basic microbiology jeopardy weill cornell medical college - qatar

Basic Microbiology

Basic Microbiology

JEOPARDYJEOPARDY

WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

The 20 years following the elaboration of this man’s

postulates for proof that a bacterium caused a specific disease are known as the

“Golden Age of Microbiology”

The 20 years following the elaboration of this man’s

postulates for proof that a bacterium caused a specific disease are known as the

“Golden Age of Microbiology”

Who is Robert Koch?Who is Robert Koch?


The “nuclear region” of bacterial cells.

The “nuclear region” of bacterial cells.

What is the nucleoid?What is the nucleoid?


Binding of lac repressor to DNA and binding of trp repressor to DNA are both examples of this

type of regulation.

Binding of lac repressor to DNA and binding of trp repressor to DNA are both examples of this

type of regulation.

What is negative regulation?

What is negative regulation?


The preferred method of sterilization whenever possible.

The preferred method of sterilization whenever possible.

What is autoclaving?What is autoclaving?


Two antibiotics that inhibit the elongation cycle of protein

synthesis.

Two antibiotics that inhibit the elongation cycle of protein

synthesis.

What are chloramphenicol and erythromycin?

What are chloramphenicol and erythromycin?


These genetic elements are not capable of autonomous

replication, but can form copies of themselves that can insert

into replicons.

These genetic elements are not capable of autonomous

replication, but can form copies of themselves that can insert

into replicons.

What are transposons?What are transposons?


The pink color of Lac+ colonies on MacConkey media is due to a pH indicator that changes color

as a result of this.

The pink color of Lac+ colonies on MacConkey media is due to a pH indicator that changes color

as a result of this.

What is acid production by the bacteria using lactose as

a carbon source?

What is acid production by the bacteria using lactose as

a carbon source?


70S versus 80S70S versus 80S

What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?

What is the difference in size between prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes?


The proton motive force used to generate ATP for bacteria is

established by pumping protons across this structure.

The proton motive force used to generate ATP for bacteria is

established by pumping protons across this structure.

What is the cell membrane?



A culture of bacteria sensitive to streptomycin is plated on agar media

containing streptomycin. A few colonies arise. In the absence of evidence for gene exchange with other bacteria, this genetic process must be responsible for the ability

of some of the bacteria to become streptomycin resistant.

A culture of bacteria sensitive to streptomycin is plated on agar media

containing streptomycin. A few colonies arise. In the absence of evidence for gene exchange with other bacteria, this genetic process must be responsible for the ability

of some of the bacteria to become streptomycin resistant.

What is mutation?What is mutation?


Unique recombination mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Borrelia recurrentis produce new bacterial

types. This is the general term given to this process.

Unique recombination mechanisms in Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Borrelia recurrentis produce new bacterial

types. This is the general term given to this process.

What is antigenic variation? or What is antigenic switching?

What is antigenic variation? or What is antigenic switching?


The fates of pyruvate under fermentative conditions can produce a variety of endproducts. Identification

of these products is often used for this purpose.

The fates of pyruvate under fermentative conditions can produce a variety of endproducts. Identification

of these products is often used for this purpose.

What is bacterial identification?

What is bacterial identification?


This genetic term accounts for the fact that the hospital environment yields larger

numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria than the community

environment.

This genetic term accounts for the fact that the hospital environment yields larger

numbers of antibiotic resistant bacteria than the community

environment.

What is selective pressure?

What is selective pressure?


Cocci, bacilli, spiralsCocci, bacilli, spirals

What are the basic shapes of bacterial

cells?

What are the basic shapes of bacterial

cells?


Both contain peptidoglycanBoth contain peptidoglycan

What are Gram-positive and Gram-negative

cells?

What are Gram-positive and Gram-negative

cells?


This mechanism of gene transfer in bacteria requires close cell-to-

cell contact.

This mechanism of gene transfer in bacteria requires close cell-to-

cell contact.

What is conjugation?

What is conjugation?


It is generally believed that bacteria of this type lack the ability to produce superoxide

dismutase.

It is generally believed that bacteria of this type lack the ability to produce superoxide

dismutase.

What are anaerobic bacteria?

What are anaerobic bacteria?


In DNA cloning, initial detection of clones often involves plating cells on

media containing a specific antibiotic for which the cloning

vector carries a resistance gene. Bacterial cells that receive the

plasmid vector will be able to grow on the antibiotic containing media. This is an example of this type of

genetic selection.

In DNA cloning, initial detection of clones often involves plating cells on

media containing a specific antibiotic for which the cloning

vector carries a resistance gene. Bacterial cells that receive the

plasmid vector will be able to grow on the antibiotic containing media. This is an example of this type of

genetic selection.

What is direct selection?What is direct selection?WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

Multiple antibiotic resistance is most often due to carriage of

plasmids of this type.

Multiple antibiotic resistance is most often due to carriage of

plasmids of this type.

What are R-plasmids?What are R-plasmids?


This group contains many organisms that live in extreme

environments.

This group contains many organisms that live in extreme

environments.

What are Archaebacteria?

What are Archaebacteria?


Suppression of frameshift mutations requires the insertion

or deletion of this many nucleotides in DNA near the site

of the original mutation.

Suppression of frameshift mutations requires the insertion

or deletion of this many nucleotides in DNA near the site

of the original mutation.

What is 1 or 2 but not 3

nucleotides?

What is 1 or 2 but not 3

nucleotides?WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

Conserved consensus regions are found –35 and –10 bases

upstream from the transcription start site in this region of the

gene.

Conserved consensus regions are found –35 and –10 bases

upstream from the transcription start site in this region of the

gene.

What is the promoter region?

What is the promoter region?


Cells given this name reflect their ability to transfer

chromosomal genes to recipient cells at a high frequency due to integration of the F plasmid into

the donor chromosome.

Cells given this name reflect their ability to transfer

chromosomal genes to recipient cells at a high frequency due to integration of the F plasmid into

the donor chromosome.

What are Hfr cells?

What are Hfr cells?


Bacteria replicate by this process.

Bacteria replicate by this process.

What is binary fission?

What is binary fission?


This structure is often responsible for attachment of bacteria to body surfaces or

environmental surfaces.

This structure is often responsible for attachment of bacteria to body surfaces or

environmental surfaces.

What are pili?What are pili?


UV-light is not an effective sterilizing agent due to this

property.

UV-light is not an effective sterilizing agent due to this

property.

What is poor penetration? or What is low energy spectrum?

What is poor penetration? or What is low energy spectrum?


Extracellular component of some prokaryotes that contributes to

virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.

Extracellular component of some prokaryotes that contributes to

virulence by inhibiting phagocytosis.

What are capsules?What are capsules?


This code is used universally in all genetic systems to direct the

sequence of amino acids in a protein.

This code is used universally in all genetic systems to direct the

sequence of amino acids in a protein.

What is the triplet code? or What is the Universal

Genetic Code?

What is the triplet code? or What is the Universal

Genetic Code?


Error prone DNA repair pathways lead to increases in

this.

Error prone DNA repair pathways lead to increases in

this.

What are mutations? or What are mutation

frequencies?

What are mutations? or What are mutation

frequencies?


This physiologic state, either natural or artificially induced, is

required for cells to take up naked DNA.

This physiologic state, either natural or artificially induced, is

required for cells to take up naked DNA.

What is competence?What is competence?


The stationary phase of bacterial growth is mostly a result of

these two events in a growing culture.

The stationary phase of bacterial growth is mostly a result of

these two events in a growing culture.

What are nutrient depletion and

accumulation of toxic substances?

What are nutrient depletion and

accumulation of toxic substances?


Measurement of the phenol coefficient for a given

disinfectant is used for this purpose.

Measurement of the phenol coefficient for a given

disinfectant is used for this purpose.

What is standardization? or What is to compare disinfectants to one

another?

What is standardization? or What is to compare disinfectants to one

another?WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

Extended spectrum penicillins were developed for

effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

bacteria. This is the prototype example of this drug class.

Extended spectrum penicillins were developed for

effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

bacteria. This is the prototype example of this drug class.

What is piperacillin?What is piperacillin?


For Southern blotting procedures, this macromolecule

is run on an agarose gel and blotted to nitrocellulose filters.

For Southern blotting procedures, this macromolecule

is run on an agarose gel and blotted to nitrocellulose filters.

What is DNA?What is DNA?


Efficient expression of the lac operon requires removal of the

lac repressor and the application of this global regulator.

Efficient expression of the lac operon requires removal of the

lac repressor and the application of this global regulator.

What is CAP protein? or What is cAMP binding

protein? or What is CRP protein?

What is CAP protein? or What is cAMP binding

protein? or What is CRP protein?


This type of gene transfer in bacteria is sensitive to DNase in

the media.

This type of gene transfer in bacteria is sensitive to DNase in

the media.

What is transformation?What is transformation?


Synthetases are the enzymes responsible for charging these molecules with amino acids to be used in protein synthesis.

Synthetases are the enzymes responsible for charging these molecules with amino acids to be used in protein synthesis.

What are tRNA molecules?



Multi-enzyme complex composed of the 8-10 subunits

of DNA polymerase III along with DNA binding proteins, unwinding

proteins and other accessory structures.

Multi-enzyme complex composed of the 8-10 subunits

of DNA polymerase III along with DNA binding proteins, unwinding

proteins and other accessory structures.

What is the replisome?What is the replisome?


The major cytoplasmic structural element of bacterial cells.

The major cytoplasmic structural element of bacterial cells.

What are ribosomes?What are ribosomes?


Dormant bacterial form produced by limited genera like

Bacillus and Clostridium.

Dormant bacterial form produced by limited genera like

Bacillus and Clostridium.

What are endospores?What are endospores?


DNA repair systems serve to repair various kinds of DNA

damage; UV-induced photodimers are usually

removed by this repair system.

DNA repair systems serve to repair various kinds of DNA

damage; UV-induced photodimers are usually

removed by this repair system.

What is excision repair?What is excision repair?


Many new diagnostic procedures will use the polymerase chain reaction

(PCR) to rapidly identify bacteria. This procedure requires knowledge of the

DNA sequence to be amplified in order to produce these, which are required

to begin the process.

Many new diagnostic procedures will use the polymerase chain reaction

(PCR) to rapidly identify bacteria. This procedure requires knowledge of the

DNA sequence to be amplified in order to produce these, which are required

to begin the process.

What are primers?What are primers? WEILL CORNELL

MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

These covalent bonds effectively make the bacterial cell wall one large

polymer; they may form with or without cross-bridges depending on

individual species.

These covalent bonds effectively make the bacterial cell wall one large

polymer; they may form with or without cross-bridges depending on

individual species.

What are peptide bonds? or What are peptide

crosslinks?

What are peptide bonds? or What are peptide

crosslinks?


Spontaneous mutation is most often a result of errors

in this process.

Spontaneous mutation is most often a result of errors

in this process.

What is DNA replication?What is DNA replication?


Dideoxy nucleotides are useful for DNA sequencing procedures because they cause this during

DNA replication.

Dideoxy nucleotides are useful for DNA sequencing procedures because they cause this during

DNA replication.

What is chain termination? or What is

cessation of DNA synthesis?

What is chain termination? or What is

cessation of DNA synthesis?


The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among many

bacterial species is most likely due to this type of genetic

exchange.

The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among many

bacterial species is most likely due to this type of genetic

exchange.

What is conjugation?What is conjugation?


Multi-layer peptidoglycan, teichoic acids and lipoteichoic

acids

Multi-layer peptidoglycan, teichoic acids and lipoteichoic

acids

What is the Gram-positive

cell wall?

What is the Gram-positive

cell wall?


These DNA fragments are produced by discontinuous

replication in the lagging strand.

These DNA fragments are produced by discontinuous

replication in the lagging strand.

What are Okazaki fragments?

What are Okazaki fragments?


Mutants of this type require the addition of extra nutrients to minimal media to allow for

bacterial growth.

Mutants of this type require the addition of extra nutrients to minimal media to allow for

bacterial growth.

What are auxotrophs?What are auxotrophs?


Stable inheritance of genetic information transferred to bacteria

requires that that information be part of a replicon or be incorporated into cells by some type of this process.

Stable inheritance of genetic information transferred to bacteria

requires that that information be part of a replicon or be incorporated into cells by some type of this process.

What is recombination?What is recombination?


This is when the affinity of the lac repressor for binding DNA is

the highest.

This is when the affinity of the lac repressor for binding DNA is

the highest.

What is in the absence of lactose? or What is in the absence of inducer?

What is in the absence of lactose? or What is in the absence of inducer?


These enzymes recognize unmodified DNA in specific

sequences and cut DNA within these sequences.

These enzymes recognize unmodified DNA in specific

sequences and cut DNA within these sequences.

What are restriction enzymes? or What are

restriction endonucleases?

What are restriction enzymes? or What are

restriction endonucleases?


An alkylating agent used for sterilization.

An alkylating agent used for sterilization.

What is ethylene oxide?What is ethylene oxide?


A series of culture tubes is inoculated first with bacteria, then with serial dilutions of an antibiotic.

This is the lowest amount of antibiotic that results in no visible

growth of the bacteria as measured by a lack of turbidity.

A series of culture tubes is inoculated first with bacteria, then with serial dilutions of an antibiotic.

This is the lowest amount of antibiotic that results in no visible

growth of the bacteria as measured by a lack of turbidity.

What is the MIC? or What is the minimal inhibitory

concentration?

What is the MIC? or What is the minimal inhibitory

concentration?WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

This is the protein the binds fluoroquinolone antibiotics.This is the protein the binds fluoroquinolone antibiotics.

What is DNA gyrase?What is DNA gyrase?


Cleaves the -1,4 linkage of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl

muramic acid.

Cleaves the -1,4 linkage of N-acetyl glucosamine and N-acetyl

muramic acid.

What is lysozyme?What is lysozyme?


Among the known functions of these enzymes are both a 5’ to 3’ and a 3’ to 5’ exonuclease

activity.

Among the known functions of these enzymes are both a 5’ to 3’ and a 3’ to 5’ exonuclease

activity.

What are DNA polymerases?What are DNA polymerases?


These moveable genetic elements often encode antibiotic resistance

determinants.

These moveable genetic elements often encode antibiotic resistance

determinants.

What are transposons?What are transposons?


Mutations of this type result in a change in reading frame of the

resulting mRNA.

Mutations of this type result in a change in reading frame of the

resulting mRNA.

What are frameshift mutations?

What are frameshift mutations?


Plasmid DNA molecules must contain sequences of this type in

order to replicate and be transmitted from generation to

generation.

Plasmid DNA molecules must contain sequences of this type in

order to replicate and be transmitted from generation to

generation.What are origins of

replications? or What or ori

regions?

What are origins of replications? or

What or ori regions? WEILL CORNELL

MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

The inducer of the lac operon which works by binding the lac

repressor.

The inducer of the lac operon which works by binding the lac

repressor.

What is allolactose? or What is lactose?

What is allolactose? or What is lactose?


Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis uses

Southern blotting alone or in combination with PCR to detect this.

Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis uses

Southern blotting alone or in combination with PCR to detect this.

What are differences among individuals?

What are differences among individuals?


This is the mechanism of action of iodine as a disinfectant or

antiseptic.

This is the mechanism of action of iodine as a disinfectant or

antiseptic.

What is iodinates or oxidizes cell components? Or What is inactivation of enzymes by oxidation of amino acids in

their active sites?

What is iodinates or oxidizes cell components? Or What is inactivation of enzymes by oxidation of amino acids in

their active sites?


Bacteria resistant to streptomycin are isolated after plating sensitive bacteria on media with streptomycin. Since there was

no access to other bacterial species, conversion to resistance in this case must be due to mutation. This is the most likely

protein to express the mutation to streptomycin resistance.

Bacteria resistant to streptomycin are isolated after plating sensitive bacteria on media with streptomycin. Since there was

no access to other bacterial species, conversion to resistance in this case must be due to mutation. This is the most likely

protein to express the mutation to streptomycin resistance.

What is the S12 protein of the 30S ribosomal

subunit?

What is the S12 protein of the 30S ribosomal

subunit? WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

Attachment of the bacterial chromosome to this may play a role in chromosome segregation

at cell division.

Attachment of the bacterial chromosome to this may play a role in chromosome segregation

at cell division.

What is the mesosome?What is the mesosome?


Enzyme which is inhibited by rifampin.

Enzyme which is inhibited by rifampin.

What is RNA polymerase?What is RNA polymerase?


Functionally contains an A-site and a P-site.

Functionally contains an A-site and a P-site.

What is a ribosome?What is a ribosome?


Suppression of nonsense mutations is most often due to new mutations that result in changes to these molecules.

Suppression of nonsense mutations is most often due to new mutations that result in changes to these molecules.




In bacteria, multiple genes are organized in one coordinately regulated transcription unit

called by this name.

In bacteria, multiple genes are organized in one coordinately regulated transcription unit

called by this name.

What is an operon?What is an operon?


The mechanism by which aerobic organisms harness the energy

released by electron transport to achieve oxidative phosphorylation to

produce ATP.

The mechanism by which aerobic organisms harness the energy

released by electron transport to achieve oxidative phosphorylation to

produce ATP.

What is proton pumping? or What is the generation

of a proton gradient?

What is proton pumping? or What is the generation

of a proton gradient?


Three properties of good DNA cloning vectors.

Three properties of good DNA cloning vectors.

What are origins of replication, selectable

genes, and unique restriction enzyme sites?

What are origins of replication, selectable

genes, and unique restriction enzyme sites?


Alcohol in a 70% solution is a more effective antiseptic than a 100% solution due to this effect of the 100% solution on cells.

Alcohol in a 70% solution is a more effective antiseptic than a 100% solution due to this effect of the 100% solution on cells.

What is rapid dehydration of cells?

What is rapid dehydration of cells?


This is the reason that Mycoplasma are not sensitive to

cephalosporins.

This is the reason that Mycoplasma are not sensitive to

cephalosporins.

What is they lack a cell wall?

What is they lack a cell wall?


Lipid A, core polysaccharide, periplasm

Lipid A, core polysaccharide, periplasm

What is the Gram-negative

cell wall?

What is the Gram-negative

cell wall?


This begins by recognition of bacterial promoter sequences.This begins by recognition of

bacterial promoter sequences.

What is transcription?

What is transcription?


The most important protein involved in homologous recombination in E. coli.

The most important protein involved in homologous recombination in E. coli.

What is RecA protein?

What is RecA protein?


Mutations that result in the premature termination of

translation.

Mutations that result in the premature termination of

translation.

What are nonsense mutations?

What are nonsense mutations?


Certain chemical and physical agents that increase the frequency of mutation.

Certain chemical and physical agents that increase the frequency of mutation.

What are mutagens?What are

mutagens?


A group of coordinately regulated genes which may not be located next to one another on the bacterial chromosome.

A group of coordinately regulated genes which may not be located next to one another on the bacterial chromosome.

What is a regulon?What is a regulon?


This is the name given to organisms that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

This is the name given to organisms that can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen.

What are facultative anaerobes?

What are facultative anaerobes?


Cloning vectors that can replicate both in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells usually require separate sequence elements of

this type.

Cloning vectors that can replicate both in bacteria and in eukaryotic cells usually require separate sequence elements of

this type.

What are origins of replication for

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

What are origins of replication for

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?


Detergents typically interact with this cell structure to effect

their mechanism of action.

Detergents typically interact with this cell structure to effect

their mechanism of action.




This compound inhibits the binding of f-met-tRNA to the 30S

initiation complex.

This compound inhibits the binding of f-met-tRNA to the 30S

initiation complex.

What is tetracycline?

What is tetracycline?


Cell death due to -lactam antibiotics is generally due to

this.

Cell death due to -lactam antibiotics is generally due to

this.

What is osmotic lysis?

What is osmotic lysis?


The prokaryotic organ of motility is made of thousands of

molecules of this protein.

The prokaryotic organ of motility is made of thousands of

molecules of this protein.

What is flagellin?What is flagellin?


Begins at a single origin and proceeds bidirectionally.

Begins at a single origin and proceeds bidirectionally.

What is bacterial chromosome DNA

replication?

What is bacterial chromosome DNA

replication?


This enzyme joins DNA fragments together and requires

a 3’-hydroxyl and a 5’-phosphate to accomplish its

task.

This enzyme joins DNA fragments together and requires

a 3’-hydroxyl and a 5’-phosphate to accomplish its

task.What is DNA

ligase?What is DNA

ligase?


This type of transduction affords a relatively equal probability of transfer to all bacterial genes.

This type of transduction affords a relatively equal probability of transfer to all bacterial genes.

What is generalized

transduction?

What is generalized

transduction?WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE - QATAR

This regulatory process results in the premature termination of transcription events before the

production of full-length mRNAs.

This regulatory process results in the premature termination of transcription events before the

production of full-length mRNAs.

What is attenuation?

What is attenuation?


Glucose degraded to 2 pyruvate with the net production of 2 ATP.Glucose degraded to 2 pyruvate with the net production of 2 ATP.

What is glycolysis?What is glycolysis?


The specific target of -lactam antibiotics.

The specific target of -lactam antibiotics.

What is transpeptidase?

What is transpeptidase?


Antibiotic resistance due to target site alteration is most often a result of this genetic

process.

Antibiotic resistance due to target site alteration is most often a result of this genetic

process.

What is chromosomal mutation? or

What is mutation?

What is chromosomal mutation? or

What is mutation?


The major function of this structure is to protect bacterial

cells from osmotic lysis.

The major function of this structure is to protect bacterial

cells from osmotic lysis.

What is the cell wall?

What is the cell wall?


A purine or pyrimidine base attached to 5’-phospho-2’-

deoxyribose.

A purine or pyrimidine base attached to 5’-phospho-2’-

deoxyribose.

What is a deoxyribonucleotide?

What is a deoxyribonucleotide?


In bacteria this always begins with formylated methionine.In bacteria this always begins with formylated methionine.

What is a newly synthesized protein?

or What is protein synthesis?

What is a newly synthesized protein?

or What is protein synthesis?


Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim affect different steps in folic acid

synthesis. Their use together results in a greater than additive effect of either one alone. This

is an example of this phenomenon.

Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim affect different steps in folic acid

synthesis. Their use together results in a greater than additive effect of either one alone. This

is an example of this phenomenon.

What is synergy?What is synergy?


The term given to the fact that translation of mRNA in bacteria can begin before transcription is

completed.

The term given to the fact that translation of mRNA in bacteria can begin before transcription is

completed.

What is coupling of transcription and

translation?

What is coupling of transcription and

translation?


The encoding of antibiotic resistance by these genetic

elements helps to account for the rapid evolution of various types of plasmids encoding

multiple resistances.

The encoding of antibiotic resistance by these genetic

elements helps to account for the rapid evolution of various types of plasmids encoding

multiple resistances.

What are transposons?

What are transposons?


Penicillins and cephalosporins have this structural element in

common.

Penicillins and cephalosporins have this structural element in

common.

What is the -lactam ring?

What is the -lactam ring?


Penicillin resistance is most often due to the production of

this enzyme by resistant bacteria.

Penicillin resistance is most often due to the production of

this enzyme by resistant bacteria.

What is -lactamase?What is -

lactamase?



THE ENDTHE END

basic microbiology jeopardy weill cornell medical college - qatar

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