For operators, whole body vibration can be minimized bymaintaining seat cushions andsuspension.

While proper lifting is important, itis not a substitute for proper engi‐neering, administrative proce‐dures, and work practice controls.

S‐4 Strike or click 1 to use LIFTING DEMO. Follow screen instructions. Click BACK or strike Bto return to S‐4.

Proper form when lifting is important! Think about lifting.

Use the demo to talk about howchanging each factor affects thelift.

To read about the NIOSH Liftingcalculations, go to:

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/94‐110/



Sprains & Strains 33


Fall HazardsFall S-1: Do Road Workers Fall on the Job?Falls are the second most common accident. Road industry data:

• Falls lead to 20% of all insurance claims.• 4 to 5 road workers die from falls each year.• Many more are injured, even disabled.

43% of lost work day injuries in roadway construction are sprains/strains.

Fall S-2: What Causes These Injuries?Equipment, elevations, walking/working surfaces. From equipment:

• Not facing ladders/equipment when going up/down.• Not using hand grabs/handrails when going up/down.• Platform not provided or not properly guarded.

From elevations:• Off bridges.• Off formwork.• Into excavations.

Falls From Equipment Demo• Follow screen instructions.• A. Select height. B. Select worker’s weight. C. Select

stopping distance.• Click Let ‘Em Go button to show Fall Distance, Fall

Time, and Impact Force.• Click Reset button to start over.

Falls From Elevations Demo• This demo works like the demo above except that the

selections of heights are higher.• Follow screen instructions.


Ask: What percentage of injuriesin highway work are due to falls?(Almost 17% of all lost workdayinjuries in highway constructionare due to falls. About half ofthese falls were to lower levelsand about half were falls on thesame level.)

OSHA requires fall protection at 6 feet and above. OSHA also requires fall protection below 6 feet if workers can fall into oronto dangerous equipment.

S‐2 Strike or click 1 to use FALLS FROM EQUIPMENT DEMO.Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐2.

After selecting height, weight, andstopping distance, ask trainees toguess what the fall impact forcewill be. Most trainees will underestimate the force.

After showing the impact force,ask trainees to compare the forcewith a physical object of the sameweight and ask if they think theimpact force would be harmful.

S‐2 Strike or click 2 to use FALLS FROM ELEVATIONS DEMO.Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐2.

As the demo shows, tremendousfall impact forces are generated infall from elevations.



Fall Hazards 34


Fall S-3: Where Do Falls Happen?Equipment, elevations, walking/working surfaces. Walking/working surfaces:

• Tripping over materials, debris (housekeeping).• Falling on hills, embankments.• Stepping in holes, walking on irregular ground.

• Stumbling while carrying loads that block vision.

• Slips or trips in muddy, wet, icy conditions.

• Improper footwear.

Fall S-4: How Do We Stop Falls from Equipment?Follow 7 basic best practices. Best practices:

• Use handrails.• Always use 3‐point contact.• Face equipment when going up/down.• Make sure steps, ladders are clean and defect free.• Do not ride on equipment except in provided seats.• Do not mount or climb moving equipment.• Keep vehicle walking/working surfaces free of debris.

Fall S-5: How Do We Stop Falls from Elevations?Follow 7 basic best practices. Best practices:

• Plan for 100% fall protection.• Erect guardrails around large excavations.• When walking over excavations, construct and use walkways

with guardrails.• Without guardrails, use PFAS, fall restraint, nets, hole covers.• Plan anchor points for PFAS, fall restraint or nets.• Use modular erection to avoid work at heights on forms.• Seatbelts or restraints for riding in cars, trucks, personnel carriers.

Fall S-6: How Do We Prevent Falls on Same Level?Follow 7 basic best practices. Best practices:

• If possible, avoid walking on muddy, wet, icy surfaces.• Use footwear with ankle support and soles that grip.• Don’t carry heavy loads, use hauling equipment.• Fill in, cover and mark, or barricade holes in ground.• Practice good housekeeping.• Include walking routes in site safety plan.• Maintain good physical strength and conditioning.

See Runovers/Backovers modulefor detail on an Internal TrafficControl Plan (ITCP).

See Sprains and Strains modulefor pre‐shift warm up exercises.



Fall Hazards 35

Noise HazardsNoise S-1: Is Too Much Noise a Serious Problem?You can lose your hearing. You can lose your life. On the job:

• Noise can distract you, you may not hear warnings.• Noise damages the nerves in the inner ear, they cannot

be repaired.After 15 to 20 years in the trade:

• You may suffer permanent hearing loss.• You may suffer constant ringing (tinnitus).

If you suffer hearing loss:• You cannot hear well, especially when there is background noise.• It can affect your family and personal life.

3 Hearing Demos• Click or strike 1 to play audio clip of how it sounds to lose your hearing.• Click or strike 2 to play audio clip of a tinnitus simulation. • Click or strike 4 to play audio clip of speech in a noisy environment.

Noise S-2: What Noise Sources Are Most Common?There are many noise sources in road work. Some of the most common sources are:

• Heavy equipment.• Pile driving.• Pavement breakers.• Compressors.• Traffic.

Noise S-3: Could Road Work Be Less Noisy?Yes. There are efforts to make it quieter. Noise levels can be reduced by:

• Buying/renting quieter equipment.• Keeping equipment well maintained.• Move noisy equipment away.• Sound barriers around equipment.

Noise S-4: How Do We Protect Our Hearing Now?Wear hearing protection. If you must shout to talk with someone 3 feet away, you need protection from noise:

• Use hearing protection provided by your employer.• Notify employer if proper PPE is not available.• Make sure PPE fits and is comfortable.• Follow instructions for proper hearing protection use.• Get a hearing test about once a year so you’ll know your hearing protection is working.

3 HEARING DEMOS:

S‐1 Strike or click 1 to use HEARING LOSS DEMO. Strike orclick 2 to hear TINNITUS DEMO.Strike or click 4 to hear NOISY ENVIRONMENT DEMO.

Hearing loss eliminates specific frequencies of sound and humanspeech falls within the eliminatedfrequencies. Hearing loss is notmerely a matter of the sound volume becoming lower.

Explain that going deaf from noiseexposure usually does not mean silence – it usually means hearingtinnitus 24/7.

Explain that it is more difficult tohear warnings or important instructions in noise. Talk aboutwhy this is a concern.

Our ears have a finite lifetime capacity for noise exposure. Evenlower levels of noise use up this capacity. Exposure to higher levelsof noise for continuous periodsuses up lifetime capacity too soon.

After years of too much noise,nerve cells in the inner ear die. Youslowly loose ability to understandspeech. Suddenly you realize yourhearing is impaired.

S‐4 Strike or click 1 to use HEARING LOSS DEMO.



Noise Hazards 36


Health HazardsHealth S-1: How Do Health Hazards Harm Us?Toxic substances can enter the body by 3 routes:

• Breathe.• Swallow.• Absorb.

The effects of toxic substances may be:• Short‐term or acute: effects such as

eye irritation or dizziness.• Delayed or chronic: effects such as cancer

or chronic lung disease.

Health S-S: How Harmful Is Silica?Silica is common but can be very harmful. Silica dust:

• Found in many construction dusts such as concrete, rock.

• High exposure tasks include sand blasting, rock drilling, and concrete cutting, sawing, drilling, grinding or breaking.

• Long‐term exposure leads to lung disease (silicosis).

• Long‐term exposure increases risk of cancer.

Prevent silica exposure by: • Reduce airborne dust through ventilation and wetting.

• Using NIOSH‐approved toxic dust respirators.

For workers required to wear respirators, employers must have a Respiratory Protection Program. Workers must be trained and medically fit.

Silica Dust Demo• Click or strike 1 to show video clip with split screen

comparison of concrete cutting with and without wetmethod dust suppression.

• Click or strike 2 to hide the video demo.

Health S-A: How Harmful Is Asphalt?Asphalt fumes and skin contact can be harmful. Asphalt:

• Fumes may cause eye, respiratory irritation.• Hot asphalt can severely burn skin.

To prevent exposure:• Work upwind whenever possible.• Maintain a lower temperature to minimize fumes.• Use ventilation on paving machines.• Wear gloves, long sleeves to prevent skin contact.

Silicosis is permanent lung damagecaused by breathing dust contain‐ing extremely fine particles of crystalline silica. Crystalline silica isfound in materials such as con‐crete, masonry, and rock. Whenthese materials are made into afine dust and suspended in the air,breathing in these fine particlescan produce lung damage.

Silicosis can be totally disablingand may lead to death.

Go to OSHA.gov to review theOSHA respirator standard 29 CFR 1926.103.

S‐S Strike or click 1 to show SILICA DUST DEMO. Click or strike2 to return to S‐S.

Ask trainees which condition theywould prefer. Point out that theworker wears a toxic dust mask inboth situations. Discuss bystanderexposures. Get trainees to talkabout how wet methods can beimplemented on the jobsite.

Suggested Treatment for AsphaltBurn: ‐Completely submerge affectedarea in clean water.‐DO NOT apply ice directly to theaffected area.‐DO NOT ATTEMPT TO REMOVEASPHALT CEMENT with productscontaining solvents or ammonia.‐Natural separation will occur inabout 48‐72 hours.‐If necessary for early removal,soak bandage in mineral oil andplace over affected area for 2 to 3 hours.



Health Hazards 37


Health S-C: How Harmful Is Wet Concrete?It can cause dermatitis and skin burns. Dermatitis can be:

• Irritation from caustic chemicals in concrete.

• Allergic reaction.

Prevent dermatitis and burns:• Wear long‐sleeved gloves.• Keep concrete out of your boots.• Change gloves/boots when contaminated inside.• Washing hands in clean water with pH‐neutral soap.• Protect cuts with bandages.• Wear eye protection.

Health S-L: How Harmful Is Lead?Lead damages nervous and reproductive systems. Lead:

• Toxic metal found in paints on bridge renovation.• Dust and fume can be inhaled or ingested during sandblasting, welding, cutting.• Dust can be carried home and poison your family.

To prevent lead poisoning:• No lead work without training/certification.• Remove paint before cutting or welding (no power grinding or brushing).• Use long handled torches for cutting.• Use local exhaust ventilation.• Wear the proper respirator (must be trained and medically fit).• Wash face and hands before eating, smoking, or drinking.• Shower and change clothes before leaving work.• Get your blood level tested periodically to assure you are not overexposed.

Health S-O: Are There Other Health Hazards?Most can be avoided with basic protections. Other hazards include:

• Common substances, such as solvents and CO.• Special products such as sealants, paints.

Avoiding health hazards means:• Review the product Material Safety

Data Sheets (MSDS).

• Limit exposure as much as possible.

• Stay upwind of hazardous exposures.

• Make sure that hazard controls such as fans are working.

• Wear protective equipment such as respirators, skin coverings.

• Promptly reporting any health complaints to your supervisor.

See World of Concrete Bookstore:The Handbook of Skin Protectionfor Concrete & Masonry Workwww.wocbookstore.com.

Suggested experiment: Try using aneutralizing or buffering productto neutralize the caustic pH of thewet concrete(www.neutralite.com).

To keep concrete out of gloves andboots, tape them to sleeves/pants.First tuck sleeves into gloves andtuck pants into boots.

Lead is very toxic if you breathe orswallow it. The first signs of poisoning are:• weakness,• joint pain,• weight loss,• loss of sleep,• low blood pressure,• memory loss, and• stomach upset.

Continued exposure can result in: • kidney damage, • anemia, • high blood pressure, • damage to the reproductive

system (impotence, sterility), • damage to the fetus (if

pregnant), and • reduced sex drive.

Severe lead exposures can cause damage to the central nervous system and even death.

Ask: What is CO? (Answer: carbon monoxide.)

OSHA PEL: 50 parts per million.

Carbon monoxide is a colorless,odorless gas given off by internalcombustion engines. In confinedspaces it can build up and kill construction workers by asphyxiation.



Health Hazards 38

Working OutdoorsOutdoors S-1: What Is Our Risk from Sun Exposure?Skin cancer is the most serious risk. You are at greater risk if you:

• Have lighter skin with freckles or moles.• Work at higher elevations.• Work around reflective material, like water or concrete.

You can protect from cancer and sunburn:• Long‐sleeved shirts, pants in neutral colors.

• Broad‐brimmed hat, neck flap.

• Safety glasses with tinted polarizing lenses.

• SPF 15‐25 sun block 30 minutes before work, then every 2 to 3 hours.

• Check skin for early signs, see a dermatologist for check‐ups.

Outdoors S-2: How Can We Check for Skin Cancer?Look for warning signs. See a doctor. What to look for:

• ASYMMETRY: Most early melanomas are asymmetrical. A line through the middle would not create equal halves.

• BORDER: Borders of early melanomas are often uneven and may have scalloped or notched edges.

• COLOR: Varied shades of brown, tan, or black are often the first sign of melanoma. Red, white, and blue may appear later.

• DIAMETER: Early melanomas tend to grow larger than common moles ‐ at least the size of a pencil eraser.

Outdoors S-H: What Are the Hazards of Hot Weather?It can lead to heat stress, exhaustion, or stroke. Heat illnesses can be caused by a combination of:

• Heat exposure.• High humidity.• Non‐breathing synthetic clothing.• Not drinking enough fluids to replace sweat.• Hard work, body heat, and not being "acclimatized."

Heat stress:• Can lead to heat rash, cramps, exhaustion, stroke.• May be more likely if you are overweight, not fit. • Alcohol increases risk.

Heat/Cold Stress Demo• Use sliders and radio buttons to select temperature,

humidity, wind speed and worker weight, acclimatization, clothing, and work load.

• In response, the figure moves along the top from thecold CAUTION through the green zone to the heatCAUTION zones. The display includes the ACGIH (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists) 1‐hour TLV and the degrees above/belowthe TLV.


Sunburn symptoms may not appear for a few hours, and thefull effect may not be obvious for24 hours:‐Skin is red, tender, and warm.‐Skin may be blistered, swollen.‐Severe reactions — known as“sun poisoning” — may includefever, chills, nausea, or rash.‐Sunburned skin may peel severaldays after the burn.

RECOMMENDATIONS:‐Do NOT apply petroleum jelly,ointment, or butter. ‐Do NOT wash with harsh soap.‐Do NOT use creams/sprays con‐taining benzocaine. Benzocainemay cause allergic reaction.

S‐H Click or strike 1 to use HEAT/COLD STRESS DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐H.

Two measures of stress are provided: NIOSH RecommendedExposure Limit (REL) and the HeatStress Index (HSI).

Examine the impact of these variables on heat or cold stress.

Discuss how workers can controlthese variables to reduce the riskof heat or cold stress.

Point out that heat and cold stressare a result of an interaction between the environment and the worker.

Emphasize rules for avoiding heatand cold stress.

Learn more about heat stress at:http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/top‐ics/heatstress/



Working Outdoors 39


Outdoors S-4: What Is Heat Exhaustion?Heat exhaustion is a dangerous illness. Heat exhaustion symptoms:

• Extreme weakness or fatigue.• Dizziness, confusion.• Nausea.• Clammy moist skin.• Pale or flushed complexion.• Slightly elevated body temperature.

Heat exhaustion treatment:• Rest in a cool, shaded place.• Drink plenty of water.

Outdoors S-5: What Is Heat Stroke?Heat stroke can cause hallucinations, death. Heat STROKE symptoms and treatment:

• Hot dry skin, no sweating, chills, high body temperature, mental confusion, slurred speech.• Call 911, remove to cool shaded area, soak clothes with water, fan body, apply ice.

Protect yourself from heat:• Wear light‐colored clothing.• Gradually build up to heavy work.• Schedule heavy work during coolest parts of day.• Take more breaks in extreme heat and humidity.• Drink lots of water, at least 2 to 3 quarts a day.

Outdoors S-C: What Are the Hazards of Cold Weather?Cold stress can lead to hypothermia, frostbite. Cold stress is caused by a combination of:

• Cold/cool temperatures (50o F and less).• Wet weather and/or conditions.• High winds (40+ MPH).• Inadequate clothing.

Cold stress is prevented by:• Warm layers of clothing, head cover, warm gloves, wool socks.• Keeping dry.• Breaks in warm areas, drinking hot liquids.• Keeping in good physical shape.

Wind Chill Chart Demo• Mouseover chart and use red lines to select a wind

speed (vertical axis) and temperature (horizontal).• The wind chill factor is at the intersection of the wind

speed and temperature. This wind chill value is the effective temperature for human beings.

S‐5 Click or strike 1 to use HEAT/COLD STRESS DEMO. Followscreen instructions. Click BACK orstrike B to return to S‐5.

With heat stroke, there is a 40%to 50% risk of dying.

S‐C Click or strike 1 to use WIND CHILL DEMO. Follow screeninstructions. Click BACK or strike Bto return to S‐C.

The chart displays the effect ofwind on temperature. Tempera‐tures are displayed on the horizontal axis and wind speedsare displayed on the vertical axis.

In general, wind lowers tempera‐ture and the wind’s effect isgreater at lower temperatures.

For example, at ‐5o F the effectivetemperature drops to ‐40o F with a60 mph wind.

(Source: the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration andthe National Weather Service.)



Working Outdoors 40

Outdoors S-7: What Are the Symptoms?Hypothermia, frostbite have these symptoms. Hypothermia:

• EARLY: Shivering, fatigue, loss of coordination, confusion, and disorientation.

• LATE: No shivering, blue skin, dilated pupils, slowed pulse and breathing, loss of consciousness, coma.

Frostbite:• Body reduces blood flow to hands and feet to maintain core temperature.• Fingers or toes can freeze.• Symptoms include numbness, tingling, aching, and bluish skin.• Can cause the tissue to die and force amputation.

Outdoors S-O: How Are Plants and Animals Hazardous?They can cause rashes, illness, even death. Outdoor work may expose you to:

• Bites from animals (dogs or snakes) and from insects and arachnida (bees, wasps, ticks, spiders).

• Plants such as poison ivy, poison oak, hogweed.

To prevent these problems:• Steer clear of any animals.• Learn to recognize and avoid poisonous plants.• Wear long‐sleeved shirts and pants, use insect repellents.• Check for tick bites and lyme disease (red bullseye) each day.• Get prompt medical/first aid treatment for any problems.

3 NIOSH Fact Sheets• Display each Fact Sheet by using PDF controls at right

to page.• To print the Fact Sheets for trainees in advance of the

training, click the PDF printer button. (Requires printerconnection.)

Deadly West Nile virus may be carried by mosquitoes in mostparts of the U.S. Malaria and otherdiseases are also mosquito‐borne.Long sleeves and pants and frequent reapplication of repellent(DEET) help protect from mosquitoes and other insects. Be especially careful in the twilighthours and around standing waterwhere mosquitoes feed.

S‐O Click or strike 1, 2, or 3 to showthe NIOSH Fact Sheets on stinginginsects, ticks, poisonous plants.Click BACK or strike B to return toS‐O.

NIOSH is the National Institute forOccupational Safety and Health inthe Centers for Disease Control,U.S. National Institutes of Health.

Poison ivy:Scratching poison ivy rash onlyspreads it if the plant oil still remains on the skin. No oil is in theblisters or in the rash. By scratch‐ing, you can cause bacterial secondary infection which can getwider and more severe. Then youneed a doctor and an antibioticprescription. Poison ivy rash is not contagious. But the oil itself can betransmitted to others.

Poison oak: Burning poison oak causes an extremely dangerous smoke. A severe allergic reaction from inhaling the smoke, ‘anaphylaxis,’is life‐threatening. Do not burn thisplant!

Hogweed can cause 2nd degreeburns.



Working Outdoors 41

EmergenciesEmergencies S-1: What Emergencies Are Most Common?There are many possible emergencies. The most common emergencies:

• A worker is killed or seriously injured.• Contact with a gas line or electrical power line.• Trench collapse.• Traffic entering the work zone.• Toxic chemical spill.

Emergencies S-2: What Should We Do In An Emergency?The employer must have a plan. Emergency steps:

• Call 911 and get medical help as soon as possible.• Contact on‐site first aid/CPR.• Shut off equipment and evacuate area if potential toxic exposures or explosions.• On‐site emergency coordinator contacts fire department/emergency response team.• On‐site emergency coordinator contacts utility company, if applicable.

After emergency, ask for counseling if you find you have been affected by a tragedy or near miss.

Emergencies S-3: How Do We Prepare For An Emergency?You must know your employer’s plan. Emergency planning:

• Warning system and signal to alert workers for evacuation.

• Everyone must know where emergency phone numbers are posted for hospital, fire fighters, utilities, etc.

• Everyone must know who emergency coordinator is andwho is trained in first aid/CPR.

• Everyone must be trained in emergency plan and participate in regular drills.


Ask: What are some of the itemsthat might be in the emergencyplan?

Ask: What is in the emergencyplan for this job site?

Everyone must know the locationof the jobsite so that emergencycrews can find it. This meansknowing exit numbers and/ormile marker numbers and/orstreet names, etc.



Emergencies 42


Safe DrivingDriving S-1: How Do We Drive Safely?Many workers die driving to/from work or between sites. Safe Driving Tips:

• Check vehicle to make sure all safety devices are operable andeffective (brakes, turn signals, headlights, tail lights, horn) .

• Adjust mirrors to give yourself optimal view.

• Always use seat belt.

• Don’t talk on your cell phone, eat, or drink and avoid otherdistractions while driving. Pull over or ask a passenger tomake calls.

• Don’t drive if you are drowsy or drunk, some Rx and OTC drugs also affect driving.

• Don’t speed, go at or below the posted speed limit ‐‐ slower in bad conditions.

See Seat Belt Demo description on page 13.

Driving S-2: How Do We Drive Safely?Driving to and from work may be more dangerous than the job. More safe driving tips:

• Buy vehicles with front and side air bags and ABS brakes.

• Drive with headlights on even in daytime.

• Drive defensively.

• Avoid aggressive driving, e.g. quick lane changes, tailgating.

• Map out a route ahead of time if you are unfamiliar with where you are headed.

• Never let anyone ride in the bed of your pick‐up truck.

Driving S-3: What Should Road Workers Remember?Road workers face special driving hazards. Construction vehicle operators should:

• Keep cab clean to prevent slippery pedals and debris under brake pedal.

• Keep all window glass clean and in good repair to prevent distortion.

• Secure all cargo to prevent it from striking the cab.

• Be careful changing lanes, change only when necessary.

• Keep a safe distance from vehicles in front of you.

• Back up as little as possible.

• Be especially cautious at rail crossings.After a night shift:

• Only if you need it, drink coffee or caffeinated beverage tohelp get you home.

.

To use visual and audio demos forthe orange car on Bullet 1,mouseover the words brakes, turnsignals, headlights, taillights, hornin turn. After mousing over a word,return to white screen beforegoing to another word. On alllights, lights/signals appear. Onhorn, a horn will sound.




Safe Driving 43


Disaster ResponseDisaster S-1: What Is Emergency/Disaster Response?Action plan to deal with natural or man‐made incidents. Incident types:

• Nature‐Hurricane‐Tornado‐Earthquake‐Fire‐Flood‐Mud slide‐AvalancheEpidemic/pandemic

• Human or System Flaws‐Accident‐Accidental Release‐Intentional Release‐Bombs/Explosives

Disaster S-2: How Does DR Differ From Road Work?Command structure, hazards, and work schedule all change. Possible Differences:

• New command structure.• New hazard exposures.

• Unplanned/unscheduled work. ‐ Extended work hours.

• Possible change in housing.• Contractor operations disrupted.• Shortages in supplies, materials.• Unpredictable, panicked motorists.• Stress.

Disaster S-3: What Is an ‘Incident Command’ System?ICS coordinates all organizations at the scene. ICS Facts:

• ICS is a structure to coordinate initial response through site clean up.

• ICS procedures explain how to organize personnel, facilities, equipment, communications.

• A contractor and all his employees in a disaster responsework under the incident command system. ‐ Incident Site Commander becomes new site manager.

• Training in the ICS is required for all workers engaged in a disaster response.

DR = Disaster Response.

S‐2 click 1 or strike 1 key to showdiversion screen on Angry Public.Click BACK or strike B key to return.

S‐3 Click go to visit OSHA ICS webpage. Click Close to return.

S‐3 click 1 or strike 1 key to showthe diversion screen on ICS. Click(More) for definitions. Click BACKor strike B key to return.

S‐3 click 2 or strike 2 key to showdiversion screen on DR training.Click BACK or strike B key to return.



Disaster Response 44

FDN.Y.


Disaster S-4: What Is Our Role in the ICS?Road contractors are under direction of Incident Commander. ICS Team Members:

• First Responders‐ Law Enforcement: secure scene, control arrival/departure of incident responders.‐ Fire and Rescue: rescue victims, extinguish fires, assess hazardous materials releases.‐ EMS: treat injured at scene, determine destination/transportation.

• Second Responders‐ Transportation agencies: traffic control, motorist information.‐ Skilled Support Person (SSP): including road construction workers.

Disaster S-5: What Special Health Issues Arise?Disasters may create unique health challenges. Possible Health Issues:

• Pathogens ‐‐ germs, bacteria, viruses.

• Contamination of water, environment.

• Disruption in food supply.

• Disruption in power/energy.

• Hygiene.

• Immunizations.

• Terror weapon residue.

• PPE use.

• Decontamination.

• Heat stress.

DR Health Hazards Demo• This demo shows health hazards that may be unique

to a disaster response. The list does not include themore conventional hazards of road work. The list is not intended to be complete.

• Click Select a Hazard button at top right and select ahazard from the pull‐down menu. On the 2nd and 3rditems, submenus will appear.

• Click your selection to display the hazard and protections/preventions recommended by experts.

Skilled Support Person (SSP): perform emergency roadworkand infrastructure repair, set upand operate alternate routes,construct temporary roadways,modify traffic control. If needed,heavy and highway SSP team assembles quickly and restorestransportation infrastructure before rescue, assistance, andreclamation missions can begin.

S‐5 Strike or click 1 to show DR HEALTH HAZARDS DEMO. Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐5.

S‐5 click 2 or strike 2 key to showdiversion screen on DR Hygiene.Click BACK or strike B key to return.

S‐5 click 3 or strike 3 key to showdiversion screen on Immunization.Click BACK or strike B key to return.

S‐5 click 4 or strike 4 key to showdiversion screen on Heat Stress.Click BACK or strike B key to return.




Disaster S-6: What Special Safety Issues Arise?Disasters may create unique safety challenges. Possible Safety Issues:

• Unstable work area. • Poor site conditions.• Pressure to bypass normal safety protocols.• Difficulty getting safety gear/materials. • Internal and external communications.• Unpredictable, panicked public/motorists.• Internal traffic control. • Equipment staging.

DR Safety Hazards Demo• This demo shows safety hazards that may be unique

to a disaster response. The list does not include themore conventional hazards of road work. The list is not intended to be complete.

• Click Select a Hazard button at top right and select a hazard from the pull‐down menu. On the 4th item,submenus will appear.

• Click your selection to display the hazard and protections/preventions recommended by experts.

Disaster S-7: How Does Disaster Impact Our Lives?It may increase demands at work and at home. Possible Personal Issues:

• Demand/request for work despite family needs.

• Extended work schedule.

• Temporary housing/displacement from home.

• Psychological impacts ‐ Seeing victims, death ‐ Stressful situations ‐ Abnormal working conditions ‐ Possible violence.

Disaster S-8: How Can We Reduce Personal Impact?Take extra measures to cope with disaster work. Reduce impact on these ways:

• Recognize that DR work makes us vulnerable to stress‐induced illness.

• Set priorities and pace work to avoid physical exhaustion.

• Resume normal sleep schedule as soon as possible.

• Get plenty of rest and take frequent breaks BEFORE exhaustion builds up.

• Be alert to emotional exhaustion or strain ‐‐‐ if family or friends are not available, consult professionals at community health centers.

S‐6 Strike or click 1 to show DR SAFETY HAZARDS DEMO. Follow screen instructions. ClickBACK or strike B to return to S‐6.

S‐6 click 1 or strike 1 key to showdiversion screen on Unstable Area.Click BACK or strike B key to return.

S‐6 click 2 or strike 2 key to showdiversion screen on Angry Public.Click BACK or strike B key to return.

S‐7 click 1 or strike 1 key to showdiversion screen on EmotionalTrauma. Click BACK or strike B keyto return.

For more on coping with stress indisasters, visit the Centers for Disease Control, U.S. National Institutes of Health athttp://www.bt.cdc.gov/mental‐health/




Disaster S-9: How Can Workers Prepare to Respond?Know what is required and needed before a disaster happens. Things you can do:

• Learn about the Incident Command System approach.

• Become qualified to use respirators.

• Learn about other protective equipment and how to use it.

• Take Hazwoper Awareness or other training to learn about hazards and controls.

• Understand what your role will be and know who to report to.

• Make a Travel Kit.

• Make sure immunizations are current.

Participate in drills if you get the chance.

Disaster S-10: How Can Contractors Prepare to Respond?Pre‐planning and communications are keys to success. Planning:

• Internal/external communications with employees and public.

• Emergency contacts with state and local transportation and emergency response officials.

• Disaster Response Training for workers and managers.

• Cross‐train emergency team and use method to transfer responsibility.

• Plan to deal with family concerns.

• Contingency plan for office disruptions (staffing, payroll, contract issues) .

• Housing, food, hygiene for workers.

• Stockpiling equipment, materials, supplies, travel kits.

S‐9 click 1 or strike 1 key to showthe diversion screen on ICS.Click(More) for definitions. Click BACKor strike B key to return.

S‐9 click 2 or strike 2 key to showdiversion screen on RespiratorWear. Click web link in Bullet 6 tovisit OSHA PPE Standard. ClickClose to return. Click BACK or strikeB key to return to S‐9.

S‐9 click 1 or strike 1 key to showdiversion screen on Travel Kit. ClickBACK or strike B key to return.

S‐10 click 1 or strike 1 key to showdiversion screen on DR training.Click BACK or strike B key to return.(See page 44.) Hazardous WasteWorker Certification Training maybe required.

S‐10 click 2 or strike 2 key to showdiversion screen on Travel Kit. (SeeS‐9.) Click BACK or strike B key toreturn.




USER TIPSRoadway Safety+ Version 11.0 is designed for easy use. But there are a few options that may not be obvious. This message describes the options.

RUN THE PROGRAM The easiest way to run the program is to click the START button on the Instructor Menu HOME tab. Then select Interactive or Slide Show and everything runs in the default play list order when you click on the screen or navigation buttons. Or select Auto Advance to avoid clicking – in an exhibit booth, for example.

CHANGE MODULE ORDER You can change the order in which modules play before or after beginning the program.

To change the order of modules before beginning, select the SET MODULE ORDER tab in the Instructor Menu. The modules are listed on the center right of the screen. The modules in yellow are the RSP Basic modules. The modules in red are the RSP Advanced modules. And the modules in blue‐gray are from other developers. To select/unselect a module, click the check box next to the module title. By dragging and dropping the titles, you can change the order in which the modules play. Only the Introduction module cannot be dragged; this module must play first. To save a play list, click SAVE NEW MODULE ORDER. Recallsaved play lists by clicking LOAD SAVED MODULE ORDER. Delete one of your play lists by clicking DELETE SAVED MODULE ORDER.(Any modules with titles grayed out must be downloaded from workzonesafety.org before selection.)

Or you may select one of the pre‐set module groups (courses) by clicking its radio button on the SET MODULE ORDER tab.

To go out of order while presenting modules, go to the "menu" option in the BEGIN INSTRUCTION ZONE sign at the top left ofscreen banner. Click this "menu" button to show a pull‐down module list. Select any module to go to it. When finished, you must use the "menu" button to go BACK to the point where you left the original module.

NAVIGATING ITEM‐TO‐ITEM AND SCREEN‐TO‐SCREEN On any screen in any module, you have several navigational tools. First, inInteractive mode, you can click most places on a screen to move forward to the next item. Depending on your system, you shouldalso be able to use the arrow keys to navigate forward and backward. (In Slide Show module, the entire screen appears at once.)

When you get to the last item on a screen, a red‐and‐white striped bar appears. This signals the end of that screen. To move to anew screen, click the forward or backward arrow button (or right/left arrow keys on your keyboard) or use the DETOUR button. DETOUR takes you to any screen in the module.

Also at the bottom center of each screen is the next module button. Clicking this button takes you to the named module. You canalso use the "menu" button described above in Change Module Order, if you want to use a module out of order.

Red numbers at screen left indicate a diversion screen or an interactive demo. Click the number to go to the diversion/demo. Click BACK or B to return. In some cases, the red numbers simply enable review of the image for that bullet point.

KEYBOARD COMMANDS In Roadway Safety+ 11.0 you can use the Down Arrow key instead of mouse clicks to move through thebullet points on each screen. You can use the Right Arrow and Left Arrow keys to move forward/backward from screen to screen.You can also use Number or Letter keys instead of clicking screen numbers/letters. Other keys correspond with other mouse clicks.“B” is for “back” from demos. “N” is go to next module. “U” is for units. “V” is for voice. Either upper or lower case keys can beused. To familiarize yourself with these commands, turn on the HELP option under the SHOW button in the top left corner of thescreen. If any keyboard command does not work in a module, just use your mouse to click the equivalent command.

LANGUAGE OPTION The RSP Basic modules are available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese. By clicking the language button atupper right, you can switch among the 3 languages at any point. The RSP Advanced modules are only available in English.

You can play audio narration in English, Spanish, or Portuguese in the RSP Basic modules by checking VOICE at the bottom left ofthe screen. After VOICE is checked, a slider appears to allow you to control the volume of narration. VOICE is not available in theRSP Advanced modules.

In Interactive mode, each line of narration is spoken as it appears on the screen. If you want to repeat a line, place your mouse overthe text and right click.

In Slide Show mode, only the first line of text is automatically spoken. To play the other text, place your mouse over the line andright click.

When you do not want the narration, uncheck VOICE.

If you downloaded your Roadway Safety+ 11.0, you will have to download the language casts separately from the Instructor MenuSET MODULE ORDER tab.

Continued on page 49



User Tips 48

USER TIPS (Continued)

RUN INTERACTIVE DEMOS Many modules contain interactive demonstrations. These are identified either by DEMO or by a rednumber at left of a bullet point. Each demo is described next to its screen in the Instructor Guide to RSP Basic Modules or the Instructor Guide to RSP Advanced Modules in the PRINT MATERIALS tab in the Instructor Menu (see PRINT PRODUCTS below).

ENGLISH / METRIC UNITS OF MEASURE OPTION RSP defaults to English units (pounds, yards, miles). You can switch to Metric units (grams, meters, kilometers) by clicking UNITS at the bottom center of each screen, or in the UNITS OF MEASURE tab in the Instructor Menu.

DISPLAYING APPLICABLE REGULATIONS OSHA regulations and NIOSH, FHWA, and ACGIH standards/recommendations applicableto bullet points can be displayed by clicking the radio button in the COMPLIANCE OPTION tab in the Instructor Menu.

In Compliance mode, asterisks appear next to the bullet points on a screen. Right click the text marked by an asterisk to see thestandard number(s) and select one. A summary will appear at the very top of the screen. Mouseover to show the full summary.

Compliance information is only available in English. Do attempt to click asterisk from the ESPANOL or PORTUGUESE mode.

PRINT PRODUCTS Use the PRINT MATERIALS tab in the Instructor Menu to access all Roadway Safety print products. Click the desired category in the list at left to show the pull‐down menu of products. RSP print products include guidance documents, instructor guides, trainee booklets, pamphlets, quizzes with answer keys, case studies, and overheads. To print a PDF document, select PRINT from the PDF controls at lower left. For RSP Basic module print products, select the language (English, Spanish, Portuguese).

SHOW BUTTON The Show button above the BEGIN INSTRUCTION ZONE sign at top left of screen banner in any module allows youto turn on/off a Help option and/or an Acronym option. These options operate in every module and can also be turned on or offwithin each module through the Show button. The Help option displays an instruction over each active field in a module to help the new user learn how the program works. The Acronym option, when turned on, allows the user to mouseover acronyms or abbreviations in a module and see what the acronym or abbreviation means.

QUIZ SETTINGS The QUIZ SETTINGS tab allows you to run pre and post quizzes in the RSP Basic modules and in some RSP Ad‐vanced modules. The quizzes are designed to work with an ARS (Audience Response System), if one is available. If not, quizzes canbe used alone.

Click the radio button for Use Quiz in the QUIZ SETTINGS tab to start polling to find an ARS. If an ARS is found, it will indicate a connection and your ARS can be used with the quizzes. If an ARS is not found, it will tell you it is not connected and give you the option of using the quizzes as "paper and pencil" or "discussion only" quizzes. To use a quiz in a module, click the ? button in theupper right corner of the first and last screens of each module. Quizzes are only available in English. All current quizzes and answerkeys are available in the PRINT MATERIALS tab in the Instructor Menu.

CHANGE SCREEN SIZE The SETUP SCREEN tab in the Instructor Menu lets you size the program window as you wish for your owncomputer screen. Typically, this adjustment is automatic when START is clicked. Occasionally, the fit of the program to a monitormay need adjustment. For example, if a wide screen monitor is used or if the instructor wants part of the screen or tool bar ex‐posed to access other programs. The SETUP SCREEN shows 4 default values. The defaults assume you want the program to fill yourcomputer screen. Or you can reset the screen to the size you prefer by entering new values in the yellow boxes and clicking the SETSCREEN button. Typically, the selected values must be proportional to the values displayed. Otherwise the image will distort.

INSTALL FONTS This option is rarely or never needed. However, if program text overlaps or runs out of frame, you may be able tofix it in the INSTALL FONTS tab of the Instructor Menu. If all the required fonts are on your system, the message in the white boxwill say “All needed fonts installed.” If not, click the INSTALL FONTS button and it will take you to your computer’s Font ControlPanel. When the Font Control Panel opens, select “Install New Fonts” from the Toolbar under “File.” Find the “RoadFonts” directoryin the Roadway Safety+ Directory. Select and install all fonts. If you receive a “duplicate font" message, say “no” to the install forthat font. You can also install fonts under your control panel without running the Road Safety+ program.

DOWNLOAD MODULES In the DOWNLOAD MODULE tab in the Instructor Menu you can download and/or update RoadwaySafety+ modules. (Note: A module whose title is grayed out has not been downloaded. (If you downloaded the Roadway SafetyProgram from the Internet, some modules may not have been included to reduce download time.)

To download or update a module, right click its title. The program will tell you if the module is present and advise you to clickDOWNLOAD to download the selected module. If you choose to download, progress will display. Note that some modules may contain more than one download file. YOU MUST HAVE AN INTERNET CONNECTION TO USE THIS OPTION.

Script Error? Very rarely, you may see this message as you click through RSP. It asks: Continue? Click YES.



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