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BASIC ITALIAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK

Basic Italian: A Grammar and Workbook compriss an accssibl

r!rnc "rammar and rlatd #rciss in a sin"l $ol%m&

T'is (orkbook prsnts )* indi$id%al "rammar points in li$l+ and

ralistic cont#ts& ,ac' %nit consists o! -ar"on.!r #planations andcomparisons (it' ,n"lis'/ tar"tin" t' mor common di!!ic%ltis #pri.

ncd b+ larnrs o! Italian& Grammar points ar !ollo(d b+ #ampls

and #rciss slctd to mak %s o! contmporar+ Italian&

Basic Italian introd%cs Italian c%lt%r and popl t'ro%"' t' mdi%m o!t' lan"%a" %sd toda+/ pro$idin" radrs (it' t' basic tools to

#prss t'msl$s in a (id $arit+ o! sit%ations&

0at%rs incl%d:

1 #ampls in bot' Italian and ,n"lis'

1 "rammar tabls !or as+ r!rnc

1 !%ll #rcis ans(r k+

1 "lossar+ o! "rammatical trms

Basic Italian is t' idal r!rnc and practic book !or b"innrs and

also !or st%dnts (it' som kno(ld" o! t' lan"%a"&

Stella Peyronel is a lct%rr at t' 2ni$rsit+ o! T%rin/ Ital+& S' 'asta%"'t Italian to !ori"nrs !or o$r )3 +ars and is t' a%t'or o!s$ral Italian "rammars& Ian Higgins is 4onorar+ Snior Lct%rr at t'

2ni$rsit+ o! St Andr(s and is co.a%t'or o! T'inkin" Italian Translation&

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Ot'r titls a$ailabl in t' Grammar Workbooks sris ar:

Basic Cantons

Intrmdiat Cantons

Basic C'ins

Intrmdiat C'ins

Basic Grman

Intrmdiat Grman

Basic 5olis'

Intrmdiat 5olis'

Basic R%ssianIntrmdiat R%ssian

Basic Wls'

Intrmdiat Wls'

Titls o! rlatd intrst p%blis'd b+ Ro%tld":

Collo6%ial Italian/ Scond ,dition

b+ S+l$ia L+mbr+Modrn Italian Grammar: A 5ractical G%id/ Scond ,dition b+

 Anna 5ro%d!oot and 0rancsco Cardo

Modrn Italian Grammar Workbook/ Scond ,dition b+

 Anna 5ro%d!oot

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BASIC ITALIAN:

 A GRAMMAR ANDWORKBOOK

Stlla 5+ronl and Ian 4i""ins

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First published 2006

 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon OX! !R", #$

Si%ultaneously published in the #SA and &anada  by

Routledge

2'0 Madison A(e, "e) *ork, "* 006

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

+his edition published in the +aylor Fran-is e./ibrary, 2001

+o pur-hase your o)n -opy o3 this or any o3 +aylor Fran-is or Routledge4s

-olle-tion o3 thousands o3 e5ooks please go to )))1e5ookstore1tand31-o1uk1

7 2006 Stella Peyronel and 8an 9iggins

All rights reser(ed1 "o part o3 this book %ay be reprinted

or reprodu-ed or utili:ed in any 3or% or by any ele-troni-, %e-hani-al,or other %eans, no) kno)n or herea3ter in(ented, in-luding

 photo-opying and re-ording, or in any in3or%ation storage or

retrie(al syste%, )ithout per%ission in )riting 3ro% the publishers1

British Library ataloguing in Publication !ataA -atalogue re-ord 3or this book is a(ailable 3ro% the 5ritish /ibrary

Library of ongress ataloging in Publication !ataA -atalog re-ord 3or this book has been requested

8S5" 0.20;.6!00'. Master e.book 8S5"

8S5" 0.!.;!''.; <Print =dition>

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CONT,NTS

8ntrodu-tion (ii

/ist o3 signs and abbre(iations (iii

 "ouns? gender and nu%ber

2 @e3inite and inde3inite arti-les

; AdBe-ti(esC possessi(e and de%onstrati(e pronouns '

! +he present tense o3 essere and a"ere 2D

+he present tense o3 regular <and so%e irregular> (erbs ;6

6 Ad(erbs !6

' @ire-t obBe-t pronouns <> 2

D Prepositions '

Euestions 6D

0 8ndire-t obBe-t pronouns <> '!

Piacere and si%ilar (erbs '

2 +he present per3e-t tense D!

; @ire-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns <2> !

! @ire-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns <;? stressed 3or%s>

Relati(e pronouns 0!

6 +he i%per3e-t tense

' +he pronouns ne and ci 20

D +he 3uture tense 2

+he past per3e-t tense ;'

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$i Contnts

20 Re3lei(e pronouns !;

2 +he i%perati(e !

22 +he pronoun si '2; +he present -onditional 62

$ey to eer-ises 6D

Glossary o3 te-hni-al ter%s D'

8nde

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INTROD2CTION

83 you are an =nglish.speaking learner preparing G&S=, S-ottish Standard

Grade <-redit le(el> or si%ilar ea%ination, or si%ply learning the language

3or e(eryday use, this gra%%ar and )orkbook is 3or you1 *ou )ill typi-ally be

either 3ollo)ing a -ourse at s-hool, -ollege or e(ening -lass, or tea-hing your.

sel3 3ro% a published -ourse1 +his book is not itsel3 a -ourse, but a sel3.help

re3eren-eHre(ision gra%%ar, )ith eer-ises designed to rein3or-e your grasp

o3 the points dealt )ith, unit by unit1 *ou )ill 3ind it a help to ha(e a--ess to a

good 8talian.=nglish di-tionary )hen )orking through the book1

Sin-e this is not a sel3.-ontained -ourse, the gra%%ar points are usuallygi(en on their o)n, out o3 -ontet1 O3 -ourse, this is arti3i-ial, be-ause, in

e(eryday li3e, )hen )e say or )rite so%ething it is al)ays in a situation or

-ontet1 +o -o%pensate 3or this arti3i-iality, the gra%%ar points are illus.

trated )ith abundant ea%ples, )hi-h are o3ten reused, )ith (ariations,

under di33erent headings1 +his is partly to strengthen your grasp o3 gra%%ar

and (o-abulary, but %ostly to help you learn ho) to %anipulate the 8talian

language in a )ide range o3 situations1 Gi(ing plenty o3 ea%ples is a %ore

e33e-ti(e )ay o3 helping you de(elop the ability to -o%%uni-ate in 8talianthan gi(ing you lists o3 rules )ith Bust one or t)o ea%ples1

At the end o3 ea-h unit, there are se(eral sets o3 eer-ises1 83 you )ork

through these, you )ill 3ind that they -onsolidate your understanding o3 the

(arious points introdu-ed in the unit, and also that they gi(e you the -on.

3iden-e to ha(e a go at epressing yoursel3 in a range o3 situations and-ontets1

+he ai% o3 the ea%ples and eer-ises is to strengthen a)areness o3 the

spe-i3i- points dealt )ith in the unitC they are not intended to -o(er all the possible uses o3 a gi(en )ord or gra%%ati-al stru-ture1

At the end o3 the book, there is a key to all the eer-ises, and a glossary o3

gra%%ati-al ter%s, )ith ea%ples1

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SIGNS AND ABBR,7IATIONS

3 3e%inine

3p 3e%inine plural

3s 3e%inine singular 

lit1 literally

% %as-uline%p %as-uline plural

%s %as-uline singular

 pl1 plural

sing1 singular 

Square bra-kets indi-ate an eplanatory -o%%ent atta-hed to an ea%ple,

e1g1

4I Luisa al telefono#Ji1e1 she has Bust rungK

$uanto %ucchero  J%sK

"uoi L!o"4I 'nna4  L(olo so#4

+hat4s /uisa on the phone1

9o) %u-h sugar do you )ant

LNhere4s Anna4 L8 don4t kno)14

Jlit1 8 don4t kno) itK

Round bra-kets in an ea%ple sho) that the %aterial in bra-kets is optional,

e1g1

LHai i libri4 LS )* +ce, li ho#4L9a(e you got the books4

L*es, 84(e got the%14(e ho mangiati due# 8 ate t)o <o3 the%>1

' chi scri"ete Nho<%> are you )riting to

Round bra-kets round an entire senten-e sho) that, )hile possible, this is a

3or%al 3or% that is not o3ten used, e1g1

+ +Loro, Partono* Signori Bianco, Are you lea(ing<, Mr and Mrs

5ian-o>

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Si"ns and abbr$iations i#

A slash sho)s alternati(e )ays o3 saying so%ething, e1g1

Gli dicoH!ico loro la "erit1 8 tell the% the truth1 <9ere, gli dico  and

dico loro are alternati(e )ays o3 saying L8 tell the%41>

(on mi sembra giusto# 8t doesn4t see% 3air to %eH8 don4t think it4s 3air1

<9ere, the =nglish senten-es are alternati(es to one another1>

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2NIT ON,

No%ns: "ndr and n%mbr

Gender- masculine and feminine

All 8talian nouns are either %as-uline or 3e%inine1 +he best )ay to re%e% ber

the gender o3 a noun is to learn it along )ith its de3inite arti-le <i1e1 the )ord

%eaning Lthe4>1 8n this unit, nouns )ill there3ore be gi(en along )ith their

de3inite arti-les, but there )ill be no dis-ussion o3 the arti-les as su-h1 @e3inite

and inde3inite arti-les are the subBe-t o3 #nit 21

Most nouns in the singular end in .o, .a, or .e1

2 8talian nouns ending in .o are usually %as-uline?

l4uomo J%K %an

il fratello J%K brother  

il pomeriggio J%K a3ternoon

il treno J%K train

; 8talian nouns ending in .a are usually 3e%inine?

la donna J3K )o%an

la sorella J3K sister  

la sera J3K e(ening

la bicicletta J3K bi-y-le

! 8talian nouns ending in .e -an be either %as-uline or 3e%inine1 #nless a

noun ending in .e denotes a person )hose gender is de3ined <e1g1 Lhusband4,

L)i3e4>, there are (irtually no rules to deter%ine its gender, )hi-h %ust there3ore

 be learned by heart or -he-ked in a di-tionary?

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) 2nit 8

/asculine Feminineil padre 3ather  la madre %other 

il ristorante restaurant la notte night

il sale salt la luce lightil cognome surna%e la chia"e key

+o help you to deter%ine the gender o3 so%e nouns ending in .e, here is a

rule? nouns ending in .sione or .%ione are 3e%inine?

la tele"isione J3K tele(ision

la pensione J3K pension

la produ%ione J3K produ-tionla sta%ione J3K station

So%eti%es, the gender o3 a noun ending in .e -an be deter%ined by the

gender o3 the person it re3ers to? %as-uline )hen it re3ers to a %ale, 3e%inine

)hen it re3ers to a 3e%ale?

ilHla cantante J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> singer 

ilHla cliente J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> -usto%er  ilHla parente J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> relati(e

l4inglese J%H3K =nglish%anH=nglish)o%an

So%e nouns ending in .a and re3erring to persons are %as-uline )hen they

re3er to a %ale and 3e%inine )hen they re3er to a 3e%ale?

ilHla collega J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> -olleague

l4atleta J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> athlete

ilHla batterista J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> dru%%er 

ilHla pianista J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> pianist

+here are so%e e-eptions? e1g1 la persona <person> and la guida <tourist

guide> are al)ays 3e%inine, e(en )hen they re3er to a %ale, )hile the 3e%inine o3 ilpoeta <poet> is la poetessa1

6 +here are so%e nouns ending in .a )hi-h are %as-uline and so%e nouns

ending in .o )hi-h are 3e%inine?

/asculine Feminineil cinema -ine%a l4auto -ar 

il pap dad la foto  photo

il problema  proble% la mano hand

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2nit 8 *

So%e nouns o3 this type are abbre(iations, and ha(e kept the gender o3 the

3ull )ord? cinema stands 3or cinematografo J%K, auto 3or automobile J3K,

foto 3or fotografia J3K, et-1 Su-h -ases apart, there is no rule 3or deter%ining

gender, )hi-h has to be learned by heart or -he-ked in a di-tionary1

' So%e nouns end in .i1 +he (ast %aBority are 3e%inine, but there areso%e e-eptions?

l4analisi J3K analysis

l4ipotesi J3K hypothesis

la crisi J3K -risis

+)o e-eptions are l4alibi <alibi> and lo sci <ski>, )hi-h are %as-uline1

D Foreign nouns, unless they re3er to a 3e%ale, are generally %as-uline?

il bar J%K bar  

il camion J%K lorry

il roc0 J%K ro-k <%usi->

l4hostess J3K ste)ardess

O--asionally, the gender o3 a 3oreign noun is the sa%e as it is 3or the

-orresponding 8talian )ord?

la ne1 1a"e is 3e%inine, be-ause onda <)a(e> is 3e%inine1

la mail <e.%ail %essage> is 3e%inine, be-ause posta <%ail> is 3e%inine1

0 +he 3ollo)ing rules -an help in deter%ining the gender o3 nouns?

Q All %onths o3 the year and days o3 the )eek are %as-uline, apart 3ro%

domenica <Sunday>, )hi-h is 3e%inine1

Q All na%es o3 to)ns and -ities are 3e%inine, apart 3ro% Il airo J%K1

Q All na%es o3 languages are %as-uline1

Q "a%es o3 -ountries are nor%ally 3e%inine )hen they end in .a and

%as-uline )hen they end in any other letter?

la Francia J3K Fran-e

la Spagna J3K Spain

il Belgio J%K 5elgiu%

il Paraguay J%K Paraguay

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9 2nit 8

(umber- singular and plural

Mas-uline nouns ending in .o, and all nouns ending in .e, end in .i in the

 plural?

Singular Pluralil treno J%K train i treni trains

il nome J%K na%eHnoun i nomi na%esHnouns

la notte J3K night le notti nights

la sta%ione J3K station le sta%ioni stations

la pensione J3K pension le pensioni  pensions

ilHla parente J%H3K relati(e iHle parenti relati(es

la moglie J3K )i3e le mogli )i(es

"ouns ending in .ie ha(e only one .i in the plural1

2 "ouns ending in .io ha(e only one i in the plural1 5ut i3 the .i is stressed

<.io>, the plural has t)o <.ii>?

Singular Pluralil bacio J%K kiss i baci kisses

il desiderio J%K )ish i desideri )ishes

l4ini%io J%K beginning gli ini%i  beginnings

lo %io J%K un-le gli %ii un-les

il mormorio J%K %ur%ur   i mormorii %ur%urs

; Fe%inine nouns ending in .a take .e in the plural?

Singular Pluralla sorella J3K sister   le sorelle sisters

la lettera J3K letter   le lettere letters

la sera J3K e(ening le sere e(enings

! Mas-uline nouns ending in .a take .i in the plural?

Singular Pluralil problema J%K proble% i problemi  proble%s

il sistema J%K syste% i sistemi syste%s

Nhen a noun ending in .a denotes a person, its plural ending depends on

)hether it is %as-uline or 3e%inine1 83 it re3ers to a %ale, the plural ends in .iC i3 itre3ers to a 3e%ale, the plural ends in .e?

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2nit 8

Singularil pianista J%K <%ale> pianist

la pianista J3K <3e%ale> pianist

il collega J%K <%ale> -olleaguela collega J3K <3e%ale> -olleague

Plurali pianisti J%K <%ale> pianists

le pianiste J3K <3e%ale> pianists

i colleghi J%K <%ale> -olleagues

le colleghe J3K <3e%ale>-olleagues

For an eplanation o3 the .h. in these endings, see paragraph 20 belo)1

6 "ouns ending in .i do not -hange in the plural?

Singular Plural

l4analisi J3K analysis le analisi analysesla crisi J3K -risis le crisi -rises

' Foreign nouns, and nouns stressed on the last (o)el, do not -hange in the

 plural?

Singular Pluralil bar J%K bar   i bar  bars

lo sport J%K sport gli sport sports

la citt J3K -ity le citt -ities

la "irt J3K (irtue le "irt (irtues

D A nu%ber o3 nouns are irregular in the plural1 =1g1 la mano J3K <hand>

 be-o%es le mani in the plural, l4uomo J%K <%an> be-o%es gli uomini in the

 plural1 9ere are so%e nouns )hi-h do not -hange in the plural, be-ause they are

abbre(iations <-31 abo(e, paragraph 6>?

Singular Plurall4auto J3K -ar   le auto -ars

la radio J3K radio le radio radios

la moto J3K %otorbike le moto %otorbikes

la foto J3K photo le foto  photos

il cinema J%K -ine%a i cinema -ine%as

So%e nouns are %as-uline in the singular but 3e%inine in the plural1 9ere are

a 3e)?

Singular Pluralil dito J%K 3inger   le dita J3K 3ingers

il centinaio J%K <about> a hundred le centinaia J3K hundreds

il migliaio J%K <about> a thousand le migliaia J3K thousands

il miglio J%K %ile le miglia J3K %iles

il paio J%K pair   le paia J3K pairs

l4uo"o J%K egg le uo"a J3K eggs

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; 2nit 8

"ote that, in 8talian, the %as-uline 3or% o3 a noun is also used )hen the

gender is not i%portant1 A noun in the plural %ay there3ore designate any

one o3 three di33erent sets o3 people?

gli amici either a spe-i3i- set o3 %ale 3riends Jas in L*our 3riends

</uigi and Gio(anni> ha(e arri(ed14K

or a spe-i3i- %ied set o3 %ale and 3e%ale 3riends Jas in

L*our 3riends </uigi and Anna> ha(e arri(ed14K

or 3riends in general J)hether %ale and 3e%ale does not

%atter, as in L=(erybody needs 3riends14K

gli insegnanti either a spe-i3i- set o3 %ale tea-hers

or a spe-i3i- %ied set o3 %ale and 3e%ale tea-hers ortea-hers in general Jregardless o3 genderK

i colleghi either a spe-i3i- set o3 %ale -olleagues

or a spe-i3i- %ied set o3 %ale and 3e%ale -olleagues or-olleagues in general Jregardless o3 genderK

Spelling

&are is needed in spelling so%e plurals1

20 "ouns ending in .ca or .ga al)ays add h <.che or .ghe>, in order to keep

the hard sound o3 c and g in the plural1 Ne sa) the ea%ple o3 ilHla collega in

 paragraph 1 9ere are so%e %ore?

Singular Plural

l4amica J3K <3e%ale> 3riend le amiche <3e%ale> 3riendsla tasca J3K po-ket le tasche  po-kets

la riga J3K line, ruler   le righe lines, rulers

2 "ouns ending in .co and .go nor%ally add h <.chi or .ghi> and keep the

hard sound, but so%e nouns -hange the sound o3 c and g in the plural <.ci or 

.gi>1 8t is al)ays best to -he-k in a di-tionary?

Singular Pluralil bosco J%K )ood i boschi )oods

il gioco J%K ga%e i giochi ga%es

il parco J%K park   i parchi  parks

il lago J%K lake i laghi lakes

l4amico J%K <%ale> 3riend gli amici <%ale> 3riends

il medico J%K do-tor   i medici do-tors

il biologo J%K biologist i biologi  biologists

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2nit 8 <

22 "ouns ending in .cia or .gia keep the i in the plural <.cie or .gie> )hen the iis stressed, or )hen c or g is pre-eded by a (o)el1 5ut i3 .cia or .gia is

 pre-eded by a -onsonant the i is lost in the plural?

Singular Pluralla farmacia J3K phar%a-y le farmacie  phar%a-ies

la bugia J3K lie le bugie lies

la camicia J3K shirtHblouse le camicie shirtsHblouses

la ciliegia J3K -herry le ciliegie -herries

l4arancia J3K orange le arance oranges

la doccia J3K sho)er   le docce sho)ers

la spiaggia J3K bea-h le spiagge  bea-hes

23ercise 4

Nith the help o3 a di-tionary )here ne-essary, de-ide )hat gender the nouns

are, and )rite %, 3 or %H3 a3ter ea-h one1

=a%ples? la notte 3C ilHla pianista %H3C il 3ratello %

il giorno  

l4uo(o  

2 la sera  

2 la -a%i-ia  

; l4uo%o  

; l4atleta  

! l4in3er%iera  

! l4ani%ale  

la stan:a  

la strada  

6 l4ore--hio  

6 l4a-qua  

' il -a33I

  

' l4abitante

  D lo :u--hero  

D l4o--hio  

il 3iu%e  

il sole  

0 l4olandese  

20 la -an:one  

23ercise 5

Nith the help o3 a di-tionary )here ne-essary, 3ill in the plurals o3 the

nouns1

=a%ples? la notte? le nottiC il no%e? i no%iC il treno? i treniC

la sera? le sere

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= 2nit 8

il raga::o i  

la ban-a le  

2 la %ar-a le  

2 il pianista i  

; la -hia(e le  

; la -liente le  

! l4abitante gli   ! l4indiri::o gli   lo :io gli  

l4o--hio gli  

6 il 3iu%e i  

6 il ristorante i  

' la sta:ione le  

' la tele(isione le  

D la raga::a le  

D il -alendario i  

l4energia le  

il 3ran-ese i  

0 il po%eriggio i  

20 il lago i  

23ercise 6

Nith the help o3 a di-tionary )here ne-essary, 3ill in the singulars o3 the

nouns1

=a%ples? la -asa? le -aseC il libro? i libriC il %ese? i %esiC

la %oglie? le %ogli

il i no%i

2 la  le (ie

; il i 3igli

! la  le %ani

l4  le opinioni

6 il i -lienti

' l4  gli o--hi

D la  le persone

la  le %ar-he0 il i proble%i

la  le -iliegie

2 il i -a33I

; il i %edi-i

! l4  gli atti(isti

il le gino--hia

6 la  le bugie

' il i tedes-hi

D il i test

l4  gli uo%ini

20 l4  le a%i-he

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2NIT TWO

D!init and ind!init articls

!efinite article

8n 8talian the de3inite arti-le <=nglish Lthe4> has di33erent 3or%s, depending on

the gender <%as-ulineH3e%inine> and nu%ber <singularHplural> o3 the 3ol lo)ing

)ord, and on the letter <or sound> )ith )hi-h the 3ollo)ing )ord  begins1

9ere are the 3or%s?

Singular PluralFeminine la le   l4 le  

/asculine il i    the

lo gli   l4   gli    

2 +he 3e%inine 3or%s are used be3ore 3e%inine )ords, la and l4 3or the singular,

and le 3or the plural?

la is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a -onsonantC

l4 is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a (o)el <a, e, i, o, u> or hC leis used as the plural 3or both la and l4?

Singular Pluralla raga%%a le raga%%e the girl<s>

la casa le case the house<s>

la stan%a le stan%e the roo%<s>

l4auto le auto the -ar<s>

l4esperien%a le esperien%e the eperien-e<s>

l4hostess le hostess the ste)ardess<es>

; +here are three di33erent 3or%s 3or the %as-uline singular? il, lo  and l4C and

t)o 3or the plural? i and gli1 All these 3or%s are used be3ore %as-uline )ords?

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83 2nit )

l> is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a (o)el or hC

lo is used be3ore )ords starting )ith %, gn, ps* s T -onsonantC ilis used in all other -asesC

i is used as the plural o3

ilCgli is used as the plural o3 both l4 and lo?

Singular Plurall4articolo gli articoli the arti-le<s>

l4uomo gli uomini the %anH%en

l4hotel gli hotel the hotel<s>

lo %io gli %ii the un-le<s>

lo gnomo gli gnomi the gno%e<s>

lo psicologo gli psicologi the psy-hologist<s>

lo chef  gli chef  the -he3<s>

lo spettacolo gli spettacoli the sho)<s>

lo sciopero gli scioperi the strike<s>

il bar i bar the bar<s>

il ristorante i ristoranti the restaurant<s>

il senso i sensi the sense<s>

+he use o3 loHgli is due to the initial sound o3 chef , pronoun-ed in 8talian as

in =nglish <i1e1 Lsh4>1

Lo is also used be3ore %as-uline )ords starting )ith i T (o)el, 3, y?

Singular Plurallo ione gli ioni the ion<s>

lo yuppie gli yuppie the yuppie<s>

lo 3enofobo gli 3enofobi the enophobe<s>

lo 7u"entino8 gli 7u"entini8 the Uu(entus 3an<s>

+he use o3 loHgli is due to the initial sound o3 7u"entino, pronoun-ed as iT (o)el <i1e1 like the Ly4 in =nglish Lyouth4>1

! &are is needed in using the arti-le )ith nouns ending in .e  or .a )hi-h -an

re3er both to %ale or 3e%ale persons <see #nit , paragraphs ! and >?

Singular Pluralil cantante J%K the <%ale> i cantanti J%K the singers J%ale, or

singer %ale and 3e%ale

%iedK

la cantante J3K the <3e%ale> le cantanti J3K the <3e%ale> singers

singer

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2nit ) 88

Singular Plurall>insegnante J%K the <%ale> gli insegnanti J%Kthe tea-hers

J%ale, ortea-her %ale and 3e%ale

%iedK

l4insegnante J3K the <3e%ale> le insegnanti J3K the <3e%ale> tea-hers

tea-her 

il collega J%K the <%ale> i colleghi J%K the -olleagues J%ale,

-olleague or %ale and

3e%ale %iedK

la collega J3K the <3e%ale> le colleghe J3K the <3e%ale>

-olleague -olleagues

l4atleta J%K the <%ale> gli atleti J%K the athletes J%ale, orathlete %ale and 3e%ale

%iedK

l4atleta J3K the <3e%ale> le atlete J3K the <3e%ale> athletes

athlete

Re%e%ber that, as )e sa) in #nit , paragraph , the %as-uline plural 3or%

-an also denote a -lass o3 people in general, as )ell as a group o3 %ales or a

%ied group o3 %ales and 3e%ales? e1g1 i cantanti J%K -an denote either agroup o3 %ale singers, or a %ied group o3 %ale and 3e%ale singers, or singers

in general1

Indefinite article

/ike the de3inite arti-le, the inde3inite arti-le <=nglish LaHan4> has di33erent

3or%s, depending on the gender o3 the )ord it re3ers to and the letter <orsound> )ith )hi-h the 3ollo)ing )ord begins1 +here is no plural 3or the

inde3inite arti-le1 9ere are the 3or%s?

Feminine un4   una

 aHan/asculine un  

uno    

6 +he 3e%inine 3or%s un4 and una are used be3ore 3e%inine )ords?

un4 is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a (o)el or hC

una is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a -onsonant?

un4auto a -ar 

un4esperien%a an eperien-e

un4hostess a ste)ardess

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8) 2nit )

una raga%%a a girl

una casa a house

una stan%a a roo%

' +he %as-uline 3or%s uno and un are used be3ore %as-uline )ords?

uno is used be3ore )ords starting )ith %, gn, ps* s T -onsonantC

un is used be3ore all other )ords?

uno %io an un-le

uno gnomo a gno%e

uno psicologo a psy-hologistuno chef  a -he3 

uno spettacolo a sho)

un articolo an arti-le

un uomo a %an

un hobby a hobby

un bar a bar 

un ristorante a restaurant

un senso a sense

9no <like lo> is also used be3ore %as-uline )ords starting )ith i T (o)el, 3, y?

uno ione an ion

uno yuppie a yuppie

uno 3enofobo a enophobe

uno 7u"entino a Uu(entus 3an

D As )ith the de3inite arti-le, -are is needed in -hoosing the right arti-le to

use )ith nouns ending in .e or .a )hi-h -an re3er to either %ale or 3e%ale

 persons?

un cantante J%K a singer <%ale>

una cantante J3K a singer <3e%ale>

un insegnante J%K a tea-her <%ale>

un4insegnante J3K a tea-her <3e%ale>

un collega J%K a -olleague <%ale>

una collega J3K a -olleague <3e%ale>

un atleta J%K an athlete <%ale>

un4atleta J3K an athlete <3e%ale>

8n the -ase o3 nouns starting )ith a (o)el, the only di33eren-e bet)een the

arti-les is the apostrophe1

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2nit ) 8*

8t %ay be use3ul to -o%pare the use o3 the de3inite and inde3inite arti-le in

table 3or%?

/asculine Feminineun is used )hen il and l4 are used un4 is used )hen l4 is used

uno is used )hen lo is used una is used )hen la is used

9se of the articles

0 +he use o3 the arti-les is o3ten the sa%e in 8talian as in =nglish, but there

are -ases <%ostly -on-erning the de3inite arti-le> )here the t)o languagesdi33er1 9ere are the %ost -o%%on instan-es?

Q 8n 8talian, the de3inite arti-le is used be3ore a noun used in a general

sense?

'mo la musica roc0Hle "acan%e# 8 lo(e ro-k %usi-Hholidays1

La musica roc0 I popolare# Ro-k %usi- is popular1

Le "acan%e sono sempre troppo corte#9olidays are al)ays too short1Il tempo "ola# +i%e 3lies1

Le auto in:uinano l4ambiente# &ars pollute the en(iron%ent1

La disoccupa%ione I diffusa# #ne%ploy%ent is )idespread1

Q 8talian uses the de3inite arti-le be3ore a title 3ollo)ed by a surna%e,

e-ept )hen addressing the person dire-tly?

La Signora 9rbani I gentile# MrsHMs #rbani is kind1La !ottoressa ;anni non c4I1 @o-tor Vanni isn4t here1

Il !ottor8 /archi I occupato# @o-tor Mar-hi is busy1

Buongiorno* Signor8 arli< Good %orning, Mr &arliW

Buongiorno* !ottore# Good %orning, @o-tor1

Scusi* Signore# =-use %e<, Sir>1

"ote that so%e %as-uline titles, notably Signore, Professore and !ottore,

drop the 3inal (o)el )hen used be3ore the na%e o3 the person, be-o%ing

Signor, Professor, !ottor, et-1

Q +he 8talian de3inite arti-le is al)ays used )ith years, e1g1 il 4==>, il 5>>>1

Q +he de3inite arti-le is nor%ally used in 8talian )ith na%es o3 -ountries

and regions, e1g1 l4Inghilterra <=ngland>, la Toscana <+us-any>, il Porto.gallo <Portugal>, l42uropa <=urope>1 5ut the rule %ay be di33erent )hen

using a preposition, e1g1 in Italia <in 8taly> <see #nit D, paragraph !>1

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89 2nit )

8n so%e -ases a de3inite arti-le is used in 8talian )here an inde3inite arti-le

<or a possessi(e adBe-ti(e . see #nit ;> is used in =nglish1 9ere are so%e

instan-es?

'ntonio ha il naso lungo#Hai la patente'"ete l4ombrello&Ho il raffreddore#!o"e passi le "acan%e disolito

!i pomeriggio faccio il

compito# Hai il biglietto

Antonio has a long nose19a(e you got a dri(ing li-en-e

9a(e you got an u%brella 8

ha(e got a -old1

Nhere do you nor%ally spend your

holidays

8n the a3ternoon 8 do %y ho%e)ork1

9a(e you got aHyour ti-ket

+here are also -ases )hen there is no arti-le in 8talian but the de3inite or 

inde3inite arti-le is used in =nglish?

'ndiamo in montagna#Stasera andiamo a teatro#

'ccompagno 'nna inaeroporto# 'ndiamo inmacchina#arlo I medico#Sono studente#(on ha marito#

Ne4re going to the %ountains1

Ne4re going to the theatre this e(ening1

84% taking Anna to the airport1 Ne4re

going in theHa -ar1&arlo is a do-tor1

84% a student1

She hasn4t got a husband1

!efinite and indefinite article before an ad7ecti"e

2 As )e shall see <#nit ;>, a noun -an so%eti%es be pre-eded by an adBe-ti(e,

so that the adBe-ti(e -o%es bet)een the arti-le and the noun <e1g1 una belladonna, a beauti3ul )o%an>1 8n su-h -ases, the 3or% o3 the arti-le depends

on the spelling o3 the ad7ecti"e, not the noun?

la casa the house l4ultima casa the last house

una casa a house un4ottima casa an e-ellent house

l4auto the -ar  la prima auto the 3irst -ar 

un4auto a -ar  una bella auto a beauti3ul -ar 

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2nit ) 8

23ercise 4

8nsert the de3inite arti-le be3ore the nouns1

=a%ples? l4a-quaC la stan:aC le esperien:eC il ristoranteC lo :ioC

gli uo%ini

  3iglia

  notti

2  :ia

2  sport

;  proble%a

;  uo(o

!  %ano

!  eno3obia

  auto

  ti(6

  3ratello6

  a%i-i'  libri

'  pianiste

D  entrata

D  dita

  studio

  -risi

0  :ii

20  inglese

23ercise 5

8nsert the inde3inite arti-le be3ore the nouns1

=a%ples? un4autoC una raga::aC un arti-oloC uno spetta-oloC

un insegnante J%KC un4atleta J3K

  sorella

  aran-ia

2  -iliegia

2  psi-hiatra J%K;

  a%i-o;

  sigaretta!  :io

!  insegnante J3K

  :ia

  gnu

6  aereo

6  artista J%K

'  a%i-a

'  sbaglio

D  -antante J3K

D  3iglio

  %igliaio

  yogurt

0

  spe--hio

20

  analisi

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8; 2nit )

23ercise 6

8nsert the -orre-t arti-le in the blank spa-es1

=a%ple? Maria ha una -asa1 <Maria has a house1>

  :io di Maria arri(a do%ani1 <Maria4s un-le arri(es to%orro)1>

2 Paolo s-ri(e  lettera1 <Paolo is )riting a letter1>

; 9ai  %ani pulite <9a(e you got -lean hands>

! ?  a%i-a di Patri:ia1 <She4s a 3riend o3 Patri:ia4s1>

/aura non ha  patente1 </aura hasn4t got a dri(ing li-en-e1>

6 &4I  Signor +otti <8s Mr +otti here>' ?

  insegnante %olto -apa-e1 <She4s a (ery -apable tea-her1>D

  inquina%ento I proble%a preo--upante1 <Pollution is a)orrying proble%1>

  nuo(o stadio I pi grande1 <+he ne) stadiu% is bigger1>

0 9o  stesso &@1 <84(e got the sa%e &@1>

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2NIT T4R,,

 Ad-cti$s? possssi$ and dmonstrati$

prono%ns

AdBe-ti(es in 8talian %ust agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun they

re3er to? i3 the noun is %as-uline singular the adBe-ti(e %ust be %as-uline

singular, i3 the noun is 3e%inine singular the adBe-ti(e %ust be 3e%inine singu.

lar, et-1 AdBe-ti(es there3ore -hange their 3or%s a--ordingly1 5ut re%e%ber

that )hen an adBe-ti(e is listed in a di-tionary or a gra%%ar, it is gi(en in its

%as-uline singular 3or%1 8n the %as-uline singular, %ost 8talian adBe-ti(es

end in .o or in .e?

italiano 8taliannuo"o ne)

francese Fren-h

grande  big

2 AdBe-ti(es ending in .o ha(e 3our di33erent 3or%s? .o 3or the %as-uline

singular <italiano>, .a 3or 3e%inine singular <italiana>, .i 3or the %as-uline

 plural <italiani> and .e 3or the 3e%inine plural <italiane>?

l4arbitro J%sK italianogli arbitri  J%pK italianila cameriera  J3sK

italianale cameriere  J3pK

italianelo stadio J%sK nuo"o

gli stadi J%pK nuo"ila casa J3sK nuo"ale case J3pK nuo"e

the 8talian re3ereethe 8talian re3erees

the 8talian )aitress

the 8talian )aitresses

the ne) stadiu%

the ne) stadiaHstadiu%s

the ne) house

the ne) houses

; AdBe-ti(es ending in .e ha(e only t)o 3or%s? .e 3or the %as-uline and

3e%inine singular <francese> and .i  3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine plural

<francesi>1 Nith adBe-ti(es ending in .e there is thus no di33eren-e bet)een the

%as-uline and the 3e%inine 3or%?

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8= 2nit *

l>arbitro J%sK francesegli arbitri J%pK francesila cameriera  J3sK

francesele cameriere  J3pK

francesilo stadio J%sK grandegli stadi J%pK grandila casa J3sK grandele case J3pK grandi

the Fren-h re3eree

the Fren-h re3erees the

Fren-h )aitress the

Fren-h )aitresses the

 big stadiu%the big stadiaHstadiu%s

the big house

the big houses

! So%e adBe-ti(es end in .a, like the 3ollo)ing?

ottimista opti%isti-

pacifista  pa-i3ist

belga 5elgian

entusiasta enthusiasti-

idiota idioti-

+hese adBe-ti(es ha(e three 3or%s? .a  3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine singular

<ottimista>, .i 3or the %as-uline plural <ottimisti> and .e 3or the 3e%inine plural

<ottimiste>1 +here is thus only one 3or% 3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine

singular?

il corteo J%sK pacifista the pa-i3ist rally

l4idea J3sK pacifista the pa-i3ist idea

i cortei J%pK pacifisti the pa-i3ist rallies

le idee J3pK pacifiste the pa-i3ist ideas

il raga%%o J%sK belga the 5elgian boy

la raga%%a J3sK belga the 5elgian girl

i raga%%i J%pK belgi the 5elgian boys

le raga%%e J3pK belghe8 the 5elgian girls

For an eplanation o3 the .h. in belghe, see paragraph 6 belo)1

+here are also so%e in(ariable adBe-ti(es, e1g1 blu <dark blue>, rosa <pink>,

dispari <odd>, pari <e(en>, )hi-h do not -hange1

il "estito rosa the pink gar%entHdressHsuit

la penna blu the blue pen

i numeri dispari the odd nu%bers

le pagine pari the e(en pages

6 &are is needed in spelling the plural o3 adBe-ti(es ending in .co and .go1

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+here is no 3ied rule 3or the %as-uline 3or%s, )hi-h %ay keep the hard

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2nit * 8@

sound o3 c and g and add h <.chi, .ghi>, or -hange the sound o3 c and g in the

 plural <.ci, .gi>1 +he 3e%inine plural 3or%s al)ays add h <.che, .ghe> in order

to keep the hard sound o3 c and g1 83 in doubt, -he-k in a di-tionaryC the best

)ay to re%e%ber these sorts o3 plural is through pra-ti-e?

/asculine /asculine Feminine Femininesingular plural singular pluralgreco greci greca greche Greek 

pratico pratici pratica pratiche  pra-ti-al

pubblico pubblici pubblica pubbliche  publi-

ricco ricchi ricca ricche ri-h

fresco freschi fresca fresche 3resh

largo larghi larga larghe )ide

+he adBe-ti(e belga, as )e ha(e seen, keeps the hard sound o3 g  in the

3e%inine plural by adding h  <belghe>C but it -hanges the sound in the

%as-uline plural <belgi>1

' As -an be seen in the ea%ples, the adBe-ti(e nor%ally -o%es a3ter the

noun it re3ers to and <unless it is in(ariable> it %ust agree in gender and

nu%ber )ith the noun1 8t %ust also agree in gender and nu%ber )iththe noun e(en )here it is separated 3ro% it by another )ord, su-h as a(erb?

Loren%o I italiano# /oren:o is 8talian1

Loren%o e ;ittorio sono italiani# /oren:o and Vittorio are 8talian1

'nna I italiana# Anna is 8talian1

'nna e laudia sono italiane# Anna and &laudia are 8talian1

Nhen the adBe-ti(e re3ers to t)o or %ore nouns )hi-h are di33erent in gender,

it is %as-uline plural?

Loren%o* 'nna e laudia sonoitaliani#

Sabine e @urt sono tedeschi#Il computer e la stampante

sononuo"i#

Il bagno e la cucina sono

piccoli#

I pantaloni e la camicia sono

nuo"i#

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/oren:o, Anna and &laudia are

8talian1

Sabine and $urt are Ger%an1

+he -o%puter and the printer are ne)1

+he bathroo% and the kit-hen are

s%all1

+he trousers and the shirt are ne)1

D 8n so%e -ases the adBe-ti(e -an also pre-ede the noun it re3ers to1 Nhen the

adBe-ti(e -o%es be3ore the noun, the %eaning o3 the noun be-o%es di33erent, as in

these ea%ples?

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)3 2nit *

un "ecchio amico an old Ji1e1 long.standingK 3riend

un amico "ecchio an oldHelderly 3riend Ji1e1 a 3riend )ho is oldK

la po"era donna the poor Ji1e1 un3ortunateK )o%an

la donna po"era the poor )o%an Ji1e1 she has no %oneyK

+he de%onstrati(e adBe-ti(es :uesto  <this> and :uello  <that>, like their 

=nglish -ounterparts, al)ays pre-ede the noun they re3er to?

:uesto raga%%o this boy

:uesta raga%%a this girl

:uesti raga%%i these boys

:ueste raga%%e these girls:uel8 raga%%o that boy

:uella8 raga%%a that girl

:uei8 raga%%i those boys

:uelle8 raga%%e those girls

For an eplanation o3 the 3or%s o3 :uello, see paragraph 01

0 +he 3or%s o3 the adBe-ti(es :uello and bello <beauti3ulHhandso%eHni-eH.3ine> -hange in the sa%e )ay as the de3inite arti-le1 9ere are the 3or%s,

3ollo)ed in bra-kets by the -orresponding 3or%s o3 the de3inite arti-le?

Singular Plural/asculine :uelHbel +il, :ueiHbei +i,

:uelloHbello +lo, :uegliHbegli +gli,:uell4Hbell4 +l4, :uegliHbegli +gli,

Feminine :uellaHbella +la, :uelleHbelle +le,:uell4Hbell4 +l4, :uelleHbelle +le,

+he 3e%inine singular 3or% bell4 is rarely used, and bella is pre3erred, e(en

 be3ore a (o)el1

:uel film that 3il% bei film  beauti3ul 3il%s

bello spettacolo lo(ely sho) :uegli spettacoli those

sho)s

:uell4esempio that ea%ple begli esempi 3ine ea%ples

:uella can%one that song belle can%oni beauti3ul

songs

bella esperien%a  beauti3ul eperien-e:uelle esperien%ethose eperien-es

:uel bel film that beauti3ul 3il% :uei bei film those beauti3ul3il%s

 "ote that )hen bello -o%es after the noun, the 3ull 3or% is used? lo spettacolo I

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bello, un4esperien%a bella e interessante, et-1

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2nit * )8

+he 3or%s o3 the adBe-ti(e buono <good>, )hen used be3ore a singular 

noun, -hange in the sa%e )ay as the inde3inite arti-le?

/asculine buon +un,buono +uno,

Feminine buon4Hbuona8 +un4,buona +una,

"o)adays the 3or% buona is pre3erred to buon41

buon libro good book  buona idea good idea

buon amico good 3riend buona esperien%agood eperien-e

buon caff I good -o33ee buona memoria good %e%orybuono studentegood student

 "ote that )hen buono -o%es after the noun, the 3ull 3or% is used? :uestolibro I buono, il caff I I buono, et-1

2 +he adBe-ti(e grande <bigHgreat>, )hen used be3ore the noun, %ay -hange to

the in(ariable 3or% gran or, in so%e epressions, to grand4C no)adays, the 3ull

3or%, grande, is pre3erred in %ost -ases?

grande musicista gran musicista great %usi-ian

grande film gran film great 3il%

grande casa gran casa  big house

Gran Bretagna Great 5ritain

grande amico Jso%eti%esK grand4amicoHgran great 3riend

amicogrande idea Jso%eti%esK grand4ideaHgran idea great idea

Jso%eti%esK grande grand4uomo great %anuomo

 "ote that be3ore plural  nouns, grande  is regular? grandi musicisti, grandicase,

et-1

 "ote also that )hen grande  -o%es after the noun, the 3ull 3or% is al)ays

used? :uel film I grande, la casa I grande, et-1

; +he adBe-ti(e santo <saint> is another that has di33erent 3or%s )hen used

 be3ore a noun?

santo is only used be3ore %as-uline na%es starting )ith s T -onsonantC

san is used be3ore %as-uline na%es starting )ith a -onsonant <other than s T

-onsonant>C

sant4 is used be3ore %as-uline or 3e%inine na%es starting )ith a (o)elC

santa is used be3ore 3e%inine na%es starting )ith a -onsonant?

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)) 2nit *

Santo Stefano Saint Stephen Sant4'ntonio Saint Anthony

San Francesco Saint Fran-is Sant4'nna Saint Anne

San Pietro Saint Peter  Santa aterina Saint &atherine

 "ote that )hen santo %eans Lholy4 or Lblessed4, it is regular? il santo padre<the 9oly Father>, una santa donna <a holy )o%an>1

Possessi"e ad7ecti"es and pronouns

! +he 3or%s o3 the possessi(e adBe-ti(es <L%y4, Lyour4, et-1> are as

3ollo)s?

/asculine Feminine /asculine Femininesingular singular plural pluralmio mia miei8 mie %y

tuo tua tuoi8 tue your 

suo sua suoi8 sue hisHherHits

nostro nostra nostri nostre our 

"ostro "ostra "ostri "ostre your 

loro88 loro88 loro88 loro88 their 

"ote that the %as-uline plural 3or%s miei, tuoi and suoi are irregular1

"ote that loro is in(ariable and does not -hange1

Possessi(e adBe-ti(es are al)ays used be3ore the noun they re3er to1 #nlike in

=nglish, they are al)ays pre-eded by the arti-le, and they %ust agree )ith the

o)ned obBe-t, not )ith the o)ner?

Luisa e i suoi fratelli J%pK

arlo  e le sue sorelleJ3pK Li"ia e il suoamico  J%sK 2ttore e lasua amica  J3sK la mialettera J3sK

i tuoi libri J%pK

la nostra scuola J3sKle "ostre idee J3pK

la loro stan%a J3sK

i loro genitori J%pK

/uisa and her brothers&arlo and his sisters

/i(ia and her <%ale> 3riend

=ttore and his <3e%ale> 3riend

%y letter 

your books

our s-hool

your ideas

their roo%their parents

Nhen mio, tuo, suo, nostro  and "ostro  <not  loro> are used )ith a

noun

denoting 3a%ily relationship <e1g1 fratello  <brother>, sorella  <sister>, padre<3ather>, madre <%other> > in the singular they are not pre-eded by the de3inite

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arti-le?

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2nit * )*

mio padre %y 3ather 

tua madre your %other 

tuo fratello your brother 

sua %ia hisHher aunti tuoi fratelli Jpl1K your brothers

le sue %ie Jpl1K hisHher aunts

il loro padre their 3ather 

6 +he 3or%s o3 the possessi(e pronouns <L%ine4, Lyours4, et-1> are the sa%e

as those o3 the possessi(e adBe-ti(es, and are al)ays pre-eded by the de3inite

arti-le?

/asculine Feminine /asculine Femininesingular singular plural pluralil mio la mia i miei le mie %ine

il tuo la tua i tuoi le tue yours

il suo la sua i suoi le sue hisHhersHits

il nostro la nostra i nostri le nostre ours

il "ostro la "ostra i "ostri le "ostre yours

il loro la loro i loro le loro theirs

La tua casa I grande* ma la loro I *our house is big, but theirs is s%all1

piccola#I tuoi ! sono :ui* i nostri sono l )# *our &@s are here, ours are there1

' As )e shall see <#nit !, paragraph >, in 8talian there is a 3or% used to

address people 3or%ally1 8n the 3or%al )ay o3 addressing people, the possessi(e

adBe-ti(es and pronouns used are Suo 3or the singular, and ;ostro <or Loroi3 a higher degree o3 3or%ality is required> 3or the plural?

'd7ecti"es

La Sua auto I pronta* SignoraFerrero#2cco i Suoi libri* Signore#Signori Bianco* la ;ostra stan%a I 

pronta#    <Signori Bianco* la Loro stan%a I 

pronta#>    

PronounsLa loro auto I  in strada* ma laSua I 

in garage* Signora#

Professore* :uesti libri sono i Suoi#

*our -ar4s ready, Mrs Ferrero1

9ere are your books<, Sir>1

<Mr and Mrs 5ian-o,> your roo%

is ready1

+heir -ar4s in the street, but yours

is in the garage<, Mada%>1

+hese books are yours<, Pro3essorH

Sir>1

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)9 2nit *

$uesta stan%a  la ;ostra*Signori

Bianco#<$uesta stan%a I la Loro* Signori

Bianco#>

!emonstrati"e pronouns

+his roo% is yours<, Mr and Mrs

5ian-o>1

<+his roo% is yours, Mr and Mrs

5ian-o1>

D  $uesto and :uello are also used as de%onstrati(e pronouns <this <one>,

that <one>, these <ones>, those <ones> >1 5ut note that )hen :uello  is used as ade%onstrati(e pronoun, its endings are not %odelled on the de3inite arti-le <-31

 paragraph 0>, but are the sa%e as those o3 :uesto <i1e1 :uello J%sK, :uella J3sK,

:uelli J%pK, :uelle J3pK>?

$uesta I 'nna# +his is Anna1

$uesta I la tua stan%a e :uella I la +his is %y roo% and that one4s

mia# yours1

$uesti sono gli eserci%i# +hese are the eer-ises1$uello I il nuo"o computer# +hat is the ne) -o%puter1

$uelle sono le 'lpi# +hose are the Alps1

$uesti biscotti sono buoni* ma +hese bis-uits are ni-e, but 8 pre3er 

preferisco :uelli# those1

23ercise 4

&o%plete the phrases by -hoosing the 3or% o3 the adBe-ti(e that agrees )ith the

noun1

=a%ples? le raga::e <italiano> italianeC <quello> a-qua <-aldo> quell4,

-alda1

un libro <interessante>   2 la gonna <bian-o>  

; i (estiti <bian-o>  

! le -a%i-ie <rosso>  

gli insegnanti <egoista>  

6 un <bello> albero  

' un -ollega <ra::ista>  

D le situa:ioni <-o%i-o>  

le donne <si%pati-o>

  0 i -apelli <lungo>  

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2nit * )

<quello> raga::o <si%pati-o>  

2 <questo> eser-i:i <3a-ile>  

; <quello> <bello> spe--hi  

! <questo> <bello> donne    <quello> alberi <%orto>  

6 <questo> a%i-i <inglese>  

' <quello> atti(iste <spagnolo>  

D <quello> <bello> attore  

<quello> uo(a <3res-o>  

20 <quello> turisti <gre-o>  

23ercise 5

&hoose the right adBe-ti(e 3or ea-h noun or pair o3 nouns1

=a%ples? Eueste s-arpe sono <rossaHnuo(eHbelli> nuo(eC Anna e Fran-o

sono <3ran-eseHitalianeHitaliani> italiani1

/a -asa I <(e--hioHnuo(iHgrande>1

  2 9o un (estito <rosaHnuo(aHlunghe>1   ; /e pro3essoresse sono <intelligenteH3ran-esiHnoiosa>1

  ! /a -risi I <serioseH(iolentiHgra(e>1

   8 -olleghi <italianeHotti%istaHpa-i3isti> arri(ano do%ani1

  6 Eueste %a--hine sono <(elo-eHnuo(iHtedes-he>1

  ' Euesto ba%bino I <-apri--ioseHpigroHbenedu-ata>1

  D Euei 3il% sono <ingleseHdi(ertenteHlunghi>1

   /e -a%eriere sono <gio(aneHgre-aHbelghe>1

  0 8l pianista non I <stan-aHbelgaH(e--hi>1    9o le dita <pulitiHspor-heHlunghi>1

  2 Euel signore ha un -arattere <si%pati-heH-ortesiHenergi-o>1

  ; Euesti blue.Beans sono <resistentiHprati-heHa%eri-ana>1

  ! /e %aglie sono <(e--hioHbluHbian-hi>1

   /e -antanti sono <spagnoliHtedes-hiHs-o::esi>1

  6 8l treno e l4auto sono <(elo-iHinquinanteH-o%odo>1

  ' Paola, &laudia e Anna sono <italianiHbelliHsi%pati-he>1

  

D &laudio e Patri:ia sono <gentileHitalianiH-ontenta>1    Gian3ran-o, Piero e Giorgio sono <3eli-eHotti%istiHitaliane>1  

20 8 signori e le signore sono <soddis3attiHgre-oHa33ollate>1  

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); 2nit *

23ercise 6

&o%plete the senten-es by adding the -orre-t 3or% o3 the possessi(e adBe-ti(e

and, )here ne-essary, the arti-le1

=a%ples? &onos-o /uisa e <suo> 3ratelli? i suoiC <Mio> %adre I bella? Mia

</oro> ba%bini sono -ortesi1  

2 <Suo> o--hi sono blu1  

; Euesta I <%io> bi-i1  

! Euanti anni hanno <tuo> sorelle  

<Vostro> %a--hina I nuo(a  6 <"ostro> la(oro I interessante1

  ' <Mio> a%i-i sono in (a-an:a1

  D </oro> -asa I grande1

   <+uo> %adre I si%pati-a1

  0 Gra:ie per <Suo> lettera, Signore1

  

23ercise A

Ans)er the questions, using possessi(e pronouns1

=a%ple? L? la Sua %a--hina, Signor Rossi4 LS ), I la %ia14

L? il -ellulare di Anna4 L"o, non I 14

2 L? la Vostra -asa, Signori Xola4 LS ), I 14

; LSono i %iei &@4 L"o, non sono 14

! L? il Suo u33i-io4 L"o, non I  14 LSono i suoi libri4 LS ), sono

 146 LSono le %ie lettere4 LS ), sono

 14' L? la -asa dei tuoi a%i-i4 LS ), I

 14D LSono i nostri (estiti4 L"o, non sono

 14 LSono le -a%i-ie di Paolo4 LS ), sono

 140 LSono i (ostri bagagli4 LS ), sono

 14

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2nit * )<

23ercise

&o%plete the senten-es by -hoosing the right 3or% o3 the adBe-ti(es and

 pronouns1

=a%ple? <Euesto> non I <tuo> stan:a, I <%io>? Euesta non I la tua

stan:a, I la %ia1

<Euesto> signori sono <nostro> ospiti <tedes-o>1

2 <Suo> -olleghi sono <otti%ista>, SignoraW

; <Euesto> sono <(ostro> stan:e1

! 8o ho <%io> do-u%enti, /ei ha <Suo>, Signore

<Euesto> sono <%io> &@, <quello> sono <tuo>1

6 <"ostro> pro3essore I <entusiasta>, -o%4I <(ostro>

' <Euello> sono <%io> %agliette, <questo> sono <tuo>1

D <Euello> eser-i:i sono <di(ertente>, %a <questo> I <di33i-ile>1

<Mio> bagagli sono <pesante>, %a <(ostro> sono <leggero>1

0 <Euello> a-qua <%inerale> I <gassato>, %a <questo> I <lis-io>1

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2NIT 0O2R

T' prsnt tns o! essere and a"ere

/ike their -ounterparts in %any other languages, the 8talian (erbs essere<to be> and a"ere <to ha(e> are irregular1 9ere are the 3or%s o3 the present

tense?

2ssere To be<io> sono 8 a%

<tu> sei you Jsing1K are

<luiHlei> I  heHsheHit is

<noi> siamo )e are<(oi> siete you Jpl1K are

<loro> sono they are

Sono medico#Siamo cugini#Siete stranieri#Paola e 'nna sono

alte#laudio I  miofratello#Ho un cellulare#Hai il mio indiri%%o#Hanno un esame#'nna ha una chitarranuo"a#

'"ere To ha"e<io> ho 8 ha(eHha(e got

<tu> hai you Jsing1K ha(eHha(e got

<luiHlei> ha heHsheHit hasHhas got

<noi> abbiamo )e ha(eHha(e got

<(oi> a"ete you Jpl1K ha(eHha(e got<loro> hanno they ha(eHha(e got

84% a do-tor1

Ne are -ousins1

*ou are 3oreigners1

Paola and Anna are tall1

&laudio is %y brother1

84(e got a %obile phone1*ou ha(e %y address1

+hey ha(e an ea%1

Anna4s got a ne) guitar1

As sho)n in the ea%ples, it is not usually ne-essary to use the subBe-t

 pronouns be3ore the (erb sin-e the 3or%s 3or the di33erent persons are di33erent .

sei -an only be se-ond person singular <tu>, siete -an only be se-ond person

 plural <"oi>, et-1 =(en )ith sono, the -ontet al)ays sho)s )hether it %eans L8

a%4 or Lthey are41

+he pronoun is only required 3or e%phasis, or to %ark a -ontrast?

Io sono medico e lui I insegnante# 84% a do-tor and he4s a tea-her1

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 Tu hai una bella bici* ma io ho una *ou4(e got a ni-e bike, but 84(e got a

macchina# -ar1

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2nit 9 )@

Sub7ect pronouns

2 +he 8talian subBe-t pronouns are?

Person Singularst io 8

2nd tu you

;rd lui he

;rd lei she

Pluralst noi )e

2nd "oi you

;rd loro they

For the third person, the 3ollo)ing pronouns -an still be 3ound in so%e tets,

 but are not nor%ally used in -onte%porary 8talian?

egli J%K, esso J%K instead o3 the singular luiella J3K, essa J3K instead o3 the singular leiessi J%K, esse J3K instead o3 the plural loro

Lui <third person singular pronoun> repla-es a %as-uline noun <like the =nglish

Lhe4>C lei repla-es a 3e%inine noun <like the =nglish Lshe4>1

Lui, lei and loro are only used to re3er to persons1 8n re3erring to obBe-ts,

8talian nor%ally a(oids using the obsolete 3or%s esso, essa, essi, esse,

and o%its the pronoun altogether?

Lui I Paolo* lei I 'nna#Los4I4  L?  unachia"e#4 ?  la chitarra di'nna#Sono i libri di Paolo#

Interrogati"e form

9e is Paolo, she is Anna1

LNhat is it4 L8t4s a key14

8t4s Anna4s guitar1

+hey are Paolo4s books1

; +he interrogati(e is 3or%ed by adding a question %ark at the end o3 the

senten-e?

Sei pronto Are you ready

Siete stranieri Are you 3oreigners

Hai il mio indiri%%o 9a(e you got %y address

'"ete amici italiani 9a(e you any 8talian 3riends

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Hanno un esame 9a(e they got an ea%

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*3 2nit 9

(egati"e form

! +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non <i1e1 Lnot4> be3ore the (erb?

laudio non I mio fratello#(on siamo italiani#(on siete stranieri(on hai il mio indiri%%o(on hanno un esame#(on abbiamo amici italiani#

(on ho la minima idea dicosa

regalare a Paola#

Formal form

&laudio is not %y brother1Ne4re not 8talian1

Aren4t you 3oreigners

9a(en4t you got %y address

+hey don4t ha(e an ea%1

Ne ha(en4t got any 8talian 3riends1

8 ha(en4t the slightest idea )hat to

gi(e Paola1

8n 8talian there is a 3or%al )ay o3 addressing people )hi-h is used )ith

 people )e do not kno), or )hen so%e degree o3 3or%ality is required1 Nhen

the 3or%al 3or% is required, the pronoun used 3or the singular, 3or both %en

and )o%en, is Lei  <third person singular>C the pronoun used 3or the plural is

nor%ally ;oi, but in situations )hen a high degree o3 3or%ality is required

Loro -an be used?

Lei I molto gentile* Signore#Lei non I troppo alta* Signora<

Signora Belli* +Lei, ha lapatente

Professore* +Lei, ha tempoSignor (eri* +Lei, I prontoSignori onti* +;oi, sieteitaliani

+Signori onti* Loro sonoitaliani,

*ou4re (ery kind<, Sir>1

*ou4re not too tall<, Mada%>W

Mrs 5elli, ha(e you got a dri(ing

li-en-e9a(e you got ti%e<, Pro3essorHSir>

Mr "eri, are you ready

Mr and Mrs &onti, are you 8talian

6 +here are so%e spelling %istakes in(ol(ing essere and a"ere )hi-h are

-o%%only %ade by learnersC be -are3ul to re%e%ber the 3ollo)ing

di33eren-es?

I <heHsheHit is> e <and>ho <8 ha(e> o <or>

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hai <you ha(e> ai <to the>

ha <heHsheHit has> a <to>

hanno <they ha(e> anno <year>

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2nit 9 *8

9se of essere and a"ere

' +he (erbs essere and a"ere are nor%ally used as the (erbs Lto be4 and Lto

ha(e4 are used in =nglish1 2ssere  is usually 3ollo)ed by an adBe-ti(e or anoun?

Siete studenti JnounK

!aniela I medico# JnounK

 Tu e 'nna siete cuginiJnounK Siete gentili<JadBe-ti(eK

Gli amici di Paul sono italiani#JadBe-ti(eK

Are you students JnounK

@aniela is a do-tor1 JnounK

Are you and Anna -ousins JnounK

*ou are kindW JadBe-ti(eK

Paul4s 3riends are 8talian1 JadBe-ti(eK

'"ere  is nor%ally 3ollo)ed by a noun <or a noun a--o%panied by an

adBe-ti(e>?

Hai il libro(on ho tempo#

'bbiamo molti amici#Hanno una casa grande#Paolo e io abbiamo unamacchina#

9a(e you got the book

8 ha(en4t ti%e1

Ne ha(e a lot o3 3riends1

+hey ha(e a big house1Paolo and 8 ha(e got a -ar1

D +he (erb a"ere, 3ollo)ed by a noun, is also used in a nu%ber o3 idio%ati-

epressions )hi-h -orrespond to =nglish epressions using Lto be4 3ollo)ed

 by an adBe-ti(e or an ad(erbial phrase?

a"ere caldo to be hot

a"ere fame to be hungry

a"ere freddo to be -old

a"ere paura to be a3raid

a"ere ragione to be right

a"ere sete to be thirsty

a"ere sonno to be sleepya"ere torto to be )rong

a"ere fretta to be in a hurry

'bbiamo fame# Ne are hungry1

'"ete ragione< *ou4re rightW

/arina ha fretta# Marina is in a hurry1

+Lei, ha sete* Signora Are you thirsty<, Mada%>

(on hai freddo* laudia Aren4t you -old, &laudia

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*) 2nit 9

  '"ere is also used in 8talian to epress age?

Francesca ha 4C anni# Fran-es-a is ' <years old>1

Il figlio di Gianni ha un anno# Gianni4s son is one1

$uanti anni hai 9o) old are you

4I and ci sono

0 +he (erb essere is used in the epressions c4I <there is> 3ollo)ed by a

singular noun, and ci sono <there are> 3ollo)ed by a plural noun?

4I una lettera per te#4I poco tempo#4I molto tempo<4I un problema#i sono due ingressi#(el nego%io ci sono molticlienti#

+here4s a letter 3or you1+here4s littleHnot %u-h ti%e1

+here4s plenty o3 ti%eW

+here4s a proble%1

+here are t)o entran-es1

+here are a lot o3 -usto%ers in the shop1

"ote that c4I and ci sono are not usually e%phati-1 So, in the =nglish

senten-es in paragraph 0, the (oi-e stress does not 3all on Lthere4, but on the noun

that 3ollo)s it <i1e1 on Lletter4, LlittleHplenty o3 ti%e4, Lproble%4, et-1>1 +hus c4I

and ci sono so%eti%es do not -orrespond to Lthere is4 or Lthere are4, as in the

3ollo)ing ea%ples?

4I Luisa al telefono# Ji1e1 she has

 Bust rungKi sono i tuoi amici che tiaspettano#

Ji1e1 they ha(e Bust arri(edK

/uisa4s on the phone1 Jnot? +here4s

/uisa on the phone1K

*our 3riends are )aiting 3or you1Jnot? +here are your 3riends

)aiting 3or you1K

2 +he interrogati(e is 3or%ed by si%ply adding a question %ark at the end

o3 the senten-e, or )ith a Lquestion )ord4 <see #nit >?

4I il Professor Gatti& 8s Pro3essor Gatti thereHany)hereHaround

Ji1e1 84d like to seeHtalk to Pro3essor Gatti1K

4I molto traffico 8s there a lot o3 tra33i-

$uanti ingressi ci sono 9o) %any entran-es are there

; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by pla-ing non be3ore c4I or ci sono?

(on c4I tempo# +here is no ti%e1

!omani non c4I le%ione# +here is no -lass to%orro)1

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(on ci sono clienti# +here aren4t any -usto%ers1

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2nit 9 **

(on c> tempo 8s there no ti%e

(on ci sono clienti Aren4t there any -usto%ers

(on c4I nessuno#8 +here is nobody1

8n 8talian the double negati(e is used? non D nessuno1

! "ote that in negati(e senten-es gi(ing general in3or%ation, it is %ore

usual to use the plural non ci sono than the singular non c4I?

(on ci sono farmacie#

(on ci sono scuole#

(on ci sono artisti nellamia

famiglia#

23ercise 4

+here isn4t aHis no phar%a-y1

+here aren4t anyHare no phar%a-ies1

+here isn4t aHis no s-hool1

+here aren4t anyHare no s-hools1+here aren4t anyHare no artists in %y 3a%ily1

&o%plete the 3ollo)ing senten-es using the -orre-t 3or% o3 essere1

=a%ple? Alberto  a Ro%a? I

<noi>  italiani1

2 <tu>  s-o::ese

; <io> non  3eli-e1

! Gli studenti  in

 bibliote-a1

<(oi> %olto gentili16 /ei %edi-o

' /a -ena  pronta1

D 8 libri  sulla

s-ri(ania1

+u e Ui% a%i-i1

23ercise 5

0 Paolo e io  gio(ani1

Gli i%piegati  gentili1

2 <(oi> si%pati-i1

; =nri-o non  biondo1

! Gli italiani  allegri1 <tu>  a%i-a di Giulia

6 /aura  %agra1

' /4eser-i:io di33i-ile1

D <io> straniero1

+u e 5illy stranieri1

20 </ei> stan-a, Signora

&o%plete the 3ollo)ing senten-es using the -orre-t 3or% o3 a"ere1

=a%ple? Uenny e Uohn  una 3iglia? hanno

<noi> non  te%po1

! 8 Signori 8lly  due 3igli1

2 </ei>  la %a--hina

<(oi>  i libri

; <io>  %olti a%i-i1

6 Sandro  se%pre 3retta1

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*9 2nit 9

' 8l pro3essore  %olti

studenti1

D <tu>  il libro

Mar-o e io  sete10 Euanti anni <tu> 

<(oi> il biglietto

2 @o%eni-o  un

3ratello1

; <noi>  un esa%e1

! <loro> non  3igli1

23ercise 6

<tu>  l4indiri::o di

/u-a

6 &arlo non  la

tele(isione1

' 8 nostri a%i-i  dei proble%i1

D <tu>  %olto la(oro1

<io> 6 anni1

20 Pro3essore,  te%po

+aking the )ords in the t)o -olu%ns belo), )rite negati(e and interrogati(e

senten-es using the (erb a"ere1

=a%ple? tu 3retta? "on hai 3rettaC 9ai 3retta

io ragione

2 il pro3essore -aldo

; la Signorina 5erti sete

! /ei J3or%alK sonno

(oi paura

6 loro 3reddo

' &arla e Andrea 3a%e

23ercise A

+aking the )ords in the t)o -olu%ns belo), )rite a33ir%ati(e and negati(e

senten-es using the (erb essere1

=a%ple? io italiana? Sono italianaC "on sono italiana1

io stan-o

2 tu pigra

; il dottore gio(ane

! la pro3essoressa si%pati-a

/ei J3or%alK alto

6 noi %agre

' (oi intelligenti

D le tue a%i-he -ontente

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2nit 9 *

23ercise

8%agine the things in the o33i-eC using all the )ords in the list, )rite senten-es

using c4I or ci sono1

=a%ples? una s-ri(ania? "ell4u33i-io -4I una s-ri(aniaC quattro sedie?

 "ell4u33i-io -i sono quattro sedie1

una sediaC 2 due poltroneC ; tre -o%puterC ! una sta%panteC un tele3onoC

6 la 3oto-opiatri-eC ' due radiatoriC D una portaC tre 3inestre

23ercise E

8%agine )hat is in the (illageC using all the )ords in the list, %ake a33ir%ati(e or

negati(e senten-es, paying attention to the negati(e 3or% <non ci sono  T

 plural noun>1

=a%ple? taba--aio, taba--ai? 8n questo paese -4I un taba--aio, -i sono

tre taba--ai, non -i sono taba--ai1

%useo, %useiC 2 dis-ote-a, dis-ote-heC ; panetteria, panetterieC ! -ine%a,

-ine%aC bibliote-a, bibliote-heC 6 s-uola, s-uoleC ' u33i-io postale, u33i-i

 postaliC D libreria, librerieC giardino pubbli-o, giardini pubbli-iC 0

ristorante, ristoranti

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2NIT 0I7,

T' prsnt tns o! r"%lar and somirr"%lar $rbs

9se of the present tense

+he present tense <or si%ply Lthe present4> is used to state that an a-tion is

o--urring at the present ti%e1 8t -orresponds basi-ally to the =nglish si%ple

 present <L8 eat4> and present -ontinuous <L8 a% eating4>?

/io padre la"ora per la BB#

/io padre la"ora ingiardino#!i solito guardo latele"isione#Stasera guardo latele"isione#(on guardo la tele"isione#PerchY non guardi latele"isioneStasera non guardo latele"isione#PerchY non guardi latele"isione

stasera

My 3ather )orks 3or the 55&1

My 3ather4s )orking in the garden1

 "or%ally 8 )at-h +V184% )at-hing +V this e(ening1 8

don4t )at-h +V1

Nhy don4t you )at-h +V

84% not )at-hing +V this e(ening1

Nhy aren4t you )at-hing +V this

e(ening

2 +he present -an also be used to re3er to the 3uture, either the near 3uture or 

one that is -onsidered 3airly -ertain?

Il treno parte fra cin:ueminuti#

Parto domani#!omani mattina porto Lucaalla

sta%ione#

L4estate prossima la"oro conmio

%io#

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+he train lea(esHis lea(ing in 3i(e

%inutes1

8 lea(eH8 a% lea(ing to%orro)1

+o%orro) %orning 84ll takeH84%

takingH.

84% going to take /u-a to the station1

 "et su%%er 84ll )orkH84% )orkingH.

going to )ork )ith %y un-le1

; +he present is also used to re3er to an a-tion )hi-h started in the past and is

still going onC here, it -orresponds to the =nglish present per3e-t?

La"oriamo :ui da un mese# Ne4(e been )orking here 3or a %onth1

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2nit *<

/io cugino abita a Roma da treMy -ousin4s li(edHbeen li(ing in Ro%e 3or 

anni# three years1

onosco Giulia da tre anni# 8 ha(e kno)n Giulia 3or three years1

(on "edo !ario da mesi# 8 ha(en4t seen @ario 3or %onths1

 The forms of the present tense

! 8talian (erbs are di(ided into three %ain groups, the -onBugations1 +he

-onBugation a (erb belongs to is deter%ined by the ending o3 its in3initi(e?

First con7ugation Second con7ugationThird con7ugation.are .ere .ire

+he 3or%s o3 the present depend on )hi-h -onBugation the (erb belongs to1

+he present is 3or%ed by -hanging the ending o3 the in3initi(e, as 3ollo)s?

Person Singular Infiniti"e in .areInfiniti"e in .ere Infiniti"e in .irest <io> .o .o +.isc,.o2nd <tu> .i .i +.isc,.i;rd <luiHlei> .a .e +.isc,.e

Pluralst <noi> .iamo .iamo .iamo2nd <(oi> .ate .ete .ite;rd <loro> .ano .ono +.isc,.ono

Regular (erbs in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

2ndings Parlare To spea0Htal0.o <io> parlo 8 speak 

.i <tu> parli you speak 

.a <luiHlei> parla heHsheHit speaks

.iamo <noi> parliamo )e speak 

.ate <(oi> parlate you speak 

.ano <loro> parlano they speak 

'ndrea e arla la"orano in Italia# Andrea and &arla )ork in 8taly1

Parlo italiano1 8 speak 8talian1

Parlate molto< *ou talk a lotW

'bitiamo a Geno"a1 Ne li(e in Genoa1

As )e sa) in #nit !, the subBe-t pronoun is nor%ally o%itted in the

-onBugation o3 8talian (erbs1

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*= 2nit

6 Verbs ending in .care and .gare <3irst -onBugation> add h be3ore the endings

o3 the se-ond person singular <.i> and the 3irst person plural <.iamo> in order 

to keep the hard sound o3 c and g?

ercare To loo0 for Pagare To pay<io> cerco 8 look 3or <io> pago 8 pay

<tu> cerchi you look 3or <tu> paghi you pay

<luiHlei> cerca heHsheHit looks 3or <luiHlei> paga heHsheHit pays

<noi> cerchiamo )e look 3or <noi> paghiamo )e pay

<(oi> cercate you look 3or <(oi> pagate you pay

<loro> cercano they look 3or <loro> pagano they pay

erchi /arco Are you looking 3or Mar-o

Giochiamo a pallone# Ne play 3ootball1

PerchY litighi con tuo fratello Nhy are you arguing )ith your brother

Paghiamo sempre il conto< Ne al)ays pay the billW

' Verbs ending in .iare <3irst -onBugation> nor%ally ha(e only one i in the

se-ond person singular and the 3irst person plural?

ominciare To startHbegin /angiare To eat<io> comincio 8 startHbegin <io> mangio 8 eat

<tu> cominci you startHbegin <tu> mangi you eat

<luiHlei> comincia heHsheHit startsHbegins <luiHlei> mangia heHsheHit eats

<noi> cominciamo )e startHbegin <noi> mangiamo)e eat

<(oi> cominciate you startHbegin <(oi> mangiate you eat

<loro> cominciano they startHbegin <loro> mangiano they eat

$uando cominci la scuola Nhen do you start s-hoolominciamo la partita# Ne4re starting the ga%e1

/angi troppo< *ou eat too %u-hW

Stasera mangiamo fuori# +his e(ening )e4re eating out1

D Regular (erbs in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

2ndings Prendere To ta0eHget

.o <io> prendo 8 takeHget.i <tu> prendi you takeHget

.e <luiHlei> prende heHsheHit takesHgets

.iamo <noi> prendiamo )e takeHget

.ete <(oi> prendete you takeHget

.ono <loro> prendono they takeHget

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2nit *@

Prendo il prossimo treno# 84% gettingHtaking the net train1

Prendiamo :uesta strada# Ne take this road1

'nna scri"e una lettera# Anna is )riting a letter1

/arco e /artina ridono molto# Mar-o and Martina laugh a lot1

Verbs ending in .cere <or .scere> and .gere <or .ggere> -hange the sound o3

c <or sc> and g <or .gg>, )hi-h be-o%e Lhard4 be3ore the endings o3 the 3irst

 person singular <.o> and the third person plural <.ono>1 So -are needs to be

taken in speaking these (erbs?

;incere Spo0en li0e 2nglish To 1in<io> "inco k 8 )in

<tu> "inci -h you )in

<luiHlei> "ince -h heHsheHit )ins

<noi> "inciamo -h )e )in

<(oi> "incete -h you )in

<loro> "incono k they )in

onoscere Spo0en li0e 2nglish To 0no1<io> conosco sk 8 kno)

<tu> conosci sh you kno)<luiHlei> conosce sh heHsheHit kno)s

<noi> conosciamo sh )e kno)

<(oi> conoscete sh you kno)

<loro> conoscono sk they kno)

Leggere Spo0en li0e 2nglish To read<io> leggo g Jas in Lgo4K 8 read

<tu> leggi  B you read<luiHlei> legge  B heHsheHit reads

<noi> leggiamo  B )e read

<(oi> leggete  B you read

<loro> leggono g Jas in Lgo4K they read

;ince sempre# 9eHshe al)ays )ins1

(on conosco i tuoi genitori# 8 don4t kno) your parents1

Leggono il giornale# +hey4re reading the paper1(on piango mai# 8 ne(er -ry1

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93 2nit

0 Regular (erbs in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

2ndings Partire To lea"e.o <io> parto 8 lea(e

.i <tu> parti you lea(e

.e <luiHlei> parte heHsheHit lea(es

.iamo <noi> partiamo )e lea(e

.ite <(oi> partite you lea(e

.ono <loro> partono they lea(e

Il treno parte alle #>># +he train lea(es at eight1

I miei amici partono domani# My 3riends are lea(ing to%orro)1

/ia sorella dorme# My sister is sleepingHasleep1 Tutte le mattine apriamo le finestre# =(ery %orning )e open the )indo)s1

Many (erbs in .ire <e1g1 capire <to understand>, costruire <to build>, finire<to 3inishHto end>, preferire <to pre3er>, pulire <to -lean> > 3ollo) a slightly

di33erent pattern, adding .isc. be3ore the singular endings and the third

 person plural?

2ndings apire.isc.o <io> capisco.isc.i <tu> capisci.isc.e <luiHlei> capisce.iamo <noi> capiamo.ite <(oi> capite.isc.ono <loro> capiscono

/arina capisce tutto#La le%ione finisce alle46#>>#Preferisco parlare italiano#

 To understand8 understand

you understand

heHsheHit understands

)e understand

you understand

they understand

Marina understands e(erything1

+he lessonH-lass 3inishes at p1%1

8 pre3er speakingHto speak 8talian1

+here is no )ay o3 telling )hi-h is the right pattern 3or a (erb in .ire, other

than to -he-k in a di-tionary1

Interrogati"e form2 As )e sa) in #nit !, the interrogati(e is 3or%ed by adding a question

%ark at the end o3 the senten-e?

arla resta a casa 8s &arla staying at ho%e

Prendi sempre la macchina fotografica @o you al)ays take the -a%era

$uando partite Nhen are you lea(ing

apisci tutto @o you understand e(erything

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2nit 98

(egati"e form

; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non <not> be3ore the (erb?

(on parlo italiano#(on prendiamo la macchina

fotografica#Giulia e Susanna nonpartono (on capisceniente#

Formal form

8 don4t speak 8talian1

Ne4re not taking the -a%era1

Aren4t Giulia and Susanna lea(ing

9eHshe doesn4t understand anything1

! As )e sa) in #nit !, the pronouns used 3or the 3or%al 3or% are Lei  3or the

singular <3or both )o%en and %en> and ;oi 3or the plural <the pronoun Loro is

%u-h %ore 3or%al>?

+Lei, Parla italiano(on prende un ta3i*

Professor/asi

Partite* Signori Bianco+ +Loro, Partono* SignoriBianco,

@o you speak 8talian

Aren4t you taking a tai, Pro3essor

Masi

Are you lea(ing<, Mr and Mrs5ian-o>

Present tense of some irregular "erbs

8n 8talian, as in %ost languages, there are a nu%ber o3 irregular (erbs

)hose -onBugation is best learned by heart and )ith use1 9ere is the -onBugation o3

so%e o3 the %ore 3requently used irregular (erbs?

!are +to gi"e, Stare +to stayli"efeel, Sapere +to 0no1,dZ sto sodai stai sai

d sta sadiamo stiamo sappiamodate state sapetedanno stanno sanno

'ndare +to go, 9scire +to go outlea"e, ;enire +to come,"ado esco "engo"ai esci "ieni"a esce "iene

andiamo usciamo "eniamo

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andate uscite "enite"anno escono "engono

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9) 2nit

!o"ere +mustto ha"e Potere +canmayto be ;olere +to 1ishtoto, able, 1ant,de"o posso "oglio

de"i puoi "uoide"e pu "uoledobbiamo possiamo "ogliamodo"ete potete "oletede"ono possono "ogliono

!ire +to saytell, Fare +to doma0e, Bere +to drin0,dico faccio be"odici fai be"i

dice fa be"ediciamo facciamo be"iamodite fate be"etedicono fanno be"ono

+he (erb riuscire <to su--eedH%anageHbe able to> 3ollo)s the sa%e pattern as

uscire1

osa faiLome stai4  LSto bene*gra%ie#4  /ia %ia sta aBologna#;ado al cinema#Stasera non esco#!omani esco presto#(on riesco a capire#(on riesco a chiudere la

porta# 'desso sapete tutto#

Nhat are you doing

L9o) are you4 L84% 3ine, thank you14

My aunt li(es in 5ologna1

84% going to the -ine%a1

84% not going out tonight1

84% lea(ing early to%orro)1 8

-an4t understand1

8 -an4t %anage to -lose the door1

 "o) you kno) e(erything1

8t is i%portant not to -on3use sapere and conoscere <paragraph >1 5oth

%ean Lto kno)4, but they are not al)ays inter-hangeable1 +he basi- di33eren-e

is that sapere generally %eans Lto kno)Hbe a)are o3Hto ha(e kno)ledge o3 afact4 <but see also paragraph ' belo)>, )hereas conoscere %eans Lto be

a-quaintedH3a%iliar )ith4, or so%eti%es Lto %eetH%ake the a-quaintan-e o34

<e1g1 in the epression piacere di conoscerti, pleased to %eet you>1 +hussapereis ne(er used 3or people, and conoscere is ne(er 3ollo)ed by a phrase -ontain.

ing a (erb?

Sappiamo gi che c4I scioperodomani#

Sai che ora ISai perchY(on so che cosa fare#

onosco le regole del gioco#

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Ne already kno) that there is a strike

to%orro)1

@o you kno) )hat ti%e it is

@o you kno) )hy

8 don4t kno) )hat to do1

8 kno) the rules o3 the ga%e1

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2nit 9*

Ho conosciuto il padre di Pia# 8 <ha(e> %et Pia4s 3ather1

(on conosco il tuo raga%%o# 8 don4t kno) your boy3riend1

onosci :uesta citt @o you kno) this to)n

6  !o"ere, potere and "olere usually need to be 3ollo)ed by another (erb in

the in3initi(e?

!obbiamo fare gli eserci%i# Ne4(e got to do the eer-ises1

Posso parlare con Luigi May 8 talk to /uigi

Puoi telefonare domani# *ou -an phone to%orro)1

(on "ogliono uscire# +hey don4t )ant to go out1

' +he (erb sapere is another that is o3ten 3ollo)ed by a (erb in the in3initi(eC

used in this )ay, it epresses the ability to do so%ething <in the sense o3 Lto

kno) ho) to4 do so%ething>?

So nuotare# 8 -an s)i%1 Ji1e1 8 kno) ho) toK

Paolo non sa ballare# Paolo -an4t dan-e1 Ji1e1 he doesn4t kno) ho) toK

Sai usare :uello scanner &an youH@o you kno) ho) to use that s-anner

D A 3e) (erbs end in .urre <like condurre <to leadHdri(eH%anage>, tradurre <totranslate>, produrre <to produ-e>, et-1>C all ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

2ndings Produrre To produce.uc.o <io> produco 8 produ-e

.uc.i <tu> produci you produ-e

.uc.e <luiHlei> produce heHsheHit produ-es

.uc.iamo <noi> produciamo )e produ-e

.uc.ete <(oi> producete you produ-e

.uc.ono <loro> producono they produ-e

$uesta fabbrica produce automobili#+his 3a-tory produ-es -ars1

 Traducono dal francese# +hey translate 3ro% Fren-h1

23ercise 4

Supply the present tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? "on <io -onos-ere> tua %a%%a? -onos-o

&laudio <arri(are> -on il prossi%o ; "on <noi %angiare> spesso 3uori1

treno1 ! <tu -er-are> -asa

2 Anna <(i(ere> a Ro%a1 Stasera <(oi prendere> l4autobus1

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99 2nit

6 8l treno di Giorgio <partire> alle

D1

' +utti i giorni <noi leggere> il

giornale1D <tu pulire> il bagno

<io -onos-ere> %olti italiani1

0 8 gio-hi <3inire> se%pre alle '1

 "on <noi guidare> l4auto1

2 Anna e io <gio-are> a -arte1

; Per-hY non <(oi tornare> in

S-o:ia

23ercise 5

!  "on <tu -apire> nullaW

Giorgio e Paola non <spendere>

%olto1

6 @o(e </ei abitare>, Signor Verdi

' <Voi pagare> l4a33itto, SignoriRossi

D <tu (iaggiare> %olto1

 "on <tu ri-e(ere> %olte lettere

20 Piero e Gianni <las-iare> il -ane a

-asa1

Supply the present tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? <io bere> %olta a-qua? be(o

Stasera <loro> andare al -ine%a1 2 /a nostra 3abbri-a <produrre> 2

 pasta1 ;

; @o%ani <noi dare> una 3esta1 !

! <tu andare> spesso in spiaggia

<(oi 3are> gli eser-i:i

6  "on <noi rius-ire> a -apire1 6

' <(oi (enire> a -asa '

D  "on <io potere> us-ire oggi1 D <loro (olere> dor%ire1

0 <tu dire> la (erit 20

23ercise 6

+ranslate into 8talian?

*ou Jpl1K ha(e got to talk to Mar-ello1

2 Ne4re lea(ing tonight1

; Ne4re getting the net bus1

+u e &laudia <potere> partire1

<io (olere> studiare1@o(e <tu stare> adesso

/e %ie sorelle non <sapere>

nuotare1

&osa <loro 3are> stasera

8 (i-ini <do(ere> ri%anere a -asa1

<noi tradurre> in italiano1

/uigi <do(ere> la(orare1

<(oi sapere> -antare8 nostri a%i-i <(enire> a Ro%a1

! *ou JpoliteK -an go to the -ine%a, Mr 5u-han1

Ne kno) ho) to use those %obile phones1

6 She al)ays pre3ers reading the paper1

' +he baby4s asleep1

D 84% -o%ing to +urin this su%%er1

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2nit 9

+hey o3ten go out in the e(ening1

0 +he boys are playing 3ootball to%orro)1

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian?

Are you going out tonight, Mother

2 Nhat are )e doing to%orro)

; &an you Jsing1K open that door

! @o you Jsing1K )ant a -o33ee

&an you play the piano, Fran-es-o

6 Nhat are you Jsing1K looking 3or

' Are you JpoliteK drinking -o33ee or %ineral )ater, Mada%

D @o you Jsing1K and Ui% kno) %y parents

Are you Jsing1K )ell today

0 Nhat are they building

23ercise

+ranslate into 8talian?

@on4t you JpoliteK speak =nglish, Mrs Vialli

2 My Ger%an 3riends -an4t sing in 8talian1

; 8 don4t earn a lot1

! 8sn4t she gi(ing a party 3or her birthday

Aren4t you Jsing1K )orking )ith Giulia6 +hey4(e not seen Mr Moro 3or three years1

' Nhy do you ne(er go to Floren-e, &laudio

D 8 -an4t %anage to shut this )indo)1

Nhy aren4t you Jpl1K drinking -o33ee this %orning

0 Aren4t you Jpl1K -o%ing to%orro)

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2NIT SIE

 Ad$rbs

=nglish ad(erbs are usually 3or%ed by adding L.ly4 to an adBe-ti(e <e1g1

Lthinly4, L-le(er ly4>1 8talian ad(erbs are usually Bust as easy to 3or%? .mente  is

added to the 3e%inine singular 3or% o3 the adBe-ti(e?

lenta T .mente lentamente slo)ly

rapida T .mente rapidamente qui-kly

semplice T .mente semplicemente si%ply

fre:uente T .mente fre:uentemente 3requently

Nhen the adBe-ti(e ends in .le or .re pre-eded by a (o)el, the 3inal e is

dropped be3ore adding .mente?

gentile T .mente gentilmenteutile T .mente utilmentemaggiore T .mente

maggiormente

regolare T .mente

regolarmente

Il tempo cambia rapidamente# Lanonna cammina lentamente#2nrico risponde sempregentilmente# Faccio i compiti

regolarmente#

kindly, politely

use3ully

%ainly

regularly

+he )eather -hanges qui-kly1

Granny )alks slo)ly1

=nri-o al)ays ans)ers politely1

8 do %y ho%e)ork regularly1

2 8n 8talian there are also %any ad(erbs )hi-h do not end in .mente1 9ere are

so%e?

abbastan%a enoughH3airlyHratherH forte loudlyHhard

quite fuori outHoutside

ancora still gi already

bene )ell lontano 3ar <a)ay>

da"anti at the 3rontHin 3ront male  badly

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dentro in<side> non # # # ancora not yet

dietro at the ba-kHbehind non # # # mai ne(er 

dopo laterHa3ter)ards piano slo)lyHquietly

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2nit ; 9<

piF %ore sopra abo(eHupstairs

piuttosto rather  sotto  belo)Hdo)nstairs

presto soonHearly spesso o3ten

prima earlierHbe3orehandH subito i%%ediatelyHright a)ay3irst tardi late

:uasi al%ost "icino near<by>

sempre al)ays "olentieri )illinglyHgladly

$uesto film I abbastan%abello#Partiamo tardi- dopo le

44# 'ndiamo spesso indiscoteca# ;engo subito<Parto presto#Parliamo piano perchI

arladorme#

PuZ  parlare piano* perfa"ore

(on sono italiano#'bita "icino* Signora;ai lontanoPio"e forte#Puoi parlare pi forte/angiamo fuori#

? ancora estate#(on I ancora estate#

(on esco mai#Loren%o non telefona mai#

+his 3il% is rather good1

Ne4re lea(ing late? a3ter 1

Ne o3ten go to the dis-o1

84% -o%ing <i%%ediately>W

84% lea(ing earlyHsoon1Ne4re talking quietly be-ause &arla4s

asleep1

&ould you speak slo)ly, please 84% not

8talian1

@o you li(e nearby <Mada%>

Are you going 3ar

8t4s raining hard1

&an you speak louderH%ore loudlyNe4re eating out Je1g1 in a restaurantKH

outside Ji1e1 in the openK1

8t4s still su%%er1

8t4s not su%%er yet1

8 ne(er go out1

/oren:o ne(er phones1

"ote that )ith non # # # ancora and non # # # mai, non is al)ays pla-ed be3ore

the (erb and ancoraH%ai a3ter it1

; Ad(erbs -an quali3y (erbs, adBe-ti(es or e(en other ad(erbs?

!ormo bene# J(erb T ad(erbK 8 sleep )ell1

!ormo molto bene# Jad(erb T ad(erbK 8 sleep (ery )ell1

La casa I molto piccola# Jad(erb T adBe-ti(eK +he house is (ery s%all1

! So%e )ords denoting quantity -an be used both as ad(erbs and as adBe-.

ti(es? moltoHtanto <a lot <o3>H(eryH%any>, troppo <too %u-hHtoo %any> and

poco <3e)HlittleHnot %u-hHnot (ery>1 Nhen used as ad"erbs they are in(ariable,

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 but )hen used as ad7ecti"es they agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun

they re3er to?

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9= 2nit ;

'd"erbla"orare moltoHtantomoltoHtanto lontano

moltoHtanto difficilela"orare troppotroppo lontanotroppo difficilela"orare pocopoco lontanopoco difficile

'd7ecti"e

molto +tanto,HtroppoHpoco la"oroJ%sK

molta +tanta,HtroppaHpoca ac:uaJ3sK

molti +tanti,HtroppiHpochi eserci%iJ%pK

molte +tante,HtroppeHpochelettere J3pK

/io padre la"ora troppo1 Jad(erbK

$uesta musica I molto bella# Jad(erbK Luisa dorme poco1 Jad(erbK

!ormi troppo poco1 Jad(erbsK

'bbiamo molto tempo# JadBe-ti(eK

Luisa mangia poca pasta# JadBe-ti(eK

Ho molti amici# JadBe-ti(eK

LPerchY fai :uesto4 Li sono molteragioni#4 JadBe-ti(eK

'd"erbial e3pressions

to )ork a lot

(ery 3ar 

(ery di33i-ultto )ork too %u-h

too 3ar 

too di33i-ult

to )ork littleHnot to )ork %u-h

not (ery 3ar 

not (ery di33i-ult

a lot o3Htoo %u-hHnot %u-h )orka lot o3Htoo %u-hHnot %u-h )ater

%anyHtoo %anyHnot %any eer-ises

%anyHtoo %anyHnot %any letters

My 3ather )orks too %u-h1

+his %usi- is (ery beauti3ul1

/uisa sleeps littleHdoesn4t sleep

%u-h1*ou sleep too littleHdon4t sleep

enough1

Ne ha(e a lot o3 ti%e1

/uisa eats little pastaHdoesn4t eat a

lot o3 pasta1

8 ha(e a lot o3 3riends1

LNhy are you doing this4 L+here

are %any reasons14

9a(ing a lot o3 )ords ending in .mente -an o3ten sound hea(y1 +o a(oid

this, 8talian so%eti%es uses ad(erbial phrases instead o3 single )ords1 +hese

do the sa%e Bob as one.)ord ad(erbs, and indeed they do usually -orrespond

to one.)ord =nglish ad(erbs in L.ly41 +hese ad(erbial epressions are %ost

o3ten -onstru-ted )ith con  <)ith>, so%eti%es )ith sen%a <)ithout>, 3ollo)ed

 by a noun?

con difficolt )ith di33i-ulty

con elegan%a elegantly

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con lente%%a slo)ly

con rapidit rapidlyHqui-kly

con semplicit si%ply

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2nit ; 9@

sen%a elegan%a inelegantly

sen%a complica%ioni un-o%pli-atedly

sen%a dubbio undoubtedly

+here are also a nu%ber o3 ad(erbial epressions that use other prepositions

than con1 9ere are so%e o3 the %ost -o%%on?

a poco a poco little by little

a "olte so%eti%es

in ritardo late

in tempo on ti%e

di solito usually

di sicuro surelyH-ertainly

'nna "este con elegan%a#

Spieghi tutto sen%a

complica%ioni#

' "olte non capisco :uello che

dice#

Anna dresses elegantly1

*ou eplain e(erything

un-o%pli-atedly1

So%eti%es 8 don4t understand )hat

he says1

Another ad(erbial epression that is so%eti%es used is in modoHin maniera<i1e1 Lin a )ay4> 3ollo)ed by an adBe-ti(eC the adBe-ti(e is %as-uline )hen used

)ith modo and 3e%inine )hen used )ith maniera?

in modo "agoHin maniera "again modo stranoHin maniera stranain modo sempliceHin manierasemplice

Risponde sempre in modo "ago#$uel cane cammina in manierastrana#

23ercise 4

&hange the adBe-ti(es into ad(erbs1

=a%ple? lento? lenta%ente

dol-e 6 irregolare2 tranquillo '  probabile

; se%pli-e D -hiaro

! allegro 3a-ile

%aggiore 0 (elo-e

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(aguelyHin a (ague )ay

strangelyHin a strange )ay

si%plyHin a si%ple )ay

9eHshe al)ays ans)ers (aguely1

+hat dog4s )alking oddlyHin a

strange )ay1 lento

2 utile

; attento

! rapido

leggero

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3 2nit ;

23ercise 5

Supply the -orre-t 3or% o3 moltoHtanto, troppo or poco <ad(erbs or adBe-ti(es>1

=a%ples? Anna I <%olto> alta? %oltoC 9o <%olto> sete? %olta

&laudia %angia <%olto> dol-i1

2 8l tuo (estito I <%olto> bello1

; Moni-a ha <po-o> a%i-i1

! +u spendi <troppo>1

8n %ensa -i sono <troppo>

studenti1

6 @a(anti al -ine%a -4I <tanto>

gente1

' Mangi <troppo>W

D Ste3ano abita <%olto> lontano1

Giulia %angia se%pre <po-o>1

0 Uudy ha <%olto> a%i-he italiane1

23ercise 6

Sto <po-o> bene1

2 Abitate in una -asa <%olto> bella1

; Signora, I <%olto> stan-a

! &i sono <po-o> bis-otti1

Siete <%olto> gentiliW

6 9ai <po-o> pa:ien:a1

' Mar-o e /uisa hanno <%olto>

3a%e1

D 8l giardino non I <%olto> grande1

 "on de(i in(itare <troppo>

 persone1

20 Abbia%o <po-o> ri(iste1

Repla-e the )ords in =nglish )ith the appropriate epression 3ro% the list?

a (olte, di si-uro, -on pa:ien:a, sen:a esita:ione, in %odo ner(oso, in

te%po, -on se%pli-it, di solito, -on pruden:a, a po-o a po-o, in %aniera

 brus-a, -on -oraggio

=a%ples? <so%eti%es> non (oglio gio-are a pallone? a (olteC /aura (este

<si%ply>? -on se%pli-it

@obbia%o agire <-autiously>1

2 Andrea spiega tutto <patiently>1

; Paolo guarda i pro3essori <ner(ously>1

! <little by little> Gianni -apis-e il proble%a1

+ullio risponde <unhesitatingly>16 <usually> rientra nel po%eriggio1

' /ei non 3a pi <in ti%e> a prendere il treno delle sette1

D =spri%e <-ourageously> le sue opinioni1

@o%eni-a (engo <3or sure>1

0 8l Signor &apello risponde <bluntly> a tutte le nostre do%ande1

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2nit ; 8

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian?

So%eti%es 8 eat in the -anteen1

2 +he s)i%%ing pool is quite big1

; Ne o3ten go out )ith our 3riends1

! 9a(e you Jsing1K got enough %oney

*ou Jsing1K ha(e to speak slo)ly1

6 Marina ne(er eats -heese1

' Fran-es-a al)ays arri(es late1

D 84(e been )aiting 3or al%ost 3orty %inutesW

&arla and Andrea are out1

0 Are your Jsing1K parents )ell

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2NIT S,7,N

Dirct ob-ct prono%ns 8

A dire-t obBe-t is the person or thing that the (erb dire-tly i%pa-ts on?

In"ito 2lena <84% in(iting 2lena>C 9so il computer tutti i giorni <8 use

the computer e(ery day>1

A dire-t obBe-t pronoun repla-es a noun used as a dire-t obBe-tC it

%ust there3ore agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun it re3ers to1 @ire-t

obBe-t pronouns nor%ally -o%e be3ore the (erb1 8n the 3ollo)ing ea%ples, the

 pronouns are in itali-s?

$uando "edo 2lena la in"ito a cena#Jla repla-es and agrees )ith 2lena  <3s>K

$uando "edo Loren%o lo in"ito acena#

Jlo repla-es and agrees )ith Loren%o<%s>K

Scri"o le cartoline e poi le imbuco#Jle repla-es and agrees )ith lecartoline <3p>K

'ppena compro i biscotti li mangio#Jli repla-es and agrees )ith i biscotti<%p>K

Prendo il giornale e lo leggo subito#Jlo repla-es and agrees )ith ilgiornale <%s>K

Nhen 8 see =lena 84ll in(ite

her to dinner1

Nhen 8 see /oren:o 84ll in(ite

him to dinner1

8 )rite the post-ards and

then post them1

As soon as 8 buy bis-uits 8eat them1

8 get the paper and read iti%%ediately1

2 +he 3or%s o3 the dire-t obBe-t pronouns are as 3ollo)s?

Sub7ect !irect ob7ectio mi %e

tu ti you

luiHlei lo J%KHla J3K hi%HherHit

noi ci us

(oi "i you

loro li J%KHle J3K the%

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2nit < *

Giacomo mi in"ita spesso acena#Se "uoi* ti aiuto#Lo conosco bene#La "edo tutti i giorni#;i in"ito alla festa#

Gia-o%o o3ten in(ites me to dinner1

83 you )ant, 84ll help you1

8 kno) him )ell1

8 see her e(ery day1

84% in(iting you to the party1

; Ne sa) in #nit ; that i3 an adBe-ti(e re3ers to t)o or %ore nouns that are

di33erent in gender, it has the %as-uline plural 3or%, e1g1 Laura e Piero sonoitaliani </aura and Piero are 8talian>1 +he sa%e prin-iple applies to dire-t

obBe-t pronouns?

Lonosci Laura J3K e Piero J%K4 LS ),

li J%pK conosco bene#4L9si il computer J%K e lastampante

J3K4 LS )* li J%pK uso spesso#4

(egati"e form

L@o you kno) /aura and Piero4 L*es1

8 kno) them )ell14

L@o you use the -o%puter and the

 printer4 L*es, 8 o3ten use them14

! +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?

(on lo conosco bene# 8 don4t kno) hi% )ell1

(on "i in"ito alla festa# 84% not in(iting you to the party1

(on li "edo spesso# 8 don4t o3ten see the%1(on ti capisco# 8 don4t understand you1

Nhen a dire-t obBe-t pronoun is used )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usually

a3ter (erbs like do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the

in3initi(e, )hi-h drops the 3inal (o)el?

La de"o chiamare# or !e"o chiamarla# 8 %ust -all her1

 Ti "oglio in"itare# or ;oglio in"itarti# 8 )ant to in(ite you1Lo puoi prendere# or Puoi prenderlo# *ou -an take it1

Lo so fare# or So farlo# 8 -anHkno) ho) to do it1

Lo de"o tradurre# or !e"o tradurlo184(e got to

translate it1

=a-h pair o3 senten-es has ea-tly the sa%e %eaning . the 3or% used %akes no

di33eren-e1

"ote that (erbs in .urre drop the se-ond r as )ell as the 3inal (o)el? lo de"o

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tradurre or de"o tradurlo1

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9 2nit <

6 +he pronoun lo J%sK is o3ten used to repla-e a )hole -lause?

LSai che oggi I il compleannodi

arla4  LS )* lo so#4 Jlo  [

oggi I  il compleanno diarlaK

L!o"e sono le chia"i4 L(on loso#4 

Jlo [ do"e sono le chia"iKL!e"i cambiare la cartuccia#4LLo

faccio subito#4 Jlo [ cambiarela

cartucciaK

L@o you kno) that it4s &arla4s

 birthday today4 L*es, 8 do14 Jlit1 *es, 8kno) itK

LNhere are the keys4 L8 don4t kno)14

Jlit1 8 don4t kno) itK

L*ou4(e got to repla-e the -artridge14

L84ll do it straight a)ay14

' Nhen the pronouns lo and la are used )ith the (erb a"ere, they are short.

ened to l4, and are o3ten pre-eded by the parti-le ce?

LHai la cartuccia4 LS )* cel4ho#4

(on posso leggere il libro diPrimo

Le"i perchY non ce l4ho#L'"ete l4indiri%%o di 'nna4  LS)* ce

l4abbiamo#4

L9a(e you got the -artridge4 L*es, 84(e

got it148 -an4t read Pri%o /e(i4s book

 be-ause 8 ha(en4t got it1

L9a(e you got Anna4s address4 L*es,

)e ha(eH*es, )e4(e got it14

+he plural pronouns li and le, ho)e(er, are ne(er shortened, and are onlyrarely used )ith ce?

LHai le parole di :uestacan%one4  L(o* non  <ce> le

ho#4  LHai i libri4  LS ), <ce> liho#4

Formal form

L9a(e you got the lyri-s o3 this song4

L"o, 8 ha(en4t H"o, 84(e not got the%14

L9a(e you got the books4 L*es, 84(e got

the%H*es, 8 ha(e14

D +he dire-t obBe-t pronouns used 3or the 3or%al 3or% are La 3or the singular <3or

 both )o%en and %en> and ;i 3or the plural <the pronouns Li and Le -an also be

used 3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine respe-ti(ely, but this is parti-ularly

3or%al>?

Professor /asi* La accompagno

in

aeroporto#

Signora* La accompagno in

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aeroporto# Signori Bianco* ;iaccompagno in

aeroporto#<Signori Bianco* Li accompagno in

Pro3essor Masi, 84ll take you to the

airport1

84ll take you to the airport, Mada%1

 Mr and Mrs 5ian-o, 84ll take you to  the airport1

aeroporto#>   

Signore* ;i accompagno in aeroporto# </adies,> 84ll take you to the<Signore* Le accompagno in aeroporto#> airport1

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2nit <

23ercise 4

Re)rite the senten-es, repla-ing the )ords in itali-s )ith the -orre-t dire-t

obBe-t pronoun1

=a%ple? /uigi -o%pra il pane? /uigi lo -o%pra1

Anna guarda la tele"isione1

2 8n(itia%o i nostri amici1 2

; S-ri(ete le cartoline ;

! /eggono il giornale1 !

Suono la chitarra1 6 Preparo la cena1 6

' &hia%o Roberto1 '

D Fa--io gli eserci%i1 D

8n(ito /aria e Gio"anna1

0 &hiudete le finestre1 20

23ercise 5&hange the senten-es into the negati(e1

=a%ple? /o 3a--io? "on lo 3a--io1

/e (oglio1 6

2 /i -o%pria%o1 '

; &i -hia%ano1 D

! Sil(ia li in(ita

8 Signori 5ian-hi lo prendono1 0

23ercise 6

/oren:o -orregge gli errori1Prendono il treno1

Porto i !1

&er-o i miei libri1Pia be(e l4ac:ua minerale1

Paola 3inis-e il la"oro1A--o%pagno arlo e'nna1 Vedi le tue amiche 

oggi

As-olto la radio1

/u-a la(a i piatti1

Mi in(itate

Vi aspetto1

/a (edo do%ani1

+i a--o%pagno alla sta:ione1

/o guardia%o1

Re)rite the senten-es, -hanging the position o3 the pronoun1

=a%ple? /i de(i -o%prare? @e(i -o%prarli1

/o (oglia%o (edere1 6

2  "on ti posso aiutare1 '

; Mi puoi a--o%pagnare D

! /a (uoi sentire

&i de(ono -hia%are1 0

Vi (oglio in(itare1

/e (uole -onos-ere1

 "on li potete 3are1

Mi de(i as-oltare1

 "on /a posso aiutare, Signora1

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; 2nit <

23ercise A

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the appropriate dire-t obBe-t pronouns1

=a%ples? Mar-o tele3ona agli a%i-i e  in(ita alla 3esta? liC Guido non

sta bene? de(o -hia%ar   ? lo

&o%pro il giornale e  leggo1

2 S-ri(o le -artoline e  spedis-o1

; /aura 3a i panini e poi  %angia1

! &o%pro i 3iori e  %etto in un (aso1

Apria%o la 3inestra e poi  -hiudia%o16 "on ries-o a 3are questo eser-i:io?

  aiuti' Prendia%o i libri e

  portia%o a s-uola1D Pro3essor 5artoli,

  posso aiutare 8 Signori Pieri partono?

  a--o%pagni in aeroporto0 9ai %olte a%i-he?

  in(iti tutte Se non usi la bi-i

  prendo io12 &i sono %olti errori?

  do(ete -orreggere1; &laudio tele3ona a Giulia e

  in(ita alla 3esta1! Partite  porto in sta:ione1

&4I un 3il% alla tele(isione %a non  guardia%o1

6 Al%a parte? (olete salutar  

' /a sorella di Matteo I %olto si%pati-a1  -onos-o bene1

D Gli eser-i:i sono di33i-ili, %a  so 3are1

Se (uoi delle -ara%elle,  puoi prendere1

20 LSai -he Alessandro suona il sasso3ono in un gruppo4 LS ),  

so14

23ercise

+ranslate into 8talian?

Ne4re in(iting you Jpl1K to the party1

2 84(e got a lot o3 3riends, and 8 o3ten see the%1

; Signora Fusi, -an 8 -all you to%orro)

! Are you Jsing1K helping us net )eek 8 ha(e to see you Jsing1K1

6 Olga and Anna are lea(ing to%orro) and 8 )ant to take the% to the

station1

' 8 -an4t help you Jpl1K1

D LAre you Jsing1K bringing the guitar4 L"o, 8 ha(en4t got it14

+ullio buys these %aga:ines and reads the%1

0 &an you Jsing1K take %e to s-hool to%orro)

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2NIT ,IG4T

5rpositions

+he %ost -o%%on 8talian prepositions are the 3ollo)ing?

di o3 

a to

da 3ro%

in in

con )ith

su on

per 3or traHfra8 a%ong, bet)een

+he %eaning o3 tra and fra is the sa%e1

+hese prepositions o3ten -orrespond to the =nglish -ounterparts )e gi(e

here1 9o)e(er, as )e shall see, ea-h o3 the% also has a nu%ber o3 other

%eanings, -orresponding to other =nglish prepositions1

2 +he prepositions di, a, da, in and su, )hen used together )ith a noun pre-eded by the de3inite arti-le, al)ays -o%bine )ith the arti-le?

il lo l4 la i gli ledi del dello dell4 della dei degli dellea al allo all4 alla ai agli alleda dal dallo dall4 dalla dai dagli dallein nel nello nell4 nella nei negli nelle

su sul sullo sull4 sulla sui sugli sulle

+he preposition con nor%ally -o%bines only )ith il and i* as col and coiC this

3or% is -o%%on in spoken 8talian, though con il and con i are o3ten 3ound in

the )ritten language?

con con il con lo con l4 con la con i con gli con lecol +collo, +coll4, +colla, coi +cogli, +colle,

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= 2nit =

di T il raga%%o del raga%%o o3 the boy

a T lo studente allo studente to the student

da T l4albergo dall4albergo 3ro% the hotel

in T la scuola nella scuola in the s-hoolsu T i di"ani sui di"ani on the so3as

con T i libri coi libri )ith the books

con T le chia"i con le chia"i )ith the keys

per T gli insegnanti per gli insegnanti 3or the tea-hers

fra T i calciatori fra i calciatori a%ong the 3ootballers

9sing prepositions

; As in %any other languages, there is so %u-h (ariation in ho) 8talian

 prepositions are used that it is not 3easible to gi(e si%ple rules -o(ering e(ery

 possibility1 +o appre-iate the proble%, you only ha(e to look at a 3e) o3 the

 possible uses o3 the preposition di?

il presidente della repubblicaIl libro I di al"ino#

Sono di Roma#!i pomeriggio fannosempre la

siesta#

the president o3 the republi-

+he book is by &al(ino184% 3ro% Ro%e1

+hey al)ays ha(e a nap in the

a3ternoon1

So%eti%es, 8talian e(en has a preposition )here =nglish does notC here are

so%e typi-al ea%ples?

l4auto di 'nna

;uoi della fruttai sono alcune migliaia dipersone

nella pia%%a#Ho una bella camicia di seta#

Anna4s -ar @o you )ant <so%eHany> 3ruit

+here are a 3e) thousand people in

the square1

84(e got a lo(ely silk shirt1

Sin-e there is not a si%ple set o3 rules go(erning prepositions in 8talian, )hat )e

are going to do is sho) so%e typi-al uses o3 the -o%%on ones listed abo(e1

+he %ore you hear and read 8talian, the %ore you )ill en-ounter di33erentuses o3 these and other prepositionsC the best )ay o3 %astering the% is to learn

the% and pra-tise the% as you go along1

!  !i is typi-ally used to epress?

 possession La moto di Luca I rossa# /u-a4s %otorbike is red1

%aterial una giacca di pelle a leather Ba-ket

ti%e !i sera non esco# 8 don4t go out in the e(ening<s>1

subBe-t una le%ione di storia a history lesson

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2nit = @

+he %ost -o%%on uses o3 di are the ones )hi-h -orrespond to the =nglish

 possessi(e <4s> and the noun T noun stru-ture?

il libro del professore the tea-her4s book la sorella di /onica Moni-a4s sister 

il casco di Sebastiano Sebastiano4s hel%et

la politica del go"erno the go(ern%ent4s poli-yHgo(ern%ent poli-y

una buca delle lettere a letter bo

un racconto di fate a 3airy tale

il professore di scien%e the s-ien-e tea-her 

un panino di formaggio a -heese roll

!i is 3requently used in partiti(e -onstru-tions, i1e1 to epress the =nglish

Lso%e4 or Lany4 in su-h senten-es as L84d like so%e bread4, L9a(e you any

 pasta4, LNe4(e got <so%e> pasta and <so%e> oli(es4?

!e"o comprare del pane#Prendo della pasta#4I dell4ac:ua in frigo#2sco con degli amici#

;uoi dei libri in italianoi sono delle case sullacollina#

84(e got to get <so%e> bread1

84% getting <so%e> pasta1

+here4s <so%e> )ater in the 3ridge1

84% going out )ith <so%e> 3riends1

@o you )ant <so%e> books in 8talian

+here are <so%e> houses on the hill1

!i is also used, 3ollo)ed by a (erb in the in3initi(e, a3ter -ertain (erbs like

credere <to belie(e>, pensare <to think>, dire <to say>, sperare <to hope>, finire<to 3inish>, smettere <to stop>?

Finisco di leggere il giornale epoi

esco#Paolo pensa di essereintelligente#'nna crede di riuscire apassare

l4esame#La mamma dice di esserestanca#!e"o smettere di perderetempo<

  ' is typi-ally used to epress?

 pla-e 'bito a Londra#

;ado al cinema#

Sono a casa#

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8 3inish reading the paper and then 8

go out1

Paolo thinks he is intelligent1

Anna belie(es she -an pass the ea%1

Mu% says she4s tired1

8 %ust stop )asting ti%eW

8 li(e in /ondon1

84% going to the -ine%a1

84% at ho%e1

La casa si tro"a a 4>> metri +he house is 00 %etres 3ro%

dal mare# the sea1ti%e Parto alle 4C# 84% lea(ing at '1001

;ado in landa a luglio# 84% going to 9olland in Uuly1

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;3 2nit =

indire-t obBe-t !iamo il libro a Sil"ia#

Scri"ete ai "ostrigenitori

quality ;uoi un gelato allimone

%eansH%anner La giacca I fatta a mano#Impari tutto a memoria

Stasera mangiamo

patateal "apore#

Ne4re gi(ing the book to

Sil(ia1

@o you )rite to your

 parents

@o you )ant a le%on i-e.-rea%

+he Ba-ket4s %ade by hand1

@o you learn e(erything by

heart

Ne4re ha(ing stea%ed

 potatoes tonight1 Ji1e1

they4re -ooked )ith stea%K

' is also used, 3ollo)ed by a (erb in the in3initi(e, a3ter -ertain (erbs like

andare  <to go>, "enire <to -o%e>, cominciare <to startHbegin>, continuare<to -ontinue>, riuscire <-anHto be ableH%anage>?

L!o"e "ai4 L;ado ala"orare#4;ieni a studiare inbiblioteca omincio acapire#Paolo continua a parlare#(on riesco a sentire cosadice#

6  !a is typi-ally used to epress?

 pla-e Parto da /ilano#

LNhere are you going4 L84% going to )ork14

Are you -o%ing to )ork in the library84% beginning to understand1

Paolo -ontinuesHkeeps on talking1 8

-an4t hear )hat he4s saying1

84% lea(ing 3ro% Milan1

ti%e Studio italiano da un mese# 8 ha(e been studying 8talian 3or a

%onth1

aperto dalle = alle 4> open <3ro%> to 0 <o4-lo-k>

3un-tion Sono scarpe da tennis# +hey4re tennis shoes1

!a is al)ays used to %ean LatHat the house o34 a person or people?

'biti da tua %ia @o you li(e at your aunt4s

La"oro da 'nna stasera# 84% )orking at Anna4s tonight1

!e"o andare dal dentista# 8 ha(e to go to the dentist1

!a is also used 3ollo)ed by an in3initi(e a3ter molto <a lot>, poco <little>, niente<nothing>, :ualcosa <so%ething>?

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Ho molto da fare# 84(e got a lot to do1

Ha poco da dire# 9e has littleH9e4s not got %u-h to say1

(on c4I niente da bere# +here4s nothing to drink1

;uoi :ualcosa da mangiare@o you )ant so%ething to eat

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2nit = ;8

'  In is typi-ally used to epress?

 pla-e ;i"o in campagna#'bbiamo una casa in Francia#

ti%e nel 5>>Enel "entesimo secolo

%eans 'ndiamo in trenoHin autoHinbici#8

8 li(e in the -ountry1

Ne ha(e a house in Fran-e1

in 2006

in the t)entieth -entury

Ne4re going by trainH-arHon

our bikes1

"5? in piedi %eans Lstanding4C Lon 3oot4 is a piedi1

D  on is typi-ally used to epress?

-o%pany ;ado al cinema con Luca#Parlo con 'nna#

%eans !e"o scri"ere con unapenna rossa#

Pago con un assegno#

%anner  Parla con accentostraniero#Parla con lente%%a#

quality una signora con i capelligrigi

  Su is typi-ally used to epress?

 pla-e I tuoi libri sono sulla

scri"ania#

il ponte sullo stretto di

/essina subBe-t un libro sul calcio

84% going to the -ine%a )ith /u-a1

84% talking toH)ith Anna1

84(e got to )rite )ith a red pen1

84% paying )ith a -hequeHby

-heque1

9e speaks )ith a 3oreign a--ent1

9e speaks slo)ly1

a lady )ith grey hair 

*our books are on the desk1

the bridge o(er the Strait o3Messina

a book onHabout 3ootball

Nhen the preposition su is used )ith a personal pronoun, the pronoun is also

 pre-eded by di? onto su di lui <84% -ounting on hi%>1

0  Per is typi-ally used to epress?

 pla-e Partiamo per la montagna#ti%e 2sco per 4> minuti#

Per le 44 sono a casa#%eans /ando il file per email#-ause una multa per eccesso di"elocit

ai% Studio per passare l4esame#

 pri-e per 4 euro

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Ne are lea(ing 3or the %ountains1

84% going out 3or 0 %inutes1 84ll be ho%e

byH3or 1

84ll send the 3ile by e%ail1

a 3ine 3or speedingHspeeding

3ine

84% studying <in order> to pass

the ea%1

3or euros

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;) 2nit =

  Tra and fra are typi-ally used to epress?

 pla-e tra /ilano e Torinofra compagni di classe

ti%e fra due ore

Prepositions of place

 bet)een Milan and +urin

a%ong -lass%ates

in t)o hoursHt)o hours4

ti%e

2 9ere are so%e ea%ples o3 the di33erent prepositions used to denote

 pla-e?

Sono di Ferrara#La domenica "ado alcinema# Sono a scuola#;engo da Ferrara#'bito da mia nonna#Luisa I in camera sua#!e"i camminare sulmarciapiedi# il ponte

sull4'rnoPartite per !ublino(o"ara I  fra Torino e/ilano# Siamo tra amici#

8 a%H-o%e 3ro% Ferrara1

On Sundays 8 go to the -ine%a1

84% at s-hool1

84% -o%ing 3ro% Ferrara1 8

li(e at %y granny4s1

/uisa is in her roo%1

*ou ha(e to )alk on the pa(e%ent1

the bridge o(er the ArnoAre you lea(ing 3or @ublin

 "o(ara is bet)een +urin and Milan1

Ne are a%ong 3riends1

Another preposition used to denote pla-e is lungo <along>? lungo il fiume<along the ri(er>1

;  '

 is nor%ally used )ith na%es o3 to)n and (illages and )ith -ardinal

 points?

;ado a Pisa#'bito a Londra#Passo le "acan%e aogne# 'ndiamo anord#ogne I a sud di 'osta#

84% going to Pisa1

8 li(e in /ondon1

8 spend %y holidays in &ogne1

Ne are going north1

&ogne is south o3 Aosta1

!  In is nor%ally used )ith na%es o3 regions and nations, )ith geographi-al

areas, and )ith shops?

;ado in Toscana# 84% going to +us-any1

'bito in Inghilterra# 8 li(e in =ngland1

Passo le "acan%e in montagna#8 8 spend %y holidays in the %ountains1

ompro il pane in panetteria# 8 buy bread at the bakeryHthe baker4s1

Nith mare <sea> the preposition a is used <al mare, Lat the seaside4>1

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2nit = ;*

Prepositions of time

So%e ea%ples o3 the di33erent prepositions used to denote ti%e?

!i domenica non la"oro#!i sera guardo la t"#!onatella arri"a alle C#' (atale rimaniamo acasa#La scuola finisce agiugno#nel 5>>>nel diciottesimo secoloIn autunno pio"e molto#

8 don4t )ork on Sundays18n the e(enings 8 )at-h +V1

@onatella )ill arri(e at se(en1 At

&hrist%as )e stay at ho%e1

S-hool ends in Uune1

in 2000

in the eighteenth -entury

8n autu%n it rains a lot1

6  !i is used )ith the days o3 the )eek and parts o3 the day?

!i luned ) andiamo in piscina# On Mondays )e go to the s)i%%ing pool1

!i mattina "ado a scuola# 8n the %orning 8 go to s-hool1

8n these -ases, di is al)ays used )ithout the de3inite arti-le1

'  ' is used )ith na%es o3 3esti(ities, %onths and hours o3 the day?

' Pas:ua Piera "a inItalia#Il museo riapre a

mar%o# Il treno partealle 45#!i solito mangiano a

me%%ogiorno#

At =aster Piera is going to 8taly1

+he %useu% reopensH)ill reopen in Mar-h1

+he train is lea(ing at 21

+hey nor%ally eat at %idday1

D  In is used )ith years, -enturies and seasons?

Sono nato nel 4==># 8 )as born in 01Studio il turismo nel I secolo# 84% studying touris% in the nineteenth

-entury1

Gli esami sono in prima"era# +he ea%s areH)ill be in the spring1

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;9 2nit =

' or in

So%eti%es it -an be di33i-ult to kno) )hether to use a or in, so )e list

 belo) -o%%on epressions using these t)o prepositions?

a casa <at> ho%e

a scuola atHto s-hool

a letto inHto bed

a le%ione in -lassHto <one4s> -lass

a ta"ola to the table Ji1e1 -o%e and sit do)nKHat table

a destraHa sinistra <onHto the> rightHle3t

a nordHa sudHa estHa o"est <inHto the> northHsouthHeastH)est

a cola%ioneHa pran%oHa cena atH3or break3astHlun-hHdinner, supper or tea

a me%%ogiornoHa me%%anotte at %iddayH%idnight

a 4>H44H45 Jet-1K anni at tenHele(enHt)el(e Jet-1K <years o3 age>

a met in the %iddleH%id.

all4ombraHal sole in the shadeHin the sun

al bar in the bar 

al ristorante atHto the restaurant

alla sta%ione atHinHto the station

in pi%%eria inHtoHat aHthe pi::eriaHpi::a parlour 

in discoteca inHto the dis-o

in citt inHto to)n

in centro inHto the -ity -entre

in chiesa inHto -hur-h

in mensa inHto the -anteen

in camera inHto the bedroo%

in bagno inHto the bathroo%in classe inHto the -lassroo%

in palestra inHto the gy%

in caserma inHto the barra-ks

in prigione inHto prison

in ufficio inHto the o33i-e

in piscina atHto the s)i%%ing bath

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2nit = ;

ompound prepositions

20 8talian also has a nu%ber o3 L-o%pound prepositions4, e1g1 accanto a,

Lnet toHbeside4, in"ece di, Linstead o341 So%e o3 these are al)ays in the

-o%pound 3or%, others in-lude di only )hen 3ollo)ed by a personal pronoun1 Ne

gi(e here a list o3 the %ost -o%%on ones?

da"anti a in 3ront o3Hopposite

"icino a nearHnetH-lose to

fuori daHdi outside

prima di  be3ore

lontano da 3ar 3ro%Ha long )ay 3ro%

contro8 againstdentro8 inside

dietro8  behind

dopo8 a3ter 

sen%a8 )ithout

sopra8 onHabo(e

sotto8 underHbelo)

"erso8 to)ards

Nhen these prepositions are used )ith a personal pronoun, the pronoun is

 pre-eded by the preposition di <see #nit !>1

La farmacia I da"anti alsupermercato#

'bito lontano dal centro#L4albergo I  "icino allasta%ione# (on esco sen%a di

"oi#

23ercise 4

+he phar%a-y is opposite the

super%arket1

8 li(e a long )ay 3ro% the -ity -entre1

+he hotel is -lose to the station1 84%

not going out )ithout you1

&o%bine the prepositions and the de3inite arti-les1

=a%ple? <di> il 3iglio? del 3iglio

di a da la %a%%a D il %are la :ia

2 lo :io lo stadio 6 lo studente

; gli a%i-i 0 la sta:ione ' il dentista

! il par-o i raga::i D l4aeroporto

l4auto 2 gli uo%ini gli u33i-i

6 i paesi ; le donne 20 le -olleghe

' le stan:e ! l4ospedale 2 i %inistri

in su22 l4albergo 2 il ta(olo

2; lo stipendio ;0 la sedia

2! la -asa ; lo s-a33ale

2 gli anni ;2 le spalle

26 i -assetti ;; i libri

2' le -a%ere ;! gli alberi

2D il 3rigo ; l4idea

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;; 2nit =

23ercise 5

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t prepositions and, )here ne-essary,

-o%bine the% )ith the de3inite arti-le1

=a%ple? Vengo  <la> sta:ione? dalla

&arla abita  5udapest1

2 Parigi I Fran-ia1

; Mangiate  <il> ristorante

! +ornia%o  un4ora1

9ai %olto  3are

6 @e(i s-ri(ere  <la> nonna1

' =s-o  Massi%o1

D Filippo (a  <il> dentista1

Euell4auto I  <il> padre di

Sil(ia1

0 S-ri(o una lettera  <i> %iei

genitori1

Vado  Milano treno1

23ercise 6

2 Vieni <il> -ine%a  

%e

; /e -hia(i sono  <il>

-assetto1

! /a le:ione 3inis-e <le> 1

Studia%o italiano  due%esi1

6 8l %useo apre  <le> 1001

' &o%pro le rose  la :ia1

D Posso parlare  =lisa

Vuoi <il> dol-e

20 8l %io -o%pleanno I  

giugno1

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t prepositions and, )here ne-essary,

-o%bine the% )ith the de3inite arti-le1

=a%ple? 8 tuoi libri sono  <il> ta(olo? sul

@o%ani ri%ango  -asa1

2 Sabato andia%o  -entro1; Vado  nuotare  

 pis-ina1

! /i(ia I  letto? sta po-o

 bene1

Puoi -o%prare una bottiglia

  a-eto6 Regalo i &@  <il> %io

raga::o1'  "apoli I  sud di Ro%a1

D @o%ani -o%in-ia%o  

la(orare1

Parto  Ro%a alle ! e

arri(o  +orino alle 21

0 9o 3a%e? -4I qual-osa  

%angiare

8%prestate la bi-i  Mauri:io

2 Vai a s-uola autobus

; 5ardone--hia I  

%ontagna1

! Prendo un gelato  <la>

3ragola1

&osa 3ate  "atale

6 Piero (a  <il> super%er-ato1

' 8l padre  <la> %ia a%i-a I

a((o-ato1

D pi::eria -4I se%pre %olta

gente1

Paola dor%e  <la> stan:a

(i-ina alla %ia1

20 /eggo un libro  

3antas-ien:a1

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2nit = ;<

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian?

8 3inish )orking at si1

2 Antonio4s lea(ing 3or Genoa1

; Ge%%a )as born in 2001

! Fabia ne(er goes out in the e(ening1

Mr and Mrs 5an-ro3t li(e in the -ountry, in an old (illa1

6 +he library4s behind the gy%1

' *ou Jsing1K -an4t go out )ithout %eW

D @o you Jpl1K li(e 3ar 3ro% the s-hool

8sabella4s aunt li(es in Gre(e, in +us-any1

0 She4s got a leather skirt1

Angus is 3ro% =dinburgh, in S-otland1

2 *ou ha(e to turn right a3ter the -hur-h<, Mada%>1

; Ne4re eating at a pi::eria tonight1

! +hese 3lo)ers are 3or your Jsing1K %other1

At &hrist%as )e4re going skiing in the %ountains1

6 8 li(e near the prison1

' Margaret4s been li(ing in +urin 3or 3i(e years1D +he train 3or Aosta lea(es 3ro% plat3or% '1

Ne4re gi(ing /uisa a &@ o3 Russian %usi-1

20 8 al)ays buy the bread at 5elli4s1

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2NIT NIN,

%stions

8n this unit )e )ill look at the %ost -o%%on )ays o3 asking questions in8talian1 Ne ha(e already seen <#nits ! and > that the order o3 the )ords in the

senten-e does not -hange in the interrogati(e 3or%C no) )e need to look at so%e

8talian Lquestion )ords41

  hi

hi %eans L)hoH)ho%4, or so%eti%es L)hi-h o34, and is only used to re3er to

 people1 hi  is in(ariable . that is, the sa%e 3or% is used 3or %as-uline and3e%inine, singular and plural?

hi I :uell4uomohi I :uella raga%%ahi sono i tuoi amicihi sono :uelleraga%%ehi "uole "enire alcinema

con mehi "iene a cenaon chi esci' chi scri"etehi ha una pennahi non "a in gitadomani hi non in"iti

hi di loro parla italiano

Nho is that %an

Nho is that girl

Nho are your 3riends

Nho are those girls

Nho )ants to -o%e to the -ine%a )ith %e

Nho4s -o%ing 3or dinner

Nho<%> are you going out )ith

Nho<%> are you )riting to

Nho4s got a pen Ji1e1 has anyone got a penK

Nho4s not going on the trip to%orro)

Nho<%> aren4t you in(iting

Nhi-h o3 the% speaks 8talian

Nhen an adBe-ti(e re3ers to chi, it %ust be in the %as-uline singular 3or%

unless it re3ers to an all.3e%ale group?

hi I prontohi I soddisfattohi non I stancohi di "oi +raga%%e, I

pronta

hi di "oi +Signori, I italiano

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Nho is ready

Nho is satis3ied

Nho isn4t tired

Nhi-h o3 you <girls> is ready

Nhi-h o3 you <gentle%en> is 8talian

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2nit @ ;@

2  he cosa& osa& he&

All three %ean L)hat4 and are used )hen re3erring to obBe-ts1 he cosa&,

osa& and he& are in(ariable in gender and nu%ber?

os4I :uellohe cos4I :uella luceosa sono :uei segnihe sono :uellecostru%ioni hesuccedehe cosa "oleteosa studiosa posso fare perLei ' che pensate

Nhat4s that

Nhat4s that light

Nhat are those %arks

Nhat are those buildings

Nhat4s happening

Nhat do you )ant

Nhat are you studyingHdo you study

Nhat -an 8 do 3or youNhat are you thinking about

he is also used as an adBe-ti(e %eaning L)hat <sortHtype o3>4?

he la"oro faihe musica ascolti disolito he film "ai a"ederehe auto compra tuopadre

;  ome

ome %eans Lho)4?

ome sta* Signoraome "aome fate la pi%%a

Nhat4s your Bob Jlit1 )hat )ork do you doK

Nhat <sort o3> %usi- do you usually listen to

Nhat 3il% are you going to see

Nhat <%ake o3> -ar is your 3ather going to

 buy

9o) are you, Mada%

9o)4s it going

9o) do you %ake <a> pi::a

ome -an so%eti%es %ean L)hat4, as in ome dici& <Nhat did you say>,om4I  2dimburgoHil nuo"o professore  <Nhat4s =dinburghHthe ne)

tea-her

like>1

!  !o"e

!o"e %eans L)here4?

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!o"e abiti Nhere do you li(e

!o"e andate Nhere are you going

!o"e sono le chia"i Nhere are the keys

!o"4I il mio libro Nhere is %y book

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<3 2nit @

  $uando

$uando %eans L)hen4?

$uando partono i tuoiamici$uando comincia il film$uando arri"a il treno$uando I lo sciopero deitreni

6  PerchY

PerchY %eans L)hy4?

PerchY ridonoPerchY  Giulia non "a ascuola PerchY non studi

Nhen are your 3riends lea(ing

Nhen does the 3il% start

Nhen does the train arri(e

Nhen4s the railHtrain strike

Nhy are they laughing

Nhy isn4t Giulia going to s-hool

Nhy don4t you study

ome mai has a si%ilar %eaning, -orresponding to the =nglish Lho) -o%e4?

ome mai non mangi 9o) -o%e you4re not eating

ome mai siete in ritardo 9o) -o%e you are late

'  $uanto

$uanto %eans Lho) %u-h4 )hen re3erring to quantity, and Lho) long4, Lho)

3ar4, Lho) tall4, et-1 )hen it re3ers to ti%e, distan-e, height, et-1?

$uanto pesa$uanto costa :uesta

maglietta $uanto dura ilfilm$uanto I  alta tuasorella $uant4I

9o) %u-hHNhat does it )eigh

9o) %u-hHNhat does this +.shirt -ost9o) long does the 3il% last

9o) tall is your sister

9o) %u-h is it

$uanto -an also be used as an adBe-ti(e or pronoun1 8n su-h -ases it agrees in

gender and nu%ber )ith the noun it re3ers to? :uanto J%sK, :uanta J3sK <ho)

%u-h>, :uanti J%pK, :uante J3pK <ho) %any>?

$uanto pane de"o comprare$uanta pasta "uoi$uanti eserci%i dobbiamofare$uante raga%%e ci sono inclasse

tua&$uanto tempo abbiamo

Li sono molte persone#4 L$uante4 L!obbiamocomprare del pane#4 

L$uanto4

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9o) %u-h bread do 8 ha(e to buy

9o) %u-h pasta do you )ant

9o) %any eer-ises ha(e )e got to do

9o) %any girls are there in your -lass

9o) %u-h ti%e is thereH9o) long

ha(e )e got

L+here are a lot o3 people14 L9o) %any4

LNe %ust get <so%e> bread14 L9o)

%u-h4

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2nit @ <8

D  $uale

$uale %eans L)hi-h4 <or so%eti%es L)hat4>1 8t is used either as an adBe-ti(e or as

a pronoun, and there3ore agrees )ith the noun it re3ers to?:uale

, L)hi-h

<one>4, :uali, L)hi-h <ones>41 +he use o3 :uale rather than che usually i%plies

that there is a -hoi-e, as 3or ea%ple i3 there are so%e books lying on the

table? $uale libro leggi LNhi-h book are you reading4?

$uale can%one preferisci$uali eserci%i facciamo$uali sono i tuoi libriLompro due giornali#4L$uali4 $ual I  la can%one pifamosa

$ual I il Suo indiri%%oHnumerodi

telefono

Nhi-h song do you pre3er

Nhi-h eer-ises are )e doing

Nhi-h are your books

L84% buying t)o papers14 LNhi-h ones4

Nhi-hHNhat is the best.kno)n song

Nhat4s your addressHphone nu%ber

 $ual <)ithout an apostrophe> is used be3ore the 3or%s o3 essere starting)ith a (o)elC used in this )ay, it so%eti%es %eans L)hat4 rather than L)hi-h41

As is seen in so%e o3 the ea%ples in paragraphs 2, ;, ! and ', cosa, checosa, come, do"e  and :uanto  -an also be shortened be3ore the 3or%s o3

essere starting )ith a (o)el, be-o%ing cos4, che cos4, com4, do"4 and

:uant4 <all 1ith an apostrophe>?

os4era :uel rumore Nhat )as that noisehe cos4I successo Nhat happened

om4era lo spettacolo 9o) )as the sho)

!o"4I la sta%ione Nhere is the station

$uant4I costato 9o) %u-h did it -ost

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<) 2nit @

23ercise 4

&o%plete the senten-es )ith chi or cheHcosaHche cosa as appropriate1

=a%ples?  %i -er-a? -hiC 3ate? -heH-osaH-he -osa

sono quei signori

2 di loro I tuo -ugino 2

; &on  us-ite stasera ;

! posso 3are per te !

studiate

6 (iene -on %e 6

'   a--o%pagna /u-a 'D (uoi bere D

@i  I questo libro

0 su--ede 20

23ercise 5

Per  la(ori

  pre3eris-i &a33I o te

A  tele3oni

  (iene alla 3esta

  di-i

  pre3eris-i Gianni o Piero  leggi@a  (ai a -ena

  (uoi 3are stasera

  apre la porta

&o%plete the questions )ith an appropriate )ord <che, come, do"e, :uando,

perchY or :ualeH:ualiH:ual>1

=a%ples? L  non es-i stasera4 L@e(o studiare14? per-hYC L I la

tua bi-i4 LEuella14? qual

L abitate4 LA Milano14

2 L parte l4autobus4 LAlle

D10014

; L  non studi4 L"on sto bene14

! L sta, Pro3essore4 L5ene,

gra:ie14

L I il tuo -o%pleanno4 L8l

20 aprile14

6 L la(oro 3a tuo padre4 L8l

%edi-o14

' L strada de(o prendere4LEuella a destra14

D L I la %ensa4 L@ietro la

 palestra14

L sei in ritardo4 L&4I

s-iopero degli autobus14

0 L I il tuo indiri::o4 LVia

Garibaldi 2214

L genere di %usi-a

as-oltate4 LRo-k14

2 L %ateria pre3eris-i4LS-ien:e14

; L ti (esti per la 3esta4 L&on

la gonna lunga14

! L %etto la bi-i4 L8n garage14

L non (enite -on noi4

LAbbia%o sonno14

6 L I il par-heggio4 L@a(anti

al -ine%a14

' L -o%in-ia la s-uola4 LA

sette%bre14

D L I la -apitale dell48talia4

LRo%a14

L non (ai in (a-an:a4 L"on

ho soldi14

20 L libri leggi4 LRo%an:i di

a((enture14

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2nit @ <*

23ercise 6

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t 3or% o3 :uanto1

=a%ples?  anni hai? quantiC -osta questa %aglietta?quanto

persone (engono

2 Fra  te%po partite 2

; 3ratelli ha /uisa ;

! eser-i:i 3ate !

  stan:e ha la tua -asa

6 gente in(iti 6

' sei alto '

D   pagine dobbia%o D

studiare

%esi ri%anete in 8talia 20

0 guadagni

23ercise A

9o) %any rolls do you Jpl1K )ant

2 Nhere are you Jpl1K going 3or lun-h

; Nho are those people

  3rutta de(o -o%prare

  -ostano quei Beans

  autobus de(i prendere

  dura il -on-erto

@a  studiate italiano

  -artoline spedis-i  spendi al %ese

  a%i-he hai

  libri de(i leggere

  I lontana la dis-ote-a

! Nhat are you Jsing1K doing on Sunday

Nhen are you Jpl1K going on holiday

6 Nhy isn4t /uisa lea(ing

' Nhi-h is your Jsing1K bike

D Nhat 3il% are you Jsing1K )at-hing

Nhi-h o3 the% is 8talian

0 Nhen does the train arri(e

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2NIT T,N

Indirct ob-ct prono%ns 8

Ne sa) in #nit ' that a dire-t obBe-t is the person or thing that the (erb

dire-tly i%pa-ts on1 An indirect  obBe-t is the person or thing that the

a-tion is happening to  or for? Scri"o a arla domani  <84ll )rite toarlato%orro)>C /ando cartoline a tutti i miei amici  <8 send -ards to allmyfriends>1 8n =nglish, the indire-t obBe-t -an usually be pre-eded by Lto4 or

L3or4, but these are (ery o3ten o%itted? -o%pare L8 ga(e the book to @aren4and L8 ga(e @aren the book4, or L84ll pour a glass for Jane4 and L84ll pour

 Jane a glass41

An indire-t obBe-t pronoun repla-es a noun used as an indire-t obBe-t? L8

ga(e the book to herH8 ga(e her the book4, L84ll pour her a glassH84ll pour a glass

3or her418n 8talian, an indire-t obBe-t pronoun repla-es a noun pre-eded by the

 preposition aC it has to agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun it re3ers to1

8ndire-t obBe-t pronouns nor%ally -o%e be3ore the (erb1 8n the 3ollo)ingea%ples, the pronouns are in itali-s?

$uando "edo /aria le raccontotutto#

Jle stands 3or a /aria <3s>K

(on telefono a arlo* gliscri"o#

Jgli stands 3or a arlo <%s>K

Paolo non ci dice mai la"erit#

Jci stands 3or a noiK

Nhen 8 see Maria 84ll tell here(erything1

84% not going to phone &arlo? 84ll

)rite to him1

Paolo ne(er tells us the truth1

2 +he 3or%s o3 the indire-t obBe-t pronouns are as 3ollo)s?

mi to %e

ti to you

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gli J%KHle J3K to hi%HitHher  

ci to us

"i to you

gli J% and 3K to the%

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2nit 83 <

+he third person plural pronoun gli is used 3or both %as-uline and 3e%inine1

For the third person plural, loro -an be used instead o3 gli, but it al)ays3ollo)s the (erbC the %eaning is the sa%e, but the use o3 loro is 3ar less

3requent and is %ore 3or%al1

/i mandi una cartolina daRoma

;i scri"o appena arri"o#? il compleanno di 'nna- leregalo

un !#

Se !ario non ha l4auto* gli dZ unpassaggio#

 Ti impresto i soldi#LScri"i agli %ii4 L(o* gli telefono

domaniH(o* telefono lorodomani#4

Gli dico la "eritH!ico loro la

"erit1

(egati"e form

Nill you send me a post-ard 3ro%

Ro%e

84ll )rite to you as soon as 8 arri(e1

8t4s Anna4s birthday? 84% gi(ing her a

&@1

83 @ario hasn4t got his -ar, 84ll gi(e

him a li3t1

84ll lend you the %oney1

LAre you going to )rite to your

un-les4 L"o, 84ll phone them

to%orro)14

84% going to tell them the truth1

; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?

(on ti impresto i soldi# 8 )on4t lend you the %oney1

(on le scri"o* le telefono# 84% not going to )rite <to her>, 84ll phone her1

(on gli rispondo# 84% not going to reply toHans)er him1

! Nhen an indire-t obBe-t pronoun is used )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usu.

ally a3ter (erbs like do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the

in3initi(e, )hi-h drops the 3inal (o)el?

Le "oglio parlare# or ;oglio parlarle# 8 )ant to talk to her1

Gli de"o scri"ere# or !e"o scri"ergli# 8 %ust )rite to himHthe%1

/i potete telefonare or Potete telefonarmi &an you

 phone me

/i sai dire :uandoor Sai dirmi :uando &an you tell me )hen

=a-h pair o3 senten-es has ea-tly the sa%e %eaning . the 3or% used %akes no

di33eren-e1

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<; 2nit 83

Formal form

+he indire-t obBe-t pronouns used 3or the 3or%al 3or% are Le 3or the

singular <3or both )o%en and %en> and ;i 3or the plural <the pronoun Loro  .a3ter the (erb . -an also be used, but this is (ery 3or%al>?

Le rispondo subito* Signor olli# 84ll ans)er you i%%ediately, Mr &olli1

Le dZ un passaggio* Signora Banfi# 84ll gi(e you a li3t, Mrs 5an3i1Signori Bianco* ;i telefono domani# <Signori Bianco* telefono Loro <Mr and Mrs 5ian-o,> 84ll phone you

domani#>    

23ercise 4

to%orro)1

Re)rite the senten-es, repla-ing the )ords in itali-s )ith the -orre-t indire-t

obBe-t pronoun1

=a%ple? S-ri(ete a Luigi? Gli s-ri(ete

+ele3onia%o a arla1 6

2 Spedis-o le -artoline ai miei amici1 '; Sil(ia ra--onta una storia al D

bambino1

! Regalo un libro alla %ia1 0

Anna s-ri(e alle amiche1

23ercise 5

&hange the senten-es into the negati(e1

=a%ple? Gli s-ri(o? "on gli s-ri(o1

/e parlo di la(oro1 6

2 Mi tele3oni '; Vi regalo dei libri1 D

! Gli o33rite qual-osa

Gli a%i-i le o33rono un gelato1 0

Porto i 3iori alla nonna1S-ri(ia%o ai nostri compagni1Olga e Sil(ia parlano a Giulia1 /a

nonna legge un libro ai nipoti1&osa regalate a /arco

&i s-ri(ete

+i %ando una -artolina1

Vi restituis-o il libro1Paolo %i di-e la (erit1

Gli spedis-o il pa--o1

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2nit 83 <<

23ercise 6

Re)rite the senten-es, -hanging the position o3 the pronoun1

=a%ple? /i de(i -o%prare? @e(i -o%prarli1

/e possia%o s-ri(ere

2 +i de(o parlare1

; Gli (oglio regalare una -hitarra1

! &i puoi tele3onare

Vi de(ono o33rire qual-osaW

23ercise A

6 Mi potete dire tutto1

' /e posso parlare, Signora

D "on gli do(ete s-ri(ere1

 "on ti posso rispondere1

0 /e (oglio -redere1

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the appropriate indire-t obBe-t pronouns1

=a%ples? Mauro ha %olti a%i-i e  tele3ona spesso? gliC /i(ia (uole

 parlare -on te, de(i tele3onar   ? le

L+ele3onate a /uisa4 L"o,  s-ri(ia%o una lettera14

2 Se %i -hiedi qual-osa,  rispondo1

; L&osa regali a tuo padre4 L  regalo una -ra(atta14

! Se (edi le %ie a%i-he, puoi dir   -he le aspetto per do%ani

Signora, posso o33rir   un -a33I

6 L&i portate un regalo, dall48talia4 LS ),  portia%o un panettone14

' L&osa (uoi dir 

 4 LVi (oglio dire la (erit14D Gianni,  presento %ia sorella1

LEuando tele3oni ai nonni4 L  tele3ono do%ani sera14

0 Pro3essore,  de(o parlare1

"on so 3are questo eser-i:io?  dai una %ano

2 @o%ani I il -o%pleanno di Anna? de(o 3ar   gli auguri1

; Paolo di-e se%pre bugie? non  do(ete -redere1

! +ele3ono a Mi-hele e  -hiedo un prestito1

Se non a(ete l4auto,

  dKun passaggio16 Se &arla e Pietro hanno bisogno di soldi,   posso 3are un prestito1' LEuanto ti danno all4ora4 L

  danno euro14D Appena (edo Sil(ia

  rendo i libri1 Se (uoi,

  i%presto la %ia bi-i120 =ttore I un buon a%i-o e

  ra--onto se%pre tutto1

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<= 2nit 83

23ercise

+ranslate into 8talian?

&an you Jsing1K tell /u-ia that 8 )ant to speak to her

2 As soon as 8 arri(e in Ro%e 84ll phone you Jpl1K1

; 8 ha(e to ask you a 3a(our, Mada%1

! Are you Jsing1K gi(ing the% your phone nu%ber

+hey al)ays tell us interesting things1

6 +hey al)ays send %e a -ard )hen they go to 8taly1

' For her birthday, 84% gi(ing her 3lo)ers1

D 84(e got to gi(e you Jsing1K /u-a4s books1

83 you Jpl1K )ant, 84ll tell you a story1

0 Massi%o )rites to %e e(ery )eek1

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2NIT ,L,7,N

Piacere and similar $rbs

  Piacere -orresponds to Lto like4, but it is used in a di33erent )ay 3ro% its

=nglish -ounterpart1 8n 8talian, the subBe-t o3 the (erbHsenten-e is the thing or

 person one likesC the person )ho likes so%ething is denoted by an indire-t obBe-t

 pronoun <see #nit 0>?

/i piace lo sport# 8 like sport1 Jlit1 sport is pleasing to %eK

 Ti piace ballare @o you like dan-ing Jlit1 is dan-ing pleasing to

youK

/i piacciono i gatti# 8 like -ats1 Jlit1 -ats are pleasing to %eK

2  Piacere  is an irregular (erb %ostly used in the third person singular<piace> and plural <piacciono>1 As -an be seen in the ea%ples, piace is used

i3 the thing that one likes is a singular noun or pronoun, or the in3initi(e

o3 a (erbC piacciono is used i3 the things that one likes are a plural noun or

 pronoun?

Singular noun or pronoun

mi <to %e> piace la mia citt1

ti <to you> piace:uestoH:uesta#

gliHle <to hi%Hher> piace il calcio#ci <to us> piace la musicaroc0#"i <to you> piace il tennis#

gli <to the%> piace :uelloH:uella#

;erbmi <to %e> piace leggere#ti <to you> piace andare in bici#gliHle <to hi%Hher> piace sciare#ci <to us> piace guardare la t"#"i <to you> piace dormire#

gli <to the%> piace ballare#

8 like %y ho%e to)n1

*ou like this <one>1

9eHshe likes 3ootball1

Ne like ro-k %usi-1

*ou like tennis1

+hey like that one1

8 like to readHreading1

*ou like to -y-leH-y-ling1

9eHshe likes to skiHskiing1

Ne like to )at-hH)at-hing +V1

*ou like to sleepHsleeping1

+hey like to dan-eHdan-ing1

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=3 2nit 88

Plural noun or pronounmi <to %e> piacciono :uestiH:ueste# 8 like these1

ti <to you> piacciono le ciliegie# *ou like -herries1

gliHle <to hi%Hher> piacciono i roman%i# 9eHshe likes no(els1ci <to us> piacciono :uelliH:uelle# Ne like those1

"i <to you> piacciono gli scher%i# *ou like pra-ti-al Bokes1

gli <to the%> piacciono le auto "eloci#+hey like 3ast -ars1

; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?

(on mi piace la pi%%a# 8 don4t like pi::a1

(on ti piace :uestoH:uesta @on4t you like this <one>(on le piace sciare# She doesn4t like skiing1

(on ci piacciono i "ideogiochi# Ne don4t like (ideo ga%es1

! As usual, 3or the polite 3or% in the singular the 3e%inine pronoun <Le> is

used 3or both %en and )o%enC 3or the plural ;i is nor%ally used?

Le piacciono i funghi* Signora

;anni&Le piace leggere* Signor;anni (on Le piace:uelloH:uella (on Le piacesciareSignori onti* ;i piace l4ItaliaSignori onti* piace Lorol4Italia8

@o you like %ushroo%s, Mrs Vanni

@o you like reading, Mr Vanni@on4t you like that one

@on4t you like skiing

@o you like 8taly, Mr and Mrs &onti

@o you like 8taly, Mr and Mrs &onti

 Loro  is a %u-h %ore 3or%al )ay o3 addressing people in the pluralC it is

al)ays pla-ed a3ter the (erb1

Nhen the person )ho likes so%ething is denoted not by a pronoun but by a

noun, the noun %ust be pre-eded by the preposition a?

' laudia non piace andare ascuola#'llo %io !a"ide piace lamusica

classica#' Piera non piacciono:uestiH:ueste#'i miei nonni piace dormire#

' Franco e Luisa piace "iaggiare#

&laudia doesn4t like going to s-hool1

#n-le @a(ide likes -lassi-al %usi-1

Piera doesn4t like these1

My grandparents like sleeping1

Fran-o and /uisa like tra(elling1

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6 +o %ark a -ontrast, the stressed 3or%s o3 the pronouns <a me, a te, aluiHa lei, a noi, a "oi, a loro . see #nit !> are used instead o3 the unstressed

3or%s?

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2nit 88 =8

' me piace il caff * a te piace ilte#' lui piacciono i gatti* a lei no#' noi piace il calcio* a "oi il tennis#

' loro piace nuotare* a noi piacesciare#' me piace :uestoH:uesta* a Lei:uelloH

:uella#

8 like -o33ee, you like tea1

9e likes -ats, she doesn4t1

Ne like 3ootball, you like tennis1

+hey like s)i%%ing, )e like skiing1

8 like this one, you like that one1

' +here are other (erbs )hi-h are used in the sa%e )ay as piacere? mancare <to%iss> Jlit1 Lto be la-kingH%issing4KC ser"ire <to need> Jlit1 Lto be use3ul4KC bastare <to

 be enoughHsu33i-ient> and sembrare and parere <to see%>?

/i manca il mio raga%%o#

(on "i mancano i "ostrigenitori

 Ti ser"e una penna' Li"ia ser"ono i tuoiconsigli#$uestiH:ueste non cibastano#' me bastano 4> euro e ate

Il comportamento di arlo misembraHmi pare strano#

(on mi sembraHmi paregiusto#

23ercise 4

8 %iss %y boy3riend1 Jlit1 %y boy3riend

is la-king to %eK

@on4t you %iss your parents Jlit1 aren4t

your parents la-king to youK

@o you need a pen

/i(ia needs your ad(i-e1+hese aren4t enough 3or us1

0 euros are su33i-ient 3or %e . are they

3or youHho) about you

&arlo4s beha(iour see%s strange to %e1

8t doesn4t see% 3air to %eH8 don4t think

it4s 3air1

Re)rite the senten-es, repla-ing the )ords in itali-s )ith the -orre-t pronoun1

=a%ple?  ' Sara non pia-e il -a33I? "on le pia-e il -a33I1

' Federica non pia--iono i -ar-io3i1 6

2 ' Giampiero non pia-e guidare1 '

; ' /assimo pia-e (iaggiare1 D! ' Tullio e 'nna pia-e il %are1

'i miei amici pia-e ballare1

0

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23ercise 5

&hange the senten-es into the negati(e1

' me e a /arco non pia-e il pes-e1

' te e a /arina pia-e nuotare

' /ara pia--iono i 3il% 3ran-esi1

'lla mamma non pia-e stirare1

'llo %io pia-e andare in %oto1

=a%ple? Mi pia-e la pioggia? "on %i pia-e la pioggia1

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=) 2nit 88

/e pia-e andare in -entro il sabato1

2 +i pia-e la %usi-a -lassi-a

; Gli pia--iono i 3unghi1

! Vi pia-e guardare la tele(isione Mi pia--iono i 3il% di 3antas-ien:a1

23ercise 6

Nrite senten-es epressing your taste1

6 Gli pia-e la s-uola1

' &i pia--iono le -an:oni italiane1

D /e pia--iono gli spaghetti1

Mi pia-e s-iare1

0 Vi pia-e la -io--olata al latte

=a%ple? -a(alli? <"on> %i pia--iono i -a(alli1

la 3ruttaC 2 il -al-ioC ; le 3ragoleC ! gio-are a tennisC us-ire -on gli a%i-iC 6 i

gattiC ' la pi::aC D i dol-iC ballareC 0 le (a-an:e

23ercise A

+aking the )ords in the t)o -olu%ns belo), )rite a33ir%ati(e or negati(e

senten-es using the (erb piacere1

=a%ple? Maria le patate? A Maria <non> pia--iono le patate1

/uigi il -a33I sen:a :u--hero

2 il pro3essore le poesie di /eopardi

; %ia sorella andare al -ine%a

! i %iei -ugini i 3il% di Fellini

il pri%o %inistro la politi-a

23ercise

Supply the -orre-t 3or% o3 the (erbs in bra-kets1

=a%ple? Euei libri %i <se%brare> interessanti? se%brano

&i <bastare> questo pane

2 Vi <se%brare> bello quel 3il%

; &i <pia-ere> le auto sporti(e1

! A Sebastiano <%an-are> la %a%%aW

LVoglio -o%prare una %oto14 L+i <ser(ire> dei soldi4

6 A /i(io <%an-are> i soldi per le (a-an:e1

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2nit 88 =*

' Euello -he di-i %i <se%brare> interessante1

D Mi <ser(ire> delle s-arpe nuo(e1

Euale di quei due libri ti <parere> %igliore

0 "on ti <bastare> 20 euro

23ercise E

+ranslate into 8talian, using the (erbs piacere, sembrare, ser"ire, mancare or 

bastare1

An hour isn4t enough 3or %eW

2 Gio(anni needs a pen1

; /ynne4s %issing her 8talian 3riends1

! @o you Jsing1K like -ho-olate

She doesn4t like going to the -ine%a1

6 @o you Jpl1K need a li3t

' +hey need a pen and a notebook1

D @o you 3ind the sho) boring, Mada%

@o you Jsing1K need help

0 8 like reading1

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2NIT TW,L7,

T' prsnt pr!ct tns

9se of the present perfect

+he present per3e-t <Lpassato prossi%o4> is one o3 the t)o %ost used past

tenses o3 the indi-ati(e in 8talian <the other is the i%per3e-t <Li%per3etto4> >1

+he present per3e-t is o3ten used like the =nglish present per3e-t <e1g1 L8 ha"eseen it4, LShe has gone ho%e4> to state that an a-tion has happened in the past,

 but that its e33e-ts are still lasting in the present1 9o)e(er, in "orthern 8taly

and in the language o3 the %edia, it is also equi(alent to the =nglish si%ple past <e1g1 L8 sa1 it4, LShe 1ent ho%e4>, re3erring to a-tions )hi-h happened in a

%ore distant past and ha(e no i%%ediate -onsequen-es in the present18ndeed, it %ore o3ten -orresponds to the =nglish si%ple past than to the

=nglish present per3e-t1 8n other )ords, in 8talian, the di33eren-e bet)een

 present per3e-t <Lpassato prossi%o4> and si%ple past <Lpassato re%oto4> is not

al)ays %arked, and it is al)ays possible to use the 3or%er?

(apoleone I morto il maggio

454#L4estate scorsa siamo andatiin

"acan%a sul lago di Garda#(ina I nata in Russia#L4anno scorso* mi hannoregalato

una mountain bi0e#

 "apoleon died on May D21/ast su%%er )e )ent to /ake Garda

3or ourHa holiday1

 "ina )as born in Russia1

/ast year, they ga(e %e a %ountain

 bike1

2 +he present per3e-t is a -o%pound tense and is 3or%ed, as in =nglish, )ith

the present tense o3 the auiliary (erb 3ollo)ed by the past parti-iple o3 the

(erb?

Ho "isto un bel film# 8 sa)Hha"e seen a lo(ely 3il%1

Ha telefonato /arco# Mar-o phonedHhas phoned1

Sono rimasto a casa# 8 stayedHha"e stayed at ho%e1

'nna I uscita# Anna )ent outHhas gone out1

Sono andati in piscina@id they goHHa"e they gone to the s)i%%ing

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 pool

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2nit 8) =

As the ea%ples -on3ir%, the Lpassato prossi%o4 %ay -orrespond to either the

si%ple past or the present per3e-t in =nglish1 5ut there are also other di33eren-es

 bet)een the 8talian and =nglish stru-tures? there is only one auiliary (erb in

=nglish <Lto ha(e4>, but in 8talian there is a -hoi-e o3 t)o,a"ere

 andessere

C

)hen essere is used, the past parti-iple has to agree in gender and nu%ber

)ith the subBe-tC 3inally, )hether to use a"ere  or essere is not usually a free-hoi-e1 Ne )ill look at all these di33eren-es in detail, but 3irst )e need to look at

the 3or%s o3 the 8talian past parti-iple1

Forms of the past participle

; +he regular 3or%s o3 the past parti-iple are obtained by -hanging theending o3 the in3initi(e as 3ollo)s?

Infiniti"e in .are Infiniti"e in .ere Infiniti"e in .ire.ato .uto .ito

Infiniti"e Past participleparlare parlato <to speak> spoken

mangiare mangiato <to eat> eatencadere caduto <to 3all> 3allen

"olere "oluto <to )ant> )anted

piacere piaciuto8 <to like> liked

conoscere conosciuto8 <to kno)H%eet 3or the 3irst ti%e> kno)nH%et

partire partito <to lea(e> le3t

capire capito <to understand> understood

Verbs ending in .cere <or .scere> keep the Lso3t4 sound o3 c <or sc> and

there3ore add an i be3ore the .uto ending <.iuto>1

+he past parti-iple o3 (erbs in .urre ends in .otto?

Infiniti"e Past participlecondurre condotto <to leadHdri(eH%anage> ledHdri(enH%anaged

tradurre tradotto <to translate> translated

produrre prodotto <to produ-e> produ-ed

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=; 2nit 8)

! 8n 8talian, as in %ost languages, %any (erbs ha(e an irregular past parti.

-iple, )hi-h is best learned by heart and )ith use1 9ere is a list o3 the %ost

3requently used?

Infiniti"e Past participleaccendereacceso <to turn onHs)it-h on> turned onHs)it-hed on

aprire aperto <to open> opened

bere be"uto <to drink> drunk 

chiedere chiesto <to ask> asked

chiudere chiuso <to -lose> -losed

decidere deciso <to de-ide> de-ided

dire detto <to sayHtell> saidHtold

essere stato8 <to be> been

fare fatto <to doH%ake> doneH%ade

leggere letto <to read> read

mettere messo <to putHput on> putHput on

perdere persoHperduto88 <to lose> lost

prendere preso <to take> taken

rendere reso <to returnHgi(e ba-k> returnedHgi(en ba-k 

rimanere rimasto <to re%ainHstay> re%ainedHstayed

rispondere risposto <to ans)er> ans)eredrompere rotto <to break> broken

scendere sceso <to go do)nHdes-end> gone do)nHdes-ended

scri"ere scritto <to )rite> )ritten

spegnere spento <to turn o33Hs)it-h o33> turned o33Hs)it-hed o33 

spendere speso <to spend> spent

succederesuccesso <to happen> happened

togliere tolto <to take a)ayHo33> taken a)ayHo33 

"edere "istoH"eduto88 <to see> seen"enire "enuto <to -o%e> -o%e

"incere "into <to )in> )on

"i"ere "issuto <to li(e> li(ed

 Stato is also the past parti-iple o3 stare1

+he regular 3or%s perduto and "eduto are rarely used1

 The present perfect

+he present per3e-t in 8talian is 3or%ed )ith the present indi-ati(e o3 a"ereor essere <auiliary (erbs> 3ollo)ed by the past parti-iple o3 the (erb1 9ere are

t)o ea%ples, one using a"ere and the other essere?

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2nit 8) =<

Present of a"erePast participle ofscri"ere<io> ho scritto<tu> hai scritto<luiHlei> ha scritto<noi> abbiamo scritto<(oi> a"ete scritto<loro> hanno scritto

Present of esserePast participle ofandare<io> sono andatoHandata

<tu> sei andatoHandata<luiHlei> I  andatoHandata<noi> siamo andatiHandate<(oi> siete andatiHandate<loro> sono andatiHandate

8 )roteHha(e )ritten

you )roteHha(e )ritten

heHsheHit )roteHhas )ritten

)e )roteHha(e )rittenyou )roteHha(e )ritten

they )roteHha(e )ritten

8 )entHha(e gone

you )entHha(e gone

heHsheHit )entHhas gone

)e )entHha(e gone

you )entHha(e gone

they )entHha(e gone

6 As -an be seen, )hen the present per3e-t is 3or%ed )ith a"ere the past

 parti-iple does not -hangeC but )hen the present per3e-t is 3or%ed )ith esserethe past parti-iple beha(es like an adBe-ti(e, agreeing in gender and nu%ber

)ith the subBe-t o3 the (erb1 9ere are so%e ea%ples?

'"ere

Li"ia ha guardato latele"isione#Hai comprato il pane

Ha prenotato* Signor Ferro

2ssere/onica I uscita1 J3sK

Pietro I stato malato# J%sK

Fabia e Sil"ia sonorimaste a

casa# J3pK

Giulia e Sebastiano sonopartiti#

J%pK

Sono andata al cinema# J3sK

Siamo arri"ati tardi# J%pK

Signor Poli* Lei :uandoI 

arri"ato8 J%sK

Signora Poli* Lei :uando I arri"ata&8 J3sK

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/i(ia <has> )at-hed +V1

@id you buyH9a(e you bought

the

 bread

@id you bookH9a(e you booked,

Mr

Ferro

Moni-a )ent outHMoni-a4s goneout1 Pietro4s been ill1

Fabia and Sil(ia <ha(e> stayed at ho%e1

Giulia and Sebastiano <ha(e> le3t1

8 )entH84(e been to the -ine%a1 Jthe

speaker is 3e%aleK

Ne <ha(e> arri(ed late1 Jthe speakers are

%ales or a %ied groupK

Nhen did you arri(e, Mr Poli

Nhen did you arri(e, Mrs Poli

Nhen the polite 3or% is used and the auiliary is essere, the past parti-iple

agrees )ith the gender o3 the person being spoken to, not )ith Lei1

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== 2nit 8)

Present perfect of a"ere and essere

'  '"ere 3or%s the present per3e-t )ith the auiliary a"ere?

ho a"uto 8 hadHha(e hadhai a"uto you hadHha(e had

ha a"uto heHsheHit hadHhas had

abbiamo a"uto )e hadHha(e had

a"ete a"uto you hadHha(e had

hanno a"uto they hadHha(e had

2ssere 3or%s the present per3e-t )ith the auiliary essere?

sono statoHstata 8 )asHha(e been

sei statoHstata you )ereHha(e been

I statoHstata heHsheHit )asHhas been

siamo statiHstate )e )ereHha(e been

siete statiHstate you )ereHha(e been

sono statiHstate they )ereHha(e been

La settimana scorsa abbiamo a"uto ospiti# /ast )eek )e had guests1

 Tanya ha a"uto la "aricella# +anya has had -hi-kenpo1(ina I stata malata#  "ina has been ill1

!es I stato mio studente# @es )as a student o3 %ine1

D /ike the present, the present per3e-t o3 essere -an be used )ith the pronoun

ci <see #nit !>? c4I statoHstata <there )asHhas been>, ci sono statiHstate <there

)ereHha(e been>?

4I stata un4allu"ione# +here )asHhas been a 3lood1

i sono stati troppo incidenti#+here )ereHha(e been too %any a--idents1

2ssere or a"ere

@e-iding )hether to use essere or a"ere -an be a bit o3 a proble%1 +he only

3ir% rules are those go(erning transiti"e (erbs <i1e1 (erbs )hi-h -an ha(e a

dire-t obBe-t> and refle3i"e (erbs <see #nit 20>1 +ransiti(e (erbs al)ays use

a"ereC re3lei(e (erbs al)ays use essere1As 3or intransiti(e (erbs, so%e use a"ere and others essere1 8n general, it -an

 be said that (erbs o3 %o(e%ent <su-h as andare <to go>, "enire <to -o%e>,

partire  <to lea(e>, uscire  <to go out>, entrare  <to go inH-o%e in>> or

non%o(e%ent <su-h as rimanere  <to re%ain>, restare  <to stayHre%ain>>, and

(erbs o3 state <su-h as essere, di"entare <to be-o%e>, cambiare <to -hange>,

crescere <to gro)>> use the auiliary essere1 9o)e(er, this is not a hard and

3ast rule? there are intransiti(e (erbs )hi-h take a"ere1

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2nit 8) =@

Ho conosciuto i genitori diGianni#

Jtransiti(eK

'"ete spedito le "ostrecartoline

Jtransiti(eK

$uanto hai speso Jtransiti(eK

Ieri sera siamo andati a unconcerto

roc0# Jintransiti(eK

!omenica scorsa siamorimasti a

casa# Jintransiti(eKIl tempo I  cambiato#Jintransiti(eK Ho dormito bene#Jintransiti(eK

8 <ha(e> %et Gianni4s parents1

@id you sendH9a(e you sent your

 post-ards

9o) %u-h did you spend/ast night )e )ent to a ro-k -on-ert1

/ast Sunday )e stayed at ho%e1

+he )eather4s -hanged1

8 slept )ell1

+o help in -hoosing the right auiliary, here is a list o3 -o%%on (erbs )hi-h

3or% the present per3e-t )ith essere?

Infiniti"e Present perfectandare sono andatoH.a 8 )entHha(e gone

arri"are sono arri"atoH.a 8 arri(edHha(e arri(ed

bastare8 I bastatoH.a it )asHhas been enough

sono bastatiH.e they )ereHha(e been enough

costare8 I costatoH.a it -ostHhas -ost

sono costatiH.e they -ostHha(e -ost

crescere sono cresciutoH.a 8 gre)Hha(e gro)n

di"entare sono di"entatoH.a 8 be-a%eHha(e be-o%eentrare sono entratoH.a 8 )entHha(e gone inH8 enteredHha(e entered

essere sono statoH.a 8 )asHha(e been

morire8 I mortoH.a heHsheHit diedHhas died

sono mortiH.enascere sono natoH.a 8 )as born

partire sono partitoH.a 8 le3tHha(e le3t

piacere8 I piaciutoH.a it pleasedHhas pleased

sono piaciutiH.e they pleasedHha(e pleasedrestare sono restatoH.a 8 stayedHre%ainedH8 ha(e stayedHre%ained

rimanere sono rimastoH.a 8 stayedHre%ainedH8 ha(e stayedHre%ained

+ri,tornare sono +ri,tornatoH.a 8 -a%e ba-kHha(e -o%e ba-k 

riuscire sono riuscitoH.a 8 su--eededH%anagedH8 ha(e su--eededH

%anaged

sembrare sono sembratoH.a 8 see%edHha(e see%ed

stare sono statoH.a 8 stoodHstayedH8 ha(e stoodHstayed

succedere8 I successoH.a it happenedHhas happened

sono successiH.e they happenedHha(e happened

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uscire sono uscitoH.a 8 )ent outHha(e gone out

"enire sono "enutoH.a 8 -a%eHha(e -o%e

+hese (erbs are nor%ally only used in the third person singular and plural?

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@3 2nit 8)

I soldi sono bastati#$uanto  costata :uella biciLa bici  costata piF di =>>

euro# /olti ci"ili sono morti#Le   piaciuto il film*Signora!a allora sono succesemolte

cose#

+he %oney )as enough1

9o) %u-h did that bi-y-le -ost

+he bike -ost o(er 00 euros1

Many -i(ilians diedHha(e died1

@id you like the 3il%<, Mada%>Sin-e then %any things ha(e happenedH

A3ter that %any things happened1

"ote that succedere is an i%personal (erb? so%ething or things -an happen,

 but succedere -annot be used like the =nglish LI happened to be in Ro%e4

et-1

(egati"e form

0 +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the auiliary?

Ieri non sono andato ascuola#Lisa non I  riuscita a finire:uel

la"oro#(on hai telefonato a Fabia

8 didn4t go to s-hool yesterday1

/isa didn4t %anageHhasn4t %anaged to3inish that Bob1

@idn4t you phoneH9a(en4t you phoned

Fabia

+he ad(erbs ancora <again>, mai <e(er>, pi <%oreHagain> and gi <already>are nor%ally pla-ed bet)een the auiliary and the (erb <e1g1 Ho gi risposto<84(e already replied>>1 Nhen they are used in the negati(e . non # # # ancora<not 1 1 1 yet>, non # # # mai <ne(er>, non # # # pi <not 1 1 1 any %oreHnot 1 1 1 againH

no 1 1 1 longer> <see also #nit 6, paragraph 2> . non is pla-ed be3ore the

auiliary?

Sei ancora andato inbiblioteca

Siete mai stati su unghiacciaioHai pi "isto i tuoi amici(on abbiamo ancora preso il

biglietto#Paola non I  mai stata a

;ene%ia# arlo non ha pi

telefonato#

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@id you goH9a(e you been to the library

again

9a(e you e(er been on a gla-ier 9a(e

you <e(er> seen your 3riends again Ne

ha(en4t bought the ti-ket yet1

Paola has ne(er been to Veni-e1

&arlo didn4t phoneHhasn4t <e(er> phoned

again1

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2nit 8) @8

!o"ere* potere* "olere

2 +he present per3e-t o3 do"ere, potere  and "olere  is nor%ally 3or%ed

)ith the auiliary a"ere, but )hen they are 3ollo)ed by a (erb )hi-h 3or%sthe present per3e-t )ith essere, they %ay take essere as )ellC i3 essere  is

used, the past parti-iple o3 the (erb agrees )ith the subBe-t?

I nostri amici hanno do"uto partire#I nostri amici sono do"uti partire#ecilia non ha potuto andare inIrlanda# ecilia non I potuta andarein Irlanda# PerchY non a"ete "olutouscirePerchY non siete "oluti uscire

Our 3riends had to lea(e1

&e-ilia -ouldn4t go to 8reland1

Nhy didn4t you )ant to go out

Re%e%ber that it is ne(er )rong to use a"ere?

Ho do"uto la"orare#/aria ha do"uto rimanere a

casa# 2lena non ha potutotelefonare#

2lena e Sergio non hannopotuto

entrare#

23ercise 4

8 <ha(e> had to )ork1

Maria <has> had to stay at ho%e1

=lena -ouldn4tHhasn4t been able to

 phone1=lena and Sergio -ouldn4tHha(en4t

 been able to get in1

Supply the -orre-t endings 3or the past parti-iples, ensuring that they agree

)ith the subBe-t1

=a%ple? /e %ie a%i-he sono us-it ? us-ite

Fran-es-a e Filippo sono restat  a -asa12 Giulia e Susanna non sono us-it  ieri sera1

; "i-oletta I andat  in (a-an:a1

! 8 %iei a%i-i sono arri(at  do%eni-a s-orsa1

Euando Fabia I entrat  , ha (isto gli a%i-i1

6 Pierluigi non I rius-it  a 3inire il la(oro1

' Pro3essor Rossi, quando I arri(at 

D +i I pia-iut  la partita

Euanto sono -ostat  quei libri0 Euando I nat

  tua sorella

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@) 2nit 8)

23ercise 5

Supply the present per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? Anna <partire> ieri? I partita

@o(e <tu -o%prare> quelle

s-arpe

2 =ttore <regalare> un porta3oglio

a /uisa1

; 8eri sera <noi andare> a un

-on-erto1

! @o(e <(oi tro(are> quei 3ogli

<tu spegnere> la lu-e

6 Euanta gente <(enire> alla 3esta

' Signora @epaoli, <portare> i

do-u%enti

D <(oi prendere> il giornale

8eri <io (edere> le %ie a%i-he1

0  "on <tu potere> 3inire il la(oro

23ercise 6

<io do(ere> studiare %olto per 

questo esa%e1

2 Fran-o <us-ire> tardi e <perdere>

l4autobus1

; &hi ti <s-ri(ere> quella lettera

! <noi gio-are> a pallone tutto il

 po%eriggio1

Federi-a <-o%in-iare> il nuo(o

la(oro1

6 /oren:o non <(olere> us-ire1

' @o(e <tu %ettere> i libri

D <tu potere> parlare -ol pro3essore

<(oi a(ere> te%po per 3are tutto

20 <tu leggere> il giornale di oggi

Supply the present per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? 8l dottore <us-ire>? I us-ito

<noi do(ere> la(orare tutto il

giorno1

2 @o(e <(oi %angiare>

; A -he ora <tu partire>

! &hi <tele3onare>

&laudia <(olere> restare a -asa1

6 <tu -onos-ere> il 3ratello di

Piero' Sil(ia <do(ere> andare in

ospedale1

D <(oi a--o%pagnare> /ina alla

sta:ione

&hi <(in-ere> il -a%pionato

0 <tu 3inire> i -o%piti

 "on <io -apire> nulla12 <tu portare> i libri in bibliote-a

;  "on <noi rius-ire> a 3inire in

te%po1

! &osa <(oi de-idere>

&arla <a(ere> la 3ebbre1

6 #go e Marina non <(enire> a -ena

da noi1

' &he -osa <(oi 3are> do%eni-aD 8l treno <partire> -on %e::4ora di

ritardo1

/a nonna <essere> -ontenta di

(eder%i1

20 &hi <tradurre> questo libro

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2nit 8) @*

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian?

Ne4(e already done this eer-ise1

2 8 ha(en4t 3inished reading the paper yet1

; Ste3ano4s ne(er been to Ro%e1

! 8 didn4t see Roberto again a3ter the party1

9a(e you Jpl1K already paid the bill

6 Giulia hasn4t started )orking yet1

' &arlo -ouldn4t )ork any %ore1

D 84(e ne(er %et her parents1

9a(e you Jsing1K )ritten the letters already

0 84(e ne(er seen that 3il%1

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2NIT T4IRT,,N

Dirct and indirct ob-ct prono%ns )

Nhen a dire-t obBe-t pronoun is used )ith a (erb in the present per3e-t <or

any other -o%pound tense>, the past parti-iple %ust agree in gender andnu%ber )ith the pronoun?

LHai in"itato 'nna e Sara4 LS)* le

ho in"itate#4L'"ete portato i libri4 LS )

* liabbiamo portati#4

Ho comprato delle rose ele

ho date a Luisa#Lhi ha scritto :uestamusica4 

LL4ha scritta Bob /arley#4 

L!o"e hai comprato :uellescarpe4 LLe ho comprateal mercato#4

Ho 5 compagni di classe e liho

in"itati tutti alla mia festadi

compleanno#

(on ci hanno in"itati allafesta#

/auro mi ha accompagnataalla

sta%ione# Ti hanno in"itata

L@id you in(ite Anna and Sara4 L*es, 8

in(ited the%14

L9a(e you brought the books4 L*es,

)e4(e brought the%14

8 bought so%e roses and ga(e the% to

/uisa1LNho )rote this %usi-4 L5ob Marley

)rote it14

LNhere did you buy those shoes4 L8

 bought the% at the %arket14

8 ha(e 2 -lass%ates and 84(e in(ited all

o3 the% to %y birthday party1

+hey didn4t in(ite us to the party1 J)e

are all %ales, or %ied %ales and

3e%alesK

Mauro took %e to the station1 Jthe

speaker is 3e%aleK

@id they in(ite you Jthe person

addressed is 3e%aleK

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Parti-ular -are %ust be taken )hen the gender is not sho)n in the pronoun, as

in the last three ea%ples1

 "ote that )hen the polite 3or% is used, the past parti-iple al)ays agrees

)ith the 3e%inine pronoun La, not )ith the gender o3 the person being

spoken to?

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2nit 8* @

Signor Belli* chi L>ha in"itata Nho in(ited you, Mr 5elli

!ottor Ranieri* L4abbiamo "ista Ne sa) you on tele(ision last night,

ieri sera alla tele"isione# @r Ranieri1

2 +he rule gi(en abo(e does not apply to indirect obBe-t pronouns? )ith these,

the past parti-iple o3 the (erb ne(er -hanges?

LHai telefonato a 'nna e Sara4

LS )* gli ho telefonato#4$uando I  "enuta Li"ia* le hoofferto

un gelato#

Ho parlato con arla e le hodetto

tutto#(on ci hanno scritto#

L@id you phone Anna and Sara4 L*es,

8 phoned the%14

Nhen /i(ia -a%e 8 o33ered her an i-e

-rea%1

8 spoke to &arla and told her

e(erything1

+hey didn4t )rite to us1

; As )e sa) in #nits ' and 0, )hen a dire-t or indire-t obBe-t pronoun

o--urs in a senten-e together )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usually a3ter do"ere,

potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the in3initi(e18n these senten-es, )hen the %ain (erb is in the present per3e-t <or any

other -o%pound tense> there is no agree%ent o3 the past parti-iple, e(en )ith

dire-t obBe-t pronouns?

LHai letto tutti i libri4 LS )* hodo"uto leggerli tutti#4

armen mi ha scritto una

lettera*ma non ho ancora potutoleggerla#

!aniela ha moltecompagne di

scuola* ma non ha "olutoin"itarle alla festa#

L'"ete fatto gli eserci%i4  L(o*

nonabbiamo saputo farli#4

L@id you read all the books4 L*es, 8

had to read all o3 the%14

&ar%en )rote %e a letter, but 8 still

ha(en4t been able to read it1

@aniela4s got a lot o3 s-hool 3riends,

 but she didn4t )ant toH)ouldn4t ask

the% to the party1

L@id you do the eer-ises4 L"o, )e

-ouldn4tHdidn4t kno) ho) to do

the%14

9o)e(er, )hen the dire-t obBe-t pronoun is not atta-hed to the in3initi(e, the

 past parti-iple %ust agree )ith it?

LHai letto tutti i libri4 LS )* li hodo"uti leggere tutti#4

armen mi ha scritto una lettera*

ma non l4ho ancora potutaleggere#

!aniela ha molte compagne

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discuola* ma non le ha "olutein"itare alla festa#

L@id you read all the books4 L*es, 8

had to read all o3 the%14

&ar%en )rote %e a letter but 8 still

ha(en4t been able to read it1

@aniela4s got a lot o3 s-hool 3riends,

 but she didn4t )ant toH)ouldn4t ask

the% to the party1

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@; 2nit 8*

H'"ete fatto gli eserci%i> H(o* non L@id you do the eer-ises4 L"o, )e

li abbiamo saputi fare#4 -ouldn4tHdidn4t kno) ho) to do

the%14

! 8n -onte%porary spoken 8talian <and so%eti%es in )ritten 8talian as )ell>,

agree%ent o3 the past parti-iple )ith 3irst and se-ond person dire-t obBe-t

 pronouns tends not to be obser(edC this is the -ase )ith both singular <mi, ti> and

 plural <ci, "i>, so quite o3ten you )ill hear <or read> senten-es like the 3ollo)ing?

LSusanna* chi ti haaccompagnato4

Jinstead o3 ti ha

accompagnataKL/i ha accompagnatoSebastiano#4 

Jinstead o3 mi haaccompagnataK

i ha in"itato alla festa#  Jinstead

o3

ci ha in"itatiK

;i ho "isto entrare alcinema#

Jinstead o3 "i ho "istiK

LSusanna, )ho )ent )ithHtook you4

LSebastiano )ent )ithHtook %e14

9eHShe has asked us to the party1 8

sa) you go into the -ine%a1

9o)e(er, the agree%ent is al)ays %ade )ith the third person pronouns <lo,

la, li, le>?

L4ha accompagnataSebastiano#Li ho in"itati alla festa#L$uando hai "isto arla eLi"ia4

LLe ho "iste ieri#4

23ercise 4

Sebastiano )ent )ithHtook her1

84(e asked the% to the party1

LNhen did you see &arla and /i(ia4 L8

sa) the% yesterday14

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the dire-t obBe-t pronouns, %aking sure that the

 past parti-iple agrees1

=a%ple? 9o (isto Gianna e  ho in(itat? l4ho in(itata

9o -o%prato dei 3iori e

  ho %ess in un (aso12 /a :ia I partita e   ho a--o%pagnatalla sta:ione1; 9o (isto delle belle s-arpe e

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! /ara ha aperto le 3inestre, %a /u-a  ha -hius1

Mi hanno regalato dei bis-otti e  ho %angiat tutti1

6 /uisa, non hai sentito -he &laudio  ha -hia%at

' Gaetano ha preso il giornale e ha lett1

D LVi hanno in(itati alla 3esta4 L"o, non  hanno in(itat14

L9ai preso i biglietti per il -on-erto4 LS ),  ho pres14

0 &er-hi i libri  ho dat a Gio(anni1

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2nit 8* @<

23ercise 5

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t dire-t or indire-t obBe-t pronoun,

%aking sure that the past parti-iple agrees )here ne-essary1

=a%ples? "on ho tele3onato a Maria,  ho s-ritt? le ho s-rittoC

9o -o%prato una %inigonna rossa e ho indossat per la

3esta? l4ho indossata

9o in-ontrato /ina e  ho o33ert un -a33I1

2 &er-o Paola e Gianni,  a(ete (ist

; "on ho la bi-i-letta per-hI ho i%prestat a Filippo1! "on ho s-ritto a Paola,

  ho tele3onat1 @o(e sono le -hia(i &hi

  ha pres6 Parlo bene l4italiano e il tedes-o per-hY

  ho studiat per sette anni1' 8eri ho (isto Alessandro e

  ha presentat sua sorella1D &aterina, -hi

  ha a--o%pagnat ieri sera Oggi I il -o%pleanno di @aniela,

  hai %andat gli auguri0 Gianna I una (e--hia a%i-a?

 ho -onos-iut otto anni 3a1 L@o(e a(ete las-iato la bi-i4 L

 abbia%o las-iat in strada142 9ai tele3onato a Gia-o%o &he -osa  hai dett

; L9ai -o%prato i 3ran-obolli4 LS ),  ho -o%prat14

! Signora, /4ho -er-ata ieri, %a non ho tro(at1

Sebastiano ha %olte a%i-he e io  ho -onos-iut tutte1

6 L&osa hai detto a Matteo4 L"on  ho dett nulla14

' L&hi ha pagato il -onto4 L ha pagat %ia %adre14

D L&osa hai ra--ontato a Giulia4 L  ho ra--ontat la (erit14

Pro3essore, -hi ha a--o%pagnat in aeroporto

20 Euesta I una ri(ista %olto interessante?  ho lett tutta1

23ercise 6

Re)rite the senten-es as sho)n in the ea%ple1

=a%ple? 9o do(uto -o%prarle? /e ho do(ute -o%prare1

 "on ho saputo 3arli1

2 9o (oluto (ederli1

;  "on abbia%o potuto -hia%arlo1

! 9anno potuto aiutar(i

Abbia%o do(uto in(itarla1

6  "on ha saputo tradurle1' A(ete do(uto a--o%pagnarle

D 9a (oluto %angiarla1

9ai potuto (ederli

0  "on hanno (oluto 3arle1

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@= 2nit 8*

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian1

Sabina hasn4t in(ited %e J3K1

2 Nho -alled you J3sK

; Ne phoned the% yesterday1

! 8 looked 3or you J%pK, but 8 didn4t 3ind you1

&hiara took us to the bus stop1

6 8 sent you Jpl1K a post-ard . did you re-ei(e it

' My grandparents ga(e %e 00 euros, but 84(e already spent it1 JSay? Lspent

the%4K

D 8 bought t)o rolls and ate the%1

L9a(e you Jsing1K s)it-hed the light o334 L*es, 84(e s)it-hed it o3314

0 &arla hasn4t been able to help the% J3K1

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2NIT 0O2RT,,N

Dirct and indirct ob-ct prono%ns*: strssd !orms

@ire-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns do not only ha(e the unstressed <or

)eak> 3or%s that )e sa) in #nits ', 0 and ;? they also ha(e stressed<or strong> 3or%s?

!irect ob7ect stressed forms Indirect ob7ect stressed formsme a mete a teluiHleiHLei a luiHa leiHa Lei

noi a noi"oi a "oiloroHLoro8 a loroHa Loro

As usual, the pronoun Lei <third person singular 3e%inine> and the pronoun

Loro <third person plural> are used 3or the 3or%al 3or%1

2 +he stressed 3or%s o3 dire-t obBe-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns are used to

gi(e e%phasis to the pronoun or to stress a -ontrastC unlike unstressed 3or%s,

they nor%ally -o%e a3ter the (erb, e-ept )hen used )ith the (erbs piacere,sembrare, ser"ire, bastare, parere  and mancare  <see #nit >1 Stressed

3or%s al)ays re3er to people, not obBe-ts?

hiamo "oi* non loro#;edo lei* ma non "edo lui#'spetto Francesco* non te#In"ito solo te#

In"ito solo Lei* SignorPaoli# ' me non piace ilcaff I1

' me sembra giusto# Telefono a te* ma non aloro#Billy scri"e a noi e non aisuoi

genitori#!e"i rendere i soldi a me* non a

miofratello#

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84% -allingHphoning you, not the%1

8 -an see her, but 8 -an4t see hi%1 84%

)aiting 3or Fran-es-o, not you1 84% only

in(iting you1

84% only in(iting you, Mr Paoli1 Idon4t like -o33ee1

I think it4s 3airH8t see%s 3air to me1

84ll phone you, but not the%1

5illy )rites to us and not his parents1

*ou4(e got to gi(e me the %oney, not

%y brother1

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833 2nit 89

 "ote the di33eren-e bet)een the t)o senten-es L"on %i pia-e il -a33I4 and

LA %e non pia-e il -a33I41 +he 3irst si%ply states that 8 don4t like -o33ee, )hile

the se-ond puts the e%phasis on the pronoun L%e4, i%plying that there are

 people )ho do like -o33ee but 8 a% not one o3 the%1 +he sa%e applies to

the senten-es LMi se%bra giusto4 and LA %e se%bra giusto4? the se-ond

senten-e stresses the 3a-t that there are other people )ho don4t  think it4s

3air1

; As the abo(e ea%ples suggest, stressed dire-t and indire-t obBe-t

 pronouns cannot be used to refer to ob7ects1 Nhen re3erring to obBe-ts,

the noun has to be repeated <as is also generally the -ase in =nglish>?

LPrendi la frutta e il dolce4 LPrendo

la frutta* ma non il dolce#4J"ot LPrendo lei* ma non lui#4K

LPorti la chitarra e i !4 LPortoi

! ma non la chitarra#4 J"ot

LPorto loro ma non lei#4K

LAre you ha(ing the 3ruit and thes)eet4 L84% ha(ing the 3ruit, but

not the s)eet14

LAre you bringing the guitar and the

&@s4 L84ll bring the &@s, but not

the guitar14 Jor, at a pin-h, L84ll bring

them, but not it14K

! +he stressed 3or%s o3 the obBe-t pronouns are used a3ter all prepositions

<see #nit D>, not Bust a1 +his is true e(en )hen no e%phasis is required?

;engo con Lei* Signora#hi di loro non "uole"enire Puoi dormire da

me* stasera# Faccio:uesto per te#Puoi contare su di me#8!opo di te8 ci sono io#(on ho nulla contro di "oi#8

84% -o%ing )ith you<, Mada%>1

Nhi-h o3 the% doesn4t )ant to -o%e

*ou -an sleep at %y pla-e tonight1 84%

doing this 3or you1

*ou -an -ount on %e1

A3ter you it4s %eH%y turn1

84(e got nothing against you1

Nhen su, sopra, dopo, contro  are used )ith a personal pronoun, the

 pronoun is pre-eded by the preposition di <see #nit D, paragraphs , 20>1

+he stressed 3or%s are also al)ays used )hen the (erb has t)o pronoun

dire-t or indire-t obBe-ts, e(en )here no e%phasis is required?

Ho "isto te e lui in citt1 Jnot Ti e loho

"isto in citt1K

In"ito "oi e loro# Jnot ;i e li in"ito#K

Scri"e a te e a me# Jnot Ti emi scri"e#K Regaliamo fiori aloro e a lei# Jnot

Gli e le regaliamo fiori#K

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8 sa) you and hi% in to)n1

84% in(iting you and the%1

9e )rites to you and %e1

Ne4re gi(ing 3lo)ers to the% and

her1

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2nit 89 838

6 Stressed 3or%s are al)ays used a3ter ancheHpure  <also, too>, neancheH

nemmenoHneppure <not e(en, neither>, come <as, like>, :uanto <as %u-h as>,

eccetto +che,8Hmeno +che,8Htranne +che,8Hsal"o +che,8 <e-ept, but>?

In"ito anche "oi#!e"i fare come me#/aria la"ora :uanto te#!e"i chiedere anche anoi#(on credo neppure alui#;engono tutti meno lui#

Faccio :uesto per tutti menoche8

per lei#'nna telefona a tutti sal"oche8 a

loro#Sandro esce con tutti sal"o

che8con noi#

Sono tutti contro di noi#

84% in(iting you as )ell1*ou should do as 8 doHdo it like %e1

Maria )orks as %u-h as you <do>1

*ou ha(e to ask us as )ell1

8 don4t belie(e him either1

+hey4re all -o%ing e-ept hi%H

=(eryone but hi%4s -o%ing1

84% doingH84ll do this 3or e(eryone

e-eptHbut her1

Anna phones e(eryone e-eptHbut

the%1

Sandro goes out )ith e(erybody

e-eptHbut us1

+hey are all against us1

+he 3or%s eccetto cheHmeno cheHtranne cheHsal"o che are used )hen

there is a preposition be3ore the pronoun1

' "ote that )hen the stressed 3or%s o3 the dire-t obBe-t pronouns are used in asenten-e )ith the (erb in a -o%pound tense <see #nit ;, paragraph >, the past

 parti-iple does not agree )ith the pronoun?

Ho chiamato "oi* non loro# 8 -alled you, not the%1

Ho "isto lei* ma non ho "isto lui#8 sa) her, but 8 didn4t see hi%1

Lucia ha in"itato loro* ma non lui#/u-ia has in(ited them, but not hi%1

23ercise 4

Repla-e the =nglish )ords )ith the -orre-t 8talian ones1

=a%ples? Mario -hia%a <the%>, non <you Jpl1K>? loro, (oiC /a nonna ha

dato i soldi a <you Jsing1K> e non a <%e>? te, %e

Pri%a a--o%pagno <her> a s-uola, poi <you Jsing1K> in palestra1

2 @o(ete in(itare an-he <the%>1

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; "on I (enuto nessuno, ne%%eno <her>1

! 9anno in(itato <us> e non <you Jpl1K>W

All4esa%e hanno pro%osso tutti tranne <%e>1

6 &redo a tutti %eno -he a <hi%>1

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83) 2nit 89

' &arla (uole bene a <%e> quanto a <you Jsing1K>1

D A <you JpoliteK> -redo, Pro3essore1

Voglio presentare i %iei a%i-i an-he a <you Jpl1K>1

0 A <her>, -o%e a <the%>, non se%bra giusto1

23ercise 5

+ranslate the 3ollo)ing senten-es, )here ne-essary underlining the

e%phasised )ords1

=a%ples? @o(ete in(itare an-he %e? *ou should in(ite %e as )ellHtooC A%e %an-a il sole, a te no? 84% %issing the sun . aren4t you or 8

%iss the sun . don4t you

"essuno suona la batteria -o%e %e1

2 +utti gli studenti hanno 3atto il -o%pito %eno lui1

; Sergio -hia%a te, non %e1

! A--o%pagno an-he te1

&apis-o quanto te16 Mauro di-e la (erit a tutti, tranne -he a %e1

' @o(ete tele3onare an-he a %e1

D &laudia i%presta i dis-hi a noi, non a (oi1

@o il %io indiri::o a tutti sal(o -he a lei1

0 Regalo un libro a lei e un dis-o a lui1

23ercise 6

Repla-e the =nglish )ords )ith the -orre-t 8talian ones, as you did in

=er-ise 1

&hi di <you Jpl1K> non puK(enire alla 3esta

2 All4esa%e orale sono passato subito dopo di <hi%>1

; Sopra di <the%> abita una signora %olto gentile1

! Abbia%o de-iso 3ra <us>1 =s-i -on <her> an-he stasera

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2nit 89 83*

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian, using the stressed 3or% o3 the pronouns?

=(eryone4s against %eW

2 Are you Jsing1K -o%ing )ith %e

; 84(e bought a present 3or you Jsing1K1

! *ou Jsing1K -an4t -ount on hi%1

&an 8 sleep at your Jpl1K pla-e tonight

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2NIT 0I0T,,N

Rlati$ prono%ns

+he 8talian relati(e pronouns -orrespond to the =nglish L)ho4, L)hi-h4,

Lthat4, L)ho%4, L)hose41 +hey ha(e t)o 3or%s? in(ariable <che, cui> and (ariable <il:uale J%sK, la :uale J3sK, i :uali J%pK, le :uali J3pK>?

Il treno che prendo la mattina I

sempre molto affollato#La storia che ho letto I strana#

La raga%%a cheHla :uale hatele.

fonato ha bisogno di unfa"ore#Gli amici cheHi :uali sono"enuti a

tro"armi sono irlandesi#Hai ancora le chia"i che ti ho

dato

Il raga%%o con cuiHcol :ualeesci I 

molto simpatico#La raga%%a a cuiHalla :uale hodato

i libri I una mia amica#

+he train <that> 8 get in the %orning is

al)ays (ery -ro)ded1

+he story <that> 84(e read is strange1

+he girl )ho phoned needs a 3a(our1

+he 3riends )ho -a%e to see %e are

8rish1

9a(e you still got the keys <that> 8 ga(e

you

+he boy )ith )ho% you are going outH

you4re going out )ith is (ery ni-e1

+he girl to )ho% 8 ga(e the booksH8

ga(e the books to is a 3riend o3 %ine1

+he in(ariable 3or%s, )hi-h -an repla-e all nouns <%as-uline, 3e%inine,

singular, plural> are the %ost 3requently used1

2 +he in(ariable 3or% che is used 3or %as-uline, 3e%inine, singular and plural

nounsC it -an be either a subBe-t or a dire-t obBe-t?

Il gruppo che JsubBe-t, %sK suona

stasera I molto conosciuto#

Il cantante che Jdire-t obBe-t,

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%sK

abbiamo sentito ieri sera nonI

molto bra"o#Le scarpe che  Jdire-t obBe-t, 3pK

hocomprato sono care#

+he group )ho are playing tonight

are (ery )ell kno)n1

+he singer <)ho%> )e heard last night

isn4t (ery good1

+he shoes <that> 8 bought are

epensi(e1

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2nit 8 83

(on conosco i raga%%i che JsubBe-t, 8 don4t kno) the boys )ho ha(e Bust

%pK sono appena arri"ati# arri(ed1

8n 8talian, -olle-ti(e nouns <e1g1 il gruppo, Lthe group4, la s:uadra, Lthe

squadHtea%4> are al)ays 3ollo)ed by the singular o3 the (erb, ne(er the plural1

; Nhen a preposition is needed be3ore the in(ariable relati(e pronoun <e1g1 i3 it

stands 3or an indire-t obBe-t>, the 3or% used is cui?

Lo %io a cui scri"o sempre arri"adomani#

La "icina per cui ho fatto la

spesami ha in"itato a cena#

(on conosci la persona +a, cuide"o

telefonare#8Il dentista da cui "ado I

molto

bra"o#(ella citt  in cui abito ci sonomolti

cinema#Gli amici con cui esco sonoitaliani# (on capisco la ragioneper cui

Paola non I "enuta#88(on ho ancora letto le noti%iedi cui

parli#

+he un-le 8 al)ays )rite toHto )ho% 8

al)ays )rite is arri(ing to%orro)1 +he

neighbour 8 )ent shopping 3orH3or)ho% 8 )ent shopping has in(ited

%e to dinner1

*ou don4t kno) the person <that> 8

ha(e to phone1

+he dentist 8 go to is (ery good1

+here are a lot o3 -ine%as in the to)n

in )hi-h 8 li(e1

+he 3riends 8 go out )ith are 8talian1 8

don4t understand <the reason> )hy

Paola didn4t -o%e1

8 ha(en4t read the ne)s you4re talking

about yet1

+he preposition a -an so%eti%es be o%itted be3ore cui1 +he 8talian 3or Lthe reasonHreasons )hy4 is al)ays la ragioneHle ragioni percui, ne(er perchY1

! +he (ariable 3or%s il :uale J%sK, la :uale J3sK, i :uali J%pK, le :uali J3pK are

used as subBe-t, indire-t obBe-t and . (ery rarely . as dire-t obBe-t1 +hey %ust agreein gender and nu%ber )ith the noun they repla-e?

Paolo* il :uale I sempre inritardo*

non I ancora arri"ato#Ho parlato con una raga%%a la:uale

mi ha dato tutte le

informa%ioni#

 Tullio e 'nna sono amici i:uali mi

in"itano spesso#i sono due signore le :ualinon

hanno prenotato#L4amica con la :uale sono

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andatain "acan%a si chiama 2lisa# Paolo, )ho is al)ays late, still hasn4t

arri(ed1

8 spoke to a girl )ho ga(e %e all the

in3or%ation1

+ullio and Anna are 3riends )ho o3ten

in(ite %e round1

+here are t)o ladies )ho ha(en4t

 booked1+he 3riend )ith )ho% 8 )ent on

holidayH8 )ent a)ay )ith is -alled

=lisa1

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83; 2nit 8

$uesta  l>amica della8 :uale ti ho +his is the 3riend 8 told you about1

parlato#L4insegnante al8 :uale ho parlato I+he tea-her 8 spoke to )as (ery kind1

stato molto gentile#

Re%e%ber to -o%bine the de3inite arti-le )ith the preposition <see #nit D,

 paragraph 2> )hen using the (ariable 3or%s1

Nhen a relati(e pronoun is pre-eded by in or a, and these denote pla-e, it

is o3ten repla-ed, in -onte%porary 8talian, by the ad(erb do"e1 !a do"e or dido"e -an be used )hen the relati(e pronoun is pre-eded by the preposition

da?

/ilano I la citt do"e J3or in cuiK"i"e alter#

$uesto I il nego%io do"e  J3or incuiK

la"ora Pia#La sta%ione do"e J3or a cuiKde"e

andare non I lontana da :ui#La scuola da do"eHdi do"e J3or

dacuiK "iene 2nrico I molto

buona#

Milan is the -ity )here Nalter li(es1

+his is the shop )here Pia )orks1

+he station he4s got to go to isn4t 3ar

3ro% here1

+he s-hool =nri-o )ent to Jlit1 -o%es

3ro%K is (ery good1

6 +he relati(e pronouns <both (ariable and in(ariable> -an be used in

-on Bun-tion )ith the de%onstrati(e pronouns colui and :uello1

olui -an only re3er to people1 8t has three 3or%s? colui J%sK, colei J3sK,

coloro J%p and 3pKC these -o%bine )ith cheHcui or il :ualeHla :ualeHi:ualiHle :uali as 3ollo)s?

colui che or colui il :uale he )ho

colei che or colei la :uale she )ho

coloro che or coloro i :ualiHcoloro le :uali those )ho

$uello  has 3our 3or%s? :uello J%sK, :uella J3sK, :uelli J%pK, :uelle J3pKC

these only -o%bine )ith cheHcui, and -an re3er to both obBe-ts and

 people?

:uello che that )hi-h, he )ho, the one )hi-hH)ho

:uella che that )hi-h, she )ho, the one )hi-hH)ho

:uelli che those )hi-h, those )ho, the ones )hi-hH)ho

:uelle che those )hi-h, those )ho, the ones )hi-hH)ho

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+he use o3 :uello che et-1 to re3er to a person is rather in3or%al, unlike coluicheHcolui il :uale et-1 )hi-h are quite 3or%al1

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2nit 8 83<

olui che pensa :uesto sbaglia#$uello che pensa :uestosbaglia# Possono entrare solo

coloro cheHcoloro i :uali hanno l4in"ito#Possono entrare solo :uelliche

hanno l4in"ito#oloro a cuiHai :uali scri"osono

amici di mio fratello#$uelli a cui scri"o sono amici

dimio fratello#

$uelli che sono sul ta"olosono i

libri di Tullio#i sono due case- :uella in cuiabita

Giorgio I la pi grande#

9e )ho thinks this is )rong1

Anyone )ho thinks this is )rong1

Only those )ho ha(e an in(itation

%ay -o%eHgo in1

Only people )ith an in(itation -an-o%eHgo in1

+hose 84% )riting to are 3riends o3 %y

 brother<4s>1

+he people 84% )riting to are 3riends

o3 %y brother<4s>1

+hoseH+he ones <)hi-h are> on the

table are +ullio4s books1

+here are t)o houses? the one Giorgio

li(es in is the bigger1

' Nhen re3erring to people, the pronoun chi <)ho, anyone )ho, the personH

 people )ho> is o3ten used instead o3 the %ore 3or%al Ldouble relati(e4 <coluiHcoleiHcoloro che, colui il :uale, et-1>1 hi is al)ays used )ith the (erb in the

third person singularC past parti-iples and adBe-ti(es are al)ays in the %as-u.

line singular?

hi pensa :uesto sbaglia#PuZ entrare solo chi hal4in"ito#

(on ho "isto chi I

entrato# 2sco con chimi in"ita#

La"oro per chi mi paga#Ripeto la spiega%ione perchi

non ha capito#Hai risposto a chi ti hascritto

23ercise 4

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Anyone )ho thinks this is )rong1

Only people )ho ha(e an in(itation

-an

-o%e inHgo in1

8 didn4t see )ho -a%e inH)ent in1

84ll go out )ith anyone )ho

in(itesHasks

%e1

84ll )ork 3or anyone )ho pays %e1 84ll

repeat the eplanation 3or thoseH

anyone )ho didn4t understand1

9a(e you replied to the personHpeople

)ho )rote to you

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the relati(e pronouns che or cui1

=a%ples? /a raga::a  ho in(itato I %ia -ugina? -heC 8l raga::oa

  de(o tele3onare I Matteo? -ui

8l 3il%  %i hai -onsigliato I %olto bello1

2 /a palestra in  (ado non I lontana1

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83= 2nit 8

; 8 ba%bini  sono (enuti sono i %iei -ugini1

! "on -onos-o le persone -on  es-i1

/a torta  ha 3atto tua %a%%a I %olto buona1

6 Euando %i rendi i &@   ti ho i%prestato' /4argo%ento di  parla Paolo non %i interessa1

D /a ragione per   non sia%o (enuti I se%pli-e1

/a -itt in  sono nato non I %olto grande1

0 &o%e I andato l4esa%e  hai dato ieri

23ercise 5

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the relati(e pronouns che or cui1

=a%ples? 9ai -o%prato le -ose  ti ho -hiesto? -heC /a dis-ote-a

in  andia%o I in -entro? -ui

"ella bibliote-a in  (ado a studiare 3a se%pre 3reddo1

2 Gli a%i-i da  sia%o andati sono %olto si%pati-i1

; /a stan:a in

  dor%e /uigi I la pi lu%inosa1! "on %i pia-e la %usi-a   as-olti tu1 9ai gi letto il libro

  ti hanno regalato6 Gli eser-i:i

  a(ete 3atto sono tutti giusti1' Euello I il %uro su

  (oglia%o %ettere i poster1D Vuoi leggere la lettera

  %i ha s-ritto Angela 8l %edi-o da

  (anno i %iei genitori I %olto gio(ane10 @i -hi I la bi-i -on

  sei arri(ato

23ercise 6

Repla-e che and cui )ith il :uale, la :uale, i :uali or le :uali <re%e%ber

to -o%bine the de3inite arti-le and the preposition, )here ne-essary>1

=a%ple? Gli a%i-i da -ui andia%o in (a-an:a sono si%pati-i? dai quali

Mia %adre, -he I in3er%iera, la(ora in un ospedale12 &hi I la raga::a -on -ui sei us-ito

; Gli esa%i di -ui ha parlato il pro3essore sono a giugno1

! 8l -a%peggio in -ui sia%o stati I (i-ino al %are1

+utte le raga::e a -ui ho tele3onato hanno a--ettato l4in(ito1

6 Fran-o, -he I un bra(o attore, ha tro(ato la(oro in un teatro1

' 8l parru--hiere da -ui (ado I un a%i-o1

D /e -ugine di &hiara, -he abitano (i-ino a %e, sono si%pati-he1

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883 2nit 8

Anyone )ho )ants to go to uni(ersity %ust be able to read and )rite1

6 Paolo, )ho4s lost his %obile, is not happy1

' 8 like that song, but 8 pre3er the ones )e heard last night1

D +his is Fabio4s sister, )ho lent %e her bike1 @id you Jsing1K see )ho ate the pea-hes

0 Nho4s the %an you Jpl1K sold the ti-kets to

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2NIT SIET,,N

T' impr!ct tns

+he i%per3e-t is, together )ith the present per3e-t, one o3 the %ost used

 past tenses in 8talian1 8t is -alled Li%per3e-t4 be-ause, generally speaking,

there is no re3eren-e to the beginning or end o3 the a-tion it epresses?

either the length o3 ti%e the a-tion lasted is not rele(ant, or the a-tion is

seen as the ba-kground to another a-tion, or t)o a-tions took pla-e at the

sa%e ti%e and lasted the sa%e length o3 ti%e1 9ere are so%e typi-al

ea%ples?

/io nonno la"ora"a in India#

/ia nonna era infermiera#/entre io entra"o* 2lenausci"a#

$uando ho cominciato lascuola

a"e"o cin:ue anni#2lena I arri"ata mentre iousci"o#laudia parla"a con un4amica

:uando I arri"ato l4autobus#$uando ero al mare nuota"otutti i

giorni#

My grand3ather used to )ork in

8ndia1My grand%other )as a nurse1

As 8 )as going in, =lena )as -o%ing

out1

Nhen 8 started s-hool 8 )as 3i(e1

=lena arri(ed as 8 )as going out1

&laudia )as talking to a 3riend )hen

the bus arri(ed1Nhen 8 )as at the seaside 8 )entHused

to go s)i%%ing e(ery day1

As you -an see 3ro% the ea%ples, the 8talian i%per3e-t -orresponds to se( eral

di33erent =nglish 3or%s1 Ne )ill look at the di33erent %eanings and uses o3 this

tense, but 3irst )e )ill look at its 3or%s1

 The forms of the imperfect

2 +he 3or%s o3 the i%per3e-t are (ery regular1 9ere are the endings 3or the

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three -onBugations <.are, .ere, .ire>?

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88) 2nit 8;

.are .ere .ire<io> .a"o .e"o .i"o<tu> .a"i .e"i .i"i

<luiHlei> .a"a .e"a .i"a<noi> .a"amo .e"amo .i"amo<(oi> .a"ate .e"ate .i"ate<loro> .a"ano .e"ano .i"ano

Regular (erbs ending in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Parlare To spea0parla"o 8 spokeH)as speakingHused to speak 

parla"i you spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak parla"a heHsheHit spokeH)as speakingHused to speak 

parla"amo )e spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak 

parla"ate you spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak 

parla"ano they spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak 

Regular (erbs ending in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Prendere To ta0eHget

prende"o 8 tookH)as takingHused to takeprende"i you tookH)ere takingHused to take

prende"a heHsheHit tookH)as takingHused to take

prende"amo )e tookH)ere takingHused to take

prende"ate you tookH)ere takingHused to take

prende"ano they tookH)ere takingHused to take

+he (erb a"ere also 3ollo)s this sa%e regular pattern?

a"e"o 8 hadH)as ha(ingHused to ha(e

a"e"i you hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e

a"e"a heHsheHit hadH)as ha(ingHused to ha(e

a"e"amo )e hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e

a"e"ate you hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e

a"e"ano they hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e

Regular (erbs ending in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Partire To lea"eparti"o 8 le3tH)as lea(ingHused to lea(e

parti"i you le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e

parti"a heHsheHit le3tH)as lea(ingHused to lea(e

parti"amo )e le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e

parti"ate you le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e

parti"ano they le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e

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2nit 8; 88*

/io nonno parla"a molto benel>italiano#

/entre prende"amo il caff  

suonato il telefono#$uando arla a"e"a anniabita"a

a Roma#Sono arri"ato :uando il treno

parti"a#/io fratello anda"a a scuola in

autobus#!i solito Gianni e sua sorella

anda"ano al cinema insieme#

$uando /auri%io la"ora"a in:uel

supermercato lo paga"anopochissimo#

/entre Sebastiano legge"a ilgiornale* io ho finito i compiti#

My grand3ather spoke 8talian (ery

)ell1

Nhile )e )ere ha(ing -o33ee the

telephone rang1

Nhen &arla )as 3i(e she li(ed inRo%e1

8 arri(ed as the train )as lea(ing1

My brother used to go to s-hool by

 bus1

#sually Gianni and his sister )ent to

the -ine%a together1

Nhen Mauri:io )orked in that

super%arket they paid hi% (ery

little1

Nhile Sebastiano )as reading the

 paper 8 3inished %y ho%e)ork1

; "ot %any (erbs are irregular in the i%per3e-t1 2ssere is one?

ero 8 )asHused to be

eri you )ereHused to be

era heHsheHit )asHused to be

era"amo )e )ereHused to be

era"ate you )ereHused to be

erano they )ereHused to be

/ike the present, the i%per3e-t o3 essere -an be used )ith the pronoun ci <see

#nit !>? c4era <there )as>, c4erano <there )ere>1

Other irregular (erbs are bere, dire and fare?

be"e"o 8 drankH)as drinkingHused to drink 

be"e"i you drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink 

be"e"a heHsheHit drankH)as drinkingHused to drink 

be"e"amo )e drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink 

be"e"ate you drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink 

be"e"ano they drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink 

dice"o 8 saidH)as sayingHused to say

dice"i you saidH)ere sayingHused to say

dice"a heHsheHit saidH)as sayingHused to say

dice"amo )e saidH)ere sayingHused to say

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dice"ate you saidH)ere sayingHused to say

dice"ano they saidH)ere sayingHused to say

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889 2nit 8;

face"o 8 didH)as doingHused to do

face"i you didH)ere doingHused to do

face"a heHsheHit didH)as doingHused to do

face"amo )e didH)ere doingHused to doface"ate you didH)ere doingHused to do

face"ano they didH)ere doingHused to do

All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

.uce"o traduce"o 8 translatedH)as translatingHused to

translate

.uce"i traduce"i you translatedH)ere translatingHused to

translate

.uce"a traduce"a heHsheHit translatedH)as translatingHused to

translate

.uce"amo traduce"amo )e translatedH)ere translatingHused to

translate

.uce"ate traduce"ate you translatedH)ere translatingHused to

translate

.uce"ano traduce"ano they translatedH)ere translatingHused to

translate

$uando ero bambino abita"o a Nhen 8 )as a -hild 8 li(ed in Par%a1

Parma#Ieri il tempo era bello#'l concerto c4erano pi di =>>

persone#/ia sorella be"e"a solo ac:ua

minerale* ora be"e ancheac:uadi rubinetto#

osa dice"iosa face"a* Signora* :uandonon

la"ora"a&L4interprete traduce"a* manessuno

ascolta"a#

(egati"e form

*esterday the )eather )as lo(ely1

+here )ere %ore than 00 people at

the -on-ert1

My sister only used to drink %ineral

)ater, no) she drinks tap )ater as)ell1

Nhat )ere you saying

Nhat did you do<, Mada%>, )hen you

)eren4t )orkingHdidn4t )ork

+he interpreter )as translating, but

nobody )as listening1

! +he negati(e is 3or%ed, as usual, by putting non be3ore the (erb?

!i solito la domenica non usci"o# 8 didn4t usually go out on Sundays1

$uando hai telefonato non face"o Nhen you phoned 8 )asn4t doing

niente di speciale# anything spe-ial1

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2nit 8; 88

9se of the imperfect

+he i%per3e-t is used 3or des-riptions o3 situations in the past, )hen it is

not ne-essary <or i%portant> to say ho) long an a-tion lasted1 +his generallyhappens )ith (erbs like essere, sembrare  and a"ere, and )ith (erbs

epressing

)ill, desire or intention, possibility or abilityC but it -an happen )ith other

(erbs as )ell?

4erano molte persone cheaspetta"ano il treno#

Ieri sera sembra"i moltostanco# /ia nonna era moltoalta e a"e"a i

capelli bianchi#Face"a freddo* inmontagna osa "ole"i!ue anni fa abita"o a/ilano# Suo padre eramedico#

+here )ere a lot o3 people <)ho )ere>

)aiting 3or the train1

*ou looked (ery tired last night1 My

grand%other )as (ery tall and

had )hite hair1

Nas it -old in the %ountains

Nhat did you )antH)ere you )anting

+)o years ago 8 )as li(ing in Milan1 9is

3ather )as a do-tor1

6 +he i%per3e-t is also used to epress a-tions )hi-h )ere habitual or hap.

 pened repeatedly in the past?

L4estate scorsa gioca"amosempre

a tennis#

$uando ero in "acan%aanda"o alcinema tutti i giorni#

 Tutte le mattine a cola%ioneGiulia

prende"a solo del caff I1

ena"amo alle otto#

/ast su%%er )e played tennis all the

ti%e1

Nhen 8 )as on holiday 8 )ent to the

-ine%a e(ery day1

=(ery %orning Giulia Bust had -o33ee3or break3ast1

Ne used to ha(e dinner at eight1

' Sin-e the i%per3e-t is used )hen it is not rele(ant ho) long the a-tion

lasted, it is not used )hen it is stated ho) %any ti%es, or 3or ho) long,

so%ething happened?

L4estate scorsa sono andato alcinema 5 "olte#

Ha fatto molto freddo per duegiorni#

Giulia ha la"orato :ui da gennaioa

giugno#Ho abitato a /ilano per dueanni# Ieri abbiamo la"oratotutto il giorno# Ieri sono statoin biblioteca dalle

no"e alle undici#

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/ast su%%er 8 )ent to the -ine%a 2

ti%es1

8t )as (ery -old 3or t)o days1

Giulia )orked here 3ro% Uanuary to

Uune1

8 li(ed in Milan 3or t)o years1

*esterday )e )orked all day1

*esterday 8 )as in the library 3ro%

nine till 1

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88; 2nit 8;

D Nhen a senten-e re3ers to t)o or %ore e(ents )hi-h happened in the past, it is

help3ul to think in ter%s o3 L3oreground4 and Lba-kground4, as in these t)o

=nglish ea%ples? LNhile 8 )as doing the dishes J-ontinuous ba-k groundK, 8

heard J3oregroundK the doorbell4C L8 sa) J3oregroundK Uu(e a -ouple o3 ti%es )hen

8 )as J-ontinuous ba-kgroundK in +urin41 8n 8talian, in -ases like these, the

i%per3e-t epresses the -ontinuous Lba-kground4 a-tion against )hi-h the

L3oreground4 a-tion is seen to o--ur?

/entre8 dormi"ate ho preparatola

cola%ione#

/ia madre ha conosciuto miopadre:uando abita"a a Firen%e#

/auro non ha presol4ombrello

anche se pio"e"a#/arco ha telefonato :uandoera"ate

al cinema#(on sono uscita perchY pio"e"a#

Nhile you )ere sleepingHasleep 8

 prepared break3ast1

My %other %et %y 3ather )hen she

)as li(ing in Floren-e1

Mauro didn4t take the u%brella e(enthough it )as raining1

Mar-o phoned )hen you )ere at the

-ine%a1

8 didn4t go out be-ause it )as raining1

"ote that mentre <)hile>, in the past, is al)ays 3ollo)ed by the i%per3e-t1

83 the t)o e(ents happened at the sa%e ti%e and lasted 3or the sa%e length o3 

ti%e, then both (erbs are in the i%per3e-t?

/entre noi face"amo il compitodi

matematica* arlaripassa"a filosofia#

/entre 'lessandro prepara"a lacena* laudia legge"a il

giornale#

$uando io la"ora"o alsupermercato* mia sorellala"ora"a in un cinema#

Il gatto miagola"a perchY

a"e"afame#

Nhile )e )ere doing our %aths

ho%e)ork, &arla )as re(ising

 philosophy1

Nhile Alessandro )as preparing

dinner, &laudia )as reading the

ne)spaper1

Nhen 8 )orked in the super%arket,

%y sister )orked in a -ine%a1

+he -at )as %iao)ing be-ause it )as

hungry1

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2nit 8; 88<

23ercise 4

Supply the i%per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? Sil(io <la(orare> %olto? la(ora(a

8l nonno di Piero <parlare> sei

lingue1

2 /aura <passare> se%pre l4estate

al %are1

; &he la(oro <3are> tua nonna

! Mentre <io studiare>, Maria

<riposare>1

8l treno <partire> se%pre in

ritardo1

6 @o(e <la(orare> "i-ola

' Paolo non <dire> %ai la (erit1

D 8eri <3are> 3reddo1

@a ba%bini <noi abitare> in

-a%pagna1

23ercise 5

0 <(oi essere> stan-hi ieri sera

<loro andare> in pis-ina tutti i

giorni1

2 /ei <essere> in3er%iera, Signora

;  "on <noi us-ire> %ai di do%eni-a1

! <tu sapere> la (erit

<io -onos-ere> bene suo -ugino1

6 Paolo <a%are> Fran-es-a1

' <(oi dor%ire> an-ora

D 8 %iei a%i-i <essere> studenti1

<tu a(ere> 3a%e

20 <loro do(ere> partire1

Supply the -orre-t tense <present per3e-t or i%per3e-t> o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ples? <io -o%prare> la %a--hina due anni 3a? ho -o%pratoC @4estate

<noi andare> in spiaggia ogni %attina? anda(a%o

=lena, a -he ora <tu partire> ieri

2 &hi <essere> @ante Alighieri

; <io studiare> per due ore1

! @i solito <noi %angiare> in %ensa1

&laudia <ri%anere> in -asa tutto il giorno1

6 Mia nonna <a(ere> gli o--hi a::urri1

' "i-oletta e /uigina non <se%brare> sorelle1D 8eri Andrea <spendere> 0 euro1

Signora, do(e <andare> in (a-an:a l4anno s-orso

0 8 loro a%i-i <essere> se%pre allegri1

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88= 2nit 8;

23ercise 6

Supply the -orre-t tense <present per3e-t or i%per3e-t> o3 the (erbs in

 bra-kets1

=a%ple? Mentre <noi guardare> la tele(isione 8sabella <as-oltare> la

radio? guarda(a%o, as-olta(a

Mar-o <arri(are> tardi per-hY il treno <essere> in ritardo1

2 <io -onos-ere> Susanna quando <io abitare> a "apoli1

; Euanti anni <tu a(ere> quando <tu -o%in-iare> a la(orare

! Sergio <tele3onare> proprio %entre <io 3are> il bagno1

Anna e Gia-o%o <(enire> a piedi per-hY l4auto <essere> guasta1

6 "on <loro 3are> la spesa per-hY non <loro sapere> -osa -o%prare1

' &osa <loro dire> quando <loro (edere> Gianni ieri sera

D Massi%o non <(enire> alla 3esta per-hY <a(ere> %al di testa1

<noi arri(are> alla sta:ione proprio %entre il treno <partire>1

0 <io i%prestare> la bi-i a Giulia per-hY la sua <essere> rotta1

23ercise A

Put the tet into a past tense, -hanging the (erbs in itali-s to either the present

 per3e-t or the i%per3e-t1

Sabato sera in un lo-ale del -entro suona un gruppo ro-k -he piace %olto a

Massi%o, -os )  i %iei a%i-i e io decidiamo  di andare a questo -on-erto1

'rri"i.

amo da(anti al lo-ale -on %olto anti-ipo? mancano tre ore all4ini:io, %a ci

sono gi %olte persone1 Massi%o I %olto i%pa:iente1 @opo una %e::4ora,

%entre aspettiamo, sentiamo  suonare il -ellulare di Massi%o e lui

risponde1

;ediamo -he Massi%o I preo--upato e quando finisce di parlare -i spiega1

? suo padre -he lo chiama per-hY ha bisogno di aiuto? la sua auto I guasta e non

sa -o%e tornare a -asa1 Massi%o parte subito per andare a prenderlo ea--o%pagnarlo a -asa an-he se ha paura di perdere il -on-erto1 Per 3ortuna,

 per K, Massi%o riesce a tornare dopo un4ora, proprio %entre aprono le porte1

23ercise

+ranslate into 8talian?

9o) long did you Jsing1K spend in 5ologna

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2 Ne )ent to the -ine%a last night1

; *ou Jpl1K see%ed happy1

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2nit 8; 88@

! Ge%%a4s 3ather )as a sailor1

&laudia and Moni-a didn4t -o%e on holiday )ith us this ti%e1

6 My parents usually )ent out at eight1

' My 3ather )orked in 8ndia 3or three years1D Nhat ti%e did you Jpl1K get the bus yesterday %orning

/ast year )e did gy% on Monday %ornings1

0 Nhere did you Jsing1K buy those shoes

8 didn4t -all you Jsing1K be-ause you )ere asleep1

2 Nhen you Jpl1K )ere li(ing in /ondon, 8 )as li(ing in Paris1

; 9o) old )as Susanna )hen she )ent to uni(ersity

! Nhile 8 )as )at-hing the tele(ision, Anna -a%e in and s)it-hed it o331

Paolo and Giulia didn4t -o%e be-ause Paolo )as too tired1

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2NIT S,7,NT,,N

T' prono%ns ne and ci

 The pronoun ne

+he pronoun ne is used to re3er to a part o3 a )hole, -orresponding to Lo3 itH.

the%4, as in Lso%e o3 itHthe%4, Lt)o o3 the%4, et-1 8t is nor%ally used together )ith

quantities, )hether epressed in nu%bers or in any other )ay <kilos, litres,

%etres, sli-es, -ups, Ltoo %u-hHlittle4, Lenough4, et-1>C it is al)ays pla-ed be3ore the

(erb?

La torta era molto buona ene

ho mangiate due fette#L$uanti fratelli hai4 L(e hodue#4

LHa degli euro* Signoratt4 

LS )* ne ho >#4LHai tutti i ! di Fran0Mappa4 

L(o* ne ho solo tre#4L/angi la frutta4  LS )* nemangio

molta#4LHai abbastan%a soldi4  LS )*

ne hoabbastan%a#4

Se c4I  ancora del te* neprendo

un4altra ta%%a#Se compri le mele* ne prendiun

chilo anche per me

L;olete ancora delcioccolato4 

L(o* gra%ie* non ne "ogliamopiR14

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+he -ake )as (ery good, and 8 ate t)o

sli-es <o3 it>1

L9o) %any brothers and sisters do

you

ha(e4 L8 ha(e t)o <o3 the%>14

L9a(e you got any euros, Mr Natt4

L*es, 84(e got 0 <o3 the%>14

L9a(e you got all Frank appa4s

&@s4L"o, 84(e only got three <o3 the%>14

L@o you eat 3ruit4 L*es, 8 eat a lot <o3

it>14

L9a(e you got enough %oney4 L*es, 8

ha(e enough <o3 it>14

83 there4s still so%e tea, 84ll ha(e

another -up <o3 it>1

83 you4re buying apples, )ill you get a

kilo <o3 the%> 3or %e as )ell

L@o you )ant so%e %ore -ho-olate4

L"o, thanks, )e don4t )ant any

%ore <o3 it>14

 "ote, ho)e(er, that ne is not used in -ases )here =nglish )ould say Lall o3 it4, Lall

o3 the%4, et-1 &o%pare the 3ollo)ing ea%ples?

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2nit 8< 8)8

H$uanti panini "uoi> H(e "ogliouno#>

H$uanti panini "uoi>  HLi

"ogliotutti#>H$uante arance hai mangiato>

H(eho mangiate due#>

H$uante arance hai mangiato>

HLeho mangiate tutte#>

L9o) %any sand)i-hes do you )ant4

L8 )ant one <o3 the%>14

L9o) %any sand)i-hes do you )ant4

L8 )ant the% allHall o3 the%14

L9o) %any oranges did you eat4 L8 atet)o <o3 the%>14

L9o) %any oranges did you eat4 L8 ate

the% allHall o3 the%14

2 +he pronoun ne is in(ariable, and -an thus repla-e any noun, )hether 

%as-uline, 3e%inine, singular or plural?

L$uanto %ucchero J%sK compri4

L(e compro due chili#4L$uanta farina  J3sK compri4

L(ecompro solo me%%o chilo#4

L$uanti amici  J%pK in"iti4

L(ein"ito tre#4

L$uante mele  J3pK "uoi4  L(e"oglio

tre chili#4

L9o) %u-h sugar are you buying4

L84% getting t)o kilos14

L9o) %u-h 3lour are you going to

get4 L84% only getting hal3 a kilo14

L9o) %any 3riends are you in(iting4

L84% in(iting three14

L9o) %any apples do you )ant4 L8

)ant three kilos14

; As )e ha(e seen, ne is used )hen re3erring to partial quantities, ho)e(er

epressed1 So%e epressions )hi-h require the use o3 ne  are the ad(erb

abbastan%a  <enoughHquite>, the adBe-ti(es molto, poco, troppo,

alcuniHalcune <so%eHany <plural> >, and the pronoun :ualcunoH:ualcuna<so%eHany>, )hi-h is al)ays singular?

(on ho comprato del pane

perchY neho ancora abbastan%a#

LHai molti !4 LS )* ne homolti#4

LHai tutti i libri che ti ser"ono4

L(o*ne ho solo alcuni#4

$uei biscotti sono molto buoni*ne

prendo ancora :ualcuno#

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8 didn4t buy any bread be-ause 84(e

still got enough1

L9a(e you got %any &@s4 L*es, 84(e

got a lot14

L9a(e you got all the books you

need4 L"o, 84(e only got a 3e)14

+hose bis-uits are (ery good, 84ll ha(e

so%e %ore1

!  (e is also used in negati(e epressions su-h as non # # # affatto <not 1 1 1 at

all>, non # # # nessunoHnessuna <not 1 1 1 anyone>, non # # # pi <not 1 1 1 any %ore>?

LBe"i molto caff I4 L(o* non ne be"o L@o you drink %u-h -o33ee4 L"o, 8

affatto#4 don4t drink it at all14

Ho in"itato dieci amici* ma non ne8 in(ited ten 3riends, but none o3 the%

I "enuto nessuno# -a%e1

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8)) 2nit 8<

HHai ancora soldi> H(o* non ne ho L9a(e you still got %oney4 L"o, 84(e

pi14 got none le3t14

As these ea%ples sho), the negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore ne1

'greement of the past participle

Nhen ne is used )ith a (erb in the present per3e-t <or any other -o%pound

tense>, there are -ertain rules go(erning the agree%ent o3 the past

 parti-iple1

Nhen ne is used in a senten-e )here the quantity is epressed by a nu%ber, the past parti-iple %ust agree in gender )ith the noun it repla-es, and in nu%ber

<i1e1 singular or plural> )ith the quantity o3 )hat ne  stands 3or1 +ake this

question?

$uante ri"iste hai comprato& 9o) %any %aga:ines did you buy

8n the ans)er to this question, the ending o3 comprato )ill depend on the

gender  o3 ri"ista <3e%inine> and on )hether you bought one  %aga:ine<singular> or more than one <plural>?

(e ho comprata una J3sK1 8 bought one1

(e ho comprate due J3pK1 8 bought t)o1

+he sa%e applies )hen ne repla-es a %as-uline noun?

$uanti eserci%i J%K a"ete fatto  9o) %any eer-ises ha(eyou done

9ere, the ending o3 fatto %ust be %as-uline, but )hether it is singular or

 plural )ill depend on ho) %any eer-ises ha(e been done?

(e abbiamo fatto uno solo J%sK1Ne4(e only done one1

(e abbiamo fatti :uattro J%pK1Ne4(e done 3our1

+he sa%e rule applies )hen the quantity is epressed by :ualcunoH:ualcuna<re%e%ber that this is al)ays singular> or alcuniHalcune <plural>?

!o"e"o fare molti eserci%i* ma ne 

ho fatto solo :ualcuno#   8 )as supposed to do a lot o3 eer-ises,

!o"e"o fare molti eserci%i* ma ne  but 8 only did a 3e)1

ho fatti solo alcuni#    

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2nit 8< 8)*

H$uante ri"iste hai comprato> H(e 

ho comprata :ualcuna#4   L9o) %any %aga:ines did you buy4

L$uante ri"iste hai comprato4 L(e  L8 bought a 3e)14

ho comprate alcune#4    6 Nhen the quantity is epressed by an ad(erb or an adBe-ti(e, the past

 parti-iple agrees )ith the noun repla-ed by ne?

LHai comprato abbastan%a pane 

J%sK4

LS )* ne ho compratoabbastan%a#4 

LHai comprato abbastan%a patatine

J3pK4 LS )* ne ho comprateabbastan%a#4 L$uanta pasta J3sK a"ete mangiato4 

L(e abbiamo mangiata molta#4 L$uante persone J3pK hai in"itato4 

L(e ho in"itate poche#4

L$uanti eserci%i  J%pK haifatto4 L(e ho fatti alcuni#4

L9a(e you bought enough bread4

L*es, 84(e bought enough14

L9a(e you bought enough -risps4

L*es, 84(e bought enough14L9o) %u-h pasta did you eat4

LNe ate a lot14

L9o) %any people did you in(ite4

L8 only in(ited a 3e)14

L9o) %any eer-ises did you do4

L8 did a 3e)14

' Nhen the quantity is epressed by a noun, the past parti-iple -an

agree either )ith the quantity <this is %ore usual> or )ith the noun repla-ed

 by ne?

L$uanto caff I hai be"uto4 L(e ho

be"uta una ta%%a J3sK14  L$uanto caff I J%sK hai be"uto4 L(e

ho be"uto una ta%%a#4    

L$uanto pane hai mangiato4 L(eho

mangiata una fetta J3sK14  L$uanto pane J%sK hai mangiato4 

L(e ho mangiato una fetta#4    

L$uante caramelle hai mangiato4

L(e ho mangiato un pacchetto J%sK14 

L$uante caramelle J3pK hai mangiato&4 

L(e ho mangiate un pacchetto#4 

  L$uanti biscotti haimangiato&4  L(e ho 

mangiata una scatolaJ3sK14 

L$uanti biscotti J%pK haimangiato4 

L(e ho mangiati una

scatola#4 

  

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L9o) %u-h -o33ee did you drink4

L8 drank a -up14

L9o) %u-h bread did you eat4

L8 ate a sli-e14

L9o) %any s)eets did you eat4

L8 ate a pa-ket14

L9o) %any bis-uits did you eat4

L8 ate a bo14

D Nhen ne o--urs in a senten-e together )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usuallya3ter do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the in3initi(e1 8n

su-h -ases, )hen the %ain (erb is in the present per3e-t <or any other

-o%pound tense> the past parti-iple does not agree?

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8)9 2nit 8<

H$uanti libri hai letto> HHodo"uto

leggerne tre#>>erano molti eserci%i* ma hopotuto

farne solo alcuni#Il compito era difficile e hosaputo

farne solo una parte#

L9o) %any books did you read4 L8

had to read three14

+here )ere a lot o3 eer-ises, but 8

-ould only do a 3e)1

+he ho%e)ork )as di33i-ult, and 8-ould only do part o3 it1

9o)e(er, i3 ne is not atta-hed to the in3initi(e, the past parti-iple %ust agree,

in the sa%e )ay as in the rules gi(en in paragraphs .'?

L$uanti libri hai letto4 L(e hodo"uti

leggere tre#44erano molti eserci%i* ma neho

potuti fare solo alcuni#

Gli eserci%i erano difficili e ne ho

saputa fare solo una parte J3sK#

Gli eserci%i J%pK erano difficili e ne

ho saputi fare solo una parte#  

L9o) %any books did you read4 L8

had to read three14

+here )ere a lot o3 eer-ises, but 8

-ould only do a 3e)1

+he eer-ises )ere di33i-ult, and 8

-ould only do part o3 the%1

Another use o3 ne is is to repla-e a noun <or a pronoun> pre-eded by the

 preposition di <as in Parliamo del libro di Primo Le"i, LNe4re talking about

Pri%o /e(i4s book4>?

onosco :uesto film- ieri neparla"ano alla radio#

?  un libro di successo-tutti ne

parlano#Hai "isto lo spettacolo hene

pensi&Ha molti problemi* ma nonne

parla mai#

8 kno) this 3il%? they )ere talking

about it on the radio yesterday1

8t4s a popular book? e(erybody4s

talking about it1

@id you see the sho) Nhat do you

think o3 it

9e has a lot o3 proble%s, but he

ne(er talks about the%1

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Nhen ne is used in this )ay, the past parti-iple does not agreee?

/arco a"e"a dei problemi e neha

parlato con 'nna#$uesti sono libri di successo etutti

ne hanno parlato#

Mar-o had proble%s, and talked

about the% )ith Anna1

+hese are popular books and

e(erybody4s been talking about

the%1

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2nit 8< 8)

 The pronoun ci

0 +he pronoun ci is used to repla-e a noun denoting a pla-eC it -orresponds to

the =nglish Lthere41 Ne ha(e already seen this pronoun used )ith the (erb

essere in epressions like c4I and ci sono <#nit !>, but it -an be used )ith other

(erbs, al)ays pre-eding the%?

L$uando "ai in biblioteca4 Li"ado

oggi pomeriggio#4onosco bene Bologna- ci hopassato

due anni#Lgni :uanto "a in palestra4

L(on ci"ado mai#4

LNhen are you going to the library4

L84% going <there> this a3ternoon14 8

kno) 5ologna )ell? 8 spent t)o

years there1

L9o) o3ten do you go to the gy%4 L8

ne(er go <there>14

As the ea%ples suggest, ci is used %ore o3ten in this kind o3 senten-e than

Lthere4 is in =nglish1

  i  al)ays -o%es be3ore the (erb1 /ike the other unstressed pronouns,

though, it -an be atta-hed to the in3initi(e o3 a (erb <usually a3ter do"ere,

potere, "olere or sapere>?

!o"e"o andare a Fiesole* manon

sape"o andarci# !o"e"o andare a Fiesole* manon

ci sape"o andare#   ;ado al mercato* "uoi "enirci

anche tu ;ado al mercato* ci "uoi "enire

anche tu   

23ercise 4

8 had to go to Fiesole, but 8 didn4t

kno) ho) to get there1

84% going to the %arket, )ould you

like to -o%e <as )ell>

Supply the pronoun ne, %aking sure that the past parti-iple and the adBe-ti(e

or pronoun agree )here ne-essary1

=a%ples? LEuante lettere hai s-ritto4 L  ho s-ritt al-un14? "eho s-ritte al-uneC Mi pia--iono i bis-otti e

  ho

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%angiat  %olt? ne ho %angiati %oltiC LEuanti libri hai

letto4 L"on  ho lett nessun14? "on ne ho letto

nessuno1

LEuante -artoline hai %andato4 L  ho %andat 214

2 L9ai -o%prato i bis-otti4 L S ),  ho -o%prat una s-atola14

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8); 2nit 8<

; L9ai 3atto i -o%piti4 L  ho 3att la %et14

! LEuante persone sono (enute4 L  sono (enut po-h14

LEuanti errori hai 3atto4 L"on  ho 3att nessun14

6 L9ai -hiuso tutte le 3inestre4 L"o,   ho las-iat una apert14' LEuanti a%i-i hanno in(itato4 L  hanno in(itat %olt14

D LEuanti libri hai letto4 L  ho lett due14

LEuanta pasta a(ete -o%prato4 L  abbia%o -o%prat po-14

0 LEuante -ara%elle hai %angiato4 L"on  ho %angiat 

nessun 14

LEuanti 3ran-obolli hai preso4 L  ho pres abbastan:a14

2 A(e(o %olte ri(iste e  ho dat al-un a /uigi1

; &i pia--iono i 3il% -o%i-i e ieri sera

  abbia%o (ist tre1! 9o 3atto una torta e  ho %angiat due 3ette1

/a :ia ha portato dei -io--olatini %a Piero non  ha %angiat 

nessun 1

6 Abbia%o %olti (ideogio-hi e  abbia%o dat qual-un a

Mi-hele1

' &4erano %olti libri interessanti e  ho pres al-un1

D 9anno (enduto %olti &@ e  sono ri%ast solo al-un %olto

-ar 

 1 &4erano %olte raga::e, %a Mar-o non   ha in(itat nessun120 9o -o%prato tre %agliette e

  ho regalat due a %io 3ratello1

23ercise 5

&o%plete )ith the appropriate pronouns? dire-t obBe-t or ne1

=a%ples? LEuanti a%i-i hai4 L  ho %olti14? neC LEuanti a%i-i in(iti4L  in(ito tutti14? li

L9ai 3atto tutti gli eser-i:i4 L"o, non  ho 3atto nessuno14

2 LEuante sorelle hai4 L  ho due14

; A(e(o %olti &@ dei 5eatles, %a  ho i%prestati tutti1

! L9ai 3atto il -o%pito4 L"o, non ho an-ora 3atto14

LVuoi del dol-e4 L"o gra:ie, non  (oglio14

6 Sta%attina ho -o%prato due ri(iste e   ho lette nel po%eriggio1' L9ai 3atto %olti sbagli4 L  ho 3atto uno solo14

D 8l dol-e era %olto buono e  ho %angiate tre 3ette1

Mi pia--iono i 3il% di Fellini e  ho (isti tutti1

0 9o -o%prato tre libri, %a non  ho letto nessuno1

A(e(o due biglietti da 0 euro, %a  ho perso uno1

2 8eri ho preso lo stipendio, %a ho gi speso tutto1

; Se -i sono an-ora dei bis-otti,  prendo due o tre1

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2nit 8< 8)<

! =ra un argo%ento interessante e  abbia%o parlato %olto1

8l 3il% era noioso e  abbia%o (isto solo %et1

6 &arla parte?  a--o%pagno alla sta:ione1

' /o :u--hero I 3inito?   -o%pri tuD LVuoi dello :u--hero nel -a33I4 LS ),  (oglio due -u--hiaini14

9o -o%prato tre brio-hes e  ho %angiate due1

20 L&onos-ete tutti i -o%ponenti del gruppo4 LS),  -onos-ia%o tutti14

23ercise 6

Re)rite the senten-es as in the ea%ple1

=a%ple? "e (uoi prendere an-ora? Vuoi prenderne an-ora

"e do(ete parlare -ol pro3essore1

2 "e (uoi 3are un altro

; "on ne dobbia%o prendere1

! "e potete %angiare1

"e de(o 3are sei1

6 "on ne possia%o parlare1' "e posso assaggiare uno

D "on ne de(e portare, Signora1

"e (ogliono -o%prare qual-uno1

0 "on ne possono bere1

23ercise A

Re)rite the senten-es as in the ea%ple1 Make sure that the past parti-iple

agrees )here ne-essary1

=a%ple? 9a (oluto portarne un po4 J3sK? "e ha (oluta portare un po41

9o do(uto darne due J%K a Marisa1

2 9ai potuto -o%prarne J3pK

; Euante hai do(uto 3arne! "on hanno (oluto %angiarne J3sK1

9a do(uto leggerne quattro J%pK1

6 "on abbia%o potuto prenderne J3pK1

' 9o do(uto s-ri(erne due J3pK1

D 9o potuto leggerne solo due pagine1

A(ete do(uto ri3arne %olti

0 "on hanno potuto assaggiarne J3sK1

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8)= 2nit 8<

23ercise

8denti3y the )ords that -an be repla-ed by the pronoun ci, and re)rite the

senten-es )ith ci in the right pla-e1

=a%ple? Vai a Ro%a in aereo? a Ro%aC &i (ai in aereo

Abitia%o in questa -asa da tre anni1

2 Ste3ano la(ora al Museo di Storia "aturale da 3ebbraio1

; Volete (enire alla 3esta di Mar-o

! Paola e /i(ia (anno al -ine%a due (olte alla setti%ana1

/a Signora 5ini (a se%pre al super%er-ato a piedi1

6 Ri%ango in 8talia per tre setti%ane1

' Giulia (iene se%pre a s-uola in bi-i1

D 9o passato tre ore in -oda all4u33i-io postale1

Siete andati a -ena a -asa di Pietro

0 Passia%o le (a-an:e a Sorrento1

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2NIT ,IG4T,,N

T' !%t%r tns

9se of the future

+he 3uture tense is, o3 -ourse, used to re3er to e(ents )hi-h )ill happen in

the 3uture, as in the 3ollo)ing ea%ples?

;enerd ) andremo in piscina# On Friday )e4ll go to the s)i%%ing pool1

(on so :uando partirZ1 8 don4t kno) )hen 84ll lea(e1

;err anche l4anno prossimo* Nill you -o%eHbe -o%ing again netSignora year<, Mada%>

2 +he 3uture is also used to epress probability, or a guess?

'nna non risponde- sar fuori#

Saranno le #

La madre di Pietro a"r  6>anni# hi sar

Anna4s not ans)ering? she %ustHshe4ll be

out1

8t4s probablyH8t4ll be about o4-lo-k1

Pietro4s %other %ust be around ;01

Nho -an that be

; +he 3uture -an also -orrespond to the =nglish present progressi(e <L84%

going to 1 1 1 4 et-1>?

Gli parlerZ presto# 84% going to talkH84ll be talking to the% soon1

PorterZ i miei !# 84% going to bringH84ll be bringing %y &@s1Gli direte la "eritAre you going to tell hi% the truth

! 8n general, the 3uture tense is used less in 8talian than in =nglish, and it is

o3ten possible, )hen talking about so%ething )hi-h )e are al%ost sure )ill

happen, to use the present?

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8*3 2nit 8=

Partono domani#

;iene anche l>anno

prossimo*SignoraL>anno prossimo sonoall>uni"ersit1

+hey4ll lea(eH+hey4re lea(ing

to%orro)1

Nill you -o%eHbe -o%ing again net

year<, Mada%>

 "et year 84ll be at uni(ersity1

9o)e(er, in -ertain -ases 8talian uses the 3uture )here =nglish uses the

 present1 +ake this =nglish senten-e? LNhenH83 8 earnHa% earning good %oney, 84ll

 buy a -ar14 9ere, L)hen4 and Li34 a-tually re3er to an a-tion in the futureC in -ases

like this, 8talian nor%ally uses the 3uture tense?

Se guadagnerZ bene* comprerZ una 83 8 earnHa% earning good %oney, 84ll

macchina#  buy a -ar1

$uando arri"er* le mostreremo ilNhen she arri(es, )e4ll sho) her the

centro commerciale# shopping %all1

 The forms of the future indicati"e

6 +he 3uture endings 3or the three -onBugations are as 3ollo)s?

.are .ere .ire<io> .erZ .erZ .irZ<tu> .erai .erai .irai<luiHlei> .er .er .ir

<noi> .eremo .eremo .iremo<(oi> .erete .erete .irete<loro> .eranno .eranno .iranno

Regular (erbs ending in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Parlare To spea0parlerZ 8 )ill speak  

parlerai you )ill speak parler heHsheHit )ill speak  

parleremo )e )ill speak 

parlerete you )ill speak 

parleranno they )ill speak 

Regular (erbs ending in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

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2nit 8= 8*8

Prendere To ta0eHget

prenderZ 8 )ill takeHget

prenderai you )ill takeHget

prender heHsheHit )ill takeHgetprenderemo )e )ill takeHget

prenderete you )ill takeHget

prenderanno they )ill takeHget

Regular (erbs ending in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Partire To lea"epartirZ 8 )ill lea(e

partirai you )ill lea(e

partir heHsheHit )ill lea(e

partiremo )e )ill lea(e

partirete you )ill lea(e

partiranno they )ill lea(e

!opo un mese in Italia*parlerai

meglio italiano#PrenderZ il treno delle #Partiranno domani mattinapresto#

!omenica prossima finirZdi

la"orare "erso le #

A3ter a %onth in 8taly, you4ll speak 

8talian better1

84ll get the eight o4-lo-k train1

+hey )ill lea(e early to%orro)%orning1

 "et Sunday 84ll 3inish )ork at about

3i(e1

' Verbs ending in .care and .gare add h be3ore the endings o3 the 3uture in

order to keep the hard sound o3 c and g?

ercare PagarecercherZ pagherZ

cercherai pagheraicercher pagher

cercheremo pagheremocercherete pagheretecercheranno pagheranno

$uando arri"eremo a Roma Nhen )e arri(e in Ro%e )e4ll look 

cercheremo un albergo economico# 3or a -heap hotel1

/io padre pagher tutte le spese#My 3ather )ill pay all the epenses1

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8*) 2nit 8=

D Verbs ending in .ciare and .giare drop .i in the 3uture?

ominciare /angiare

comincerZ mangerZcomincerai mangeraicomincer manger

cominceremo mangeremocomincerete mangeretecomincerannomangeranno

omincerZ a la"orare "enerd ) 84ll start )ork<ing> net Friday1

prossimo#

/angerai in mensa Nill you eatHbe eating in the -anteen

Future of some irregular "erbs

  2ssere and a"ere are irregular?

2ssere '"eresarZ a"rZ

sarai a"raisar a"r

saremo a"remosarete a"retesaranno a"ranno

Se domenica sar bello la"oreremo 83 the )eather is good on Sunday, )e4ll

in giardino# )ork in the garden1Se a"rZ tempo ti aiuterZ1 83 84(e got ti%e, 84ll help you1

0  !are, fare and stare 3ollo) the sa%e pattern as essere?

!are Fare StaredarZ farZ starZ

darai farai starai

dar far stardaremo faremo staremodarete farete staretedaranno faranno staranno

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2nit 8= 8**

/ia sorella dar una festa peril

suo compleanno#

osa farai dopo

l>uni"ersit !omani

starai meglio#

My sister )ill gi(eHis gi(ing a party 3or 

her birthday1

Nhat )ill you doHare you doing a3ter

uni(ersity

*ou4ll 3eel better to%orro)1

  'ndare, cadere <to 3all>, do"ere, potere, sapere, "edere and "i"ere 3ollo)

thesa%e pattern as a"ere?

'ndare adereandrZ  cadrZ

andrai cadraiandr  cadr

andremo cadremo

andrete cadreteandranno cadranno

Sapere ;ederesaprZ  "edrZsaprai   "edraisapr  "edrOsapremo   "edremosaprete   "edretesapranno   "edranno

'ndremo alla festa solose ci

in"iteranno#Il go"erno I  impopolare ecadr 

presto#

redo che do"rZ  partirepresto# (on so se potrZ

"enire#

(on sapremo mai la"erit#$uando "edrai i tuoiamici

!o"ere Poteredo"rZ  potrZ

do"rai potraido"rO  potr

do"remo potremodo"rete potrete

do"ranno potranno

;i"ere"i"rZ"i"rai"i"rO"i"remo"i"rete"i"ranno

Ne4ll only go to the party i3 they in(ite

us1

+he go(ern%ent is unpopular and )ill

soon 3all1

8 think 84ll ha(e to lea(e early1

8 don4t kno) )hether 84ll be able to

-o%e1

Ne )ill ne(er kno) the truth1Nhen )ill youHare you going to see

your 3riends

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8*9 2nit 8=

2 A third group o3 irregular (erbs, -o%prising bere, rimanere, "enire, "olereand tenere <to keepHhold>, ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

Bere Rimanere.rrZ  berrZ  rimarrZ

.rrai   berrai rimarrai

.rr  berrO  rimarr

.rremo berremo rimarremo

.rrete berrete rimarrete

.rranno berranno rimarranno

Sono sicuro che mio fratello

nonberr mai :uella tisana#

$uanto tempo rimarrete inItalia*

Signori BoiHanno detto che "erranno atro"arci# (on so se "orrZ andare

all4uni"ersit* dopo il

liceo# !o"e terrai la bici

;enire ;olere Tenere

"errZ  "orrZ  terrZ"errai "orrai terrai"errO  "orrO  terr

"erremo "orremo terremo"errete "orrete terrete"erranno "orranno terranno

84% sure %y brother )ill ne(er drink

that herbal tea1

9o) long )ill youHare you going to

stay in 8taly, Mrs and Mr 5oi

+hey said they4ll -o%e and see us1

8 don4t kno) )hether 84ll )ant to go

to uni(ersity a3ter se-ondary

s-hool1

Nhere are you going to keep the bike

; All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

 Tradurre.urrZ tradurrZ

.urrai tradurrai

.urr tradurr

.urremo tradurremo

.urrete tradurrete

.urranno tradurranno

arlo non parla tedesco* ma un &arlo doesn4t speak Ger%an, but an

interprete tradurr tutto per lui# interpreter is going toH)ill translate

e(erything 3or hi%1

(egati"e form

! As usual, the negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the (erb?

(on andrZ alla festa# 84% not going to the party1

(on rimarremo molto# Ne )on4t stay long1

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(on gli parlerZ mai pi< 84ll ne(er speak to hi% againW

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2nit 8= 8*

23ercise 4

Supply the 3uture tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? "on <io partire> tanto presto? partir K

8 %iei a%i-i <arri(are> do%ani1

2 Euando <(oi parlare> -on Maria

; <lui tele3onare> do%ani1

! Gli <tu dire> tutto

@o%ani <io s-ri(ere> ai nonni1

6 @o%eni-a <io dor%ire> 3ino a

tardi1

' <noi -o%in-iare> a la(orare

do%ani1

D Euando <tu 3inire> il -o%pito

Stasera <io prendere> l4auto1

23ercise 5

0 Mi <tu -hia%are>

@o(e <(oi abitare>

2 <loro portare> il dol-e1

; &osa le <(oi dire>

! &hi <tradurre> dal tedes-o

@o%ani <noi pagare> l4a33itto1

6 <tu %angiare> -on noi

' Mi </ei s-ri(ere>, Signora

D Paul <-er-are> -asa a +orino1

&he treno <loro prendere>

20 &hi <pagare>

Supply the 3uture tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? "on <io do(ere> andare a s-uola? do(r K

<io andare> in (a-an:a1

2 <noi essere> -ontenti di (eder(i1 2

; Euanto te%po <tu ri%anere> a ;Ro%a !

! <io (enire> appena <io potere>1

</ei do(ere> partire, Signora 6

6 <lei (enire> quando <lei (olere>1 '

' @o%ani non <noi a(ere> te%po1 D

D  "on so se <io potere> us-ire1

Euando <tu (edere> Anna 20

0 <(oi 3are> una 3esta

23ercise 6

&hange the (erbs in italics into the 3uture1

 "on <loro stare> a -asa %ia1

 "on lo <lui sapere> %ai1

Gli <tu 3are> un regalo

<(oi essere> a -asa tutto il giorno<(oi do(ere> la(orare do%ani

 "on <io andare> pi in quel bar1

Euando <tu sapere> il risultato

Euando <tu (enire>, Maria

&osa <(oi 3are> do%eni-a

<loro tenere> il -ane in giardino1

@o%ani %attina esco di -asa presto? de"o prendere il treno per Firen:e alle

611 'rri"o a Firen:e (erso ora di pran:o e /oren:o "iene a prender%i alla

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8*; 2nit 8=

sta:ione1 Pri%a andiamo  a -asa sua do(e lascio  i bagagli e poi

andiamoinsie%e a pran:o da =rnestina1 "el po%eriggio "ediamo &arlo -he -i portaa

(edere la sua nuo(a -asa1 Torniamo a -asa di /oren:o abbastan:a presto

 per-hY "engono  degli a%i-i a -ena e dobbiamo  preparare1 @opo -ena

usciamo,

%a, an-he se facciamo tardi, non I un proble%a per-hY possiamo dor%ire

la

%attina dopo1

23ercise A

+ranslate into 8talian?

Nho )ill be able to help %e

2 "et su%%er )e4ll do an 8talian -ourse1

; Nill you Jsing1K read all these books

! 8 )on4t go to the library to%orro)1

Nhen )ill you arri(e, Signora Pasini6 On Sunday, they4ll go out1

' Nhat )ill you Jsing1K do

D 8t4ll be about ten o4-lo-k1

Nill you Jsing1K bring your &@s 3or the party

0 Non4t you Jpl1K -o%e to the -ine%a )ith us

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2NIT NIN,T,,N

T' past pr!ct tns

9se of the past perfect

+he past per3e-t <or pluper3e-t> nor%ally indi-ates a past e(ent )hi-h

happened be3ore another past e(ent, as in the =nglish L8 had finished sho)ering

)hen 8 heard the doorbell4, L5y the ti%e it 3inished, 8 had had enough14 8t is thus

nor%ally used in senten-es )here there is another past tense, or so%e other

re3eren-e to a past e(ent?

$uando sono arri"ato Jpresent

 per3e-tK a"e"ano appenafinito Jpast per3e-tK dicenare#

$uel giorno ero  Ji%per3e-tK

moltocontenta perchY  a"e"o

passatoJpast per3e-tK l4esame#

Prima di imprestareJin3initi(eK

l4auto a /arco* a"e"ofatto

Jpast per3e-tK il pieno#

Nhen 8 arri(ed they had Bust 3inisheddinner1

+hat day 8 )as (ery happy be-ause 84d

 passed the ea%1

5e3ore lending the -ar to Mar-o, 84d

3illed up1

8t is also o3ten used on its o)n, )here a %ore re-ent e(ent is re3erred to, or 

i%plied, in the -ontet?

'"e"o fatto :uella torta per te*non

per Paolo#

 Tullio a"e"a portato i

!# Francesca era

uscita#

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8 %ade that tart 3or you, not 3or Paolo1

Je1g1 that4s )hy 84% so annoyed that

Paolo4s eaten itK

+ullio had brought the &@s1 Je1g1 the

ones 8 told you )e )ere listening toK

Fran-es-a had gone out1 Je1g1 )hi-h is

)hy 8 didn4t see her last nightK

2 So%eti%es, )hen the past per3e-t is used on its o)n, the e(ent nearer to the

 present is purely i%pli-it?

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8*= 2nit 8@

Scusa* non ti a"e"o "isto< ? molto Sorry, 8 didn4t see you1 9a(e you been

che aspetti )aiting long

8%plied here is so%ething like +ra ti ho "isto* ma prima, non ti a"e"o "istoJi1e1 84(e seen you no), but 8 hadn4t be3oreK1

Scusa* non ti a"e"o sentito# Sorry, 8 didn4t hear you1

8%plied here is so%ething like (on ti a"e"o sentito +ma ora ti ho sentito,Ji1e1 8 hadn4t heard you be3ore, but 8 ha(e no)K1

Forming the past perfect

; +he past per3e-t in 8talian is 3or%ed )ith the i%per3e-t indi-ati(e o3 a"ere or

essere <auiliary (erbs> 3ollo)ed by the past parti-iple o3 the (erb1 9ere are t)o

ea%ples, one using a"ere and the other essere?

Imperfect of a"ere Past participle of scri"ere<io> a"e"o scritto 8 had )ritten

<tu> a"e"i scritto you had )ritten<luiHlei> a"e"a scritto heHsheHit had )ritten

<noi> a"e"amo scritto )e had )ritten

<(oi> a"e"ate scritto you had )ritten

<loro> a"e"ano scritto they had )ritten

Imperfect of essere Past participle of andare<io> ero andatoHandata 8 had gone

<tu> eri andatoHandata you had gone<luiHlei> era andatoHandata heHsheHit had gone

<noi> era"amo andatiHandate )e had gone

<(oi> era"ate andatiHandate you had gone

<loro> erano andatiHandate they had gone

! As regards agree%ent o3 the past parti-iple, the past per3e-t obeys ea-tly the

sa%e rules as the present per3e-t? i3 the auiliary is a"ere the past parti-iple

does not -hangeC but i3 it is essere  the past parti-iple beha(es like anadBe-ti(e, agreeing in gender and nu%ber )ith the subBe-t o3 the (erb, as in

these ea%ples?

'"ere

Li"ia a"e"a guardato la tele"isione# /i(ia had )at-hed tele(ision1

'"e"i comprato il pane 9ad you bought the bread

'"e"a prenotato* Signor Ferro 9ad you booked, Mr Ferro

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2nit 8@ 8*@

2ssere/onica era uscita# J3sK

Pietro era stato malato# J%sK

Fabia e Sil"ia erano rimaste acasa#J3pK

Giulia e Sebastiano eranopartiti#

J%pK

2ro andata al cinema# J3sK

2ra"amo arri"ati tardi# J%pK

Signor Poli* Lei :uandoera

arri"ato8 J%sK

Signora Poli* Lei :uandoera

arri"ata&8 J3sK

Moni-a had gone out1

Pietro had been ill1Fabia and Sil(ia had stayed at ho%e1

Giulia and Sebastiano had le3t1

8 had beenHgone to the -ine%a1 Jthe

speaker is 3e%aleK

Ne had arri(ed late1 Jthe speakers are

%ales or a %ied groupK

Nhen had you arri(ed, Mr Poli

Nhen had you arri(ed, Mrs Poli

Nhen the polite 3or% is used and the auiliary is essere, the past parti-iple

agrees )ith the gender o3 the person being spoken to, not )ith Lei1

Past perfect of a"ere and essere

  '"ere 3or%s the past per3e-t )ith the auiliary a"ere?

a"e"o a"uto 8 had hada"e"i a"uto you had had

a"e"a a"uto heHsheHit had had

a"e"amo a"uto )e had had

a"e"ate a"uto you had had

a"e"ano a"uto they had had

2ssere 3or%s the past per3e-t )ith the auiliary essere?

ero statoHstata 8 had been

eri statoHstata you had been

era statoHstata heHsheHit had been

era"amo statiHstate )e had been

era"ate statiHstate you had been

erano statiHstate they had been

(on a"e"a a"uto tempo di finire il 9e hadn4t had ti%e to 3inish the Bob1

la"oro#

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 Tanya a"e"a a"uto la "aricella#+anya had had -hi-kenpo1

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893 2nit 8@

(ina era stata malata#  "ina had been ill1

!es era stato mio studente# @es had been a student o3 %ine1

(egati"e form

6 +he negati(e is 3or%ed in the sa%e )ay as 3or the present per3e-t, by

 pla-ing non be3ore the (erb?

(on ero andato a scuola#Lisa non era riuscita a finire

:uella"oro#(on a"e"i telefonato lasettimana

prima&

8 hadn4t beenHgone to s-hool1

/isa hadn4t %anaged to 3inish that Bob1

9ad you not phoned the pre(ious)eek

' As )ith the present per3e-t, the ad(erbs mai <e(er>, pi <%oreHagain> and gi<already> are nor%ally pla-ed bet)een the auiliary and the (erb <e1g1 '"e"ogi  risposto, L84d already replied4>1 Nith the negati(es non # # # ancora<not 1 1 1 yet>, non # # # mai <ne(er>, non # # # pi <not 1 1 1 any %oreHnot 1 1 1

againHno 1 1 1 longer>, non is pla-ed be3ore the auiliary?

2ra"ate mai stati su unghiacciaio'"e"i pi "isto i tuoi amici

(on a"e"amo ancora preso ilbiglietto#

Paola non era mai stata a;ene%ia# arlo non a"e"a pitelefonato#

23ercise 4

9ad you e(er been on a gla-ier

9ad you <e(er> seen your 3riends

again

Ne hadn4t bought the ti-ket yet1

Paola had ne(er been to Veni-e1

&arlo hadn4t <e(er> phoned again1

Supply the past per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? @o(e <tu -o%prare> quelle s-arpe? a(e(i -o%prato

Maria <3inire> di -enare1

2 Anna <arri(are> il giorno pri%a1

; S-usi, Signora, non /a <io (edere>W

! <tu spegnere> la lu-e

<(oi prendere> il giornale

6 Pri%a di la(orare in 8talia, Ui%

<la(orare> in Fran-ia1

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' 9ai perso la lettera -he ti

<s-ri(ere> Antonio

D Alessandro non <preparare>

l4esa%e1

 "on <tu rius-ire> a 3inire il la(oro

0 Gli <noi -hiedere> dei &@1

&aterina <stare> %ale1

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2nit 8@ 898

2 <io %angiare> un panino, %a '

a(e(o an-ora 3a%e1 D

; +i <pia-ere> la partita

! &e-ilia <andare> in (a-an:a1 /e %ie a%i-he <us-ire>1 20

6  "on <io -apire> nulla1

23ercise 5

8l treno <partire> in orario1

Sergio <ri%anere> in u33i-io1

Paolo non <(olere> la(orare -on

noi1

Gina <essere> -ontenta di (eder%i1

&o%plete the 3ollo)ing senten-es, using the -orre-t tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets <present per3e-t, i%per3e-t or past per3e-t>1

=a%ple? &arlo <ra--ontare> -he <lui passare> l4esa%e, %a non <essere>

(ero? &arlo ha ra--ontato -he a(e(a passato l4esa%e, %a non

era (ero1

Euando <io arri(are> i %iei a%i-i <us-ire> da po-o1

2 Sil(ia non <-onos-ere> la persona -he le <tele3onare>1; <tu 3are> un dol-e Ma ti <io dire> -he sono a dietaW

! =rnestina <essere> stan-a per-hY <-a%%inare> %olto1

&arlo non <(enire> -on noi per-hY <do(ere> 3are un la(oro -he gli <loro

dare> la sera pri%a1

6 Sil(io <essere> %olto -ontento per-hY <(in-ere> la gara di s-i1

' &arla <portare> se%pre la %aglia -he le <regalare> suo 3ratello1

D <io -o%prare> i libri -he %i <(oi -onsigliare>1

Mauro <spendere> tutti i soldi -he <lui guadagnare>10 Fran-es-a <in(itare> tutti gli a%i-i -he <andare> in (a-an:a -on lei l4anno

 pri%a1

23ercise 6

+ranslate into 8talian?

Paola still hadn4t been to S-otland1

2 84d 3inished the Bob, but 8 )as (ery tired1

; +he girls had ne(er gone into that -hur-h1

! Arianna 3inished the tart her grand%other had %ade1

LNhat had you Jsing1K said to Fabio4 L8 hadn4t said anything to hi%14

6 Maria had had to stay at ho%e1

' 9o) %u-h had your Jpl1K -ar -ost

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89) 2nit 8@

D +hey4d bought the ti-ket the pre(ious day1

8 hadn4t got the bike any longer, be-ause 84d gi(en it to Anna1

0 She )as born in Russia, but she4d been li(ing in 8taly 3or %any years

)hen 8 %et her1

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2NIT TW,NTJ

R!l#i$ prono%ns

Re3lei(e pronouns -orrespond to L%ysel34, Lyoursel34, et-1 in phrases like

Lyou 3latter yoursel34, Lthe -at4s li-king itsel34, Lthe re-order4s s)it-hed itsel3

o3341 8n su-h -ases, the subBe-t and the obBe-t o3 the (erb are the sa%e person

or thing?

 Ti guardi sempre allo specchio#

/i la"o#

'nna si "este per la festa#

*ou al)ays look at yoursel3 in the

%irror1

8 get )ashed1 Jlit1 8 )ash %ysel3K

Anna4s getting dressed 3or the party1

Jlit1 Anna4s dressing hersel3K

+hese ea%ples sho) ho) the re3lei(e pronouns are the dire-t obBe-ts o3

the (erbs la"are, guardare and "estire and denote the sa%e person as the

subBe-t1

+here are (ery %any (erbs )hi-h -an be used in the re3lei(e 3or% in 8talian and

)hi-h do not -orrespond to =nglish re3lei(e (erbs1 9ere is a list o3 so%e o3 the

%ost -o%%on ones?

addormentarsi to 3all asleep Jlit1 to send onesel3 to sleepK

al%arsi to get up Jlit1 to raise onesel3K

annoiarsi to getHbe bored Jlit1 to bore onesel3K

dimenticarsi to 3orget Jlit1 to 3orget onesel3K

la"arsi to get )ashed Jlit1 to )ash onesel3K

offendersi to take o33en-e Jlit1 to o33end onesel3K

ricordarsi to re%e%ber Jlit1 to re-all onesel3Kriposarsi to rest Jlit1 to rest onesel3K

sbagliarsi to be )rongH%istaken Jlit1 to %istake onesel3K

scusarsi to apologise Jlit1 to e-use onesel3K

sedersi to sit do)n Jlit1 to seat onesel3K

sentirsi to 3eel <)ell, ill, et-1> Jlit1 to 3eel onesel3K

s"egliarsi to )ake up Jlit1 to )aken onesel3K

"estirsi to get dressed Jlit1 to dress onesel3K

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899 2nit )3

2 +he 3or%s o3 the re3lei(e pronouns are as 3ollo)s?

mi %ysel3 

ti yoursel3 

si hi%sel3Hhersel3Hitsel3 

ci oursel(es

"i yoursel(es

si the%sel(es

' che ora ti al%i* la mattina

Paolo si8 s"eglia sempre

tardi# /aria si8 annoia#I tuoi amici si8 sbagliano-il

concerto non I

stasera#Le mie amiche si8 di"ertono#

Nhat ti%e do you get up in the

%orning

Paolo al)ays )akes up late1

Maria is bored1

*our 3riends are )rong? the -on-ert is

not tonight1

My 3riends are enBoying the%sel(es1

"ote that the third person singular and plural pronoun si is the sa%e 3or%as-uline and 3e%inine1

As -an be seen 3ro% the ea%ples, re3lei(e pronouns are al)ays pla-ed

 be3ore the (erb1

; +he negati(e is 3or%ed, as usual, by pla-ing non be3ore the pronoun?

Loren%o non si annoia mai# /oren:o ne(er getsHis ne(er bored1

(on ti di"erti& Aren4t you enBoying yoursel3

! For the 3or%al 3or%, the pronoun si <third person singular and plural> is

used1 8n the plural, ho)e(er, the pronoun "i is %ost 3requently used?

ome si sente* Signora& 9o) are you 3eeling, Mada%

;i di"ertite* Signori Rasi& Are you enBoying yoursel(es<, Mr and

+Si di"ertono* Signori Rasi&, Mrs Rasi>

+he plural 3or%s o3 the re3lei(e pronouns <ci, "i, si> are also used as

re-ipro-al pronouns, -orresponding to the =nglish Lea-h other4?

Paolo e io non ci sopportiamo#Paolo and 8 -an4t stand ea-h other1

PerchY "i guardate& Nhy are you looking at ea-h other

'lfredo e Pia non si parlano pi1 Al3redo and Pia don4t talk to ea-h

other any %ore1

6 Re3lei(e pronouns -an also be used, in -onte%porary spoken 8talian, as

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indire-t obBe-ts1 One su-h use is to stress that the a-tion epressed by the (erb

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2nit )3 89

is to the ad(antage o3 the subBe-t <-31 =nglish L84% %aking %ysel3 a -o33ee4 Ji1e1

a -o33ee 3or %ysel3K, L+hey4re going to ha(e the%sel(es so%e 3un4 Ji1e1 so%e

3un 3or the%sel(esK>?

/i mangio un panino#PerchY  non ci facciamo unapartita

a cartePaolo si mangia sempretutti i

biscotti#

84% going to eat a sand)i-h1

Nhy don4t )e ha(e a ga%e o3 -ards

Paolo al)ays eats all the bis-uits1

' Another -o%%on use o3 the 8talian re3lei(e pronoun o--urs in -ases like

the 3ollo)ing, )here =nglish )ould use a possessi(e adBe-ti(e <L%y4, Lyour4,

et-1> rather than a re3lei(e pronoun?

/i la"o le mani# 8 )ash %y hands1

 Ti metti il cappotto& Are you going to put your -oat on

'nna si la"a i capelli tutti i giorni#Anna )ashes her hair e(ery day1

D Nhen re3lei(e or re-ipro-al pronouns o--ur )ith a (erb in the present

 per3e-t <or any other -o%pound tense>, the auiliary is al)ays essere <e(en i3 the

(erb itsel3 )ould 3or% the past tenses )ith a"ere>, and the past parti-iple al)ays

agrees )ith the subBe-t?

Paolo si I s"egliato tardi#/aria si I annoiata#

;ittorio* a che ora ti seial%atoPaolo e Francesca si sonosposati#

laudio e 'nna si sonola"ati le

mani#Sabina si I  mangiata unpanino# Si sono fatti uncaff I1

Paolo )oke up late1

Maria got bored1

Vittorio, )hat ti%e did you get up

Paolo and Fran-es-a ha(e got%arried1

&laudio and Anna )ashed their

hands1

Sabina ate a sand)i-h1

+hey %ade <the%sel(es> a -o33ee1

+he re3lei(e pronouns, like all unstressed pronouns, -an be atta-hed to

the in3initi(e o3 a (erb <%ainly a3ter do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>1

8n

these senten-es, )hen the %ain (erb is in the present per3e-t <or any other

-o%pound tense>, the auiliary is a"ere, and the past parti-iple does not

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agree?

!e"o al%armi presto#/io fratello non "uolela"arsi#Paolo e Francesca hanno"oluto

sposarsi#(on abbiamo potuto la"arci#

84(e got to get up early1

My brother doesn4t )ant to )ash1

Paolo and Fran-es-a )anted to get

%arried1

Ne -ouldn4t )ash1

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89; 2nit )3

9o)e(er, )hen the re3lei(e pronoun is not atta-hed to the in3initi(e, the

auiliary (erb %ust be essere, and the past parti-iple does agree?

Paolo e Francesca si sono "olutisposare#(on ci siamo potuti la"are#;i siete do"uti fermare per lanotte

Stressed forms

Paolo and Fran-es-a )anted to get

%arried1Ne -ouldn4t )ash1

@id you ha(e to stop 3or the night

0 +he re3lei(e pronouns also ha(e stressed 3or%s )hi-h are used, like the

stressed 3or%s o3 other pronouns, 3or e%phasis and a3ter a preposition1 +hese

3or%s are o3ten rein3or-ed by the adBe-ti(e stesso?

me or me stessoHstessa %ysel3 

te or te stessoHstessa yoursel3 

sY or se8 stessoHstessa hi%sel3Hhersel3Hitsel3 noi or noi stessiHstesse oursel(es

"oi or "oi stessiHstesse yoursel(es

sY or se8 stessiHstesse the%sel(es

Franca ama solo sYHse8 stessa# Fran-a only lo(es hersel31

Pensi solo a teHte stesso< *ou only think o3 yoursel3W

$uei due sono da""ero noiosi- +hose t)o are really boring? they only

parlano solo di sIHse8 stessi# talk about the%sel(es1

"ote that se does not ha(e an a--ent )hen it is used )ith stesso1

23ercise 4

8nsert the -orre-t re3lei(eHre-ipro-al pronouns in the blank spa-es1

=a%ple? A -he ora  al:i? ti

Euando  sposano

2 @o(e  siedo

;  "ina non  (este %ai di

rosso1

! &o%e  sentite

 "ina e 5art  a%ano1

6 @o(e in-ontria%o

' la(o le %ani1

D Marina  guarda allo

spe--hio1

Sil(ano non  annoia %ai1

0 &arlo e /u-a non  

-onos-ono1

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&o%e  (estite

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2nit )3 89<

2  "on   di(erti

;   prendia%o un gelato

! Signora,  sente bene

 "on   ri-ordate di %e6 /i(ia e Sara riposano1

23ercise 5

' Paolo  sbaglia1

D &o%e  -hia%i

s-ri(ete spesso

20 o33endono 3a-il%ente1

8nsert the -orre-t re3lei(eHre-ipro-al pronouns in the blank spa-es1

=a%ple? A -he ora  sono al:ati? si

Paolo  I o33eso1

2 Anna  I arrabbiata1

; @o(e  siete -onos-iuti

!   sono al:ati tardi1

 "on   sei s-usato -on loro

6   sia%o -apiti subito1

' &arla non  I %essa il-appotto1

D 8l ba%bino  I

addor%entato1

Sil(ana e io  sia%o (iste

ieri1

23ercise 6

Put the (erbs into the present per3e-t?

0   sono %angiato un panino1

siete (estiti %olto bene1

2  "on   sia%o -apiti1

; @aniela e Pino  odiano1

! Euanta a-qua  sei be(uto

  sono tagliata un dito1

6 Per-hY  sei %esso il gol3

'   3a--ia%o una passeggiataD Sergio non I an-ora

s(egliato1

  sono sentita %ale1

20   siete annoiati alla 3esta

=a%ple? <tu J3K al:arsi> tardi? ti sei al:ata

Antonio e /ia <sposarsi>1

2 <tu J%K sbagliarsi>; <(oi J3K ri-ordare> il suo

-o%pleanno

! &laudia <3arsi> %ale1

<loro J%K in-ontrarsi> allo stadio1

6 <tu J%K perdersi>

' Signora, non <di(ertirsi>

D <noi J%K bersi> un litro di a-qua1

 "on <io J%K annoiarsi>1

0 <noi J3K al:arsi> presto1

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"on <tu J%K la(arsi> le %ani

2 <io J3K tagliarsi> i -apelli1

; 8l treno <3er%arsi>1

! 8 %iei :ii <separarsi>1

Vittorio non <la%entarsi>1

6 8l pro3essore <riposarsi>1

' /a pro3essoressa <stan-arsi>1

D  "on <tu J3K arrabbiarsi>

<(oi J%K o33endersi>

20 <loro J%K di%enti-arsi> di noiW

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89= 2nit )3

23ercise A

Re)rite the senten-es, %o(ing the pronoun and -hanging the auiliary1

=a%ple? Abbia%o do(uto al:ar-i J%K? &i sia%o do(uti al:are1

"on ho potuto la(ar%i J3K1

2 Sandra e Roberto hanno (oluto sposarsi1

; Abbia%o do(uto s-usar-i J%K1

! /uigi ha do(uto al:arsi alle sei1

Gianni non ha (oluto %ettersi il berretto1

6 9ai potuto -urarti J%K

' A(ete potuto riposar(i J%K

D 9o do(uto 3er%ar%i J3K1

Per-hY hai (oluto tingerti i -apelli J%K

0 "on abbia%o potuto spiegar-i J%K1

23ercise

+ranslate into 8talian, using re3lei(eHre-ipro-al pronouns1

Are you Jpl1K enBoying yoursel(es

2 9a(e you J3K )ashed your hands

; 9o) are you 3eeling, Mada%

! *ou Jpl1K are )rong1

Nhere did you J3pK %eet

6 Nhy don4t you Jsing1K sit do)n

' Paolo al)ays talks about hi%sel31D Fran-a )ashed her hair1

&arlo apologised1

0 8 J3K got dressed1

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2NIT TW,NTJ.ON,

T' imprati$

+he i%perati(e is used, in 8talian as in =nglish, to epress orders,

-o%%ands or strong requests?

Guarda< /ookW

2ntrate< &o%e inW

hiedi a tuo padre# Ask your 3ather1

;enga domani* Signora< &o%e to%orro), Mada%W

'ndiamo< /et4s goW

!ammi il libro# Gi(e %e the book1

As )ell as orders and requests, the i%perati(e -an also be used to epress

)ishes, in(itations, en-ourage%ent and ad(i-e?

Passa delle buone "acan%e# Ti ascolto- dimmi tutto#(on ti preoccupare#

Hai l4aria stanca- "ai a letto<

Forms of the imperati"e

9a(e a good holiday1

84% listening to you? tell %e e(erything1

@on4t )orry1

*ou look tired? go to bedW

2 Regular (erbs in .are, .ere and .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Parlare To spea0<tu> parla speak 

</ei> parli speak 

<noi> parliamo let us speak 

<(oi> parlate speak 

</oro> parlino speak 

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83 2nit )8

Prendere To ta0eHget<tu> prendi takeHget

</ei> prenda takeHget

<noi> prendiamo let us takeHget<(oi> prendete takeHget

</oro> prendano takeHget

Partire To lea"e<tu> parti lea(e

</ei> parta lea(e

<noi> partiamo let us lea(e

<(oi> partite lea(e

</oro> partano lea(e

So%e (erbs ending in .ire add .isc., as in the present indi-ati(e <see #nit >?

Finire To finish<tu> finisci 3inish

</ei> finisca 3inish

<noi> finiamo let us 3inish

<(oi> finite 3inish</oro> finiscano 3inish

8n the 3irst person plural, the %eaning is %ore that o3 a suggestion than an

order, %ade to a group o3 )hi-h )e are part <-31 the =nglish LLet4s ha(e a

-o33ee4>1 +he third person singular and plural are only used 3or the polite

3or%1

Parlate con i "ostri insegnanti#Prendi un analgesico#Partiamo subito#Finisci il compito<Prenda la prima +strada, adestra#

Speak to your tea-hers1

+ake a painkiller1/et4s lea(e i%%ediately1

Finish your ho%e)orkW

+ake the 3irst <street> on the right1

; Verbs ending in .care and .gare keep the hard sound o3 c and g by adding

h be3ore the endings o3 the third person singular <Lei> and the 3irst and third

 persons plural <noi and Loro>?

ercare Pagarecerca pagacerchi paghicerchiamo paghiamocercate pagate

cerchino paghino

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2nit )8 88

erchiamo casa in :uesta %ona</et4s look 3or a 3lat in this areaW

Paghi il conto* per fa"ore* Signora# Pay the bill, please<, Mada%>1

! Verbs ending in .iare ha(e only one .i in the se-ond person singular and the3irst and third persons plural?

ominciare /angiarecomincia mangiacominci mangicominciamo mangiamocominciate mangiatecomincino mangino

ominci a la"orare* Signora< Start )orking<, Mada%>W

/uoio di fame- mangiamo :ualcosa< 84% star(ing? let4s eat so%ethingW

Forms of some irregular "erbs

  2ssere and a"ere are irregular in the i%perati(e?

2ssere '"eresii abbisia abbiasiamo abbiamosiate abbiatesiano abbiano

Siate gentili<'bbi pa%ien%a<Sia pronta per le 4>* Signora#

5e kindW

5e patientW Jlit1 ha(e patien-eK

5e ready by 0<, Mada%>1

6 +here are other (erbs )ith irregular i%perati(es1 9ere are so%e o3 the %ost

-o%%on?

!are !ire FaredaiHda48 di4 faiHfa48dia dica facciadiamo diciamo facciamodate dite fatediano dicano facciano

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8) 2nit )8

Stare 'ndare ;enirestaiHsta48 "aiH"a48 "ienistia "ada "enga

stiamo andiamo "eniamostate andate "enitestiano "adano "engano

Sapere 9scire Beresappi esci be"isappia esca be"asappiamo usciamo be"iamosappiate uscite be"ete

sappiano escano be"ano

+he se-ond person singular o3 these (erbs has t)o 3or%s? the 3or% )ith the

apostrophe is nor%ally used )ith unstressed pronouns <see paragraph 0>1

State attenti<FaiHfa4 il compito<;ieni subito :ui<

;enga a"anti* Signora<

Sappi che io non sono

d4accordo# !i4 la "erit1

Pay attentionW Jlit1 be attenti(eK

@o your ho%e)orkW

&o%e here at on-eW

&o%e 3or)ard<, Mada%>W

8 )ant you to kno) that 8 don4t agree1Jlit1 kno) that 8 don4t agreeK

+ell the truth1

' All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

 Tradurre.uci traduci.uca traduca.uciamo traduciamo.ucete traducete.ucano traducano

 Traduciamo insieme :ueste frasi# /et4s translate these senten-es

together1 Traduca* per fa"ore# +ranslate, please1

Formal form

D Ne ha(e already seen the 3or%s used 3or the polite 3or%1 &are %ust be

taken not to -on3use i%perati(e and present polite and 3a%iliar 3or%s1&o%pare?

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2nit )8 8*

Imperati"e Present3a%iliar <tu> parla parli3or%al </ei> parli parla

3a%iliar <tu> leggi leggi3or%al </ei> legga legge3a%iliar <tu> esciHfinisci esciHfinisci3or%al </ei> escaHfinisca esceHfinisce

Parla col direttore< J3a%iliar Speak to the %anagerW

i%perati(eK

Parli col direttore* Signora# J3or%al

i%perati(eK

Parli col direttoreJ3a%iliar

 presentK

Parla col direttore* SignoraJ3or%al

 presentK

Speak to the %anager<, Mada%>1

Are you speaking to the %anager

Are you speaking to the %anager<,

Mada%>

8n the plural, as usual, the se-ond person is %ore -o%%only used than thethird?

Parlate col controllore#+Parlino col controllore#,'bbiate pa%ien%a* Signori#+'bbiano pa%ien%a* Signori#,

(egati"e form

Speak to the -ondu-tor1

5e patient, <ladies and> gentle%en1

For the se-ond person singular, the negati(e is 3or%ed )ith the in3initi(e o3

the (erb pre-eded by non1 For the other persons, the usual rule applies and

non pre-edes the 3or% o3 the i%perati(e1 As an ea%ple, here is the negati(e

-onBugation o3 parlare?

<tu> non parlare</ei> non parli<noi> non parliamo<(oi> non parlate</oro> non parlino

(on essere scortese< @on4t be rudeW

(on dite bugie# @on4t tell lies1

(on a"ere fretta< @on4t rushW

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89 2nit )8

Position of unstressed pronouns

0 Nhen the i%perati(e is used in an a33ir%ati(e senten-e )ith an unstressed

 pronoun <dire-t obBe-t, indire-t obBe-t, re3lei(e, ne, ci>, the pronoun is al)aysatta-hed to the (erb i3 it is in a se-ond person 3or% <tu or "oi> or the 3irst

 person plural 3or% <noi>?

$uel libro I per te- prendilo#hiediamole aiuto#Se hai dei problemi* parlane#

'l%ate"i* raga%%i< Telefonagli  <or  Telefona loro  .

see

#nit 0, paragraph 2>1

+hat book is 3or you? take it1

/et4s ask her 3or help1

83 you are ha(ing proble%s, talk about

the%1

Get up, boysW

Phone the%1

 "ote that )hen an unstressed pronoun is used )ith the 3or%s da4, fa4, di4, sta4 and "a4 <see paragraph 6>, the 3irst -onsonant o3 the pronoun <e-ept gli> is

doubled?

Se sai la "erit* dilla<!ammi la penna<!anne un po4  a tuofratello# Fammi unpiacere#;allo a comprare<;acci subito#

!ille la "erit1!igli la "erit1

83 you kno) the truth, tell itWGi(e %e the penW

Gi(e so%e to your brother1

@o %e a 3a(our1

Go and buy itW

Go there at on-e1

+ell her the truth1

+ell hi% the truth1

8n negati(e senten-es, there is an etra option? the pronoun -an be pla-ed

 be3ore the (erb <and a3ter non>?

(on lo prendere< or (onprenderlo<(on le chiediamo aiuto# or(on

chiediamole aiuto#(on ne parlare<  or  (onparlarne<(on "i al%ate<  or  (onal%ate"i<

@on4t take itW

/et4s not ask her 3or help1

@on4t talk about itW

@on4t get upW

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8n the polite 3or% <third person singular and plural, Lei and Loro>, the

 pronouns are al1ays pla-ed be3ore the (erb?

$uel libro I per Lei- lo prenda#+hat book is 3or you? take it1

Le scri"a una mail# Nrite her an e%ail1

(e parlino al controllore# Speak to the -ondu-tor about it1

Si al%i* Signora< Get up<, Mada%>W

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2nit )8 8

23ercise 4

Supply the i%perati(e o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? <tu pagare> il -onto? paga

<tu -o%prare> il pane1

2 <noi us-ire> subito1 2

; </ei stare> tranquilla, SignoraW ;

! <tu %ettere> in ordineW !

<(oi essere> gentili1

6 </ei (enire>, Pro3essoreW 6

' <tu dare> una %ano a tuo 3ratello1 '

D <tu 3inire> i -o%piti1 D

<-o%prare> questa borsa, SignoraW

0 <noi 3are> una pausaW 20

23ercise 5

Supply the polite 3or% 3or these senten-es1

=a%ple? Paga il -onto? paghi

&hiudi la porta, per 3a(ore1 6

2 Vai al ter:o piano1 '

; SorridiW D

! @i4 tutto1

Fai prestoW 0

23ercise 6

&hange the i%perati(es into the negati(e1

<tu a(ere> 3idu-ia in lei1

</ei parlare> pi 3orte, Signora1

<tu andare> 3uoriW

<tu dire> tutto quello -he sai1

</ei 3are> atten:ione, Signora1

<(oi s-ri(ere> le -artolineW

<tu 3are> atten:ioneW

</oro entrare>, Signori1

<(oi aprire> le 3inestreW

<tu rispondere> al tele3ono1

Sii pa:ienteW

+radu-i, per 3a(ore1

A--endi la lu-e1

Stai 3er%oW

=ntraW

=a%ples? @or%iW? "on dor%ireW Al:atiW? "on al:artiW or "on ti al:areW

Partite subitoW

2 Rispondi alla sua do%anda1

; Andate in dis-ote-a1

! S-enda, Signora1

#s-ia%oW

6 Finis-i i bis-otti1

' As-oltaW

D Prenda quella stradaW

+ele3ona a Giuseppe1

0 @i4 quello -he pensi1

+agliati i -apelli1

2 @alle il libro1

; Parlagli1

! S-ri(ete%i1

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8; 2nit )8

@illoW D Mettiti il berretto1

6 8n(itali1 Portatele dei 3iori1

' Prendilo1 20 FalloW

23ercise A

&hange the i%perati(es into the a33ir%ati(e1

=a%ples? "on parlateW? ParlateW "on %i guardare? Guarda%iW

 "on andare in pis-ina12  "on prendete l4autobus1

;  "on in(itare Gia-o%o1

!  "on guardia%o quel 3il%1

 "on -o%in-iare1

6  "on 3a--ia la spesa al %er-ato1

'  "on %ettano l4auto in garage1

D  "on 3are -os )1

 "on andare al par-o1

0  "on stare sul bal-one1

23ercise

 "on %andar%i una -artolina1

2  "on 3atelo1;  "on dar%i i tuoi libri1

!  "on %i rispondere1

 "on -i andare1

6  "on lo %angiate1

'  "on lo leggeteW

D  "on -i aspetti, Pro3essore1

 "on dirgli il tuo no%e1

20  "on darle il tuo indiri::o1

&hange the (erb into the i%perati(e, and repla-e the )ords in itali-s )ith the

appropriate pronoun1

=a%ple? @e(i dire la "erit? @illa1

@o(ete parlare a Laura1

2 @e(i prendere i libri1; Signora, de(e 3ir%are il foglio1

! @o(ete parlare del problema1

@obbia%o andare alsupermercato1

6 @e(i 3are gli eserci%i1' @o(ete restare a scuola1

D @obbia%o -hiedere ilpermesso1

@e(i -orreggere gli sbagli10 @o(ete prendere il treno1

Signori, de(ono aspettare il tram1

2 @e(i %andare gli auguri1; @o(ete -o%prare la frutta1

! Signor Rossi, de(e portare unafoto1

@o(ete aiutare i "ostri amici16 @e(i rendere il libro1

' @obbia%o -hiedere a Lina1

D @e(i tele3onare ai nonni1 @e(i bere del caff I1

20 @o(ete studiare filosofia1

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2NIT TW,NTJ.TWO

T' prono%n si

+he pronoun si is used as an i%personal subBe-t, either in senten-es )ithout a

spe-i3ied subBe-t, or in senten-es )ith a passi(e %eaning1 8n both, it is al)ays

 put be3ore the (erb1

Si in sentences 1here the sub7ect is not specified

  Si is used as an i%personal subBe-t in senten-es )here the subBe-t is not

spe-i3ied1 8t -orresponds to the =nglish Lone4 or Lyou4 <as in LOne ne(erkno)sH*ou ne(er kno) )hat4s Bust round the -orner4>, or Lthey4, %eaning a

nu%ber o3 unspe-i3ied people <as in L+hey eat kangaroo in Australia4>1

Nhen si  is used in this )ay, the (erb is al)ays in the third person

singular?

Si esce da :uesta porta#LSono stato al mare#4  LSi

"ede- seiabbron%ato<4

Si paga alla cassa#4I  stato un incidente enon si

passa#'ll4ostello della gio"ent  sispende

meno#Per andare al museo sipassa da

pia%%a Garibaldi#

*ou go out by this door1

L84(e been at the seaside14 L8t sho)s Jlit1

one seesK? you4(e got a tanW4

*ou payHOne pays at the till1+here4s been an a--ident and you -an4t

get through1

*ou spend less in a youth hostel1

+o get to the %useu% you go through

 pia::a Garibaldi1

As the ea%ples suggest, si is o3ten used 3or rules or general ad(i-e1

2 Nith (erbs like essere, di"entare, sembrare, et-1, 3ollo)ed by a noun or

an adBe-ti(e, si requires the noun to be plural <e(en though the (erb is al)ays

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singular>, and the adBe-ti(e to be %as-uline plural?

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8= 2nit ))

$uando si  studenti si  po"eri#Se si mangia troppo sidi"enta

grassi#$uando si   malati sirimane a

casa#$uando si   gio"ani si

ottimisti#Se si "este in nero si sembramagri#

Nhen one is a student, one is poor1

83 you eat too %u-h you get 3at1

Nhen you are ill you stay at ho%e1

Nhen one is young one is an opti%ist1 83

you dress in bla-k you look sli%1

Si in sentences 1ith a passi"e meaning

;  Si is also used as an i%personal subBe-t in senten-es )hi-h ha(e a passi(e

%eaning, like this one? L8n "uo(a elanda si parla inglese14 +he -orresponding

senten-e in =nglish )ould ha(e either a passi(e (erb <L=nglish is spoken in "e)

ealand4> or an i%personal one <LOne speaksH+hey speak =nglish in  "e)Xealand4>1

8n this type o3 senten-e, the (erb -an be in either the third person singular or

the third person plural1 +he singular is used i3 the noun that a--o%panies the

(erb is singular?

Il biglietto Jsing1K si prendeall4ingresso#

Il sale Jsing1K si compra in

tabaccheria#'l mercato si "ende la fruttaJsing1K

migliore#Si de"e la"are l4insalataJsing1K

prima di mangiarla#

In biblioteca si puZ leggereil

giornale Jsing1K1

+he ti-ket is obtainedH*ou get your 

ti-ket at the door1

Salt is boughtH*ou buy salt at thetoba--onist4s1

+he best 3ruit is sold at the %arket1

/ettu-e should be )ashed be3ore you

eat itH*ou should )ash lettu-e

 be3ore eating it1

8n the library you -an read the paperH

+he paper -an be read in the library1

+he plural is used )hen the noun that a--o%panies the (erb is plural?

'nche le cartoline Jpl1K sicomprano

in tabaccheria#

I lamponi  Jpl1K si mangiano

inestate1

In "acan%a si fanno molte

fotografie

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Jpl1K1

Si de"ono comprare i bigliettiJpl1K

in anticipo#In :uel ine lub si possono"edere

molti film Jpl1K1

Post-ards are also boughtH*ou also

 buy post-ards at the toba--onist4s1

Raspberries are eaten in su%%er1

A lot o3 pi-tures are taken on holidayH

On holiday you take a lot o3

 pi-tures1

+i-kets should be pur-hased inad(an-e1

A lot o3 3il%s -an be seenH*ou -an see

a lot o3 3il%s at that -ine -lub1

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2nit )) 8@

(egati"e form

! +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?

(on si fuma in aereo# +here4s no s%oking Jlit1 one does not

s%okeK in planes1

(on si de"ono aprire le finestre# +he )indo)s %ustn4t be openedHOne

%ustn4t open the )indo)s1

Si used 1ith the au3iliary essere

Nhen si o--urs )ith a (erb in the present per3e-t <or any -o%pound tense>, the

auiliary is essereC the past parti-iple %ust there3ore agree )ith the subBe-t o3 the

 passi(e (erb?

Su :uesto argomento si sonoscritti

molti libri#In Piemonte si I  sempre

prodottodel buon "ino#

In :uesta scuola si sonosempre

cominciate le le%ioni alle#$uando si I finita l4uni"ersit

sicerca la"oro#

Many books ha(e been )ritten on this

subBe-t1

8n Pied%ont good )ine has al)ays

 been produ-edHthey ha(e al)ays

 produ-ed good )ine1

8n this s-hool lessons ha(e al)ays<been> started at eight o4-lo-k1

Nhen uni(ersity has been 3inishedH

Nhen you ha(e 3inished uni(ersity,

you look 3or a Bob1

+he sa%e applies )hen si is not used in a passi(e 3un-tion, but purely as an

i%personal subBe-t <Lone4, Lyou4, Lthey4, et-1>?

$uando non si I riusciti arisol"ere

un problema* non si I

soddisfatti# !opo che si I  statimalati* si I

sempre deboli#

Si used 1ith refle3i"e "erbs

Nhen one hasn4t %anaged to sol(e a

 proble%, one is dissatis3ied1

*ou4re al)ays )eak )hen you4(e beenill1

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8;3 2nit ))

$uando ci si al%a presto la giornata Nhen you get up early, the day see%s

sembra troppo lunga< too longW

23ercise 4

&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t 3or% o3 the (erb1

=a%ples? @al bal-one si <(edere> le %ontagne? (edonoC A "atale si

<%angiare> il panettone? %angia

Si <3are> atten:ione quando si <attra(ersare> la strada1

2 8n S(i::era si <parlare> tre lingue1

; @i do%eni-a non si <la(orare>1

! "egli u33i-i pubbli-i non si <3u%are>1

Si <do(ere> aiutare gli an:iani1

6 8n quella dis-ote-a non si <entrare> -on le s-arpe da ginnasti-a1

' &erti segreti non si <potere> %antenere1

D Per entrare nel -entro della -itt si <pagare> un pedaggio1

8n quel bos-o si <tro(are> %olti 3unghi1

0 Al %er-ato si <-o%prare> la (erdura pi 3res-a1

23ercise 5

Re)rite the senten-es )ith the -orre-t 3or% o3 the (erbs and the adBe-ti(es or

nouns in bra-kets1

=a%ples? Euando si <essere %alato>, si <andare> a letto? Euando si I%alati, si (a a lettoC Euando si <essere studente>, si <do(ere>

studiare? Euando si I studenti, si de(e studiare1

Euando si <a(ere> 3reddo, <la(orare> %ale1

2 Euando si <a(ere> la 3ebbre, si <restare> a -asa1

; Euando si <-o%in-iare> a studiare una lingua, si <3are> degli sbagli1

! Euando si <guidare> non si <usare> il -ellulare1

Euando si <a(ere> 3a%e si <%angiare>16 Euando si <essere stan-o> si <3are> %olti sbagli1

' Euando si <essere a((o-ato> si <-onos-ere> la legge1

D Euando non si <a(ere> soldi, non si <3are> spese inutili1

Euando si <a(ere> tanti a%i-i si <essere 3ortunato>1

0 Euando si <%angiare> troppi dol-i, si <ingrassare>1

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2nit )) 8;8

23ercise 6

&hange the senten-es into i%personal 3or% by using the pronoun si1

=a%ples? "on de(i %angiare -on le %ani? "on si %angia -on le %aniC

 "on de(i ra--ogliere i 3iori? "on si ra--olgono i 3iori1

"on de(i %ettere i piedi sulla s-ri(ania1

2 /a %attina de(i 3are -ola:ione1

; @opo pran:o de(i la(are i piatti1

! "on de(i parlare -on gli s-onos-iuti1

"on de(i andare in bi-i-letta sul %ar-iapiedi1

6 "on de(i %angiare durante le le:ioni1

' "on de(i guardarti tanto allo spe--hio1

D 8n bibliote-a de(i parlare a bassa (o-e1

"on de(i guardare la tele(isione tutto il giorno1

0 8l giorno pri%a degli esa%i de(i studiare1

23ercise A

&hange the senten-es into i%personal 3or% by using the pronoun si1 Pay

attention to the use o3 the past tense1

=a%ple? EuandoH@opo -he hai par-heggiato l4auto in salita, de(i

%ettere il 3reno a %ano? EuandoH@opo -he si I par-heggiata

l4auto in salita, si de(e %ettere il 3reno a %ano1

@opo -he hai 3atto il bagno in %are, 3ai la do--ia12 @opo -he hai superato un esa%e, sei -ontento1

; @opo -he hai 3inito di la(orare, (ai a -asa1

! @opo -he sei salito sull4aereo, non puoi usare il -ellulare1

Euando sei -res-iuto in -a%pagna, -onos-i i no%i di tante piante1

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2nit )* 8;*

.are .ere .ire<io> .erei .erei .irei<tu> .eresti .eresti .iresti

<luiHlei> .erebbe .erebbe .irebbe<noi> .eremmo8 .eremmo8 .iremmo8<(oi> .ereste .ereste .ireste<loro> .erebbero .erebbero .irebbero

5e sure not to -on3use the spelling o3 these endings <all )ith .emmo> )ith

the -orresponding ones o3 the 3uture <all )ith .emo>1

Regular (erbs ending in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Parlare To spea0parlerei 8 )ould speak 

parleresti you )ould speak 

parlerebbe heHsheHit )ould speak 

parleremmo )e )ould speak 

parlereste you )ould speak 

parlerebbero they )ould speak 

Regular (erbs ending in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Prendere To ta0eHgetprenderei 8 )ould take

prenderesti you )ould take

prenderebbe heHsheHit )ould take

prenderemmo )e )ould take

prendereste you )ould take

prenderebbero they )ould take

Regular (erbs ending in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?

Finire To finishfinirei 8 )ould 3inish

finiresti you )ould 3inish

finirebbe heHsheHit )ould 3inish

finiremmo )e )ould 3inishfinireste you )ould 3inish

finirebbero they )ould 3inish

on /arco parleresti italiano# Nith Mar-o you )ould speak 8talian1

Scri"erei una cartolina alla %ia# 8 )ould )rite a post-ard to %y aunt1

Finiremmo :uesto la"oro prima diNe4d 3inish this Bob be3ore lea(ing1

partire#

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8;9 2nit )*

; Verbs ending in .care and .gare add h be3ore the endings o3 the present

-onditional in order to keep the hard sound o3 c and g?

ercare Pagare

cercherei paghereicercheresti pagheresticercherebbe pagherebbecercheremmo pagheremmocerchereste pagherestecercherebbero pagherebbero

'l suo posto* cercherei un altro83 8 )ere hi% Jlit1 in his pla-eK, 84d look 

la"oro# 3or another Bob1La Signora pagherebbe il conto# +he lady )ould pay the bill1

! Verbs ending in .ciare and .giare drop .i in the present -onditional?

ominciare /angiarecomincerei mangereicominceresti mangeresticomincerebbe mangerebbe

cominceremmo mangeremmocomincereste mangerestecomincerebbero mangerebbero

Sen%a di lui* non cominceremmo la Ne )ouldn4t start the %eeting )ithout

riunione# hi%1

/angeresti la carne di canguro<Nould you eat kangaroo %eatW

Present conditional of some irregular "erbs8rregular (erbs are grouped in the sa%e )ay as 3or the 3uture tense?

  2ssere and a"ere are irregular?

2ssere '"eresarei a"reisaresti a"resti

sarebbe a"rebbesaremmo a"remmosareste a"restesarebbero a"rebbero

Sarei contenta di ri"edere arlo# 8 )ould be happy to see &arlo again1

'"resti un minuto per me &ould you spare %e a %inute Jlit1

)ould you ha(e a %inute 3or %eK

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2nit )* 8;

6  !are, fare and stare 3ollo) the sa%e pattern as essere?

darei farei stareidaresti faresti starestidarebbe farebbe starebbedaremmo faremmo staremmodareste fareste starestedarebbero farebbero starebbero

!arei una festa# 8 )ould gi(e a party1

/i faresti un fa"ore Nould you do %e a 3a(our

'l posto tuo starei tran:uillo# 8 )ouldn4t )orry i3 8 )ere you1 Jlit1 in

your pla-e 84d be -al%K

'  'ndare, cadere, do"ere, potere, sapere, "edere and "i"ere 3ollo) the sa%e

 pattern as a"ere?

andrei cadrei do"rei potreiandresti cadresti do"resti potrestiandrebbe cadrebbe do"rebbe potrebbeandremmo cadremmo do"remmo potremmoandreste cadreste do"reste potresteandrebbero cadrebbero do"rebbero potrebbero

saprei "edrei "i"reisapresti "edresti "i"restisaprebbe "edrebbe "i"rebbesapremmo "edremmo "i"remmosapreste "edreste "i"reste

saprebbero "edrebbero "i"rebbero

$uando andreste in "acan%a Nhen )ould you go on holiday

!omenica do"rei la"orare# On Sunday 8 ought to )ork1

Potresti aiutarmi<< *ou -ould help %eWW Ji1e1 )hy aren4t

you helping %eK

D A third group o3 irregular (erbs, -o%prising bere, rimanere, "enire, "olere

and tenere, ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

.rrei   berrei   rimarrei

.rresti berresti rimarresti

.rrebbe berrebbe rimarrebbe

.rremmo berremmo rimarremmo

.rreste berreste rimarreste

.rrebbero berrebbero rimarrebbero

"errei "orrei terrei"erresti "orresti terresti"errebbe "orrebbe terrebbe"erremmo "orremmo terremmo"erreste "orreste terreste"errebbero "orrebbero terrebbero

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8;; 2nit )*

Rimarrei ancora un po> con "oi*ma

de"o prendere il treno#;erresti al cinema con me

;orrei un caff #8;orrei anche un chilo di mele#8

8 )ould stay )ith you a bit longer, but

84(e got to get the train1

Nould you -o%e to the -ine%a )ith

%e

84d like a -o33ee184d like a kilo o3 apples as )ell1

+he present -onditional o3 "olere is o3ten used to epresses )ishes and

requests in a polite 3or%, -orresponding to the =nglish L)ould like41

All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?

.urrei tradurrei

.urresti tradurresti

.urrebbe tradurrebbe

.urremmo tradurremmo

.urreste tradurreste

.urrebbero tradurrebbero

L4interprete tradurrebbe tutto per te#  +he interpreter )ould translate

e(erything 3or you1

(egati"e form

0 +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the (erb?

(on capiresti nulla# *ou )ouldn4t understand a thing1

(on "orremmo partire# Ne )ouldn4t )ant to lea(e1

(on tradurrei cos )1 8 )ouldn4t translate <it> like that1

23ercise 4

Supply the present -onditional o3 the (erb in bra-kets1

=a%ple? Stasera non <io us-ire>? us-irei

<tu leggere> quel libro di nuo(oW

2 <io potere> aiutar(i1

; <(oi a(ere> (oglia di us-ire

! Mi <tu s(egliare>

<loro (olere> (enire a -ena1

6 <tu pagare> an-he per %e

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'  "on <io 3are> quel la(oro1

D <noi do(ere> studiare1

<tu sapere> guidare un trattore

0 &laudia <ri%anere> a -asa1

Al posto tuo non <io aprire> la

 porta1

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2nit )* 8;<

2 <tu do(ere> tele3onare a Pia1

; A /i: <pia-ere> (i(ere in 8talia1

! Mi <potere> aspettare, Signora

Mauro <essere> la persona giusta16 Mi <(oi dare> un passaggio

' <io bere> (olentieri qual-osa1

23ercise 5

D  "on <loro abitare> %ai in una -asa

-o%e questa1

&hi <tradurre> dall4arabo

20 <tu a--o%pagnare> Sil(ia alla

sta:ione

Re)rite the senten-es, -hanging the itali-ised (erbs into the present

-onditional1

=a%ple?  ;eniamo (olentieri? Verre%%o (olentieri1

;oglio due panini1

2 !o"ete studiare di pi1

; /u-ia "a in (a-an:a1

! Fate una pausa

Possiamo parlarti6 Mauri:io cambia la(oro1

' Mi dai un -onsiglio

D Vi piace andare a Vene:ia

8 nostri a%i-i de"ono arri(are oggi1

0 "on esce %ai sen:a per%esso1

23ercise 6

+ranslate into 8talian, using the present -onditional?

Paola -ould help %e1

2 Ne )ould gladly -o%e1

; 8 )ouldn4t go to the library in the e(enings1

! Nhen )ould you start, Signora Vialli

Pietro )ould like to in(ite you Jsing1K to the party16 Ne4d be happy to see you Jpl1K1

' +hey )ould keep the dog in the garden1

D 8 )ould ha(e to lea(e early1

84d like another bis-uit1

0 Nould you kno) the result, Mr Spada(e--hia

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K,J TO ,E,RCIS,S

9(IT 4

,#rcis 8

% 2 3 ; % ! 3 3 6 % ' % D % % 0 %H3 % 2 3  

; %H3 ! % 3 6 3 ' %H3 D % % 20 3  

,#rcis )

raga::i 2 %ar-he ; -hia(i ! abitanti :ii 6 3iu%i ' sta:ioni

D raga::e energie 0 po%eriggi ban-he 2 pianisti ; -lienti

! indiri::i o--hi 6 ristoranti ' tele(isioni D -alendari

3ran-esi 20 laghi

,#rcis *

no%e 2 (ia ; 3iglio ! %ano opinione 6 -liente ' o--hio D per.

sona %ar-a 0 proble%a -iliegia 2 -a33I ; %edi-o

! atti(ista gino--hio 6 bugia ' tedes-o D test uo%o

20 a%i-a

9(IT 5

,#rcis 8

la 2 la ; il ! la l4 or le 6 il ' i D l4 lo 0 gli le2 lo or gli ; l4 ! la la or le 6 gli ' le D le la or le20 l4

,#rcis )

una 2 una ; un ! uno una 6 un ' un4 D una un 0 uno

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K+ to #rciss 8;@

un4 2 uno ; una ! un4 uno 6 un ' uno D un

uno 20 un4

,#rcis *

lo 2 una ; le ! un4 la 6 il ' un4 D l4, un il 0 lo

9(IT 6

,#rcis 8

interessante 2 bian-a ; bian-hi ! rosse egoisti 6 bell4

' ra::ista D -o%i-he si%pati-he 0 lunghi quel, si%pati-o

2 questi, 3a-ili ; quei, begli ! queste, belle quegli, %orti

6 questi, inglesi ' quelle, spagnole D quel, bell4 quelle, 3res-he

20 quei, gre-i

,#rcis )

grande 2 rosa ; 3ran-esi ! gra(e pa-i3isti 6 tedes-he ' pigro

D lunghi belghe 0 belga spor-he 2 energi-o ; resistenti! blu s-o::esi 6 (elo-i ' si%pati-he D italiani otti%isti

20 soddis3atti

,#rcis *

i loro 2 i suoi ; la %ia ! le tue la (ostra 6 il nostro ' i %iei D la

loro tua 0 la Sua

,#rcis 9

il suo 2 la nostra ; i tuoi ! il %io i suoi 6 le tue or le Sue ' la

loro D i (ostri or i /oro le sue 0 i nostri

,#rcis

questi, i nostri, tedes-hi 2 i Suoi, otti%isti ; queste, le (ostre ! i %iei, iSuoi questi, i %iei, quelli, i tuoi 6 il nostro, entusiasta, il (ostro

' quelle, le %ie, queste, le tue D quegli, di(ertenti, questo, di33i-ile i %iei,

 pesanti, i (ostri, leggeri 0 quell4, %inerale, gassata, questa, lis-ia

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8<3 K+ to #rciss

9(IT A

,#rcis 8

sia%o 2 sei ; sono ! sono siete 6 I ' I D sono siete0 sia%o sono 2 siete ; I ! sono sei 6 I ' I

D sono siete 20 I

,#rcis )

abbia%o 2 ha ; ho ! hanno a(ete 6 ha ' ha D hai

abbia%o 0 hai a(ete 2 ha ; abbia%o ! hanno hai

6 ha ' hanno D hai ho 20 ha

,#rcis *

"on ho ragioneC 9o ragione 2 8l pro3essore non ha -aldoC 8l pro3essore

ha -aldo ; /a Signorina 5erti non ha seteC /a Signorina 5erti ha sete

! /ei non ha sonnoC /ei ha sonno "on a(ete pauraC A(ete paura

6 "on hanno 3reddoC 9anno 3reddo ' &arla e Andrea non hanno 3a%eC

&arla e Andrea hanno 3a%e

,#rcis 9

Sono stan-oC "on sono stan-o1 2 Sei pigraC "on sei pigra1 ; 8l dottore I

gio(aneC 8l dottore non I gio(ane1 ! /a pro3essoressa I si%pati-aC /a pro3es.

soressa non I si%pati-a1 /ei I altoC /ei non I alto1 6 Sia%o %agreC "on

sia%o %agre1 ' Siete intelligentiC "on siete intelligenti1 D /e tue a%i-he

sono -ontenteC /e tue a%i-he non sono -ontente1

,#rcis

"ell4u33i-io -4I una sedia1 2 "ell4u33i-io -i sono due poltrone1 ; "ell4u3.

3i-io -i sono tre -o%puter1 ! "ell4u33i-io -4I una sta%pante1 "ell4u33i-io

-4I un tele3ono1 6 "ell4u33i-io -4I la 3oto-opiatri-e1 ' "ell4u33i-io -i sono

due radiatori1 D "ell4u33i-io -4I una porta1 "ell4u33i-io -i sono tre

3inestre1

,#rcis ;

8n questo paese -4I un %useo, -i sono tre %usei, non -i sono %usei1 2 8n

questo paese -4I una dis-ote-a, -i sono due dis-ote-he, non -i sono dis-o.

te-he1 ; 8n questo paese -4I una panetteria, -i sono quattro panetterie, non

-i sono panetterie1 ! 8n questo paese -4I un -ine%a, -i sono due -ine%a,

non -i sono -ine%a1 8n questo paese -4I una bibliote-a, -i sono due

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K+ to #rciss 8<8

 bibliote-he, non -i sono bibliote-he1 6 8n questo paese -4I una s-uola, -i

sono due s-uole, non -i sono s-uole1 ' 8n questo paese -4I un u33i-io postale,

-i sono due u33i-i postali, non -i sono u33i-i postali1 D 8n questo paese -4I

una libreria, -i sono quattro librerie, non -i sono librerie1 8n questo paese-4I un giardino pubbli-o, -i sono tre giardini pubbli-i, non -i sono giardini

 pubbli-i1 0 8n questo paese -4I un ristorante, -i sono sei ristoranti, non -i

sono ristoranti1

9(IT

,#rcis 8

arri(a 2 (i(e ; %angia%o ! -er-hi prendete 6 parte ' leg.

gia%o D pulis-i -onos-o 0 3inis-ono guidia%o 2 gio-hia%o

; tornate ! -apis-i

ri-e(i 20 las-iano

,#rcis )

(anno 2 produ-e

D posso (ogliono 3anno 6 de(ono

,#rcis *

spendono 6 abita ' pagate D (iaggi

; dia%o ! (ai 3ate 6 rius-ia%o ' (enite

0 di-i potete 2 (oglio ; stai ! sanno' tradu-ia%o D de(e sapete 20 (engono

@o(ete parlare -on Mar-ello1 2 Partia%o stasera1 ; Prendia%o il pros.

si%o autobus1 ! </ei> puKandare al -ine%a, Signor 5u-han1 Sappia%o

usare quei -ellulari1 6 Pre3eris-e se%pre leggere il giornale1 ' 8l ba%.

 bino dor%e1 D Vengo a +orino quest4estate1 =s-ono spesso la sera10 8 raga::i gio-ano a pallone do%ani1

,#rcis 9

=s-i stasera, %a%%a 2 &osa 3a--ia%o do%ani ; Puoi aprire quella

 porta ! Vuoi un -a33I Sai suonare il piano, Fran-es-o 6 &osa -er.

-hi ' </ei> be(e -a33I o a-qua %inerale, Signora D +u e Ui% -onos-ete

i %iei genitori Stai bene oggi 0 &osa -ostruis-ono

,#rcis

</ei> non parla inglese, Signora Vialli 2 8 %iei a%i-i tedes-hi non sanno

-antare in italiano1 ; "on guadagno %olto1 ! "on d una 3esta per il suo

-o%pleanno "on la(ori -on Giulia 6 "on (edono il Signor Moro da

tre anni1 ' Per-hY non (ai %ai a Firen:e, &laudio D "on ries-o a -hiudere

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K+ to #rciss 8<*

,#rcis )

"on le (oglio1 2 "on li -o%pria%o1 ; "on -i -hia%ano1 ! Sil(ia non li

in(ita 8 Signori 5ian-hi non lo prendono1 6 "on %i in(itate ' "on (i

aspetto1 D "on la (edo do%ani1 "on ti a--o%pagno alla sta:ione10 "on lo guardia%o1

,#rcis *

Voglia%o (ederlo1 2 "on posso aiutarti1 ; Puoi a--o%pagnar%i

! Vuoi sentirla @e(ono -hia%ar-i1 6 Voglio in(itar(i1 ' Vuole -ono.

s-erle1 D "on potete 3arli1

Signora1

,#rcis 9

lo 2 le ; li ! li la

; la ! (i lo 6 la

,#rcis

@e(i as-oltar%i1 0 "on posso aiutar/a,

6 %i ' li D /a li 0 le la 2 li

' la D li le 20 lo

Vi in(itia%o alla 3esta1 2 9o %olti a%i-i e li (edo spesso1 ; Signora Fusi,

/a posso -hia%are or posso -hia%ar/a do%ani ! &i aiuti la setti%ana

 prossi%a +i de(o (edere or @e(o (ederti1 6 Olga e Anna partono do%a.

ni e le (oglio a--o%pagnareHportare or (oglio a--o%pagnarleHportarle alla

sta:ione1 ' "on (i posso aiutare or non posso aiutar(i1 D LPorti la -hi.

tarra4 L"o, non -e l4ho14 +ullio -o%pra queste ri(iste e le legge1 0 Mi

 puoi portareHa--o%pagnare or  puoi portar%iHa--o%pagnar%i a s-uola

do%ani

9(IT

,#rcis 8

della %a%%a 2 dello :io ; degli a%i-i ! del par-o dell4auto 6 dei

 paesi ' delle stan:e D al %are allo stadio 0 alla sta:ione ai

raga::i 2 agli uo%ini ; alle donne ! all4ospedale dalla :ia

6 dallo studente ' dal dentista D dall4aeroporto dagli u33i-i20 dalle -olleghe 2 dai %inistri 22 nell4albergo 2; nello stipendio

2! nella -asa 2 negli anni 26 nei -assetti 2' nelle -a%ere 2D nel

3rigo 2 sul ta(olo ;0 sulla sedia ; sullo s-a33ale ;2 sulle spalle

;; sui libri ;! sugli alberi ; sull4idea

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8<9 K+ to #rciss

,#rcis )

a 2 in ; al ! 3ra or tra da

a, in 2 al, -on ; nel ! alle

del 20 a

,#rcis *

a 2 in ; a, in ! a di 6 al

6 alla ' -on D dal del 0 ai

da 6 alle ' per D -on

' a D a A da, a 0 da a

2 in ; in ! alla a or per 6 al ' della D in nella 20 di

,#rcis 9

Finis-o di la(orare alle 61 2 Antonio parte per Geno(a1 ; Ge%%a I nata

nel 2001 ! Fabia non es-e %ai di sera1 8 Signori 5an-ro3t abitano in

-a%pagna, in una (e--hia (illa1 6 /a bibliote-a I dietro la palestra1 ' "on

 puoi us-ire sen:a di %eW D Abitate lontano dalla s-uola /a :ia di 8sa.

 bella (i(e a Gre(e, in +os-ana1 0 9a una gonna di pelle1 Angus I di

=di%burgo, in S-o:ia1 2 @e(e girare a destra dopo la -hiesa<, Signora>1

; Stasera %angia%o in pi::eria1 ! Euesti 3iori sono per tua %adre1 A

or per "atale andia%o a s-iare in %ontagna1 6 Abito (i-ino alla pri.gione1 ' Margaret (i(e a +orino da -inque anni1 D 8l treno per Aosta

 parte dal binario '1 Regalia%o or dia%o a /uisa un &@ di %usi-a

russa1 20 &o%pro se%pre il pane da 5elli1

9(IT =

,#rcis 8

-hi 2 -hi ; -hi ! -he or -osa or -he -osa -he or -osa or -he -osa

6 -hi ' -hi D -he or -osa or -he -osa -hi 0 -he or -osa or -he -osa

-hi 2 -he or -osa or -he -osa ; -hi ! -hi -he or -osa or -he

-osa 6 -hi ' -he or -osa or -he -osa D -hi -he or -osa or -he

-osa 20 -hi

,#rcis )

do(e 2 quando ; per-hY ! -o%e quando 6 -he ' -he or quale

D do(4 per-hY 0 qual -he or quale 2 -he or quale ; -o%e

! do(e per-hY 6 do(4 ' quando D qual per-hY 20 -he orquali

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8<; K+ to #rciss

,#rcis

Puoi dire a /u-ia -he le (oglio parlare or (oglio parlarle 2 Appena arri(o

a Ro%a (i tele3ono1 ; @e(o -hieder/e or /e de(o -hiedere un 3a(ore,

Signora1 ! Gli dai il tuo nu%ero di tele3ono &i di-ono or ra--ontanose%pre <delle> -ose interessanti1 6 Mi %andano se%pre una -artolina,

quando (anno in 8talia1 ' Per il suo -o%pleanno le dKdei 3iori1 D @e(o

darti or ti de(o dare i libri di /u-a1 Se (olete (i ra--onto una storia1

0 Massi%o %i s-ri(e ogni setti%ana or tutte le setti%ane1

9(IT 44

,#rcis 8

"on le pia--iono i -ar-io3i1 2 "on gli pia-e guidare1 ; Gli pia-e (iag.

giare1 ! Gli pia-e il %are1 Gli pia-e ballare1 6 "on -i pia-e il pes-e1

' Vi pia-e nuotare D /e pia--iono i 3il% 3ran-esi1 "on le pia-e stirare1

0 Gli pia-e andare in %oto1

,#rcis )

"on le pia-e andare in -entro il sabato1 2 "on ti pia-e la %usi-a -las.

si-a ; "on gli pia--iono i 3unghi1 ! "on (i pia-e guardare la tele(i.

sione "on %i pia--iono i 3il% di 3antas-ien:a1 6 "on gli pia-e la

s-uola1 ' "on -i pia--iono le -an:oni italiane1 D "on le pia--iono gli

spaghetti1 "on %i pia-e s-iare1 0 "on (i pia-e la -io--olata al latte

,#rcis *

<"on> %i pia-e la 3rutta1 2 <"on> %i pia-e il -al-io1 ; <"on> %i pia-.

-iono le 3ragole1 ! <"on> %i pia-e gio-are a tennis1 <"on> %i pia-e us-ire

-on gli a%i-i1 6 <"on> %i pia--iono i gatti1 ' <"on> %i pia-e la pi::a1

D <"on> %i pia--iono i dol-i1 <"on> %i pia-e ballare1 0 <"on> %i pia-.

-iono le (a-an:e1

,#rcis 9

A /uigi <non> pia-e il -a33I sen:a :u--hero1 2 Al pro3essore <non> pia-.-iono le poesie di /eopardi1 ; A %ia sorella <non> pia-e andare al -ine%a1

! Ai %iei -ugini <non> pia--iono i 3il% di Fellini1 Al pri%o %inistro <non>

 pia-e la politi-a1

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K+ to #rciss 8<<

,#rcis

basta 2 se%bra ; pia--iono ! %an-a ser(ono 6 %an-ano

' se%bra D ser(ono pare 0 bastano

,#rcis ;

#n4ora non %i bastaW 2 A Gio(anni ser(e una penna1 ; A /ynne %an.

-ano gli or i suoi a%i-i italiani1 ! +i pia-e la -io--olata or il -io--olato

"on le pia-e andare al -ine%a1 6 Vi ser(e un passaggio ' Gli ser(ono

una penna e un quaderno1 D /e se%bra noioso lo spetta-olo, Signora

+i ser(e aiuto 0 Mi pia-e leggere1

9(IT 45

,#rcis 8

restati 2 us-ite ; andata ! arri(ati entrata 6 rius-ito ' arri(ato

D pia-iuta -ostati 0 nata

,#rcis )

hai -o%prato 2 ha regalato ; sia%o andati or andate ! a(ete tro(ato

hai spento 6 I (enuta ' ha portato D a(ete preso ho (isto 0 hai

 potuto ho do(uto 2 I us-ito, ha perso ; ha s-ritto ! abbia%o

gio-ato ha -o%in-iato 6 ha (oluto or I (oluto ' hai %esso D hai

 potuto a(ete a(uto 20 hai letto

,#rcis * abbia%o do(uto 2 a(ete %angiato ; sei partito or partita ! ha te.

le3onato ha (oluto or I (oluta 6 hai -onos-iuto ' ha do(uto or I

do(uta D a(ete a--o%pagnato ha (into 0 hai 3inito ho -apito

2 hai portato ; sia%o rius-iti or rius-ite ! a(ete de-iso ha a(uto

6 sono (enuti ' a(ete 3atto D I partito I stata 20 ha tradotto

,#rcis 9 Abbia%o gi 3atto questo eser-i:io1 2 "on ho an-ora 3inito di leggere il

giornale1 ; Ste3ano non I %ai andato or stato a Ro%a1 ! "on ho pi (isto

Roberto, dopo la 3esta1 A(ete gi pagato il -onto 6 Giulia non ha

an-ora -o%in-iato a la(orare1 ' &arlo non ha pi potuto la(orare1 D "on

ho %ai -onos-iuto i suoi genitori1 9ai gi s-ritto le lettere 0 "on ho

%ai (isto quel 3il%1

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8<= K+ to #rciss

9(IT 46

,#rcis 8

li ho %essi 2 l4ho a--o%pagnata ; le ho -o%prate ! le ha -hiuse liho %angiati 6 ti ha -hia%ata ' l4ha letto D -i hanno in(itati li ho

 presi 0 li ho dati

,#rcis )

le ho o33erto 2 li a(ete (isti ; l4ho i%prestata ! le ho tele3onato le ha

 prese 6 li ho studiati ' %i ha presentato D ti ha a--o%pagnata le hai

%andato 0 l4ho -onos-iuta l4abbia%o las-iata 2 gli hai detto ; li

ho -o%prati ! /4ho tro(ata le ho -onos-iute 6 gli ho detto ' l4ha

 pagato D le ho ra--ontato /4ha a--o%pagnata 20 l4ho letta tutta

,#rcis *

"on li ho saputi 3are1 2 /i ho (oluti (edere1 ; "on l4abbia%o potuto

-hia%are1 ! Vi hanno potuti aiutare or  potute aiutare /4abbia%o

do(uta in(itare1 6 "on le ha sapute tradurre1 ' /e a(ete do(ute

a--o%pagnare D /4ha (oluta %angiare1 /i hai potuti (edere 0 "onle hanno (olute 3are1

,#rcis 9

Sabina non %i ha in(itata1 2 &hi ti ha -hia%ata ; Gli abbia%o te.

le3onato ieri1 ! Vi ho -er-ati, %a non (i ho tro(ati1 &hiara -i ha

a--o%pagnati or portati alla 3er%ata dell4autobus1 6 Vi ho %andato una

-artolina, l4a(ete ri-e(uta ' 8 <%iei> nonni %i hanno regalato 00 euro, %ali ho gi spesi1 D 9o -o%prato due panini e li ho %angiati1 L9ai spento la

lu-e4 LS ), l4ho spenta14

 potute aiutare1

9(IT 4A

,#rcis 8

lei, te 2 loro ; lei

0 lei, loro

,#rcis )

0 &arla non ha potuto aiutarle or &arla non le ha

! noi, (oi %e 6 lui ' %e, te D /ei (oi

"obody plays dru%s like %e1 2 =(ery student but hi% did the ho%e.

)ork1 ; Sergio -alls or phones you, not %e1 ! 84ll take or go )ith or

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K+ to #rciss 8<@

a--o%pany you as )ell1 8 understand as %u-h as you do or as %u-h as

you1 6 Mauro tells e(eryone the truth but or e-ept %e1 ' *ou should oryou %ust or you ha(e to phone %e as )ell1 D &laudia4s lending us the

re-ords, not you1 84% gi(ing or 8 gi(e or 84ll gi(e %y address to e(eryone but her1 0 84% gi(ing her a book and hi% a re-ord1

,#rcis *

(oi 2 lui ; loro ! noi lei

,#rcis 9

+utti sono -ontro di %eW 2 Vieni -on %e ; 9o -o%prato un regalo per 

te1 ! "on puoi -ontare su di lui1

9(IT 4

,#rcis 8

-he 2 -ui ; -he ! -ui -he

,#rcis )

-ui 2 -ui ; -ui ! -he -he

,#rcis *

Posso dor%ire da (oi, stasera

6 -he ' -ui D -ui -ui 0 -he

6 -he ' -ui D -he -ui 0 -ui

la quale 2 -on la quale ; dei quali ! nel quale alle quali 6 il

quale ' dal quale D le quali delle quali 0 i quali

,#rcis 9

-olei -he 2 -oloro -he ; -olui -he ! -olui or -olei -he -oloro -he

,#rcis

-hi 2 quella -he ; -hi or quello -he ! -hi quelli -he 6 quella -he' -hi D quello -he -hi 0 quelle -he

,#rcis ;

8l libro -he (oglio -o%prare I troppo -aro1 2 /a signora -on -ui or -on la

quale ho parlato I tedes-a1 ; /e persone -heor le quali hanno tele3onato

(i(ono or abitano in A%eri-aW ! /a -itt do(e or in -ui or nella quale (i(o or

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8=3 K+ to #rciss

abito non I %olto grande1 &olui -he or -hi (uole andare all4uni(ersit

de(e sapere leggere e s-ri(ere1 6 Paolo, -he or il quale ha perso il <suo>

-ellulare, non I -ontento or 3eli-e1 ' Euella -an:one %i pia-e or Mi pia-e

quella -an:one, %a pre3eris-o quelle -he abbia%o sentito ieri sera1 D EuestaI or =--o la sorella di Fabio, la quale or -he %i ha prestato la sua bi-i1 9ai

(isto -hi or -olui -he or -olei -he ha %angiato le pes-he 0 &hi I l4uo%o -ui

or a -ui or al quale a(ete (enduto i biglietti

9(IT 4E

,#rcis 8

parla(a 2 passa(a ; 3a-e(a ! studia(o, riposa(a parti(a 6 la(o.

ra(a ' di-e(a D 3a-e(a abita(a%o 0 era(ate anda(ano

2 era ; us-i(a%o ! sape(i -onos-e(o 6 a%a(a ' dor%i(ate

D erano a(e(i 20 do(e(ano

,#rcis )

sei partita 2 era ; ho studiato ! %angia(a%o I ri%asta 6 a(e(a

' se%bra(ano D ha speso I andata 0 erano

,#rcis *

I arri(ato, era 2 ho -onos-iuto, abita(o ; a(e(i, hai -o%in-iato ! ha

tele3onato, 3a-e(o sono (enuti, era 6 hanno 3atto, sape(ano ' hanno

detto, hanno (isto D I (enuto, a(e(a sia%o arri(ati or arri(ate, parti(a

0 ho i%prestato, era

,#rcis 9

suona(a, pia-e(a, abbia%o de-iso, sia%o arri(ati, %an-a(ano, -4erano, era,

aspetta(a%o, abbia%o sentito, ha risposto, abbia%o (isto, era, ha 3inito,

ha spiegato, era, -hia%a(a, a(e(a, era, sape(a, I partito, a(e(a, I rius-ito,

apri(ano

,#rcis

Euanto te%po hai passato a 5ologna 2 Sia%o andati or andate al

-ine%a ieri sera1 ; Se%bra(ate 3eli-i1 ! 8l padre di Ge%%a 3a-e(a il %ari.

naio or era %arinaio1 &laudia e Moni-a non sono (enute in (a-an:a -on

noi questa (olta1 6 8 %iei genitori di solito us-i(ano alle D1 ' Mio padre ha

la(orato in 8ndia per ; anni1 D A -he ora a(ete preso l4autobus ieri %attina

/4anno s-orso 3a-e(a%o ginnasti-a il or di luned ) %attina1 0 @o(e hai

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K+ to #rciss 8=8

-o%prato quelle s-arpe "on ti ho -hia%ato or -hia%ata per-hY dor%i(i1

2 Euando (oi abita(ate or (i(e(ate a /ondra io abita(o or (i(e(o a Parigi1

; Euanti anni a(e(a Susanna quando I andata all4uni(ersit ! Mentre

guarda(o la tele(isione, Anna I entrata e l4ha spenta1 Paolo e Giulia nonsono (enuti per-hY Paolo era troppo stan-o1

9(IT 4C

,#rcis 8

ne ho %andate 2 ne ho -o%prata or ne ho -o%prati ; ne ho 3atti or ne ho

3atta ! ne sono (enute po-he non ne ho 3atto nessuno 6 ne ho las-iata

una aperta ' ne hanno in(itati %olti D ne ho letti ne abbia%o -o%.

 prata po-a 0 non ne ho %angiata nessuna ne ho presi 2 ne ho date

al-une ; ne abbia%o (isti ! ne ho %angiate non ne ha %angiato

nessuno 6 ne abbia%o dato qual-uno ' ne ho presi al-uni D ne sono

ri%asti, al-uni, -ari non ne ha in(itata nessuna 20 ne ho regalate

,#rcis )

ne 2 ne ; li ! l4 ne 6 le; ne ! ne ne 6 la ' lo

,#rcis *

@o(ete parlarne -ol pro3essore1

 prenderne1 ! Potete %angiarne1

larne1 ' Posso assaggiarne uno

' ne D ne li 0 ne ne 2 l4

D ne ne 20 li

2 Vuoi 3arne un altro ; "on dobbia%o

@e(o 3arne sei1 6 "on possia%o par.

D "on de(e portarne, Signora1 Voglio.

no -o%prarne qual-uno1 0 "on possono berne1

,#rcis 9

"e ho do(uti dare due a Marisa1 2 "e hai potute -o%prare ; Euante

ne hai do(ute 3are ! "on ne hanno (oluta %angiare1 "e ha do(uti

leggere quattro1 6 "on ne abbia%o potute prendere1 ' "e ho do(ute s-ri.

(ere due1 D "e ho potute leggere solo due pagine1 "e a(ete do(uti ri3are

%olti 0 "on ne hanno potuta assaggiare1

,#rcis

in questa -asaC &i abitia%o da tre anni1 2 al Museo di Storia "aturaleC

Ste3ano -i la(ora da 3ebbraio1 ; alla 3esta di Mar-oC &i (olete (enire orVolete (enir-i ! al -ine%aC Paolo e /i(ia -i (anno due (olte alla set.

ti%ana1 al super%er-atoC /a Signora 5ini -i (a se%pre a piedi1 6 in

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8=) K+ to #rciss

8taliaC &i ri%ango per tre setti%ane1 ' a s-uolaC Giulia -i (iene se%pre in

 bi-i1 D all4u33i-io postaleC &i ho passato tre ore in -oda1 a -asa di PietroC

&i siete andati a -ena 0 a SorrentoC &i passia%o le (a-an:e1

9(IT 4

,#rcis 8

arri(eranno 2 parlerete ; tele3oner ! dirai s-ri(er  K 6 dor%ir K' -o%in-ere%o D 3inirai prender  K 0 -hia%erai abiterete

2 porteranno ; direte ! tradurr paghere%o 6 %angerai

' s-ri(er D -er-her prenderanno 20 pagher

,#rcis )

andr K 2 sare%o ; ri%arrai ! (err  K, potr K do(r 6 (err, (orr

' a(re%o D potr  K (edrai 0 3arete staranno 2 sapr ; 3arai

! sarete do(rete 6 andr  K ' saprai D (errai 3arete

20 terranno

,#rcis *

us-ir K, do(r K, arri(er K, (err, andre%o, las-er K, andre%o, (edre%o, porter,

tornere%o, (erranno, do(re%o, us-ire%o, 3are%o, sar, potre%o

,#rcis 9

&hi potr aiutar%i 2 /4estate prossi%a 3are%o un -orso di italiano1

; /eggerai tutti questi libri ! "on andr Kin bibliote-a do%ani1 Euandoarri(er, Signora Pasini 6 @o%eni-a us-iranno1 ' &osa 3arai

D Saranno le 01 Porterai i tuoi &@ per la 3esta 0 "on (errete -on noi

al -ine%a

9(IT 4=

,#rcis 8

a(e(a 3inito 2 era arri(ata ; a(e(o (ista ! a(e(i spento a(e(ate

 preso 6 a(e(a la(orato ' a(e(a s-ritto D a(e(a preparato eri rius-ito

or rius-ita 0 a(e(a%o -hiesto era stata 2 a(e(o %angiato ; era

 pia-iuta ! era andata erano us-ite 6 a(e(o -apito ' era partito

D era ri%asto a(e(a (oluto 20 era stata

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K+ to #rciss 8=*

,#rcis )

sono arri(ato or arri(ata, erano us-iti 2 -onos-e(a, a(e(a tele3onato1

; hai 3atto, a(e(o detto ! era, a(e(a -a%%inato I (enuto, do(e(a or ha

do(uto, a(e(ano dato 6 era, a(e(a (into ' porta(a, a(e(a regalato D ho-o%prato, a(e(ate -onsigliato ha speso, a(e(a guadagnato 0 ha in(i.

tato, erano andati

,#rcis *

Paola non era an-ora andata or stata in S-o:ia1 2 A(e(o 3inito il la(oro,

%a ero %olto stan-o or stan-a1 ; /e raga::e non erano %ai entrate in quella

-hiesa1 ! Arianna ha 3inito la torta -he a(e(a 3atto sua nonna1 L&osaa(e(i detto a Fabio4 L"on gli a(e(o detto nulla14 6 Maria a(e(a do(uto orera do(uta ri%anere or restare a -asa1 ' Euanto era -ostata la (ostra

%a--hina or auto D A(e(ano -o%prato or preso il biglietto il giorno

 pri%a1 "on a(e(o pi la bi-i, per-hY l4a(e(o data a Anna1 0 =ra nata in

Russia, %a abita(a da %olti anni in 8talia quando l4ho -onos-iuta1

9(IT 5>,#rcis 8

si 2 %i ; si ! (i si 6 -i ' %i D si si 0 si (i 2 ti

; -i ! si (i 6 si ' si D ti (i 20 si

,#rcis )

si 2 si ; (i ! si ti 6 -i ' si D si -i 0 %i (i 2 -i; si ! ti %i 6 ti ' -i D si %i 20 (i

,#rcis *

si sono sposati 2 ti sei sbagliato ; (i siete ri-ordate ! si I 3atta si

sono in-ontrati 6 ti sei perso

annoiato 0 -i sia%o al:ate

3er%ato ! si sono separati

stan-ata D ti sei arrabbiata

,#rcis 9

"on %i sono potuta la(are1

' si I di(ertita D -i sia%o be(uti %i sono

ti sei la(ato 2 %i sono tagliata ; si I

si I la%entato 6 si I riposato ' si I (i siete o33esi 20 si sono di%enti-ati

2 Sandra e Roberto si sono (oluti sposare1

; &i sia%o do(uti s-usare1 ! /uigi si I do(uto al:are alle sei1 Gianni non

si I (oluto %ettere il berretto1 6 +i sei potuto -urare ' Vi siete potuti

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8=9 K+ to #rciss

riposare D Mi sono do(uta 3er%are1 Per-hY ti sei (oluto tingere i

-apelli 0 "on -i sia%o potuti spiegare1

,#rcis

Vi di(ertite 2 +i sei la(ata le %ani ; &o%e si sente, Signora ! Vi

sbagliate1 @o(e (i siete -onos-iute or in-ontrate 6 Per-hY non ti siedi

' Paolo parla se%pre di sI or se stesso1

&arlo si I s-usato1 0 Mi sono (estita1

9(IT 54

,#rcis 8

-o%pra 2 us-ia%o ; stia ! %etti

D 3inis-i -o%pri 0 3a--ia%o abbi

D Fran-a si I la(ata i -apelli1

siate 6 (enga ' dai or da4

2 parli ; (ai or (a4 ! di4

3a--ia 6 s-ri(ete ' 3ai or 3a4

,#rcis )

-hiuda 2 (ada ; sorridaD a--enda stia 0 entri

,#rcis *

non partite 2 non rispondere

D entrino aprite 20 rispondi

! di-a 3a--ia 6 sia ' tradu-a

; non andate ! non s-enda non

us-ia%o 6 non 3inire ' non as-oltare D non prenda non tele3onare

0 non dire non tagliarti or non ti tagliare 2 non darle or non le dare

; non parlargli or non gli parlare ! non s-ri(ete%i or non %i s-ri(ete non dirlo or non lo dire 6 non in(itarli or non li in(itare ' non

 prenderlo or non lo prendere D non %etterti or non ti %ettere non

 portatele or non le portate 20 non 3arlo or non lo 3are

,#rcis 9

(ai or (a4 2 prendete ; in(ita ! guardia%o -o%in-ia 6 3a--ia

' %ettano D 3ai or  3a4 (ai or  (a4 0 stai or  sta4 %anda%i2 3atelo ; da%%i ! rispondi%i (a--i 6 %angiatelo ' leg.

getelo D -i aspetti digli 20 dalle

,#rcis

parlatele 2 prendili ; lo 3ir%i ! parlatene andia%o-i 6 3alli

' restate-i D -hiedia%olo -orreggili 0 prendetelo lo aspettino

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K+ to #rciss 8=

2 %andali ; -o%pratela ! la porti aiutateli 6 rendilo ' -hie.

dia%ole D tele3onagli or tele3ona loro be(ine 20 studiatela

9(IT 55

,#rcis 8

3a, attra(ersa 2 parlano ; la(ora ! 3u%a de(ono 6 entra ' pos.

sono D paga tro(ano 0 -o%pra

,#rcis )

Euando si ha 3reddo, si la(ora %ale1 2 Euando si ha la 3ebbre, si resta a

-asa1 ; Euando si -o%in-ia a studiare una lingua, si 3anno degli sbagli1

! Euando si guida non si usa il -ellulare1 Euando si ha 3a%e si %angia1

6 Euando si I stan-hi si 3anno %olti sbagli1 ' Euando si I a((o-ati si -ono.

s-e la legge1 D Euando non si hanno soldi, non si 3anno spese inutili1

Euando si hanno tanti a%i-i si I 3ortunati1 0 Euando si %angiano troppi

dol-i, si ingrassa1

,#rcis *

"on si %ettono i piedi sulla s-ri(ania1 2 /a %attina si 3a -ola:ione1

; @opo pran:o si la(ano i piatti1 ! "on si parla -on gli s-onos-iuti1 "on

si (a in bi-i-letta sul %ar-iapiedi1 6 "on si %angia durante le le:ioni1

' "on -i si guarda tanto allo spe--hio1 D 8n bibliote-a si parla a bassa

(o-e1 "on si guarda la tele(isione tutto il giorno1 0 8l giorno pri%a

degli esa%i si studia1

,#rcis 9

@opo -he si I 3atto il bagno in %are, si 3a la do--ia1 2 @opo -he si I

superato un esa%e, si I -ontenti1 ; @opo -he si I 3inito di la(orare si (a a

-asa1 ! @opo -he si I saliti sull4aereo, non si puK usare il -ellulare1

Euando si I -res-iuti in -a%pagna, si -onos-ono i no%i di tante piante1

9(IT 56

,#rcis 8

leggeresti 2 potrei ; a(reste ! s(eglieresti (orrebbero 6 paghe.

resti ' 3arei D do(re%%o sapresti 0 ri%arrebbe aprirei

2 do(resti ; pia-erebbe ! potrebbe sarebbe 6 dareste ' ber.

rei D abiterebbero tradurrebbe 20 a--o%pagneresti

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8=; K+ to #rciss

,#rcis )

Vorrei due panini1 2 @o(reste studiare di pi1 ; /u-ia andrebbe in

(a-an:a1 ! Fareste una pausa Potre%%o parlarti 6 Mauri:io -a%.

 bierebbe la(oro1 ' Mi daresti un -onsiglio D Vi pia-erebbe andare a Ve.ne:ia 8 nostri a%i-i do(rebbero arri(are oggi1 0 "on us-irebbe %ai

sen:a per%esso1

,#rcis *

Paola potrebbe aiutar%i or %i potrebbe aiutare1 2 Verre%%o (olentieri1

; "on andrei in bibliote-a la or di sera1 ! Euando -o%in-erebbe, Signora

Vialli Pietro (orrebbe in(itarti or  ti (orrebbe in(itare alla 3esta16 Sare%%o -ontenti or 3eli-i di (eder(i1 ' +errebbero il -ane in giardino1

D @o(rei partire presto1 Vorrei un altro bis-otto1 0 Saprebbe il risultato,

Signor Spada(e--hia

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GLOSSARJ O0 T,C4NICAL T,RMS

ad7ecti"e  a )ord that des-ribes a noun or pronoun, e1g1 the green doorC it4s

(ery oldC Uohn4s s0innyC she4s %ost ob7ectionable?

a demonstrati"e ad7ecti"e  des-ribes so%ething as being pointed out

<Lde%onstrated4>, e1g1 thisHthat -o%puterC theseHthose railingsC

a possessi"e ad7ecti"e des-ribes so%ething as belonging to so%eone or

so%ething, e1g1 myHherHitsHourHyour beha(iour is quite nor%al1

ad"erb  a )ord )hi-h gi(es in3or%ation about a (erb, an adBe-ti(e or

another ad(erb, e1g1 she sang loudlyC it4ll 3inish soonC 84(e got it some1hereCit4s incrediblyH"ery 3unnyC she sang incrediblyH"ery loudly1

agreement  a 3eature )hereby the 3or% o3 one )ord -hanges depending on

the 3or% o3 another )ord it is linked )ith1 8n =nglish, the %ost ob(ious

ea%ple is in the di33eren-e bet)een singular and plural? so )e say L This  is  the

road4 and L These are the roads4, but not e1g1 L+his are the roads4, L+hese is the

roads4, et-1 8n 8talian, agree%ent is 3ar %ore detailed and )idespread than in

=nglish1

article a )ord )hi-h has no %eaning on its o)n, but is pla-ed be3ore a

noun to sho) )hether it is spe-i3i- or non.spe-i3i-?

a definite article sho)s that the noun re3ers to a spe-i3i- thing or person, e1g1

the airlineC the pilotC the passengersC

an indefinite article sho)s that the noun does not re3er to a spe-i3i- thing

or person, e1g1 an  airlineC a  pilotC passengers Jno plural inde3inite

arti-leK1

au3iliary "erb  a (erb that helps another (erb to %ake its 3or%, e1g1 )e ha"edone itC it had been agreed1

con7ugation  a group o3 (erbs )hi-h ha(e the sa%e endings as one another

in all tensesC e1g1 in 8talian, (erbs o3 the 3irst -onBugation ha(e an in3initi(e

ending in .are <-o%pr are, Lto buy4, -antare, Lto sing4> and the sa%e endings

in the present <-o%pr ano, Lthey buy4, -antano, Lthey sing4>, the i%per3e-t

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8== Glossar+

<-o%pr a"ano, Lthey bought4, -anta"ano, Lthey sang4>, the 3uture

<-o%pr eranno, Lthey )ill buy4, -anteranno, Lthey )ill sing4>, et-1

gender  not the sa%e thing as the a-tual se o3 a li(ing -reature, gra%%at i-al

gender is arbitraryC in 8talian, all nouns are either %as-uline or 3e%inine, e(en i3they denote inani%ate obBe-ts, e1g1 il libro J%K, Lthe book4, la -asa J3K, Lthe house4,

et-1

infiniti"e the 3or% in )hi-h (erbs are usually gi(en in )ord lists et-1, e1g1

(endere, Lto sell4, dor%ire, Lto sleep41

noun  the na%e o3 a thing, person, pla-e, ani%al, plant, idea, e1g1 the green

doorC John is skinnyC lo"e is a )onder3ul thingC 8 lo(e cats and roses1

number  a 3eature o3 nouns, pronouns and any )ords that agree )ith the%

<notably, in 8talian, adBe-ti(es, arti-les and (erbs> )hi-h sho)s )hether there

is Bust one, or %ore than one, o3 the thing or person in question1 83 there is

one, then the noun, pronoun, et-1 is singular, e1g1 the mobileC a childC

IHsheHheHitCi3 there is %ore than one, then the noun, pronoun, et-1 is plural, e1g1 the

mobilesC the childrenC 1eHthey1 8n 8talian, the 3or% o3 the )ord usually

%akes

it -lear )hether it is singular or plural, but in =nglish it is o3ten i%possible totell 3ro% the )ord on its o)n, e1g1 one sheepC 3i3ty sheepC Ui%, you arebrilliantC

you are all brilliant1

ob7ect  the noun or pronoun a33e-ted by the a-tion o3 the (erb?

a direct ob7ect is dire-tly i%pinged on by the a-tion, e1g1 8 sent a letterC the

dog drank its 1aterC you4(e shut the doorC she -ooked itC 8 lo(e himC

an indirect ob7ect is the thingHperson to or 3or )hi-hH)ho% the a-tion is per3or%ed, e1g1 8 sent a letter to JimC 8 ga(e her a &@ Ji1e1 a &@ to herKC he

 built a sno)%an 3or atherineC 8 %ade her a puppet Ji1e1 a puppet 3or herK1

participle  a 3or% o3 the (erb that Lparti-ipates4 in -hara-teristi-s o3 both

(erb and adBe-ti(e, i1e1 it both indi-ates an a-tion and des-ribes so%ething?

the present participle in =nglish ends in .ing, and is used des-ripti(ely e(en

)ith (erbs in a past tense, e1g1 she4s runningC Nayne )as shoutingC

the past participle in =nglish <as in 8talian> is %ostly used to 3or% the present per3e-t tense, e1g1 the 3rog has 7umped inC she4s run a)ayC it -an also

 be used purely as an adBe-ti(e, e1g1 it4s s%all but per3e-tly formedC that4s a

torn handker-hie31

passi"e  a passi(e (erb is the opposite to an a-ti(e one1 9ere is an a-ti(e

(erb? L$ylie dre1 that -artoon4C in this senten-e, the thing that has so%ething

done to it <the -artoon> is the obBe-t o3 the a-ti(e (erb1 "o) here is the sa%e

idea epressed )ith a passi(e (erb? L+hat -artoon 1as dra1n by $ylie4C in this

senten-e, the thing that has so%ething done to it is a-tually the subBe-t o3 the

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 passi(e (erb1 Many ideas -an be epressed both a-ti(ely and passi(ely, e1g1

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Glossar+ 8=@

'cti"e Passi"eUi% clapped +ony JobBe-tK on the +ony JsubBe-tK 1as clapped on the ba-k 

 ba-k1 by Ui%1

She alone dismissed the idea +he idea JsubBe-tK 1as dismissed by her JobBe-tK1 alone1

+hey sell )ild %ushroo%s JobBe-tK Nild %ushroo%s JsubBe-tK are sold here

here1 <by the%>1

preposition  a )ord usually pla-ed in 3ront o3 a noun or pronoun to sho)

the relation bet)een it and another noun or pronoun, e1g1 the -at sat on  the

%atC 84(e sho)n the% to hi%C the door4s opposite the bus stop, you Bust go

through it1

pronoun  a )ord that stands 3or <Lpro4> a noun?

demonstrati"e pronouns  stand 3or parti-ular people or things that

are Lpointed to4, e1g1 thisHthat  Ji1e1 Lthis oneHthat one4K is a dandelionC

theseHthose are 3ilthyC

interrogati"e pronouns  stand 3or people or things about )hi-h a question

is being asked, e1g1 1hat are you doing 1hich o3 the% did best 1ho )on

1ho+m, did you (ote 3orCpersonal pronouns  usually stand 3or people, e1g1 she  lost her %obileC

they are happyC 1e phoned themC you ga(e us a 3rightC

possessi"e pronouns  stand 3or things %entioned as belonging to so%eone,

e1g1 this tuna sand)i-h is mine Ji1e1 L%y one4KC those are yoursHhersHtheirs, et-1C

reciprocal pronouns stand 3or t)o or %ore people or things )hi-h

re-ipro-ate an a-tion, e1g1 they like each otherHone anotherC )e all ga(e

each otherHone another birthday presentsC

refle3i"e pronouns  stand 3or people or things that are both the subBe-t

and the obBe-t o3 the (erb, e1g1 you4re )earing yoursel"es  outC the

dog4ll s-rat-h itself C the -o%puter s)it-hed itself  o33C she bought herselfso%ething ni-eC

relati"e pronouns  usually stand 3or people or things already %entioned,

e1g1 the idiot 1ho -on-eded the penaltyC the @V@s 1hichHthat )ere on the

tableC the one politi-ian 1hom e(eryone trusts1sub7ect  the noun or pronoun that per3or%s the a-tion o3 the (erb, e1g1 /ic0sang soloC the grass is greenC you ha(e gro)nC they say it )ill be easyC

the allegation )as deniedC he )as tripped o(er1

tense  the 3or% o3 a (erb that -orresponds to a parti-ular seg%ent o3 ti%e,

e1g1 8 eat JpresentKC 8 shall eat J3utureKC 8 ha"e eaten Jpresent per3e-tKC 8

ate Jsi%ple pastKC 8 1as eating Jpast progressi(eKC 8 had eaten Jpast per3e-tK1

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8@3 Glossar+

"erb  the )ord that indi-ates the per3or%an-e o3 an a-tion or the eisten-e

o3 a state, e1g1 she 7umped out o3 her skinC 8 shall get a %obileC that is ni-eC

they ha"e been (ery happy1

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IND,E

a, uses o3 .60, 62, 6;.!adBe-ti(es '.22C in .co and .go D.C

)ith arti-les !C de3inition o3 D'Cde%onstrati(e 20C possessi(e 22.;C pre-eding the noun .20C singular and plural '., D

ad(erbial epressions !D.ad(erbs !6.DC 3ro% adBe-ti(es !6C

de3inition o3 D'C )ith the past per3e-t !0C )ith the present per3e-t0

agree%ent? o3 adBe-ti(es and nouns 'Cde3inition o3 D'

alcuno 2, 22anche 0andare? 3uture ;;C i%perati(e 2C

 present !C present -onditional 6arti-les? de3inite .C de3inition o3 D'C

inde3inite .;C uses o3 ;.!, 22.;

auiliary (erbs? de3inition o3 D'.D, seealso a"ereC esserea"ere? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e C

i%per3e-t 2C present 2DC present-onditional 6!C present per3e-t DDCused as auiliary D6.', DD.0C useso3 ;.2

bastare Dbello 20

bere? 3uture ;!C i%perati(e 2Ci%per3e-t ;C past parti-iple D6C present !2C present -onditional 6

buono 2

cadere? 3uture ;;C present -onditional6

c4IHci sono ;2.;C in i%per3e-t ;C in present per3e-t DD

che <relati(e pronoun> 0!.

cheHche cosa 6, 'chi 6D, 0'ci? )ith a"ere <ce> !C )ith si as an

i%personal pronoun .60CLthere4 2

coluiHcoleiHcoloro 06.'come 6, '0, ', 0-o%pound prepositions 6con, uses o3 6-onditional see  present -onditional-onBugations ;'conoscere ;C (s sapere !2.;cosa 6, 'cui 0!, 0

da, uses o3 ;6.', 60dare? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e C present

!C present -onditional 6de3inite arti-le ., ;.!C )ith

 possessi(es 22.;C )ith prepositions'.Dde%onstrati(e adBe-ti(es 20de%onstrati(e pronouns 2!C de3inition o3 

Ddi, uses o3 D., 6;dire? i%perati(e C i%per3e-t ;C

 past parti-iple D6C present !2dire-t obBe-t, de3inition o3 DDdire-t obBe-t pronouns 2.!C 3or%al 3or%

!C )ith the i%perati(e !C )ith the present per3e-t <or any other -o%pound tense> !., .6Cstressed 3or%s .0

do"e 6, ', 06do"ere !;C 3uture ;;C present !2C

 present -onditional 6C present per3e-t

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8@) Ind#

eccetto +che, 0essere? )ith ci ;2.;, DD, ;C as auiliary

D6.', DD.0C as auiliary )ithi%personal si C 3uture ;2C

i%perati(e C i%per3e-t ;C present 2DC present -onditional 6!C present per3e-t DDC )ith re3lei(e pronouns !C uses o3 ;

fare? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e Ci%per3e-t !C past parti-iple D6C present !2C present -onditional 6

3or%al 3or% ;0, !C dire-t obBe-t pronouns !C in i%perati(e

2.;C indire-t obBe-t pronouns'6C )ith piacere D0C possessi(eadBe-ti(es and pronouns 2;.!

3uture 2.;!C a"ere and essere ;2C )ithi3H)hen ;0C irregular (erbs ;2.!Cnegati(e 3or% ;!C (erbs in .care,.gare and .iare ;.2C uses o3 2.;0C (erbs in .urre ;!

gender .;, 6C de3inition o3 DD

grande 2

Lho) %u-hH%any4 '0, 'Lho)4 6, '

Li34 )ith 3uture tense ;0i%perati(e !.!C essere C 3or%al

3or% 2.;C irregular (erbs .2Cnegati(e 3or% ;, !C )ith

 pronouns !C uses o3 !C

(erbs in .urre 2i%per3e-t .'C o3 essere ;C

negati(e 3or% !C uses .'C(erbs in .urre !

i%personal subBe-t pronoun si  '.60in, uses o3 6, 62, 6;, 6!inde3inite arti-le .;indire-t obBe-t, de3inition o3 DDindire-t obBe-t pronouns '!.6C

3or%al 3or% '6C )ith the

i%perati(e !C negati(e 3or% 'C)ith the present per3e-t Cstressed 3or%s .0

in3initi(e ;'C de3inition o3 DDC 3or negati(e i%perati(e ;

interrogati(e 3or% 2, !0interrogati(e pronouns, de3inition o3 Dirregular plurals o3 nouns

irregular (erbs? 3uture ;2.!C i%perati(e.2C i%per3e-t ;.!C past parti-iple D6C present !.;C present -onditional 6!.6

Lkno)ing4 !2.;

Lei, Loro and ;oi ;0, !C see also 3or%al3or%

mancare Dmeno +che, 0mentre 6modoHmaniera !molto !', !D, 2

ne 20.!C negati(e 3or% 22C )ith past parti-iple 22.!

neanche 0negati(e 3or% ;0, ;2.;C )ith dire-t obBe-t

 pronouns ;C 3uture ;!C i%perati(e;, !C i%per3e-t !C )ithindire-t obBe-t pronouns 'C )ith ne22C past per3e-t !0C present !C present -onditional 66C present

 per3e-t 0C (erbs )ith si nemmeno 0neppure 0non see negati(e 3or%non # # # ancoraHmai !'nouns? de3inition o3 DDC ending in .ca,

.co, .ga, .go, .cia, .gia 6.'Cgender .;, 6C singular and

 plural !.'nu%ber? de3inition o3 DDC nouns !.'

parere D partiti(e -onstru-tions )ith di  passi(e? de3inition o3 DD.C using si D past parti-iple D.6C de3inition DDC )ith

ne 22.! past per3e-t ;'.!0C )ith a"ere or essere

as auiliaries ;DC o3 a"ere andessere ;C negati(e 3or% !0C useso3 ;'.D

per, uses o3 6perchY '0 personal pronouns? de3inition o3 DC

see also pronounspiacere '.D

 pla-e see prepositions o3 pla-e plurals o3 adBe-ti(es '.

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Ind# 8@*

 plurals o3 nouns !.'poco !', !D, 2

 possession )ith di D,  possessi(e adBe-ti(es 22.;

 possessi(e pronouns 2;.!C de3inition o3 D

potere? 3uture ;;C present !2, !;C present-onditional 6C present per3e-t

 prepositions '.6C -o%pound 6C)ith de3inite arti-le '.DC de3initiono3 DC )ith pronouns 00, 0,06

 prepositions o3 pla-e , 60, 6, 62 prepositions o3 ti%e , 60, 6, 6;

 present -onditional 62.6C essere 6!Cirregular (erbs 6!.6C negati(e 3or%66

 present parti-iple, de3inition o3 DD present per3e-t D!.C )ith dire-t obBe-t

 pronouns !., .6C o3 a"ere andessere DDC )ith indire-t obBe-t pronouns C )ith ne 22.!Cnegati(e 3or% 0C potere, do"ere and"olere C o3 re3lei(e (erbs !C

using a"ere D6.', DD.Cusing essere D6.', DD.0, !Cuses o3 D!.

 present tense ;6.!;C a"ere and essere 2DCirregular (erbs !.;C uses o3 ;6.'C(erbs in .are ;'C (erbs in .care and.gare ;DC (erbs in .cere and .gere ;C(erbs in .ere ;D.C (erbs in .iare ;DC(erbs in .ire !0C (erbs )ith .isc.!0C (erbs in .urre !;

 pronouns? de3inition o3 DCde%onstrati(e 2!C dire-t obBe-t2.!, !., .6, .0C )ith thei%perati(e !C indire-t obBe-t '!.6,6, .0C possessi(e 2;.!C a3ter 

 prepositions 00C re3lei(e !;.6Crelati(e 0!.'C stressed 3or%s.0C subBe-t 2D., see also ciCneC si

pure 0

:ualcuno 2, 22:uale '+ilHla, :uale <relati(e pronoun> 0!,

0.6:uando '0, ;0:uanto '0, ', 0, 2, 2;, 2!:uello 20, 2!

:uello che <relati(e pronoun> 06questions 2, !0, 6D.':uesto 20, 2!

re-ipro-al pronouns, de3inition o3 D

re3lei(e pronouns !;.6C stressed 3or%!6

re3lei(e (erbs DD, !;C )ith si<i%personal subBe-t> .60

relati(e pronouns 0!.'C de3inition o3 D

rimanere? 3uture ;!C present-onditional 6

riuscire !2

sal"o +che, 0santo 2.2sapere !2.;C (s conoscere !2.;C 3uture

;;C i%perati(e 2C present !C present -onditional 6

sembrare Dser"ire Dsi? i%personal '.60C )ith essere as

auiliary C negati(e 3or% C)ith re3lei(e (erbs .60C

senten-es )ith a passi(e %eaningD

singular and plural adBe-ti(es '., DLso%eHso%eone4 2, 22spelling? o3 adBe-ti(es in .co and .go

D.C essere and a"ere ;0C plurals o3 nouns in .ca, .co, .ga, .go, .cia, .gia6.'

stare? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e 2C present!C present -onditional 6

stesso !6su, uses o3 6subBe-t, de3inition o3 DsubBe-t pronouns 2D.

tanto !', !Dtenere? 3uture ;!C present -onditional

6tense, de3inition o3 DLthat4 <relati(e pronoun> 0!

LthatHthose4 <de%onstrati(e adBe-ti(esH pronouns> 20, 2!

Lthere isHare4 ;2.;LthisHthese4 <de%onstrati(e adBe-ti(esH

 pronouns> 20, 2!ti%e see prepositions o3 ti%etra and fra, uses o3 62

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8@9 Ind#

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tranne +che, 0transiti(e (erbs DDtroppo !', !D, 2

uscire? i%perati(e 2C present !

"edere? 3uture ;;C present -onditional6

"enire 3 t ;! i ti 2

 present !;C present -onditional66

"i"ere? 3uture ;;C past parti-iple D6C present -onditional 6

"olere? 3uture ;!C present !2, !;C present -onditional 6C present per3e-t

L)hat4 6, '

L h 4 ith 3 t t ;0