basic italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
TRANSCRIPT
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 1/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 2/269
BASIC ITALIAN: A GRAMMAR AND WORKBOOK
Basic Italian: A Grammar and Workbook compriss an accssibl
r!rnc "rammar and rlatd #rciss in a sin"l $ol%m&
T'is (orkbook prsnts )* indi$id%al "rammar points in li$l+ and
ralistic cont#ts& ,ac' %nit consists o! -ar"on.!r #planations andcomparisons (it' ,n"lis'/ tar"tin" t' mor common di!!ic%ltis #pri.
ncd b+ larnrs o! Italian& Grammar points ar !ollo(d b+ #ampls
and #rciss slctd to mak %s o! contmporar+ Italian&
Basic Italian introd%cs Italian c%lt%r and popl t'ro%"' t' mdi%m o!t' lan"%a" %sd toda+/ pro$idin" radrs (it' t' basic tools to
#prss t'msl$s in a (id $arit+ o! sit%ations&
0at%rs incl%d:
1 #ampls in bot' Italian and ,n"lis'
1 "rammar tabls !or as+ r!rnc
1 !%ll #rcis ans(r k+
1 "lossar+ o! "rammatical trms
Basic Italian is t' idal r!rnc and practic book !or b"innrs and
also !or st%dnts (it' som kno(ld" o! t' lan"%a"&
Stella Peyronel is a lct%rr at t' 2ni$rsit+ o! T%rin/ Ital+& S' 'asta%"'t Italian to !ori"nrs !or o$r )3 +ars and is t' a%t'or o!s$ral Italian "rammars& Ian Higgins is 4onorar+ Snior Lct%rr at t'
2ni$rsit+ o! St Andr(s and is co.a%t'or o! T'inkin" Italian Translation&
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 3/269
Ot'r titls a$ailabl in t' Grammar Workbooks sris ar:
Basic Cantons
Intrmdiat Cantons
Basic C'ins
Intrmdiat C'ins
Basic Grman
Intrmdiat Grman
Basic 5olis'
Intrmdiat 5olis'
Basic R%ssianIntrmdiat R%ssian
Basic Wls'
Intrmdiat Wls'
Titls o! rlatd intrst p%blis'd b+ Ro%tld":
Collo6%ial Italian/ Scond ,dition
b+ S+l$ia L+mbr+Modrn Italian Grammar: A 5ractical G%id/ Scond ,dition b+
Anna 5ro%d!oot and 0rancsco Cardo
Modrn Italian Grammar Workbook/ Scond ,dition b+
Anna 5ro%d!oot
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 4/269
BASIC ITALIAN:
A GRAMMAR ANDWORKBOOK
Stlla 5+ronl and Ian 4i""ins
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 5/269
First published 2006
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon OX! !R", #$
Si%ultaneously published in the #SA and &anada by
Routledge
2'0 Madison A(e, "e) *ork, "* 006
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
+his edition published in the +aylor Fran-is e./ibrary, 2001
+o pur-hase your o)n -opy o3 this or any o3 +aylor Fran-is or Routledge4s
-olle-tion o3 thousands o3 e5ooks please go to )))1e5ookstore1tand31-o1uk1
7 2006 Stella Peyronel and 8an 9iggins
All rights reser(ed1 "o part o3 this book %ay be reprinted
or reprodu-ed or utili:ed in any 3or% or by any ele-troni-, %e-hani-al,or other %eans, no) kno)n or herea3ter in(ented, in-luding
photo-opying and re-ording, or in any in3or%ation storage or
retrie(al syste%, )ithout per%ission in )riting 3ro% the publishers1
British Library ataloguing in Publication !ataA -atalogue re-ord 3or this book is a(ailable 3ro% the 5ritish /ibrary
Library of ongress ataloging in Publication !ataA -atalog re-ord 3or this book has been requested
8S5" 0.20;.6!00'. Master e.book 8S5"
8S5" 0.!.;!''.; <Print =dition>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 6/269
CONT,NTS
8ntrodu-tion (ii
/ist o3 signs and abbre(iations (iii
"ouns? gender and nu%ber
2 @e3inite and inde3inite arti-les
; AdBe-ti(esC possessi(e and de%onstrati(e pronouns '
! +he present tense o3 essere and a"ere 2D
+he present tense o3 regular <and so%e irregular> (erbs ;6
6 Ad(erbs !6
' @ire-t obBe-t pronouns <> 2
D Prepositions '
Euestions 6D
0 8ndire-t obBe-t pronouns <> '!
Piacere and si%ilar (erbs '
2 +he present per3e-t tense D!
; @ire-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns <2> !
! @ire-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns <;? stressed 3or%s>
Relati(e pronouns 0!
6 +he i%per3e-t tense
' +he pronouns ne and ci 20
D +he 3uture tense 2
+he past per3e-t tense ;'
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 7/269
$i Contnts
20 Re3lei(e pronouns !;
2 +he i%perati(e !
22 +he pronoun si '2; +he present -onditional 62
$ey to eer-ises 6D
Glossary o3 te-hni-al ter%s D'
8nde
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 8/269
INTROD2CTION
83 you are an =nglish.speaking learner preparing G&S=, S-ottish Standard
Grade <-redit le(el> or si%ilar ea%ination, or si%ply learning the language
3or e(eryday use, this gra%%ar and )orkbook is 3or you1 *ou )ill typi-ally be
either 3ollo)ing a -ourse at s-hool, -ollege or e(ening -lass, or tea-hing your.
sel3 3ro% a published -ourse1 +his book is not itsel3 a -ourse, but a sel3.help
re3eren-eHre(ision gra%%ar, )ith eer-ises designed to rein3or-e your grasp
o3 the points dealt )ith, unit by unit1 *ou )ill 3ind it a help to ha(e a--ess to a
good 8talian.=nglish di-tionary )hen )orking through the book1
Sin-e this is not a sel3.-ontained -ourse, the gra%%ar points are usuallygi(en on their o)n, out o3 -ontet1 O3 -ourse, this is arti3i-ial, be-ause, in
e(eryday li3e, )hen )e say or )rite so%ething it is al)ays in a situation or
-ontet1 +o -o%pensate 3or this arti3i-iality, the gra%%ar points are illus.
trated )ith abundant ea%ples, )hi-h are o3ten reused, )ith (ariations,
under di33erent headings1 +his is partly to strengthen your grasp o3 gra%%ar
and (o-abulary, but %ostly to help you learn ho) to %anipulate the 8talian
language in a )ide range o3 situations1 Gi(ing plenty o3 ea%ples is a %ore
e33e-ti(e )ay o3 helping you de(elop the ability to -o%%uni-ate in 8talianthan gi(ing you lists o3 rules )ith Bust one or t)o ea%ples1
At the end o3 ea-h unit, there are se(eral sets o3 eer-ises1 83 you )ork
through these, you )ill 3ind that they -onsolidate your understanding o3 the
(arious points introdu-ed in the unit, and also that they gi(e you the -on.
3iden-e to ha(e a go at epressing yoursel3 in a range o3 situations and-ontets1
+he ai% o3 the ea%ples and eer-ises is to strengthen a)areness o3 the
spe-i3i- points dealt )ith in the unitC they are not intended to -o(er all the possible uses o3 a gi(en )ord or gra%%ati-al stru-ture1
At the end o3 the book, there is a key to all the eer-ises, and a glossary o3
gra%%ati-al ter%s, )ith ea%ples1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 9/269
SIGNS AND ABBR,7IATIONS
3 3e%inine
3p 3e%inine plural
3s 3e%inine singular
lit1 literally
% %as-uline%p %as-uline plural
%s %as-uline singular
pl1 plural
sing1 singular
Square bra-kets indi-ate an eplanatory -o%%ent atta-hed to an ea%ple,
e1g1
4I Luisa al telefono#Ji1e1 she has Bust rungK
$uanto %ucchero J%sK
"uoi L!o"4I 'nna4 L(olo so#4
+hat4s /uisa on the phone1
9o) %u-h sugar do you )ant
LNhere4s Anna4 L8 don4t kno)14
Jlit1 8 don4t kno) itK
Round bra-kets in an ea%ple sho) that the %aterial in bra-kets is optional,
e1g1
LHai i libri4 LS )* +ce, li ho#4L9a(e you got the books4
L*es, 84(e got the%14(e ho mangiati due# 8 ate t)o <o3 the%>1
' chi scri"ete Nho<%> are you )riting to
Round bra-kets round an entire senten-e sho) that, )hile possible, this is a
3or%al 3or% that is not o3ten used, e1g1
+ +Loro, Partono* Signori Bianco, Are you lea(ing<, Mr and Mrs
5ian-o>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 10/269
Si"ns and abbr$iations i#
A slash sho)s alternati(e )ays o3 saying so%ething, e1g1
Gli dicoH!ico loro la "erit1 8 tell the% the truth1 <9ere, gli dico and
dico loro are alternati(e )ays o3 saying L8 tell the%41>
(on mi sembra giusto# 8t doesn4t see% 3air to %eH8 don4t think it4s 3air1
<9ere, the =nglish senten-es are alternati(es to one another1>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 11/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 12/269
2NIT ON,
No%ns: "ndr and n%mbr
Gender- masculine and feminine
All 8talian nouns are either %as-uline or 3e%inine1 +he best )ay to re%e% ber
the gender o3 a noun is to learn it along )ith its de3inite arti-le <i1e1 the )ord
%eaning Lthe4>1 8n this unit, nouns )ill there3ore be gi(en along )ith their
de3inite arti-les, but there )ill be no dis-ussion o3 the arti-les as su-h1 @e3inite
and inde3inite arti-les are the subBe-t o3 #nit 21
Most nouns in the singular end in .o, .a, or .e1
2 8talian nouns ending in .o are usually %as-uline?
l4uomo J%K %an
il fratello J%K brother
il pomeriggio J%K a3ternoon
il treno J%K train
; 8talian nouns ending in .a are usually 3e%inine?
la donna J3K )o%an
la sorella J3K sister
la sera J3K e(ening
la bicicletta J3K bi-y-le
! 8talian nouns ending in .e -an be either %as-uline or 3e%inine1 #nless a
noun ending in .e denotes a person )hose gender is de3ined <e1g1 Lhusband4,
L)i3e4>, there are (irtually no rules to deter%ine its gender, )hi-h %ust there3ore
be learned by heart or -he-ked in a di-tionary?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 13/269
) 2nit 8
/asculine Feminineil padre 3ather la madre %other
il ristorante restaurant la notte night
il sale salt la luce lightil cognome surna%e la chia"e key
+o help you to deter%ine the gender o3 so%e nouns ending in .e, here is a
rule? nouns ending in .sione or .%ione are 3e%inine?
la tele"isione J3K tele(ision
la pensione J3K pension
la produ%ione J3K produ-tionla sta%ione J3K station
So%eti%es, the gender o3 a noun ending in .e -an be deter%ined by the
gender o3 the person it re3ers to? %as-uline )hen it re3ers to a %ale, 3e%inine
)hen it re3ers to a 3e%ale?
ilHla cantante J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> singer
ilHla cliente J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> -usto%er ilHla parente J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> relati(e
l4inglese J%H3K =nglish%anH=nglish)o%an
So%e nouns ending in .a and re3erring to persons are %as-uline )hen they
re3er to a %ale and 3e%inine )hen they re3er to a 3e%ale?
ilHla collega J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> -olleague
l4atleta J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> athlete
ilHla batterista J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> dru%%er
ilHla pianista J%H3K <%aleH3e%ale> pianist
+here are so%e e-eptions? e1g1 la persona <person> and la guida <tourist
guide> are al)ays 3e%inine, e(en )hen they re3er to a %ale, )hile the 3e%inine o3 ilpoeta <poet> is la poetessa1
6 +here are so%e nouns ending in .a )hi-h are %as-uline and so%e nouns
ending in .o )hi-h are 3e%inine?
/asculine Feminineil cinema -ine%a l4auto -ar
il pap dad la foto photo
il problema proble% la mano hand
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 14/269
2nit 8 *
So%e nouns o3 this type are abbre(iations, and ha(e kept the gender o3 the
3ull )ord? cinema stands 3or cinematografo J%K, auto 3or automobile J3K,
foto 3or fotografia J3K, et-1 Su-h -ases apart, there is no rule 3or deter%ining
gender, )hi-h has to be learned by heart or -he-ked in a di-tionary1
' So%e nouns end in .i1 +he (ast %aBority are 3e%inine, but there areso%e e-eptions?
l4analisi J3K analysis
l4ipotesi J3K hypothesis
la crisi J3K -risis
+)o e-eptions are l4alibi <alibi> and lo sci <ski>, )hi-h are %as-uline1
D Foreign nouns, unless they re3er to a 3e%ale, are generally %as-uline?
il bar J%K bar
il camion J%K lorry
il roc0 J%K ro-k <%usi->
l4hostess J3K ste)ardess
O--asionally, the gender o3 a 3oreign noun is the sa%e as it is 3or the
-orresponding 8talian )ord?
la ne1 1a"e is 3e%inine, be-ause onda <)a(e> is 3e%inine1
la mail <e.%ail %essage> is 3e%inine, be-ause posta <%ail> is 3e%inine1
0 +he 3ollo)ing rules -an help in deter%ining the gender o3 nouns?
Q All %onths o3 the year and days o3 the )eek are %as-uline, apart 3ro%
domenica <Sunday>, )hi-h is 3e%inine1
Q All na%es o3 to)ns and -ities are 3e%inine, apart 3ro% Il airo J%K1
Q All na%es o3 languages are %as-uline1
Q "a%es o3 -ountries are nor%ally 3e%inine )hen they end in .a and
%as-uline )hen they end in any other letter?
la Francia J3K Fran-e
la Spagna J3K Spain
il Belgio J%K 5elgiu%
il Paraguay J%K Paraguay
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 15/269
9 2nit 8
(umber- singular and plural
Mas-uline nouns ending in .o, and all nouns ending in .e, end in .i in the
plural?
Singular Pluralil treno J%K train i treni trains
il nome J%K na%eHnoun i nomi na%esHnouns
la notte J3K night le notti nights
la sta%ione J3K station le sta%ioni stations
la pensione J3K pension le pensioni pensions
ilHla parente J%H3K relati(e iHle parenti relati(es
la moglie J3K )i3e le mogli )i(es
"ouns ending in .ie ha(e only one .i in the plural1
2 "ouns ending in .io ha(e only one i in the plural1 5ut i3 the .i is stressed
<.io>, the plural has t)o <.ii>?
Singular Pluralil bacio J%K kiss i baci kisses
il desiderio J%K )ish i desideri )ishes
l4ini%io J%K beginning gli ini%i beginnings
lo %io J%K un-le gli %ii un-les
il mormorio J%K %ur%ur i mormorii %ur%urs
; Fe%inine nouns ending in .a take .e in the plural?
Singular Pluralla sorella J3K sister le sorelle sisters
la lettera J3K letter le lettere letters
la sera J3K e(ening le sere e(enings
! Mas-uline nouns ending in .a take .i in the plural?
Singular Pluralil problema J%K proble% i problemi proble%s
il sistema J%K syste% i sistemi syste%s
Nhen a noun ending in .a denotes a person, its plural ending depends on
)hether it is %as-uline or 3e%inine1 83 it re3ers to a %ale, the plural ends in .iC i3 itre3ers to a 3e%ale, the plural ends in .e?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 16/269
2nit 8
Singularil pianista J%K <%ale> pianist
la pianista J3K <3e%ale> pianist
il collega J%K <%ale> -olleaguela collega J3K <3e%ale> -olleague
Plurali pianisti J%K <%ale> pianists
le pianiste J3K <3e%ale> pianists
i colleghi J%K <%ale> -olleagues
le colleghe J3K <3e%ale>-olleagues
For an eplanation o3 the .h. in these endings, see paragraph 20 belo)1
6 "ouns ending in .i do not -hange in the plural?
Singular Plural
l4analisi J3K analysis le analisi analysesla crisi J3K -risis le crisi -rises
' Foreign nouns, and nouns stressed on the last (o)el, do not -hange in the
plural?
Singular Pluralil bar J%K bar i bar bars
lo sport J%K sport gli sport sports
la citt J3K -ity le citt -ities
la "irt J3K (irtue le "irt (irtues
D A nu%ber o3 nouns are irregular in the plural1 =1g1 la mano J3K <hand>
be-o%es le mani in the plural, l4uomo J%K <%an> be-o%es gli uomini in the
plural1 9ere are so%e nouns )hi-h do not -hange in the plural, be-ause they are
abbre(iations <-31 abo(e, paragraph 6>?
Singular Plurall4auto J3K -ar le auto -ars
la radio J3K radio le radio radios
la moto J3K %otorbike le moto %otorbikes
la foto J3K photo le foto photos
il cinema J%K -ine%a i cinema -ine%as
So%e nouns are %as-uline in the singular but 3e%inine in the plural1 9ere are
a 3e)?
Singular Pluralil dito J%K 3inger le dita J3K 3ingers
il centinaio J%K <about> a hundred le centinaia J3K hundreds
il migliaio J%K <about> a thousand le migliaia J3K thousands
il miglio J%K %ile le miglia J3K %iles
il paio J%K pair le paia J3K pairs
l4uo"o J%K egg le uo"a J3K eggs
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 17/269
; 2nit 8
"ote that, in 8talian, the %as-uline 3or% o3 a noun is also used )hen the
gender is not i%portant1 A noun in the plural %ay there3ore designate any
one o3 three di33erent sets o3 people?
gli amici either a spe-i3i- set o3 %ale 3riends Jas in L*our 3riends
</uigi and Gio(anni> ha(e arri(ed14K
or a spe-i3i- %ied set o3 %ale and 3e%ale 3riends Jas in
L*our 3riends </uigi and Anna> ha(e arri(ed14K
or 3riends in general J)hether %ale and 3e%ale does not
%atter, as in L=(erybody needs 3riends14K
gli insegnanti either a spe-i3i- set o3 %ale tea-hers
or a spe-i3i- %ied set o3 %ale and 3e%ale tea-hers ortea-hers in general Jregardless o3 genderK
i colleghi either a spe-i3i- set o3 %ale -olleagues
or a spe-i3i- %ied set o3 %ale and 3e%ale -olleagues or-olleagues in general Jregardless o3 genderK
Spelling
&are is needed in spelling so%e plurals1
20 "ouns ending in .ca or .ga al)ays add h <.che or .ghe>, in order to keep
the hard sound o3 c and g in the plural1 Ne sa) the ea%ple o3 ilHla collega in
paragraph 1 9ere are so%e %ore?
Singular Plural
l4amica J3K <3e%ale> 3riend le amiche <3e%ale> 3riendsla tasca J3K po-ket le tasche po-kets
la riga J3K line, ruler le righe lines, rulers
2 "ouns ending in .co and .go nor%ally add h <.chi or .ghi> and keep the
hard sound, but so%e nouns -hange the sound o3 c and g in the plural <.ci or
.gi>1 8t is al)ays best to -he-k in a di-tionary?
Singular Pluralil bosco J%K )ood i boschi )oods
il gioco J%K ga%e i giochi ga%es
il parco J%K park i parchi parks
il lago J%K lake i laghi lakes
l4amico J%K <%ale> 3riend gli amici <%ale> 3riends
il medico J%K do-tor i medici do-tors
il biologo J%K biologist i biologi biologists
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 18/269
2nit 8 <
22 "ouns ending in .cia or .gia keep the i in the plural <.cie or .gie> )hen the iis stressed, or )hen c or g is pre-eded by a (o)el1 5ut i3 .cia or .gia is
pre-eded by a -onsonant the i is lost in the plural?
Singular Pluralla farmacia J3K phar%a-y le farmacie phar%a-ies
la bugia J3K lie le bugie lies
la camicia J3K shirtHblouse le camicie shirtsHblouses
la ciliegia J3K -herry le ciliegie -herries
l4arancia J3K orange le arance oranges
la doccia J3K sho)er le docce sho)ers
la spiaggia J3K bea-h le spiagge bea-hes
23ercise 4
Nith the help o3 a di-tionary )here ne-essary, de-ide )hat gender the nouns
are, and )rite %, 3 or %H3 a3ter ea-h one1
=a%ples? la notte 3C ilHla pianista %H3C il 3ratello %
il giorno
l4uo(o
2 la sera
2 la -a%i-ia
; l4uo%o
; l4atleta
! l4in3er%iera
! l4ani%ale
la stan:a
la strada
6 l4ore--hio
6 l4a-qua
' il -a33I
' l4abitante
D lo :u--hero
D l4o--hio
il 3iu%e
il sole
0 l4olandese
20 la -an:one
23ercise 5
Nith the help o3 a di-tionary )here ne-essary, 3ill in the plurals o3 the
nouns1
=a%ples? la notte? le nottiC il no%e? i no%iC il treno? i treniC
la sera? le sere
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 19/269
= 2nit 8
il raga::o i
la ban-a le
2 la %ar-a le
2 il pianista i
; la -hia(e le
; la -liente le
! l4abitante gli ! l4indiri::o gli lo :io gli
l4o--hio gli
6 il 3iu%e i
6 il ristorante i
' la sta:ione le
' la tele(isione le
D la raga::a le
D il -alendario i
l4energia le
il 3ran-ese i
0 il po%eriggio i
20 il lago i
23ercise 6
Nith the help o3 a di-tionary )here ne-essary, 3ill in the singulars o3 the
nouns1
=a%ples? la -asa? le -aseC il libro? i libriC il %ese? i %esiC
la %oglie? le %ogli
il i no%i
2 la le (ie
; il i 3igli
! la le %ani
l4 le opinioni
6 il i -lienti
' l4 gli o--hi
D la le persone
la le %ar-he0 il i proble%i
la le -iliegie
2 il i -a33I
; il i %edi-i
! l4 gli atti(isti
il le gino--hia
6 la le bugie
' il i tedes-hi
D il i test
l4 gli uo%ini
20 l4 le a%i-he
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 20/269
2NIT TWO
D!init and ind!init articls
!efinite article
8n 8talian the de3inite arti-le <=nglish Lthe4> has di33erent 3or%s, depending on
the gender <%as-ulineH3e%inine> and nu%ber <singularHplural> o3 the 3ol lo)ing
)ord, and on the letter <or sound> )ith )hi-h the 3ollo)ing )ord begins1
9ere are the 3or%s?
Singular PluralFeminine la le l4 le
/asculine il i the
lo gli l4 gli
2 +he 3e%inine 3or%s are used be3ore 3e%inine )ords, la and l4 3or the singular,
and le 3or the plural?
la is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a -onsonantC
l4 is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a (o)el <a, e, i, o, u> or hC leis used as the plural 3or both la and l4?
Singular Pluralla raga%%a le raga%%e the girl<s>
la casa le case the house<s>
la stan%a le stan%e the roo%<s>
l4auto le auto the -ar<s>
l4esperien%a le esperien%e the eperien-e<s>
l4hostess le hostess the ste)ardess<es>
; +here are three di33erent 3or%s 3or the %as-uline singular? il, lo and l4C and
t)o 3or the plural? i and gli1 All these 3or%s are used be3ore %as-uline )ords?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 21/269
83 2nit )
l> is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a (o)el or hC
lo is used be3ore )ords starting )ith %, gn, ps* s T -onsonantC ilis used in all other -asesC
i is used as the plural o3
ilCgli is used as the plural o3 both l4 and lo?
Singular Plurall4articolo gli articoli the arti-le<s>
l4uomo gli uomini the %anH%en
l4hotel gli hotel the hotel<s>
lo %io gli %ii the un-le<s>
lo gnomo gli gnomi the gno%e<s>
lo psicologo gli psicologi the psy-hologist<s>
lo chef gli chef the -he3<s>
lo spettacolo gli spettacoli the sho)<s>
lo sciopero gli scioperi the strike<s>
il bar i bar the bar<s>
il ristorante i ristoranti the restaurant<s>
il senso i sensi the sense<s>
+he use o3 loHgli is due to the initial sound o3 chef , pronoun-ed in 8talian as
in =nglish <i1e1 Lsh4>1
Lo is also used be3ore %as-uline )ords starting )ith i T (o)el, 3, y?
Singular Plurallo ione gli ioni the ion<s>
lo yuppie gli yuppie the yuppie<s>
lo 3enofobo gli 3enofobi the enophobe<s>
lo 7u"entino8 gli 7u"entini8 the Uu(entus 3an<s>
+he use o3 loHgli is due to the initial sound o3 7u"entino, pronoun-ed as iT (o)el <i1e1 like the Ly4 in =nglish Lyouth4>1
! &are is needed in using the arti-le )ith nouns ending in .e or .a )hi-h -an
re3er both to %ale or 3e%ale persons <see #nit , paragraphs ! and >?
Singular Pluralil cantante J%K the <%ale> i cantanti J%K the singers J%ale, or
singer %ale and 3e%ale
%iedK
la cantante J3K the <3e%ale> le cantanti J3K the <3e%ale> singers
singer
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 22/269
2nit ) 88
Singular Plurall>insegnante J%K the <%ale> gli insegnanti J%Kthe tea-hers
J%ale, ortea-her %ale and 3e%ale
%iedK
l4insegnante J3K the <3e%ale> le insegnanti J3K the <3e%ale> tea-hers
tea-her
il collega J%K the <%ale> i colleghi J%K the -olleagues J%ale,
-olleague or %ale and
3e%ale %iedK
la collega J3K the <3e%ale> le colleghe J3K the <3e%ale>
-olleague -olleagues
l4atleta J%K the <%ale> gli atleti J%K the athletes J%ale, orathlete %ale and 3e%ale
%iedK
l4atleta J3K the <3e%ale> le atlete J3K the <3e%ale> athletes
athlete
Re%e%ber that, as )e sa) in #nit , paragraph , the %as-uline plural 3or%
-an also denote a -lass o3 people in general, as )ell as a group o3 %ales or a
%ied group o3 %ales and 3e%ales? e1g1 i cantanti J%K -an denote either agroup o3 %ale singers, or a %ied group o3 %ale and 3e%ale singers, or singers
in general1
Indefinite article
/ike the de3inite arti-le, the inde3inite arti-le <=nglish LaHan4> has di33erent
3or%s, depending on the gender o3 the )ord it re3ers to and the letter <orsound> )ith )hi-h the 3ollo)ing )ord begins1 +here is no plural 3or the
inde3inite arti-le1 9ere are the 3or%s?
Feminine un4 una
aHan/asculine un
uno
6 +he 3e%inine 3or%s un4 and una are used be3ore 3e%inine )ords?
un4 is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a (o)el or hC
una is used be3ore )ords beginning )ith a -onsonant?
un4auto a -ar
un4esperien%a an eperien-e
un4hostess a ste)ardess
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 23/269
8) 2nit )
una raga%%a a girl
una casa a house
una stan%a a roo%
' +he %as-uline 3or%s uno and un are used be3ore %as-uline )ords?
uno is used be3ore )ords starting )ith %, gn, ps* s T -onsonantC
un is used be3ore all other )ords?
uno %io an un-le
uno gnomo a gno%e
uno psicologo a psy-hologistuno chef a -he3
uno spettacolo a sho)
un articolo an arti-le
un uomo a %an
un hobby a hobby
un bar a bar
un ristorante a restaurant
un senso a sense
9no <like lo> is also used be3ore %as-uline )ords starting )ith i T (o)el, 3, y?
uno ione an ion
uno yuppie a yuppie
uno 3enofobo a enophobe
uno 7u"entino a Uu(entus 3an
D As )ith the de3inite arti-le, -are is needed in -hoosing the right arti-le to
use )ith nouns ending in .e or .a )hi-h -an re3er to either %ale or 3e%ale
persons?
un cantante J%K a singer <%ale>
una cantante J3K a singer <3e%ale>
un insegnante J%K a tea-her <%ale>
un4insegnante J3K a tea-her <3e%ale>
un collega J%K a -olleague <%ale>
una collega J3K a -olleague <3e%ale>
un atleta J%K an athlete <%ale>
un4atleta J3K an athlete <3e%ale>
8n the -ase o3 nouns starting )ith a (o)el, the only di33eren-e bet)een the
arti-les is the apostrophe1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 24/269
2nit ) 8*
8t %ay be use3ul to -o%pare the use o3 the de3inite and inde3inite arti-le in
table 3or%?
/asculine Feminineun is used )hen il and l4 are used un4 is used )hen l4 is used
uno is used )hen lo is used una is used )hen la is used
9se of the articles
0 +he use o3 the arti-les is o3ten the sa%e in 8talian as in =nglish, but there
are -ases <%ostly -on-erning the de3inite arti-le> )here the t)o languagesdi33er1 9ere are the %ost -o%%on instan-es?
Q 8n 8talian, the de3inite arti-le is used be3ore a noun used in a general
sense?
'mo la musica roc0Hle "acan%e# 8 lo(e ro-k %usi-Hholidays1
La musica roc0 I popolare# Ro-k %usi- is popular1
Le "acan%e sono sempre troppo corte#9olidays are al)ays too short1Il tempo "ola# +i%e 3lies1
Le auto in:uinano l4ambiente# &ars pollute the en(iron%ent1
La disoccupa%ione I diffusa# #ne%ploy%ent is )idespread1
Q 8talian uses the de3inite arti-le be3ore a title 3ollo)ed by a surna%e,
e-ept )hen addressing the person dire-tly?
La Signora 9rbani I gentile# MrsHMs #rbani is kind1La !ottoressa ;anni non c4I1 @o-tor Vanni isn4t here1
Il !ottor8 /archi I occupato# @o-tor Mar-hi is busy1
Buongiorno* Signor8 arli< Good %orning, Mr &arliW
Buongiorno* !ottore# Good %orning, @o-tor1
Scusi* Signore# =-use %e<, Sir>1
"ote that so%e %as-uline titles, notably Signore, Professore and !ottore,
drop the 3inal (o)el )hen used be3ore the na%e o3 the person, be-o%ing
Signor, Professor, !ottor, et-1
Q +he 8talian de3inite arti-le is al)ays used )ith years, e1g1 il 4==>, il 5>>>1
Q +he de3inite arti-le is nor%ally used in 8talian )ith na%es o3 -ountries
and regions, e1g1 l4Inghilterra <=ngland>, la Toscana <+us-any>, il Porto.gallo <Portugal>, l42uropa <=urope>1 5ut the rule %ay be di33erent )hen
using a preposition, e1g1 in Italia <in 8taly> <see #nit D, paragraph !>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 25/269
89 2nit )
8n so%e -ases a de3inite arti-le is used in 8talian )here an inde3inite arti-le
<or a possessi(e adBe-ti(e . see #nit ;> is used in =nglish1 9ere are so%e
instan-es?
'ntonio ha il naso lungo#Hai la patente'"ete l4ombrello&Ho il raffreddore#!o"e passi le "acan%e disolito
!i pomeriggio faccio il
compito# Hai il biglietto
Antonio has a long nose19a(e you got a dri(ing li-en-e
9a(e you got an u%brella 8
ha(e got a -old1
Nhere do you nor%ally spend your
holidays
8n the a3ternoon 8 do %y ho%e)ork1
9a(e you got aHyour ti-ket
+here are also -ases )hen there is no arti-le in 8talian but the de3inite or
inde3inite arti-le is used in =nglish?
'ndiamo in montagna#Stasera andiamo a teatro#
'ccompagno 'nna inaeroporto# 'ndiamo inmacchina#arlo I medico#Sono studente#(on ha marito#
Ne4re going to the %ountains1
Ne4re going to the theatre this e(ening1
84% taking Anna to the airport1 Ne4re
going in theHa -ar1&arlo is a do-tor1
84% a student1
She hasn4t got a husband1
!efinite and indefinite article before an ad7ecti"e
2 As )e shall see <#nit ;>, a noun -an so%eti%es be pre-eded by an adBe-ti(e,
so that the adBe-ti(e -o%es bet)een the arti-le and the noun <e1g1 una belladonna, a beauti3ul )o%an>1 8n su-h -ases, the 3or% o3 the arti-le depends
on the spelling o3 the ad7ecti"e, not the noun?
la casa the house l4ultima casa the last house
una casa a house un4ottima casa an e-ellent house
l4auto the -ar la prima auto the 3irst -ar
un4auto a -ar una bella auto a beauti3ul -ar
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 26/269
2nit ) 8
23ercise 4
8nsert the de3inite arti-le be3ore the nouns1
=a%ples? l4a-quaC la stan:aC le esperien:eC il ristoranteC lo :ioC
gli uo%ini
3iglia
notti
2 :ia
2 sport
; proble%a
; uo(o
! %ano
! eno3obia
auto
ti(6
3ratello6
a%i-i' libri
' pianiste
D entrata
D dita
studio
-risi
0 :ii
20 inglese
23ercise 5
8nsert the inde3inite arti-le be3ore the nouns1
=a%ples? un4autoC una raga::aC un arti-oloC uno spetta-oloC
un insegnante J%KC un4atleta J3K
sorella
aran-ia
2 -iliegia
2 psi-hiatra J%K;
a%i-o;
sigaretta! :io
! insegnante J3K
:ia
gnu
6 aereo
6 artista J%K
' a%i-a
' sbaglio
D -antante J3K
D 3iglio
%igliaio
yogurt
0
spe--hio
20
analisi
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 27/269
8; 2nit )
23ercise 6
8nsert the -orre-t arti-le in the blank spa-es1
=a%ple? Maria ha una -asa1 <Maria has a house1>
:io di Maria arri(a do%ani1 <Maria4s un-le arri(es to%orro)1>
2 Paolo s-ri(e lettera1 <Paolo is )riting a letter1>
; 9ai %ani pulite <9a(e you got -lean hands>
! ? a%i-a di Patri:ia1 <She4s a 3riend o3 Patri:ia4s1>
/aura non ha patente1 </aura hasn4t got a dri(ing li-en-e1>
6 &4I Signor +otti <8s Mr +otti here>' ?
insegnante %olto -apa-e1 <She4s a (ery -apable tea-her1>D
inquina%ento I proble%a preo--upante1 <Pollution is a)orrying proble%1>
nuo(o stadio I pi grande1 <+he ne) stadiu% is bigger1>
0 9o stesso &@1 <84(e got the sa%e &@1>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 28/269
2NIT T4R,,
Ad-cti$s? possssi$ and dmonstrati$
prono%ns
AdBe-ti(es in 8talian %ust agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun they
re3er to? i3 the noun is %as-uline singular the adBe-ti(e %ust be %as-uline
singular, i3 the noun is 3e%inine singular the adBe-ti(e %ust be 3e%inine singu.
lar, et-1 AdBe-ti(es there3ore -hange their 3or%s a--ordingly1 5ut re%e%ber
that )hen an adBe-ti(e is listed in a di-tionary or a gra%%ar, it is gi(en in its
%as-uline singular 3or%1 8n the %as-uline singular, %ost 8talian adBe-ti(es
end in .o or in .e?
italiano 8taliannuo"o ne)
francese Fren-h
grande big
2 AdBe-ti(es ending in .o ha(e 3our di33erent 3or%s? .o 3or the %as-uline
singular <italiano>, .a 3or 3e%inine singular <italiana>, .i 3or the %as-uline
plural <italiani> and .e 3or the 3e%inine plural <italiane>?
l4arbitro J%sK italianogli arbitri J%pK italianila cameriera J3sK
italianale cameriere J3pK
italianelo stadio J%sK nuo"o
gli stadi J%pK nuo"ila casa J3sK nuo"ale case J3pK nuo"e
the 8talian re3ereethe 8talian re3erees
the 8talian )aitress
the 8talian )aitresses
the ne) stadiu%
the ne) stadiaHstadiu%s
the ne) house
the ne) houses
; AdBe-ti(es ending in .e ha(e only t)o 3or%s? .e 3or the %as-uline and
3e%inine singular <francese> and .i 3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine plural
<francesi>1 Nith adBe-ti(es ending in .e there is thus no di33eren-e bet)een the
%as-uline and the 3e%inine 3or%?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 29/269
8= 2nit *
l>arbitro J%sK francesegli arbitri J%pK francesila cameriera J3sK
francesele cameriere J3pK
francesilo stadio J%sK grandegli stadi J%pK grandila casa J3sK grandele case J3pK grandi
the Fren-h re3eree
the Fren-h re3erees the
Fren-h )aitress the
Fren-h )aitresses the
big stadiu%the big stadiaHstadiu%s
the big house
the big houses
! So%e adBe-ti(es end in .a, like the 3ollo)ing?
ottimista opti%isti-
pacifista pa-i3ist
belga 5elgian
entusiasta enthusiasti-
idiota idioti-
+hese adBe-ti(es ha(e three 3or%s? .a 3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine singular
<ottimista>, .i 3or the %as-uline plural <ottimisti> and .e 3or the 3e%inine plural
<ottimiste>1 +here is thus only one 3or% 3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine
singular?
il corteo J%sK pacifista the pa-i3ist rally
l4idea J3sK pacifista the pa-i3ist idea
i cortei J%pK pacifisti the pa-i3ist rallies
le idee J3pK pacifiste the pa-i3ist ideas
il raga%%o J%sK belga the 5elgian boy
la raga%%a J3sK belga the 5elgian girl
i raga%%i J%pK belgi the 5elgian boys
le raga%%e J3pK belghe8 the 5elgian girls
For an eplanation o3 the .h. in belghe, see paragraph 6 belo)1
+here are also so%e in(ariable adBe-ti(es, e1g1 blu <dark blue>, rosa <pink>,
dispari <odd>, pari <e(en>, )hi-h do not -hange1
il "estito rosa the pink gar%entHdressHsuit
la penna blu the blue pen
i numeri dispari the odd nu%bers
le pagine pari the e(en pages
6 &are is needed in spelling the plural o3 adBe-ti(es ending in .co and .go1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 30/269
+here is no 3ied rule 3or the %as-uline 3or%s, )hi-h %ay keep the hard
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 31/269
2nit * 8@
sound o3 c and g and add h <.chi, .ghi>, or -hange the sound o3 c and g in the
plural <.ci, .gi>1 +he 3e%inine plural 3or%s al)ays add h <.che, .ghe> in order
to keep the hard sound o3 c and g1 83 in doubt, -he-k in a di-tionaryC the best
)ay to re%e%ber these sorts o3 plural is through pra-ti-e?
/asculine /asculine Feminine Femininesingular plural singular pluralgreco greci greca greche Greek
pratico pratici pratica pratiche pra-ti-al
pubblico pubblici pubblica pubbliche publi-
ricco ricchi ricca ricche ri-h
fresco freschi fresca fresche 3resh
largo larghi larga larghe )ide
+he adBe-ti(e belga, as )e ha(e seen, keeps the hard sound o3 g in the
3e%inine plural by adding h <belghe>C but it -hanges the sound in the
%as-uline plural <belgi>1
' As -an be seen in the ea%ples, the adBe-ti(e nor%ally -o%es a3ter the
noun it re3ers to and <unless it is in(ariable> it %ust agree in gender and
nu%ber )ith the noun1 8t %ust also agree in gender and nu%ber )iththe noun e(en )here it is separated 3ro% it by another )ord, su-h as a(erb?
Loren%o I italiano# /oren:o is 8talian1
Loren%o e ;ittorio sono italiani# /oren:o and Vittorio are 8talian1
'nna I italiana# Anna is 8talian1
'nna e laudia sono italiane# Anna and &laudia are 8talian1
Nhen the adBe-ti(e re3ers to t)o or %ore nouns )hi-h are di33erent in gender,
it is %as-uline plural?
Loren%o* 'nna e laudia sonoitaliani#
Sabine e @urt sono tedeschi#Il computer e la stampante
sononuo"i#
Il bagno e la cucina sono
piccoli#
I pantaloni e la camicia sono
nuo"i#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 32/269
/oren:o, Anna and &laudia are
8talian1
Sabine and $urt are Ger%an1
+he -o%puter and the printer are ne)1
+he bathroo% and the kit-hen are
s%all1
+he trousers and the shirt are ne)1
D 8n so%e -ases the adBe-ti(e -an also pre-ede the noun it re3ers to1 Nhen the
adBe-ti(e -o%es be3ore the noun, the %eaning o3 the noun be-o%es di33erent, as in
these ea%ples?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 33/269
)3 2nit *
un "ecchio amico an old Ji1e1 long.standingK 3riend
un amico "ecchio an oldHelderly 3riend Ji1e1 a 3riend )ho is oldK
la po"era donna the poor Ji1e1 un3ortunateK )o%an
la donna po"era the poor )o%an Ji1e1 she has no %oneyK
+he de%onstrati(e adBe-ti(es :uesto <this> and :uello <that>, like their
=nglish -ounterparts, al)ays pre-ede the noun they re3er to?
:uesto raga%%o this boy
:uesta raga%%a this girl
:uesti raga%%i these boys
:ueste raga%%e these girls:uel8 raga%%o that boy
:uella8 raga%%a that girl
:uei8 raga%%i those boys
:uelle8 raga%%e those girls
For an eplanation o3 the 3or%s o3 :uello, see paragraph 01
0 +he 3or%s o3 the adBe-ti(es :uello and bello <beauti3ulHhandso%eHni-eH.3ine> -hange in the sa%e )ay as the de3inite arti-le1 9ere are the 3or%s,
3ollo)ed in bra-kets by the -orresponding 3or%s o3 the de3inite arti-le?
Singular Plural/asculine :uelHbel +il, :ueiHbei +i,
:uelloHbello +lo, :uegliHbegli +gli,:uell4Hbell4 +l4, :uegliHbegli +gli,
Feminine :uellaHbella +la, :uelleHbelle +le,:uell4Hbell4 +l4, :uelleHbelle +le,
+he 3e%inine singular 3or% bell4 is rarely used, and bella is pre3erred, e(en
be3ore a (o)el1
:uel film that 3il% bei film beauti3ul 3il%s
bello spettacolo lo(ely sho) :uegli spettacoli those
sho)s
:uell4esempio that ea%ple begli esempi 3ine ea%ples
:uella can%one that song belle can%oni beauti3ul
songs
bella esperien%a beauti3ul eperien-e:uelle esperien%ethose eperien-es
:uel bel film that beauti3ul 3il% :uei bei film those beauti3ul3il%s
"ote that )hen bello -o%es after the noun, the 3ull 3or% is used? lo spettacolo I
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 34/269
bello, un4esperien%a bella e interessante, et-1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 35/269
2nit * )8
+he 3or%s o3 the adBe-ti(e buono <good>, )hen used be3ore a singular
noun, -hange in the sa%e )ay as the inde3inite arti-le?
/asculine buon +un,buono +uno,
Feminine buon4Hbuona8 +un4,buona +una,
"o)adays the 3or% buona is pre3erred to buon41
buon libro good book buona idea good idea
buon amico good 3riend buona esperien%agood eperien-e
buon caff I good -o33ee buona memoria good %e%orybuono studentegood student
"ote that )hen buono -o%es after the noun, the 3ull 3or% is used? :uestolibro I buono, il caff I I buono, et-1
2 +he adBe-ti(e grande <bigHgreat>, )hen used be3ore the noun, %ay -hange to
the in(ariable 3or% gran or, in so%e epressions, to grand4C no)adays, the 3ull
3or%, grande, is pre3erred in %ost -ases?
grande musicista gran musicista great %usi-ian
grande film gran film great 3il%
grande casa gran casa big house
Gran Bretagna Great 5ritain
grande amico Jso%eti%esK grand4amicoHgran great 3riend
amicogrande idea Jso%eti%esK grand4ideaHgran idea great idea
Jso%eti%esK grande grand4uomo great %anuomo
"ote that be3ore plural nouns, grande is regular? grandi musicisti, grandicase,
et-1
"ote also that )hen grande -o%es after the noun, the 3ull 3or% is al)ays
used? :uel film I grande, la casa I grande, et-1
; +he adBe-ti(e santo <saint> is another that has di33erent 3or%s )hen used
be3ore a noun?
santo is only used be3ore %as-uline na%es starting )ith s T -onsonantC
san is used be3ore %as-uline na%es starting )ith a -onsonant <other than s T
-onsonant>C
sant4 is used be3ore %as-uline or 3e%inine na%es starting )ith a (o)elC
santa is used be3ore 3e%inine na%es starting )ith a -onsonant?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 36/269
)) 2nit *
Santo Stefano Saint Stephen Sant4'ntonio Saint Anthony
San Francesco Saint Fran-is Sant4'nna Saint Anne
San Pietro Saint Peter Santa aterina Saint &atherine
"ote that )hen santo %eans Lholy4 or Lblessed4, it is regular? il santo padre<the 9oly Father>, una santa donna <a holy )o%an>1
Possessi"e ad7ecti"es and pronouns
! +he 3or%s o3 the possessi(e adBe-ti(es <L%y4, Lyour4, et-1> are as
3ollo)s?
/asculine Feminine /asculine Femininesingular singular plural pluralmio mia miei8 mie %y
tuo tua tuoi8 tue your
suo sua suoi8 sue hisHherHits
nostro nostra nostri nostre our
"ostro "ostra "ostri "ostre your
loro88 loro88 loro88 loro88 their
"ote that the %as-uline plural 3or%s miei, tuoi and suoi are irregular1
"ote that loro is in(ariable and does not -hange1
Possessi(e adBe-ti(es are al)ays used be3ore the noun they re3er to1 #nlike in
=nglish, they are al)ays pre-eded by the arti-le, and they %ust agree )ith the
o)ned obBe-t, not )ith the o)ner?
Luisa e i suoi fratelli J%pK
arlo e le sue sorelleJ3pK Li"ia e il suoamico J%sK 2ttore e lasua amica J3sK la mialettera J3sK
i tuoi libri J%pK
la nostra scuola J3sKle "ostre idee J3pK
la loro stan%a J3sK
i loro genitori J%pK
/uisa and her brothers&arlo and his sisters
/i(ia and her <%ale> 3riend
=ttore and his <3e%ale> 3riend
%y letter
your books
our s-hool
your ideas
their roo%their parents
Nhen mio, tuo, suo, nostro and "ostro <not loro> are used )ith a
noun
denoting 3a%ily relationship <e1g1 fratello <brother>, sorella <sister>, padre<3ather>, madre <%other> > in the singular they are not pre-eded by the de3inite
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 37/269
arti-le?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 38/269
2nit * )*
mio padre %y 3ather
tua madre your %other
tuo fratello your brother
sua %ia hisHher aunti tuoi fratelli Jpl1K your brothers
le sue %ie Jpl1K hisHher aunts
il loro padre their 3ather
6 +he 3or%s o3 the possessi(e pronouns <L%ine4, Lyours4, et-1> are the sa%e
as those o3 the possessi(e adBe-ti(es, and are al)ays pre-eded by the de3inite
arti-le?
/asculine Feminine /asculine Femininesingular singular plural pluralil mio la mia i miei le mie %ine
il tuo la tua i tuoi le tue yours
il suo la sua i suoi le sue hisHhersHits
il nostro la nostra i nostri le nostre ours
il "ostro la "ostra i "ostri le "ostre yours
il loro la loro i loro le loro theirs
La tua casa I grande* ma la loro I *our house is big, but theirs is s%all1
piccola#I tuoi ! sono :ui* i nostri sono l )# *our &@s are here, ours are there1
' As )e shall see <#nit !, paragraph >, in 8talian there is a 3or% used to
address people 3or%ally1 8n the 3or%al )ay o3 addressing people, the possessi(e
adBe-ti(es and pronouns used are Suo 3or the singular, and ;ostro <or Loroi3 a higher degree o3 3or%ality is required> 3or the plural?
'd7ecti"es
La Sua auto I pronta* SignoraFerrero#2cco i Suoi libri* Signore#Signori Bianco* la ;ostra stan%a I
pronta# <Signori Bianco* la Loro stan%a I
pronta#>
PronounsLa loro auto I in strada* ma laSua I
in garage* Signora#
Professore* :uesti libri sono i Suoi#
*our -ar4s ready, Mrs Ferrero1
9ere are your books<, Sir>1
<Mr and Mrs 5ian-o,> your roo%
is ready1
+heir -ar4s in the street, but yours
is in the garage<, Mada%>1
+hese books are yours<, Pro3essorH
Sir>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 39/269
)9 2nit *
$uesta stan%a la ;ostra*Signori
Bianco#<$uesta stan%a I la Loro* Signori
Bianco#>
!emonstrati"e pronouns
+his roo% is yours<, Mr and Mrs
5ian-o>1
<+his roo% is yours, Mr and Mrs
5ian-o1>
D $uesto and :uello are also used as de%onstrati(e pronouns <this <one>,
that <one>, these <ones>, those <ones> >1 5ut note that )hen :uello is used as ade%onstrati(e pronoun, its endings are not %odelled on the de3inite arti-le <-31
paragraph 0>, but are the sa%e as those o3 :uesto <i1e1 :uello J%sK, :uella J3sK,
:uelli J%pK, :uelle J3pK>?
$uesta I 'nna# +his is Anna1
$uesta I la tua stan%a e :uella I la +his is %y roo% and that one4s
mia# yours1
$uesti sono gli eserci%i# +hese are the eer-ises1$uello I il nuo"o computer# +hat is the ne) -o%puter1
$uelle sono le 'lpi# +hose are the Alps1
$uesti biscotti sono buoni* ma +hese bis-uits are ni-e, but 8 pre3er
preferisco :uelli# those1
23ercise 4
&o%plete the phrases by -hoosing the 3or% o3 the adBe-ti(e that agrees )ith the
noun1
=a%ples? le raga::e <italiano> italianeC <quello> a-qua <-aldo> quell4,
-alda1
un libro <interessante> 2 la gonna <bian-o>
; i (estiti <bian-o>
! le -a%i-ie <rosso>
gli insegnanti <egoista>
6 un <bello> albero
' un -ollega <ra::ista>
D le situa:ioni <-o%i-o>
le donne <si%pati-o>
0 i -apelli <lungo>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 40/269
2nit * )
<quello> raga::o <si%pati-o>
2 <questo> eser-i:i <3a-ile>
; <quello> <bello> spe--hi
! <questo> <bello> donne <quello> alberi <%orto>
6 <questo> a%i-i <inglese>
' <quello> atti(iste <spagnolo>
D <quello> <bello> attore
<quello> uo(a <3res-o>
20 <quello> turisti <gre-o>
23ercise 5
&hoose the right adBe-ti(e 3or ea-h noun or pair o3 nouns1
=a%ples? Eueste s-arpe sono <rossaHnuo(eHbelli> nuo(eC Anna e Fran-o
sono <3ran-eseHitalianeHitaliani> italiani1
/a -asa I <(e--hioHnuo(iHgrande>1
2 9o un (estito <rosaHnuo(aHlunghe>1 ; /e pro3essoresse sono <intelligenteH3ran-esiHnoiosa>1
! /a -risi I <serioseH(iolentiHgra(e>1
8 -olleghi <italianeHotti%istaHpa-i3isti> arri(ano do%ani1
6 Eueste %a--hine sono <(elo-eHnuo(iHtedes-he>1
' Euesto ba%bino I <-apri--ioseHpigroHbenedu-ata>1
D Euei 3il% sono <ingleseHdi(ertenteHlunghi>1
/e -a%eriere sono <gio(aneHgre-aHbelghe>1
0 8l pianista non I <stan-aHbelgaH(e--hi>1 9o le dita <pulitiHspor-heHlunghi>1
2 Euel signore ha un -arattere <si%pati-heH-ortesiHenergi-o>1
; Euesti blue.Beans sono <resistentiHprati-heHa%eri-ana>1
! /e %aglie sono <(e--hioHbluHbian-hi>1
/e -antanti sono <spagnoliHtedes-hiHs-o::esi>1
6 8l treno e l4auto sono <(elo-iHinquinanteH-o%odo>1
' Paola, &laudia e Anna sono <italianiHbelliHsi%pati-he>1
D &laudio e Patri:ia sono <gentileHitalianiH-ontenta>1 Gian3ran-o, Piero e Giorgio sono <3eli-eHotti%istiHitaliane>1
20 8 signori e le signore sono <soddis3attiHgre-oHa33ollate>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 41/269
); 2nit *
23ercise 6
&o%plete the senten-es by adding the -orre-t 3or% o3 the possessi(e adBe-ti(e
and, )here ne-essary, the arti-le1
=a%ples? &onos-o /uisa e <suo> 3ratelli? i suoiC <Mio> %adre I bella? Mia
</oro> ba%bini sono -ortesi1
2 <Suo> o--hi sono blu1
; Euesta I <%io> bi-i1
! Euanti anni hanno <tuo> sorelle
<Vostro> %a--hina I nuo(a 6 <"ostro> la(oro I interessante1
' <Mio> a%i-i sono in (a-an:a1
D </oro> -asa I grande1
<+uo> %adre I si%pati-a1
0 Gra:ie per <Suo> lettera, Signore1
23ercise A
Ans)er the questions, using possessi(e pronouns1
=a%ple? L? la Sua %a--hina, Signor Rossi4 LS ), I la %ia14
L? il -ellulare di Anna4 L"o, non I 14
2 L? la Vostra -asa, Signori Xola4 LS ), I 14
; LSono i %iei &@4 L"o, non sono 14
! L? il Suo u33i-io4 L"o, non I 14 LSono i suoi libri4 LS ), sono
146 LSono le %ie lettere4 LS ), sono
14' L? la -asa dei tuoi a%i-i4 LS ), I
14D LSono i nostri (estiti4 L"o, non sono
14 LSono le -a%i-ie di Paolo4 LS ), sono
140 LSono i (ostri bagagli4 LS ), sono
14
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 42/269
2nit * )<
23ercise
&o%plete the senten-es by -hoosing the right 3or% o3 the adBe-ti(es and
pronouns1
=a%ple? <Euesto> non I <tuo> stan:a, I <%io>? Euesta non I la tua
stan:a, I la %ia1
<Euesto> signori sono <nostro> ospiti <tedes-o>1
2 <Suo> -olleghi sono <otti%ista>, SignoraW
; <Euesto> sono <(ostro> stan:e1
! 8o ho <%io> do-u%enti, /ei ha <Suo>, Signore
<Euesto> sono <%io> &@, <quello> sono <tuo>1
6 <"ostro> pro3essore I <entusiasta>, -o%4I <(ostro>
' <Euello> sono <%io> %agliette, <questo> sono <tuo>1
D <Euello> eser-i:i sono <di(ertente>, %a <questo> I <di33i-ile>1
<Mio> bagagli sono <pesante>, %a <(ostro> sono <leggero>1
0 <Euello> a-qua <%inerale> I <gassato>, %a <questo> I <lis-io>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 43/269
2NIT 0O2R
T' prsnt tns o! essere and a"ere
/ike their -ounterparts in %any other languages, the 8talian (erbs essere<to be> and a"ere <to ha(e> are irregular1 9ere are the 3or%s o3 the present
tense?
2ssere To be<io> sono 8 a%
<tu> sei you Jsing1K are
<luiHlei> I heHsheHit is
<noi> siamo )e are<(oi> siete you Jpl1K are
<loro> sono they are
Sono medico#Siamo cugini#Siete stranieri#Paola e 'nna sono
alte#laudio I miofratello#Ho un cellulare#Hai il mio indiri%%o#Hanno un esame#'nna ha una chitarranuo"a#
'"ere To ha"e<io> ho 8 ha(eHha(e got
<tu> hai you Jsing1K ha(eHha(e got
<luiHlei> ha heHsheHit hasHhas got
<noi> abbiamo )e ha(eHha(e got
<(oi> a"ete you Jpl1K ha(eHha(e got<loro> hanno they ha(eHha(e got
84% a do-tor1
Ne are -ousins1
*ou are 3oreigners1
Paola and Anna are tall1
&laudio is %y brother1
84(e got a %obile phone1*ou ha(e %y address1
+hey ha(e an ea%1
Anna4s got a ne) guitar1
As sho)n in the ea%ples, it is not usually ne-essary to use the subBe-t
pronouns be3ore the (erb sin-e the 3or%s 3or the di33erent persons are di33erent .
sei -an only be se-ond person singular <tu>, siete -an only be se-ond person
plural <"oi>, et-1 =(en )ith sono, the -ontet al)ays sho)s )hether it %eans L8
a%4 or Lthey are41
+he pronoun is only required 3or e%phasis, or to %ark a -ontrast?
Io sono medico e lui I insegnante# 84% a do-tor and he4s a tea-her1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 44/269
Tu hai una bella bici* ma io ho una *ou4(e got a ni-e bike, but 84(e got a
macchina# -ar1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 45/269
2nit 9 )@
Sub7ect pronouns
2 +he 8talian subBe-t pronouns are?
Person Singularst io 8
2nd tu you
;rd lui he
;rd lei she
Pluralst noi )e
2nd "oi you
;rd loro they
For the third person, the 3ollo)ing pronouns -an still be 3ound in so%e tets,
but are not nor%ally used in -onte%porary 8talian?
egli J%K, esso J%K instead o3 the singular luiella J3K, essa J3K instead o3 the singular leiessi J%K, esse J3K instead o3 the plural loro
Lui <third person singular pronoun> repla-es a %as-uline noun <like the =nglish
Lhe4>C lei repla-es a 3e%inine noun <like the =nglish Lshe4>1
Lui, lei and loro are only used to re3er to persons1 8n re3erring to obBe-ts,
8talian nor%ally a(oids using the obsolete 3or%s esso, essa, essi, esse,
and o%its the pronoun altogether?
Lui I Paolo* lei I 'nna#Los4I4 L? unachia"e#4 ? la chitarra di'nna#Sono i libri di Paolo#
Interrogati"e form
9e is Paolo, she is Anna1
LNhat is it4 L8t4s a key14
8t4s Anna4s guitar1
+hey are Paolo4s books1
; +he interrogati(e is 3or%ed by adding a question %ark at the end o3 the
senten-e?
Sei pronto Are you ready
Siete stranieri Are you 3oreigners
Hai il mio indiri%%o 9a(e you got %y address
'"ete amici italiani 9a(e you any 8talian 3riends
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 46/269
Hanno un esame 9a(e they got an ea%
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 47/269
*3 2nit 9
(egati"e form
! +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non <i1e1 Lnot4> be3ore the (erb?
laudio non I mio fratello#(on siamo italiani#(on siete stranieri(on hai il mio indiri%%o(on hanno un esame#(on abbiamo amici italiani#
(on ho la minima idea dicosa
regalare a Paola#
Formal form
&laudio is not %y brother1Ne4re not 8talian1
Aren4t you 3oreigners
9a(en4t you got %y address
+hey don4t ha(e an ea%1
Ne ha(en4t got any 8talian 3riends1
8 ha(en4t the slightest idea )hat to
gi(e Paola1
8n 8talian there is a 3or%al )ay o3 addressing people )hi-h is used )ith
people )e do not kno), or )hen so%e degree o3 3or%ality is required1 Nhen
the 3or%al 3or% is required, the pronoun used 3or the singular, 3or both %en
and )o%en, is Lei <third person singular>C the pronoun used 3or the plural is
nor%ally ;oi, but in situations )hen a high degree o3 3or%ality is required
Loro -an be used?
Lei I molto gentile* Signore#Lei non I troppo alta* Signora<
Signora Belli* +Lei, ha lapatente
Professore* +Lei, ha tempoSignor (eri* +Lei, I prontoSignori onti* +;oi, sieteitaliani
+Signori onti* Loro sonoitaliani,
*ou4re (ery kind<, Sir>1
*ou4re not too tall<, Mada%>W
Mrs 5elli, ha(e you got a dri(ing
li-en-e9a(e you got ti%e<, Pro3essorHSir>
Mr "eri, are you ready
Mr and Mrs &onti, are you 8talian
6 +here are so%e spelling %istakes in(ol(ing essere and a"ere )hi-h are
-o%%only %ade by learnersC be -are3ul to re%e%ber the 3ollo)ing
di33eren-es?
I <heHsheHit is> e <and>ho <8 ha(e> o <or>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 48/269
hai <you ha(e> ai <to the>
ha <heHsheHit has> a <to>
hanno <they ha(e> anno <year>
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 49/269
2nit 9 *8
9se of essere and a"ere
' +he (erbs essere and a"ere are nor%ally used as the (erbs Lto be4 and Lto
ha(e4 are used in =nglish1 2ssere is usually 3ollo)ed by an adBe-ti(e or anoun?
Siete studenti JnounK
!aniela I medico# JnounK
Tu e 'nna siete cuginiJnounK Siete gentili<JadBe-ti(eK
Gli amici di Paul sono italiani#JadBe-ti(eK
Are you students JnounK
@aniela is a do-tor1 JnounK
Are you and Anna -ousins JnounK
*ou are kindW JadBe-ti(eK
Paul4s 3riends are 8talian1 JadBe-ti(eK
'"ere is nor%ally 3ollo)ed by a noun <or a noun a--o%panied by an
adBe-ti(e>?
Hai il libro(on ho tempo#
'bbiamo molti amici#Hanno una casa grande#Paolo e io abbiamo unamacchina#
9a(e you got the book
8 ha(en4t ti%e1
Ne ha(e a lot o3 3riends1
+hey ha(e a big house1Paolo and 8 ha(e got a -ar1
D +he (erb a"ere, 3ollo)ed by a noun, is also used in a nu%ber o3 idio%ati-
epressions )hi-h -orrespond to =nglish epressions using Lto be4 3ollo)ed
by an adBe-ti(e or an ad(erbial phrase?
a"ere caldo to be hot
a"ere fame to be hungry
a"ere freddo to be -old
a"ere paura to be a3raid
a"ere ragione to be right
a"ere sete to be thirsty
a"ere sonno to be sleepya"ere torto to be )rong
a"ere fretta to be in a hurry
'bbiamo fame# Ne are hungry1
'"ete ragione< *ou4re rightW
/arina ha fretta# Marina is in a hurry1
+Lei, ha sete* Signora Are you thirsty<, Mada%>
(on hai freddo* laudia Aren4t you -old, &laudia
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 50/269
*) 2nit 9
'"ere is also used in 8talian to epress age?
Francesca ha 4C anni# Fran-es-a is ' <years old>1
Il figlio di Gianni ha un anno# Gianni4s son is one1
$uanti anni hai 9o) old are you
4I and ci sono
0 +he (erb essere is used in the epressions c4I <there is> 3ollo)ed by a
singular noun, and ci sono <there are> 3ollo)ed by a plural noun?
4I una lettera per te#4I poco tempo#4I molto tempo<4I un problema#i sono due ingressi#(el nego%io ci sono molticlienti#
+here4s a letter 3or you1+here4s littleHnot %u-h ti%e1
+here4s plenty o3 ti%eW
+here4s a proble%1
+here are t)o entran-es1
+here are a lot o3 -usto%ers in the shop1
"ote that c4I and ci sono are not usually e%phati-1 So, in the =nglish
senten-es in paragraph 0, the (oi-e stress does not 3all on Lthere4, but on the noun
that 3ollo)s it <i1e1 on Lletter4, LlittleHplenty o3 ti%e4, Lproble%4, et-1>1 +hus c4I
and ci sono so%eti%es do not -orrespond to Lthere is4 or Lthere are4, as in the
3ollo)ing ea%ples?
4I Luisa al telefono# Ji1e1 she has
Bust rungKi sono i tuoi amici che tiaspettano#
Ji1e1 they ha(e Bust arri(edK
/uisa4s on the phone1 Jnot? +here4s
/uisa on the phone1K
*our 3riends are )aiting 3or you1Jnot? +here are your 3riends
)aiting 3or you1K
2 +he interrogati(e is 3or%ed by si%ply adding a question %ark at the end
o3 the senten-e, or )ith a Lquestion )ord4 <see #nit >?
4I il Professor Gatti& 8s Pro3essor Gatti thereHany)hereHaround
Ji1e1 84d like to seeHtalk to Pro3essor Gatti1K
4I molto traffico 8s there a lot o3 tra33i-
$uanti ingressi ci sono 9o) %any entran-es are there
; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by pla-ing non be3ore c4I or ci sono?
(on c4I tempo# +here is no ti%e1
!omani non c4I le%ione# +here is no -lass to%orro)1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 51/269
(on ci sono clienti# +here aren4t any -usto%ers1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 52/269
2nit 9 **
(on c> tempo 8s there no ti%e
(on ci sono clienti Aren4t there any -usto%ers
(on c4I nessuno#8 +here is nobody1
8n 8talian the double negati(e is used? non D nessuno1
! "ote that in negati(e senten-es gi(ing general in3or%ation, it is %ore
usual to use the plural non ci sono than the singular non c4I?
(on ci sono farmacie#
(on ci sono scuole#
(on ci sono artisti nellamia
famiglia#
23ercise 4
+here isn4t aHis no phar%a-y1
+here aren4t anyHare no phar%a-ies1
+here isn4t aHis no s-hool1
+here aren4t anyHare no s-hools1+here aren4t anyHare no artists in %y 3a%ily1
&o%plete the 3ollo)ing senten-es using the -orre-t 3or% o3 essere1
=a%ple? Alberto a Ro%a? I
<noi> italiani1
2 <tu> s-o::ese
; <io> non 3eli-e1
! Gli studenti in
bibliote-a1
<(oi> %olto gentili16 /ei %edi-o
' /a -ena pronta1
D 8 libri sulla
s-ri(ania1
+u e Ui% a%i-i1
23ercise 5
0 Paolo e io gio(ani1
Gli i%piegati gentili1
2 <(oi> si%pati-i1
; =nri-o non biondo1
! Gli italiani allegri1 <tu> a%i-a di Giulia
6 /aura %agra1
' /4eser-i:io di33i-ile1
D <io> straniero1
+u e 5illy stranieri1
20 </ei> stan-a, Signora
&o%plete the 3ollo)ing senten-es using the -orre-t 3or% o3 a"ere1
=a%ple? Uenny e Uohn una 3iglia? hanno
<noi> non te%po1
! 8 Signori 8lly due 3igli1
2 </ei> la %a--hina
<(oi> i libri
; <io> %olti a%i-i1
6 Sandro se%pre 3retta1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 53/269
*9 2nit 9
' 8l pro3essore %olti
studenti1
D <tu> il libro
Mar-o e io sete10 Euanti anni <tu>
<(oi> il biglietto
2 @o%eni-o un
3ratello1
; <noi> un esa%e1
! <loro> non 3igli1
23ercise 6
<tu> l4indiri::o di
/u-a
6 &arlo non la
tele(isione1
' 8 nostri a%i-i dei proble%i1
D <tu> %olto la(oro1
<io> 6 anni1
20 Pro3essore, te%po
+aking the )ords in the t)o -olu%ns belo), )rite negati(e and interrogati(e
senten-es using the (erb a"ere1
=a%ple? tu 3retta? "on hai 3rettaC 9ai 3retta
io ragione
2 il pro3essore -aldo
; la Signorina 5erti sete
! /ei J3or%alK sonno
(oi paura
6 loro 3reddo
' &arla e Andrea 3a%e
23ercise A
+aking the )ords in the t)o -olu%ns belo), )rite a33ir%ati(e and negati(e
senten-es using the (erb essere1
=a%ple? io italiana? Sono italianaC "on sono italiana1
io stan-o
2 tu pigra
; il dottore gio(ane
! la pro3essoressa si%pati-a
/ei J3or%alK alto
6 noi %agre
' (oi intelligenti
D le tue a%i-he -ontente
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 54/269
2nit 9 *
23ercise
8%agine the things in the o33i-eC using all the )ords in the list, )rite senten-es
using c4I or ci sono1
=a%ples? una s-ri(ania? "ell4u33i-io -4I una s-ri(aniaC quattro sedie?
"ell4u33i-io -i sono quattro sedie1
una sediaC 2 due poltroneC ; tre -o%puterC ! una sta%panteC un tele3onoC
6 la 3oto-opiatri-eC ' due radiatoriC D una portaC tre 3inestre
23ercise E
8%agine )hat is in the (illageC using all the )ords in the list, %ake a33ir%ati(e or
negati(e senten-es, paying attention to the negati(e 3or% <non ci sono T
plural noun>1
=a%ple? taba--aio, taba--ai? 8n questo paese -4I un taba--aio, -i sono
tre taba--ai, non -i sono taba--ai1
%useo, %useiC 2 dis-ote-a, dis-ote-heC ; panetteria, panetterieC ! -ine%a,
-ine%aC bibliote-a, bibliote-heC 6 s-uola, s-uoleC ' u33i-io postale, u33i-i
postaliC D libreria, librerieC giardino pubbli-o, giardini pubbli-iC 0
ristorante, ristoranti
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 55/269
2NIT 0I7,
T' prsnt tns o! r"%lar and somirr"%lar $rbs
9se of the present tense
+he present tense <or si%ply Lthe present4> is used to state that an a-tion is
o--urring at the present ti%e1 8t -orresponds basi-ally to the =nglish si%ple
present <L8 eat4> and present -ontinuous <L8 a% eating4>?
/io padre la"ora per la BB#
/io padre la"ora ingiardino#!i solito guardo latele"isione#Stasera guardo latele"isione#(on guardo la tele"isione#PerchY non guardi latele"isioneStasera non guardo latele"isione#PerchY non guardi latele"isione
stasera
My 3ather )orks 3or the 55&1
My 3ather4s )orking in the garden1
"or%ally 8 )at-h +V184% )at-hing +V this e(ening1 8
don4t )at-h +V1
Nhy don4t you )at-h +V
84% not )at-hing +V this e(ening1
Nhy aren4t you )at-hing +V this
e(ening
2 +he present -an also be used to re3er to the 3uture, either the near 3uture or
one that is -onsidered 3airly -ertain?
Il treno parte fra cin:ueminuti#
Parto domani#!omani mattina porto Lucaalla
sta%ione#
L4estate prossima la"oro conmio
%io#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 56/269
+he train lea(esHis lea(ing in 3i(e
%inutes1
8 lea(eH8 a% lea(ing to%orro)1
+o%orro) %orning 84ll takeH84%
takingH.
84% going to take /u-a to the station1
"et su%%er 84ll )orkH84% )orkingH.
going to )ork )ith %y un-le1
; +he present is also used to re3er to an a-tion )hi-h started in the past and is
still going onC here, it -orresponds to the =nglish present per3e-t?
La"oriamo :ui da un mese# Ne4(e been )orking here 3or a %onth1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 57/269
2nit *<
/io cugino abita a Roma da treMy -ousin4s li(edHbeen li(ing in Ro%e 3or
anni# three years1
onosco Giulia da tre anni# 8 ha(e kno)n Giulia 3or three years1
(on "edo !ario da mesi# 8 ha(en4t seen @ario 3or %onths1
The forms of the present tense
! 8talian (erbs are di(ided into three %ain groups, the -onBugations1 +he
-onBugation a (erb belongs to is deter%ined by the ending o3 its in3initi(e?
First con7ugation Second con7ugationThird con7ugation.are .ere .ire
+he 3or%s o3 the present depend on )hi-h -onBugation the (erb belongs to1
+he present is 3or%ed by -hanging the ending o3 the in3initi(e, as 3ollo)s?
Person Singular Infiniti"e in .areInfiniti"e in .ere Infiniti"e in .irest <io> .o .o +.isc,.o2nd <tu> .i .i +.isc,.i;rd <luiHlei> .a .e +.isc,.e
Pluralst <noi> .iamo .iamo .iamo2nd <(oi> .ate .ete .ite;rd <loro> .ano .ono +.isc,.ono
Regular (erbs in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
2ndings Parlare To spea0Htal0.o <io> parlo 8 speak
.i <tu> parli you speak
.a <luiHlei> parla heHsheHit speaks
.iamo <noi> parliamo )e speak
.ate <(oi> parlate you speak
.ano <loro> parlano they speak
'ndrea e arla la"orano in Italia# Andrea and &arla )ork in 8taly1
Parlo italiano1 8 speak 8talian1
Parlate molto< *ou talk a lotW
'bitiamo a Geno"a1 Ne li(e in Genoa1
As )e sa) in #nit !, the subBe-t pronoun is nor%ally o%itted in the
-onBugation o3 8talian (erbs1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 58/269
*= 2nit
6 Verbs ending in .care and .gare <3irst -onBugation> add h be3ore the endings
o3 the se-ond person singular <.i> and the 3irst person plural <.iamo> in order
to keep the hard sound o3 c and g?
ercare To loo0 for Pagare To pay<io> cerco 8 look 3or <io> pago 8 pay
<tu> cerchi you look 3or <tu> paghi you pay
<luiHlei> cerca heHsheHit looks 3or <luiHlei> paga heHsheHit pays
<noi> cerchiamo )e look 3or <noi> paghiamo )e pay
<(oi> cercate you look 3or <(oi> pagate you pay
<loro> cercano they look 3or <loro> pagano they pay
erchi /arco Are you looking 3or Mar-o
Giochiamo a pallone# Ne play 3ootball1
PerchY litighi con tuo fratello Nhy are you arguing )ith your brother
Paghiamo sempre il conto< Ne al)ays pay the billW
' Verbs ending in .iare <3irst -onBugation> nor%ally ha(e only one i in the
se-ond person singular and the 3irst person plural?
ominciare To startHbegin /angiare To eat<io> comincio 8 startHbegin <io> mangio 8 eat
<tu> cominci you startHbegin <tu> mangi you eat
<luiHlei> comincia heHsheHit startsHbegins <luiHlei> mangia heHsheHit eats
<noi> cominciamo )e startHbegin <noi> mangiamo)e eat
<(oi> cominciate you startHbegin <(oi> mangiate you eat
<loro> cominciano they startHbegin <loro> mangiano they eat
$uando cominci la scuola Nhen do you start s-hoolominciamo la partita# Ne4re starting the ga%e1
/angi troppo< *ou eat too %u-hW
Stasera mangiamo fuori# +his e(ening )e4re eating out1
D Regular (erbs in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
2ndings Prendere To ta0eHget
.o <io> prendo 8 takeHget.i <tu> prendi you takeHget
.e <luiHlei> prende heHsheHit takesHgets
.iamo <noi> prendiamo )e takeHget
.ete <(oi> prendete you takeHget
.ono <loro> prendono they takeHget
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 59/269
2nit *@
Prendo il prossimo treno# 84% gettingHtaking the net train1
Prendiamo :uesta strada# Ne take this road1
'nna scri"e una lettera# Anna is )riting a letter1
/arco e /artina ridono molto# Mar-o and Martina laugh a lot1
Verbs ending in .cere <or .scere> and .gere <or .ggere> -hange the sound o3
c <or sc> and g <or .gg>, )hi-h be-o%e Lhard4 be3ore the endings o3 the 3irst
person singular <.o> and the third person plural <.ono>1 So -are needs to be
taken in speaking these (erbs?
;incere Spo0en li0e 2nglish To 1in<io> "inco k 8 )in
<tu> "inci -h you )in
<luiHlei> "ince -h heHsheHit )ins
<noi> "inciamo -h )e )in
<(oi> "incete -h you )in
<loro> "incono k they )in
onoscere Spo0en li0e 2nglish To 0no1<io> conosco sk 8 kno)
<tu> conosci sh you kno)<luiHlei> conosce sh heHsheHit kno)s
<noi> conosciamo sh )e kno)
<(oi> conoscete sh you kno)
<loro> conoscono sk they kno)
Leggere Spo0en li0e 2nglish To read<io> leggo g Jas in Lgo4K 8 read
<tu> leggi B you read<luiHlei> legge B heHsheHit reads
<noi> leggiamo B )e read
<(oi> leggete B you read
<loro> leggono g Jas in Lgo4K they read
;ince sempre# 9eHshe al)ays )ins1
(on conosco i tuoi genitori# 8 don4t kno) your parents1
Leggono il giornale# +hey4re reading the paper1(on piango mai# 8 ne(er -ry1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 60/269
93 2nit
0 Regular (erbs in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
2ndings Partire To lea"e.o <io> parto 8 lea(e
.i <tu> parti you lea(e
.e <luiHlei> parte heHsheHit lea(es
.iamo <noi> partiamo )e lea(e
.ite <(oi> partite you lea(e
.ono <loro> partono they lea(e
Il treno parte alle #>># +he train lea(es at eight1
I miei amici partono domani# My 3riends are lea(ing to%orro)1
/ia sorella dorme# My sister is sleepingHasleep1 Tutte le mattine apriamo le finestre# =(ery %orning )e open the )indo)s1
Many (erbs in .ire <e1g1 capire <to understand>, costruire <to build>, finire<to 3inishHto end>, preferire <to pre3er>, pulire <to -lean> > 3ollo) a slightly
di33erent pattern, adding .isc. be3ore the singular endings and the third
person plural?
2ndings apire.isc.o <io> capisco.isc.i <tu> capisci.isc.e <luiHlei> capisce.iamo <noi> capiamo.ite <(oi> capite.isc.ono <loro> capiscono
/arina capisce tutto#La le%ione finisce alle46#>>#Preferisco parlare italiano#
To understand8 understand
you understand
heHsheHit understands
)e understand
you understand
they understand
Marina understands e(erything1
+he lessonH-lass 3inishes at p1%1
8 pre3er speakingHto speak 8talian1
+here is no )ay o3 telling )hi-h is the right pattern 3or a (erb in .ire, other
than to -he-k in a di-tionary1
Interrogati"e form2 As )e sa) in #nit !, the interrogati(e is 3or%ed by adding a question
%ark at the end o3 the senten-e?
arla resta a casa 8s &arla staying at ho%e
Prendi sempre la macchina fotografica @o you al)ays take the -a%era
$uando partite Nhen are you lea(ing
apisci tutto @o you understand e(erything
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 61/269
2nit 98
(egati"e form
; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non <not> be3ore the (erb?
(on parlo italiano#(on prendiamo la macchina
fotografica#Giulia e Susanna nonpartono (on capisceniente#
Formal form
8 don4t speak 8talian1
Ne4re not taking the -a%era1
Aren4t Giulia and Susanna lea(ing
9eHshe doesn4t understand anything1
! As )e sa) in #nit !, the pronouns used 3or the 3or%al 3or% are Lei 3or the
singular <3or both )o%en and %en> and ;oi 3or the plural <the pronoun Loro is
%u-h %ore 3or%al>?
+Lei, Parla italiano(on prende un ta3i*
Professor/asi
Partite* Signori Bianco+ +Loro, Partono* SignoriBianco,
@o you speak 8talian
Aren4t you taking a tai, Pro3essor
Masi
Are you lea(ing<, Mr and Mrs5ian-o>
Present tense of some irregular "erbs
8n 8talian, as in %ost languages, there are a nu%ber o3 irregular (erbs
)hose -onBugation is best learned by heart and )ith use1 9ere is the -onBugation o3
so%e o3 the %ore 3requently used irregular (erbs?
!are +to gi"e, Stare +to stayli"efeel, Sapere +to 0no1,dZ sto sodai stai sai
d sta sadiamo stiamo sappiamodate state sapetedanno stanno sanno
'ndare +to go, 9scire +to go outlea"e, ;enire +to come,"ado esco "engo"ai esci "ieni"a esce "iene
andiamo usciamo "eniamo
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 62/269
andate uscite "enite"anno escono "engono
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 63/269
9) 2nit
!o"ere +mustto ha"e Potere +canmayto be ;olere +to 1ishtoto, able, 1ant,de"o posso "oglio
de"i puoi "uoide"e pu "uoledobbiamo possiamo "ogliamodo"ete potete "oletede"ono possono "ogliono
!ire +to saytell, Fare +to doma0e, Bere +to drin0,dico faccio be"odici fai be"i
dice fa be"ediciamo facciamo be"iamodite fate be"etedicono fanno be"ono
+he (erb riuscire <to su--eedH%anageHbe able to> 3ollo)s the sa%e pattern as
uscire1
osa faiLome stai4 LSto bene*gra%ie#4 /ia %ia sta aBologna#;ado al cinema#Stasera non esco#!omani esco presto#(on riesco a capire#(on riesco a chiudere la
porta# 'desso sapete tutto#
Nhat are you doing
L9o) are you4 L84% 3ine, thank you14
My aunt li(es in 5ologna1
84% going to the -ine%a1
84% not going out tonight1
84% lea(ing early to%orro)1 8
-an4t understand1
8 -an4t %anage to -lose the door1
"o) you kno) e(erything1
8t is i%portant not to -on3use sapere and conoscere <paragraph >1 5oth
%ean Lto kno)4, but they are not al)ays inter-hangeable1 +he basi- di33eren-e
is that sapere generally %eans Lto kno)Hbe a)are o3Hto ha(e kno)ledge o3 afact4 <but see also paragraph ' belo)>, )hereas conoscere %eans Lto be
a-quaintedH3a%iliar )ith4, or so%eti%es Lto %eetH%ake the a-quaintan-e o34
<e1g1 in the epression piacere di conoscerti, pleased to %eet you>1 +hussapereis ne(er used 3or people, and conoscere is ne(er 3ollo)ed by a phrase -ontain.
ing a (erb?
Sappiamo gi che c4I scioperodomani#
Sai che ora ISai perchY(on so che cosa fare#
onosco le regole del gioco#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 64/269
Ne already kno) that there is a strike
to%orro)1
@o you kno) )hat ti%e it is
@o you kno) )hy
8 don4t kno) )hat to do1
8 kno) the rules o3 the ga%e1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 65/269
2nit 9*
Ho conosciuto il padre di Pia# 8 <ha(e> %et Pia4s 3ather1
(on conosco il tuo raga%%o# 8 don4t kno) your boy3riend1
onosci :uesta citt @o you kno) this to)n
6 !o"ere, potere and "olere usually need to be 3ollo)ed by another (erb in
the in3initi(e?
!obbiamo fare gli eserci%i# Ne4(e got to do the eer-ises1
Posso parlare con Luigi May 8 talk to /uigi
Puoi telefonare domani# *ou -an phone to%orro)1
(on "ogliono uscire# +hey don4t )ant to go out1
' +he (erb sapere is another that is o3ten 3ollo)ed by a (erb in the in3initi(eC
used in this )ay, it epresses the ability to do so%ething <in the sense o3 Lto
kno) ho) to4 do so%ething>?
So nuotare# 8 -an s)i%1 Ji1e1 8 kno) ho) toK
Paolo non sa ballare# Paolo -an4t dan-e1 Ji1e1 he doesn4t kno) ho) toK
Sai usare :uello scanner &an youH@o you kno) ho) to use that s-anner
D A 3e) (erbs end in .urre <like condurre <to leadHdri(eH%anage>, tradurre <totranslate>, produrre <to produ-e>, et-1>C all ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
2ndings Produrre To produce.uc.o <io> produco 8 produ-e
.uc.i <tu> produci you produ-e
.uc.e <luiHlei> produce heHsheHit produ-es
.uc.iamo <noi> produciamo )e produ-e
.uc.ete <(oi> producete you produ-e
.uc.ono <loro> producono they produ-e
$uesta fabbrica produce automobili#+his 3a-tory produ-es -ars1
Traducono dal francese# +hey translate 3ro% Fren-h1
23ercise 4
Supply the present tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? "on <io -onos-ere> tua %a%%a? -onos-o
&laudio <arri(are> -on il prossi%o ; "on <noi %angiare> spesso 3uori1
treno1 ! <tu -er-are> -asa
2 Anna <(i(ere> a Ro%a1 Stasera <(oi prendere> l4autobus1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 66/269
99 2nit
6 8l treno di Giorgio <partire> alle
D1
' +utti i giorni <noi leggere> il
giornale1D <tu pulire> il bagno
<io -onos-ere> %olti italiani1
0 8 gio-hi <3inire> se%pre alle '1
"on <noi guidare> l4auto1
2 Anna e io <gio-are> a -arte1
; Per-hY non <(oi tornare> in
S-o:ia
23ercise 5
! "on <tu -apire> nullaW
Giorgio e Paola non <spendere>
%olto1
6 @o(e </ei abitare>, Signor Verdi
' <Voi pagare> l4a33itto, SignoriRossi
D <tu (iaggiare> %olto1
"on <tu ri-e(ere> %olte lettere
20 Piero e Gianni <las-iare> il -ane a
-asa1
Supply the present tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? <io bere> %olta a-qua? be(o
Stasera <loro> andare al -ine%a1 2 /a nostra 3abbri-a <produrre> 2
pasta1 ;
; @o%ani <noi dare> una 3esta1 !
! <tu andare> spesso in spiaggia
<(oi 3are> gli eser-i:i
6 "on <noi rius-ire> a -apire1 6
' <(oi (enire> a -asa '
D "on <io potere> us-ire oggi1 D <loro (olere> dor%ire1
0 <tu dire> la (erit 20
23ercise 6
+ranslate into 8talian?
*ou Jpl1K ha(e got to talk to Mar-ello1
2 Ne4re lea(ing tonight1
; Ne4re getting the net bus1
+u e &laudia <potere> partire1
<io (olere> studiare1@o(e <tu stare> adesso
/e %ie sorelle non <sapere>
nuotare1
&osa <loro 3are> stasera
8 (i-ini <do(ere> ri%anere a -asa1
<noi tradurre> in italiano1
/uigi <do(ere> la(orare1
<(oi sapere> -antare8 nostri a%i-i <(enire> a Ro%a1
! *ou JpoliteK -an go to the -ine%a, Mr 5u-han1
Ne kno) ho) to use those %obile phones1
6 She al)ays pre3ers reading the paper1
' +he baby4s asleep1
D 84% -o%ing to +urin this su%%er1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 67/269
2nit 9
+hey o3ten go out in the e(ening1
0 +he boys are playing 3ootball to%orro)1
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian?
Are you going out tonight, Mother
2 Nhat are )e doing to%orro)
; &an you Jsing1K open that door
! @o you Jsing1K )ant a -o33ee
&an you play the piano, Fran-es-o
6 Nhat are you Jsing1K looking 3or
' Are you JpoliteK drinking -o33ee or %ineral )ater, Mada%
D @o you Jsing1K and Ui% kno) %y parents
Are you Jsing1K )ell today
0 Nhat are they building
23ercise
+ranslate into 8talian?
@on4t you JpoliteK speak =nglish, Mrs Vialli
2 My Ger%an 3riends -an4t sing in 8talian1
; 8 don4t earn a lot1
! 8sn4t she gi(ing a party 3or her birthday
Aren4t you Jsing1K )orking )ith Giulia6 +hey4(e not seen Mr Moro 3or three years1
' Nhy do you ne(er go to Floren-e, &laudio
D 8 -an4t %anage to shut this )indo)1
Nhy aren4t you Jpl1K drinking -o33ee this %orning
0 Aren4t you Jpl1K -o%ing to%orro)
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 68/269
2NIT SIE
Ad$rbs
=nglish ad(erbs are usually 3or%ed by adding L.ly4 to an adBe-ti(e <e1g1
Lthinly4, L-le(er ly4>1 8talian ad(erbs are usually Bust as easy to 3or%? .mente is
added to the 3e%inine singular 3or% o3 the adBe-ti(e?
lenta T .mente lentamente slo)ly
rapida T .mente rapidamente qui-kly
semplice T .mente semplicemente si%ply
fre:uente T .mente fre:uentemente 3requently
Nhen the adBe-ti(e ends in .le or .re pre-eded by a (o)el, the 3inal e is
dropped be3ore adding .mente?
gentile T .mente gentilmenteutile T .mente utilmentemaggiore T .mente
maggiormente
regolare T .mente
regolarmente
Il tempo cambia rapidamente# Lanonna cammina lentamente#2nrico risponde sempregentilmente# Faccio i compiti
regolarmente#
kindly, politely
use3ully
%ainly
regularly
+he )eather -hanges qui-kly1
Granny )alks slo)ly1
=nri-o al)ays ans)ers politely1
8 do %y ho%e)ork regularly1
2 8n 8talian there are also %any ad(erbs )hi-h do not end in .mente1 9ere are
so%e?
abbastan%a enoughH3airlyHratherH forte loudlyHhard
quite fuori outHoutside
ancora still gi already
bene )ell lontano 3ar <a)ay>
da"anti at the 3rontHin 3ront male badly
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 69/269
dentro in<side> non # # # ancora not yet
dietro at the ba-kHbehind non # # # mai ne(er
dopo laterHa3ter)ards piano slo)lyHquietly
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 70/269
2nit ; 9<
piF %ore sopra abo(eHupstairs
piuttosto rather sotto belo)Hdo)nstairs
presto soonHearly spesso o3ten
prima earlierHbe3orehandH subito i%%ediatelyHright a)ay3irst tardi late
:uasi al%ost "icino near<by>
sempre al)ays "olentieri )illinglyHgladly
$uesto film I abbastan%abello#Partiamo tardi- dopo le
44# 'ndiamo spesso indiscoteca# ;engo subito<Parto presto#Parliamo piano perchI
arladorme#
PuZ parlare piano* perfa"ore
(on sono italiano#'bita "icino* Signora;ai lontanoPio"e forte#Puoi parlare pi forte/angiamo fuori#
? ancora estate#(on I ancora estate#
(on esco mai#Loren%o non telefona mai#
+his 3il% is rather good1
Ne4re lea(ing late? a3ter 1
Ne o3ten go to the dis-o1
84% -o%ing <i%%ediately>W
84% lea(ing earlyHsoon1Ne4re talking quietly be-ause &arla4s
asleep1
&ould you speak slo)ly, please 84% not
8talian1
@o you li(e nearby <Mada%>
Are you going 3ar
8t4s raining hard1
&an you speak louderH%ore loudlyNe4re eating out Je1g1 in a restaurantKH
outside Ji1e1 in the openK1
8t4s still su%%er1
8t4s not su%%er yet1
8 ne(er go out1
/oren:o ne(er phones1
"ote that )ith non # # # ancora and non # # # mai, non is al)ays pla-ed be3ore
the (erb and ancoraH%ai a3ter it1
; Ad(erbs -an quali3y (erbs, adBe-ti(es or e(en other ad(erbs?
!ormo bene# J(erb T ad(erbK 8 sleep )ell1
!ormo molto bene# Jad(erb T ad(erbK 8 sleep (ery )ell1
La casa I molto piccola# Jad(erb T adBe-ti(eK +he house is (ery s%all1
! So%e )ords denoting quantity -an be used both as ad(erbs and as adBe-.
ti(es? moltoHtanto <a lot <o3>H(eryH%any>, troppo <too %u-hHtoo %any> and
poco <3e)HlittleHnot %u-hHnot (ery>1 Nhen used as ad"erbs they are in(ariable,
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 71/269
but )hen used as ad7ecti"es they agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun
they re3er to?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 72/269
9= 2nit ;
'd"erbla"orare moltoHtantomoltoHtanto lontano
moltoHtanto difficilela"orare troppotroppo lontanotroppo difficilela"orare pocopoco lontanopoco difficile
'd7ecti"e
molto +tanto,HtroppoHpoco la"oroJ%sK
molta +tanta,HtroppaHpoca ac:uaJ3sK
molti +tanti,HtroppiHpochi eserci%iJ%pK
molte +tante,HtroppeHpochelettere J3pK
/io padre la"ora troppo1 Jad(erbK
$uesta musica I molto bella# Jad(erbK Luisa dorme poco1 Jad(erbK
!ormi troppo poco1 Jad(erbsK
'bbiamo molto tempo# JadBe-ti(eK
Luisa mangia poca pasta# JadBe-ti(eK
Ho molti amici# JadBe-ti(eK
LPerchY fai :uesto4 Li sono molteragioni#4 JadBe-ti(eK
'd"erbial e3pressions
to )ork a lot
(ery 3ar
(ery di33i-ultto )ork too %u-h
too 3ar
too di33i-ult
to )ork littleHnot to )ork %u-h
not (ery 3ar
not (ery di33i-ult
a lot o3Htoo %u-hHnot %u-h )orka lot o3Htoo %u-hHnot %u-h )ater
%anyHtoo %anyHnot %any eer-ises
%anyHtoo %anyHnot %any letters
My 3ather )orks too %u-h1
+his %usi- is (ery beauti3ul1
/uisa sleeps littleHdoesn4t sleep
%u-h1*ou sleep too littleHdon4t sleep
enough1
Ne ha(e a lot o3 ti%e1
/uisa eats little pastaHdoesn4t eat a
lot o3 pasta1
8 ha(e a lot o3 3riends1
LNhy are you doing this4 L+here
are %any reasons14
9a(ing a lot o3 )ords ending in .mente -an o3ten sound hea(y1 +o a(oid
this, 8talian so%eti%es uses ad(erbial phrases instead o3 single )ords1 +hese
do the sa%e Bob as one.)ord ad(erbs, and indeed they do usually -orrespond
to one.)ord =nglish ad(erbs in L.ly41 +hese ad(erbial epressions are %ost
o3ten -onstru-ted )ith con <)ith>, so%eti%es )ith sen%a <)ithout>, 3ollo)ed
by a noun?
con difficolt )ith di33i-ulty
con elegan%a elegantly
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 73/269
con lente%%a slo)ly
con rapidit rapidlyHqui-kly
con semplicit si%ply
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 74/269
2nit ; 9@
sen%a elegan%a inelegantly
sen%a complica%ioni un-o%pli-atedly
sen%a dubbio undoubtedly
+here are also a nu%ber o3 ad(erbial epressions that use other prepositions
than con1 9ere are so%e o3 the %ost -o%%on?
a poco a poco little by little
a "olte so%eti%es
in ritardo late
in tempo on ti%e
di solito usually
di sicuro surelyH-ertainly
'nna "este con elegan%a#
Spieghi tutto sen%a
complica%ioni#
' "olte non capisco :uello che
dice#
Anna dresses elegantly1
*ou eplain e(erything
un-o%pli-atedly1
So%eti%es 8 don4t understand )hat
he says1
Another ad(erbial epression that is so%eti%es used is in modoHin maniera<i1e1 Lin a )ay4> 3ollo)ed by an adBe-ti(eC the adBe-ti(e is %as-uline )hen used
)ith modo and 3e%inine )hen used )ith maniera?
in modo "agoHin maniera "again modo stranoHin maniera stranain modo sempliceHin manierasemplice
Risponde sempre in modo "ago#$uel cane cammina in manierastrana#
23ercise 4
&hange the adBe-ti(es into ad(erbs1
=a%ple? lento? lenta%ente
dol-e 6 irregolare2 tranquillo ' probabile
; se%pli-e D -hiaro
! allegro 3a-ile
%aggiore 0 (elo-e
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 75/269
(aguelyHin a (ague )ay
strangelyHin a strange )ay
si%plyHin a si%ple )ay
9eHshe al)ays ans)ers (aguely1
+hat dog4s )alking oddlyHin a
strange )ay1 lento
2 utile
; attento
! rapido
leggero
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 76/269
3 2nit ;
23ercise 5
Supply the -orre-t 3or% o3 moltoHtanto, troppo or poco <ad(erbs or adBe-ti(es>1
=a%ples? Anna I <%olto> alta? %oltoC 9o <%olto> sete? %olta
&laudia %angia <%olto> dol-i1
2 8l tuo (estito I <%olto> bello1
; Moni-a ha <po-o> a%i-i1
! +u spendi <troppo>1
8n %ensa -i sono <troppo>
studenti1
6 @a(anti al -ine%a -4I <tanto>
gente1
' Mangi <troppo>W
D Ste3ano abita <%olto> lontano1
Giulia %angia se%pre <po-o>1
0 Uudy ha <%olto> a%i-he italiane1
23ercise 6
Sto <po-o> bene1
2 Abitate in una -asa <%olto> bella1
; Signora, I <%olto> stan-a
! &i sono <po-o> bis-otti1
Siete <%olto> gentiliW
6 9ai <po-o> pa:ien:a1
' Mar-o e /uisa hanno <%olto>
3a%e1
D 8l giardino non I <%olto> grande1
"on de(i in(itare <troppo>
persone1
20 Abbia%o <po-o> ri(iste1
Repla-e the )ords in =nglish )ith the appropriate epression 3ro% the list?
a (olte, di si-uro, -on pa:ien:a, sen:a esita:ione, in %odo ner(oso, in
te%po, -on se%pli-it, di solito, -on pruden:a, a po-o a po-o, in %aniera
brus-a, -on -oraggio
=a%ples? <so%eti%es> non (oglio gio-are a pallone? a (olteC /aura (este
<si%ply>? -on se%pli-it
@obbia%o agire <-autiously>1
2 Andrea spiega tutto <patiently>1
; Paolo guarda i pro3essori <ner(ously>1
! <little by little> Gianni -apis-e il proble%a1
+ullio risponde <unhesitatingly>16 <usually> rientra nel po%eriggio1
' /ei non 3a pi <in ti%e> a prendere il treno delle sette1
D =spri%e <-ourageously> le sue opinioni1
@o%eni-a (engo <3or sure>1
0 8l Signor &apello risponde <bluntly> a tutte le nostre do%ande1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 77/269
2nit ; 8
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian?
So%eti%es 8 eat in the -anteen1
2 +he s)i%%ing pool is quite big1
; Ne o3ten go out )ith our 3riends1
! 9a(e you Jsing1K got enough %oney
*ou Jsing1K ha(e to speak slo)ly1
6 Marina ne(er eats -heese1
' Fran-es-a al)ays arri(es late1
D 84(e been )aiting 3or al%ost 3orty %inutesW
&arla and Andrea are out1
0 Are your Jsing1K parents )ell
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 78/269
2NIT S,7,N
Dirct ob-ct prono%ns 8
A dire-t obBe-t is the person or thing that the (erb dire-tly i%pa-ts on?
In"ito 2lena <84% in(iting 2lena>C 9so il computer tutti i giorni <8 use
the computer e(ery day>1
A dire-t obBe-t pronoun repla-es a noun used as a dire-t obBe-tC it
%ust there3ore agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun it re3ers to1 @ire-t
obBe-t pronouns nor%ally -o%e be3ore the (erb1 8n the 3ollo)ing ea%ples, the
pronouns are in itali-s?
$uando "edo 2lena la in"ito a cena#Jla repla-es and agrees )ith 2lena <3s>K
$uando "edo Loren%o lo in"ito acena#
Jlo repla-es and agrees )ith Loren%o<%s>K
Scri"o le cartoline e poi le imbuco#Jle repla-es and agrees )ith lecartoline <3p>K
'ppena compro i biscotti li mangio#Jli repla-es and agrees )ith i biscotti<%p>K
Prendo il giornale e lo leggo subito#Jlo repla-es and agrees )ith ilgiornale <%s>K
Nhen 8 see =lena 84ll in(ite
her to dinner1
Nhen 8 see /oren:o 84ll in(ite
him to dinner1
8 )rite the post-ards and
then post them1
As soon as 8 buy bis-uits 8eat them1
8 get the paper and read iti%%ediately1
2 +he 3or%s o3 the dire-t obBe-t pronouns are as 3ollo)s?
Sub7ect !irect ob7ectio mi %e
tu ti you
luiHlei lo J%KHla J3K hi%HherHit
noi ci us
(oi "i you
loro li J%KHle J3K the%
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 79/269
2nit < *
Giacomo mi in"ita spesso acena#Se "uoi* ti aiuto#Lo conosco bene#La "edo tutti i giorni#;i in"ito alla festa#
Gia-o%o o3ten in(ites me to dinner1
83 you )ant, 84ll help you1
8 kno) him )ell1
8 see her e(ery day1
84% in(iting you to the party1
; Ne sa) in #nit ; that i3 an adBe-ti(e re3ers to t)o or %ore nouns that are
di33erent in gender, it has the %as-uline plural 3or%, e1g1 Laura e Piero sonoitaliani </aura and Piero are 8talian>1 +he sa%e prin-iple applies to dire-t
obBe-t pronouns?
Lonosci Laura J3K e Piero J%K4 LS ),
li J%pK conosco bene#4L9si il computer J%K e lastampante
J3K4 LS )* li J%pK uso spesso#4
(egati"e form
L@o you kno) /aura and Piero4 L*es1
8 kno) them )ell14
L@o you use the -o%puter and the
printer4 L*es, 8 o3ten use them14
! +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?
(on lo conosco bene# 8 don4t kno) hi% )ell1
(on "i in"ito alla festa# 84% not in(iting you to the party1
(on li "edo spesso# 8 don4t o3ten see the%1(on ti capisco# 8 don4t understand you1
Nhen a dire-t obBe-t pronoun is used )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usually
a3ter (erbs like do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the
in3initi(e, )hi-h drops the 3inal (o)el?
La de"o chiamare# or !e"o chiamarla# 8 %ust -all her1
Ti "oglio in"itare# or ;oglio in"itarti# 8 )ant to in(ite you1Lo puoi prendere# or Puoi prenderlo# *ou -an take it1
Lo so fare# or So farlo# 8 -anHkno) ho) to do it1
Lo de"o tradurre# or !e"o tradurlo184(e got to
translate it1
=a-h pair o3 senten-es has ea-tly the sa%e %eaning . the 3or% used %akes no
di33eren-e1
"ote that (erbs in .urre drop the se-ond r as )ell as the 3inal (o)el? lo de"o
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 80/269
tradurre or de"o tradurlo1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 81/269
9 2nit <
6 +he pronoun lo J%sK is o3ten used to repla-e a )hole -lause?
LSai che oggi I il compleannodi
arla4 LS )* lo so#4 Jlo [
oggi I il compleanno diarlaK
L!o"e sono le chia"i4 L(on loso#4
Jlo [ do"e sono le chia"iKL!e"i cambiare la cartuccia#4LLo
faccio subito#4 Jlo [ cambiarela
cartucciaK
L@o you kno) that it4s &arla4s
birthday today4 L*es, 8 do14 Jlit1 *es, 8kno) itK
LNhere are the keys4 L8 don4t kno)14
Jlit1 8 don4t kno) itK
L*ou4(e got to repla-e the -artridge14
L84ll do it straight a)ay14
' Nhen the pronouns lo and la are used )ith the (erb a"ere, they are short.
ened to l4, and are o3ten pre-eded by the parti-le ce?
LHai la cartuccia4 LS )* cel4ho#4
(on posso leggere il libro diPrimo
Le"i perchY non ce l4ho#L'"ete l4indiri%%o di 'nna4 LS)* ce
l4abbiamo#4
L9a(e you got the -artridge4 L*es, 84(e
got it148 -an4t read Pri%o /e(i4s book
be-ause 8 ha(en4t got it1
L9a(e you got Anna4s address4 L*es,
)e ha(eH*es, )e4(e got it14
+he plural pronouns li and le, ho)e(er, are ne(er shortened, and are onlyrarely used )ith ce?
LHai le parole di :uestacan%one4 L(o* non <ce> le
ho#4 LHai i libri4 LS ), <ce> liho#4
Formal form
L9a(e you got the lyri-s o3 this song4
L"o, 8 ha(en4t H"o, 84(e not got the%14
L9a(e you got the books4 L*es, 84(e got
the%H*es, 8 ha(e14
D +he dire-t obBe-t pronouns used 3or the 3or%al 3or% are La 3or the singular <3or
both )o%en and %en> and ;i 3or the plural <the pronouns Li and Le -an also be
used 3or the %as-uline and 3e%inine respe-ti(ely, but this is parti-ularly
3or%al>?
Professor /asi* La accompagno
in
aeroporto#
Signora* La accompagno in
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 82/269
aeroporto# Signori Bianco* ;iaccompagno in
aeroporto#<Signori Bianco* Li accompagno in
Pro3essor Masi, 84ll take you to the
airport1
84ll take you to the airport, Mada%1
Mr and Mrs 5ian-o, 84ll take you to the airport1
aeroporto#>
Signore* ;i accompagno in aeroporto# </adies,> 84ll take you to the<Signore* Le accompagno in aeroporto#> airport1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 83/269
2nit <
23ercise 4
Re)rite the senten-es, repla-ing the )ords in itali-s )ith the -orre-t dire-t
obBe-t pronoun1
=a%ple? /uigi -o%pra il pane? /uigi lo -o%pra1
Anna guarda la tele"isione1
2 8n(itia%o i nostri amici1 2
; S-ri(ete le cartoline ;
! /eggono il giornale1 !
Suono la chitarra1 6 Preparo la cena1 6
' &hia%o Roberto1 '
D Fa--io gli eserci%i1 D
8n(ito /aria e Gio"anna1
0 &hiudete le finestre1 20
23ercise 5&hange the senten-es into the negati(e1
=a%ple? /o 3a--io? "on lo 3a--io1
/e (oglio1 6
2 /i -o%pria%o1 '
; &i -hia%ano1 D
! Sil(ia li in(ita
8 Signori 5ian-hi lo prendono1 0
23ercise 6
/oren:o -orregge gli errori1Prendono il treno1
Porto i !1
&er-o i miei libri1Pia be(e l4ac:ua minerale1
Paola 3inis-e il la"oro1A--o%pagno arlo e'nna1 Vedi le tue amiche
oggi
As-olto la radio1
/u-a la(a i piatti1
Mi in(itate
Vi aspetto1
/a (edo do%ani1
+i a--o%pagno alla sta:ione1
/o guardia%o1
Re)rite the senten-es, -hanging the position o3 the pronoun1
=a%ple? /i de(i -o%prare? @e(i -o%prarli1
/o (oglia%o (edere1 6
2 "on ti posso aiutare1 '
; Mi puoi a--o%pagnare D
! /a (uoi sentire
&i de(ono -hia%are1 0
Vi (oglio in(itare1
/e (uole -onos-ere1
"on li potete 3are1
Mi de(i as-oltare1
"on /a posso aiutare, Signora1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 84/269
; 2nit <
23ercise A
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the appropriate dire-t obBe-t pronouns1
=a%ples? Mar-o tele3ona agli a%i-i e in(ita alla 3esta? liC Guido non
sta bene? de(o -hia%ar ? lo
&o%pro il giornale e leggo1
2 S-ri(o le -artoline e spedis-o1
; /aura 3a i panini e poi %angia1
! &o%pro i 3iori e %etto in un (aso1
Apria%o la 3inestra e poi -hiudia%o16 "on ries-o a 3are questo eser-i:io?
aiuti' Prendia%o i libri e
portia%o a s-uola1D Pro3essor 5artoli,
posso aiutare 8 Signori Pieri partono?
a--o%pagni in aeroporto0 9ai %olte a%i-he?
in(iti tutte Se non usi la bi-i
prendo io12 &i sono %olti errori?
do(ete -orreggere1; &laudio tele3ona a Giulia e
in(ita alla 3esta1! Partite porto in sta:ione1
&4I un 3il% alla tele(isione %a non guardia%o1
6 Al%a parte? (olete salutar
' /a sorella di Matteo I %olto si%pati-a1 -onos-o bene1
D Gli eser-i:i sono di33i-ili, %a so 3are1
Se (uoi delle -ara%elle, puoi prendere1
20 LSai -he Alessandro suona il sasso3ono in un gruppo4 LS ),
so14
23ercise
+ranslate into 8talian?
Ne4re in(iting you Jpl1K to the party1
2 84(e got a lot o3 3riends, and 8 o3ten see the%1
; Signora Fusi, -an 8 -all you to%orro)
! Are you Jsing1K helping us net )eek 8 ha(e to see you Jsing1K1
6 Olga and Anna are lea(ing to%orro) and 8 )ant to take the% to the
station1
' 8 -an4t help you Jpl1K1
D LAre you Jsing1K bringing the guitar4 L"o, 8 ha(en4t got it14
+ullio buys these %aga:ines and reads the%1
0 &an you Jsing1K take %e to s-hool to%orro)
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 85/269
2NIT ,IG4T
5rpositions
+he %ost -o%%on 8talian prepositions are the 3ollo)ing?
di o3
a to
da 3ro%
in in
con )ith
su on
per 3or traHfra8 a%ong, bet)een
+he %eaning o3 tra and fra is the sa%e1
+hese prepositions o3ten -orrespond to the =nglish -ounterparts )e gi(e
here1 9o)e(er, as )e shall see, ea-h o3 the% also has a nu%ber o3 other
%eanings, -orresponding to other =nglish prepositions1
2 +he prepositions di, a, da, in and su, )hen used together )ith a noun pre-eded by the de3inite arti-le, al)ays -o%bine )ith the arti-le?
il lo l4 la i gli ledi del dello dell4 della dei degli dellea al allo all4 alla ai agli alleda dal dallo dall4 dalla dai dagli dallein nel nello nell4 nella nei negli nelle
su sul sullo sull4 sulla sui sugli sulle
+he preposition con nor%ally -o%bines only )ith il and i* as col and coiC this
3or% is -o%%on in spoken 8talian, though con il and con i are o3ten 3ound in
the )ritten language?
con con il con lo con l4 con la con i con gli con lecol +collo, +coll4, +colla, coi +cogli, +colle,
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 86/269
= 2nit =
di T il raga%%o del raga%%o o3 the boy
a T lo studente allo studente to the student
da T l4albergo dall4albergo 3ro% the hotel
in T la scuola nella scuola in the s-hoolsu T i di"ani sui di"ani on the so3as
con T i libri coi libri )ith the books
con T le chia"i con le chia"i )ith the keys
per T gli insegnanti per gli insegnanti 3or the tea-hers
fra T i calciatori fra i calciatori a%ong the 3ootballers
9sing prepositions
; As in %any other languages, there is so %u-h (ariation in ho) 8talian
prepositions are used that it is not 3easible to gi(e si%ple rules -o(ering e(ery
possibility1 +o appre-iate the proble%, you only ha(e to look at a 3e) o3 the
possible uses o3 the preposition di?
il presidente della repubblicaIl libro I di al"ino#
Sono di Roma#!i pomeriggio fannosempre la
siesta#
the president o3 the republi-
+he book is by &al(ino184% 3ro% Ro%e1
+hey al)ays ha(e a nap in the
a3ternoon1
So%eti%es, 8talian e(en has a preposition )here =nglish does notC here are
so%e typi-al ea%ples?
l4auto di 'nna
;uoi della fruttai sono alcune migliaia dipersone
nella pia%%a#Ho una bella camicia di seta#
Anna4s -ar @o you )ant <so%eHany> 3ruit
+here are a 3e) thousand people in
the square1
84(e got a lo(ely silk shirt1
Sin-e there is not a si%ple set o3 rules go(erning prepositions in 8talian, )hat )e
are going to do is sho) so%e typi-al uses o3 the -o%%on ones listed abo(e1
+he %ore you hear and read 8talian, the %ore you )ill en-ounter di33erentuses o3 these and other prepositionsC the best )ay o3 %astering the% is to learn
the% and pra-tise the% as you go along1
! !i is typi-ally used to epress?
possession La moto di Luca I rossa# /u-a4s %otorbike is red1
%aterial una giacca di pelle a leather Ba-ket
ti%e !i sera non esco# 8 don4t go out in the e(ening<s>1
subBe-t una le%ione di storia a history lesson
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 87/269
2nit = @
+he %ost -o%%on uses o3 di are the ones )hi-h -orrespond to the =nglish
possessi(e <4s> and the noun T noun stru-ture?
il libro del professore the tea-her4s book la sorella di /onica Moni-a4s sister
il casco di Sebastiano Sebastiano4s hel%et
la politica del go"erno the go(ern%ent4s poli-yHgo(ern%ent poli-y
una buca delle lettere a letter bo
un racconto di fate a 3airy tale
il professore di scien%e the s-ien-e tea-her
un panino di formaggio a -heese roll
!i is 3requently used in partiti(e -onstru-tions, i1e1 to epress the =nglish
Lso%e4 or Lany4 in su-h senten-es as L84d like so%e bread4, L9a(e you any
pasta4, LNe4(e got <so%e> pasta and <so%e> oli(es4?
!e"o comprare del pane#Prendo della pasta#4I dell4ac:ua in frigo#2sco con degli amici#
;uoi dei libri in italianoi sono delle case sullacollina#
84(e got to get <so%e> bread1
84% getting <so%e> pasta1
+here4s <so%e> )ater in the 3ridge1
84% going out )ith <so%e> 3riends1
@o you )ant <so%e> books in 8talian
+here are <so%e> houses on the hill1
!i is also used, 3ollo)ed by a (erb in the in3initi(e, a3ter -ertain (erbs like
credere <to belie(e>, pensare <to think>, dire <to say>, sperare <to hope>, finire<to 3inish>, smettere <to stop>?
Finisco di leggere il giornale epoi
esco#Paolo pensa di essereintelligente#'nna crede di riuscire apassare
l4esame#La mamma dice di esserestanca#!e"o smettere di perderetempo<
' is typi-ally used to epress?
pla-e 'bito a Londra#
;ado al cinema#
Sono a casa#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 88/269
8 3inish reading the paper and then 8
go out1
Paolo thinks he is intelligent1
Anna belie(es she -an pass the ea%1
Mu% says she4s tired1
8 %ust stop )asting ti%eW
8 li(e in /ondon1
84% going to the -ine%a1
84% at ho%e1
La casa si tro"a a 4>> metri +he house is 00 %etres 3ro%
dal mare# the sea1ti%e Parto alle 4C# 84% lea(ing at '1001
;ado in landa a luglio# 84% going to 9olland in Uuly1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 89/269
;3 2nit =
indire-t obBe-t !iamo il libro a Sil"ia#
Scri"ete ai "ostrigenitori
quality ;uoi un gelato allimone
%eansH%anner La giacca I fatta a mano#Impari tutto a memoria
Stasera mangiamo
patateal "apore#
Ne4re gi(ing the book to
Sil(ia1
@o you )rite to your
parents
@o you )ant a le%on i-e.-rea%
+he Ba-ket4s %ade by hand1
@o you learn e(erything by
heart
Ne4re ha(ing stea%ed
potatoes tonight1 Ji1e1
they4re -ooked )ith stea%K
' is also used, 3ollo)ed by a (erb in the in3initi(e, a3ter -ertain (erbs like
andare <to go>, "enire <to -o%e>, cominciare <to startHbegin>, continuare<to -ontinue>, riuscire <-anHto be ableH%anage>?
L!o"e "ai4 L;ado ala"orare#4;ieni a studiare inbiblioteca omincio acapire#Paolo continua a parlare#(on riesco a sentire cosadice#
6 !a is typi-ally used to epress?
pla-e Parto da /ilano#
LNhere are you going4 L84% going to )ork14
Are you -o%ing to )ork in the library84% beginning to understand1
Paolo -ontinuesHkeeps on talking1 8
-an4t hear )hat he4s saying1
84% lea(ing 3ro% Milan1
ti%e Studio italiano da un mese# 8 ha(e been studying 8talian 3or a
%onth1
aperto dalle = alle 4> open <3ro%> to 0 <o4-lo-k>
3un-tion Sono scarpe da tennis# +hey4re tennis shoes1
!a is al)ays used to %ean LatHat the house o34 a person or people?
'biti da tua %ia @o you li(e at your aunt4s
La"oro da 'nna stasera# 84% )orking at Anna4s tonight1
!e"o andare dal dentista# 8 ha(e to go to the dentist1
!a is also used 3ollo)ed by an in3initi(e a3ter molto <a lot>, poco <little>, niente<nothing>, :ualcosa <so%ething>?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 90/269
Ho molto da fare# 84(e got a lot to do1
Ha poco da dire# 9e has littleH9e4s not got %u-h to say1
(on c4I niente da bere# +here4s nothing to drink1
;uoi :ualcosa da mangiare@o you )ant so%ething to eat
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 91/269
2nit = ;8
' In is typi-ally used to epress?
pla-e ;i"o in campagna#'bbiamo una casa in Francia#
ti%e nel 5>>Enel "entesimo secolo
%eans 'ndiamo in trenoHin autoHinbici#8
8 li(e in the -ountry1
Ne ha(e a house in Fran-e1
in 2006
in the t)entieth -entury
Ne4re going by trainH-arHon
our bikes1
"5? in piedi %eans Lstanding4C Lon 3oot4 is a piedi1
D on is typi-ally used to epress?
-o%pany ;ado al cinema con Luca#Parlo con 'nna#
%eans !e"o scri"ere con unapenna rossa#
Pago con un assegno#
%anner Parla con accentostraniero#Parla con lente%%a#
quality una signora con i capelligrigi
Su is typi-ally used to epress?
pla-e I tuoi libri sono sulla
scri"ania#
il ponte sullo stretto di
/essina subBe-t un libro sul calcio
84% going to the -ine%a )ith /u-a1
84% talking toH)ith Anna1
84(e got to )rite )ith a red pen1
84% paying )ith a -hequeHby
-heque1
9e speaks )ith a 3oreign a--ent1
9e speaks slo)ly1
a lady )ith grey hair
*our books are on the desk1
the bridge o(er the Strait o3Messina
a book onHabout 3ootball
Nhen the preposition su is used )ith a personal pronoun, the pronoun is also
pre-eded by di? onto su di lui <84% -ounting on hi%>1
0 Per is typi-ally used to epress?
pla-e Partiamo per la montagna#ti%e 2sco per 4> minuti#
Per le 44 sono a casa#%eans /ando il file per email#-ause una multa per eccesso di"elocit
ai% Studio per passare l4esame#
pri-e per 4 euro
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 92/269
Ne are lea(ing 3or the %ountains1
84% going out 3or 0 %inutes1 84ll be ho%e
byH3or 1
84ll send the 3ile by e%ail1
a 3ine 3or speedingHspeeding
3ine
84% studying <in order> to pass
the ea%1
3or euros
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 93/269
;) 2nit =
Tra and fra are typi-ally used to epress?
pla-e tra /ilano e Torinofra compagni di classe
ti%e fra due ore
Prepositions of place
bet)een Milan and +urin
a%ong -lass%ates
in t)o hoursHt)o hours4
ti%e
2 9ere are so%e ea%ples o3 the di33erent prepositions used to denote
pla-e?
Sono di Ferrara#La domenica "ado alcinema# Sono a scuola#;engo da Ferrara#'bito da mia nonna#Luisa I in camera sua#!e"i camminare sulmarciapiedi# il ponte
sull4'rnoPartite per !ublino(o"ara I fra Torino e/ilano# Siamo tra amici#
8 a%H-o%e 3ro% Ferrara1
On Sundays 8 go to the -ine%a1
84% at s-hool1
84% -o%ing 3ro% Ferrara1 8
li(e at %y granny4s1
/uisa is in her roo%1
*ou ha(e to )alk on the pa(e%ent1
the bridge o(er the ArnoAre you lea(ing 3or @ublin
"o(ara is bet)een +urin and Milan1
Ne are a%ong 3riends1
Another preposition used to denote pla-e is lungo <along>? lungo il fiume<along the ri(er>1
; '
is nor%ally used )ith na%es o3 to)n and (illages and )ith -ardinal
points?
;ado a Pisa#'bito a Londra#Passo le "acan%e aogne# 'ndiamo anord#ogne I a sud di 'osta#
84% going to Pisa1
8 li(e in /ondon1
8 spend %y holidays in &ogne1
Ne are going north1
&ogne is south o3 Aosta1
! In is nor%ally used )ith na%es o3 regions and nations, )ith geographi-al
areas, and )ith shops?
;ado in Toscana# 84% going to +us-any1
'bito in Inghilterra# 8 li(e in =ngland1
Passo le "acan%e in montagna#8 8 spend %y holidays in the %ountains1
ompro il pane in panetteria# 8 buy bread at the bakeryHthe baker4s1
Nith mare <sea> the preposition a is used <al mare, Lat the seaside4>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 94/269
2nit = ;*
Prepositions of time
So%e ea%ples o3 the di33erent prepositions used to denote ti%e?
!i domenica non la"oro#!i sera guardo la t"#!onatella arri"a alle C#' (atale rimaniamo acasa#La scuola finisce agiugno#nel 5>>>nel diciottesimo secoloIn autunno pio"e molto#
8 don4t )ork on Sundays18n the e(enings 8 )at-h +V1
@onatella )ill arri(e at se(en1 At
&hrist%as )e stay at ho%e1
S-hool ends in Uune1
in 2000
in the eighteenth -entury
8n autu%n it rains a lot1
6 !i is used )ith the days o3 the )eek and parts o3 the day?
!i luned ) andiamo in piscina# On Mondays )e go to the s)i%%ing pool1
!i mattina "ado a scuola# 8n the %orning 8 go to s-hool1
8n these -ases, di is al)ays used )ithout the de3inite arti-le1
' ' is used )ith na%es o3 3esti(ities, %onths and hours o3 the day?
' Pas:ua Piera "a inItalia#Il museo riapre a
mar%o# Il treno partealle 45#!i solito mangiano a
me%%ogiorno#
At =aster Piera is going to 8taly1
+he %useu% reopensH)ill reopen in Mar-h1
+he train is lea(ing at 21
+hey nor%ally eat at %idday1
D In is used )ith years, -enturies and seasons?
Sono nato nel 4==># 8 )as born in 01Studio il turismo nel I secolo# 84% studying touris% in the nineteenth
-entury1
Gli esami sono in prima"era# +he ea%s areH)ill be in the spring1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 95/269
;9 2nit =
' or in
So%eti%es it -an be di33i-ult to kno) )hether to use a or in, so )e list
belo) -o%%on epressions using these t)o prepositions?
a casa <at> ho%e
a scuola atHto s-hool
a letto inHto bed
a le%ione in -lassHto <one4s> -lass
a ta"ola to the table Ji1e1 -o%e and sit do)nKHat table
a destraHa sinistra <onHto the> rightHle3t
a nordHa sudHa estHa o"est <inHto the> northHsouthHeastH)est
a cola%ioneHa pran%oHa cena atH3or break3astHlun-hHdinner, supper or tea
a me%%ogiornoHa me%%anotte at %iddayH%idnight
a 4>H44H45 Jet-1K anni at tenHele(enHt)el(e Jet-1K <years o3 age>
a met in the %iddleH%id.
all4ombraHal sole in the shadeHin the sun
al bar in the bar
al ristorante atHto the restaurant
alla sta%ione atHinHto the station
in pi%%eria inHtoHat aHthe pi::eriaHpi::a parlour
in discoteca inHto the dis-o
in citt inHto to)n
in centro inHto the -ity -entre
in chiesa inHto -hur-h
in mensa inHto the -anteen
in camera inHto the bedroo%
in bagno inHto the bathroo%in classe inHto the -lassroo%
in palestra inHto the gy%
in caserma inHto the barra-ks
in prigione inHto prison
in ufficio inHto the o33i-e
in piscina atHto the s)i%%ing bath
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 96/269
2nit = ;
ompound prepositions
20 8talian also has a nu%ber o3 L-o%pound prepositions4, e1g1 accanto a,
Lnet toHbeside4, in"ece di, Linstead o341 So%e o3 these are al)ays in the
-o%pound 3or%, others in-lude di only )hen 3ollo)ed by a personal pronoun1 Ne
gi(e here a list o3 the %ost -o%%on ones?
da"anti a in 3ront o3Hopposite
"icino a nearHnetH-lose to
fuori daHdi outside
prima di be3ore
lontano da 3ar 3ro%Ha long )ay 3ro%
contro8 againstdentro8 inside
dietro8 behind
dopo8 a3ter
sen%a8 )ithout
sopra8 onHabo(e
sotto8 underHbelo)
"erso8 to)ards
Nhen these prepositions are used )ith a personal pronoun, the pronoun is
pre-eded by the preposition di <see #nit !>1
La farmacia I da"anti alsupermercato#
'bito lontano dal centro#L4albergo I "icino allasta%ione# (on esco sen%a di
"oi#
23ercise 4
+he phar%a-y is opposite the
super%arket1
8 li(e a long )ay 3ro% the -ity -entre1
+he hotel is -lose to the station1 84%
not going out )ithout you1
&o%bine the prepositions and the de3inite arti-les1
=a%ple? <di> il 3iglio? del 3iglio
di a da la %a%%a D il %are la :ia
2 lo :io lo stadio 6 lo studente
; gli a%i-i 0 la sta:ione ' il dentista
! il par-o i raga::i D l4aeroporto
l4auto 2 gli uo%ini gli u33i-i
6 i paesi ; le donne 20 le -olleghe
' le stan:e ! l4ospedale 2 i %inistri
in su22 l4albergo 2 il ta(olo
2; lo stipendio ;0 la sedia
2! la -asa ; lo s-a33ale
2 gli anni ;2 le spalle
26 i -assetti ;; i libri
2' le -a%ere ;! gli alberi
2D il 3rigo ; l4idea
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 97/269
;; 2nit =
23ercise 5
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t prepositions and, )here ne-essary,
-o%bine the% )ith the de3inite arti-le1
=a%ple? Vengo <la> sta:ione? dalla
&arla abita 5udapest1
2 Parigi I Fran-ia1
; Mangiate <il> ristorante
! +ornia%o un4ora1
9ai %olto 3are
6 @e(i s-ri(ere <la> nonna1
' =s-o Massi%o1
D Filippo (a <il> dentista1
Euell4auto I <il> padre di
Sil(ia1
0 S-ri(o una lettera <i> %iei
genitori1
Vado Milano treno1
23ercise 6
2 Vieni <il> -ine%a
%e
; /e -hia(i sono <il>
-assetto1
! /a le:ione 3inis-e <le> 1
Studia%o italiano due%esi1
6 8l %useo apre <le> 1001
' &o%pro le rose la :ia1
D Posso parlare =lisa
Vuoi <il> dol-e
20 8l %io -o%pleanno I
giugno1
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t prepositions and, )here ne-essary,
-o%bine the% )ith the de3inite arti-le1
=a%ple? 8 tuoi libri sono <il> ta(olo? sul
@o%ani ri%ango -asa1
2 Sabato andia%o -entro1; Vado nuotare
pis-ina1
! /i(ia I letto? sta po-o
bene1
Puoi -o%prare una bottiglia
a-eto6 Regalo i &@ <il> %io
raga::o1' "apoli I sud di Ro%a1
D @o%ani -o%in-ia%o
la(orare1
Parto Ro%a alle ! e
arri(o +orino alle 21
0 9o 3a%e? -4I qual-osa
%angiare
8%prestate la bi-i Mauri:io
2 Vai a s-uola autobus
; 5ardone--hia I
%ontagna1
! Prendo un gelato <la>
3ragola1
&osa 3ate "atale
6 Piero (a <il> super%er-ato1
' 8l padre <la> %ia a%i-a I
a((o-ato1
D pi::eria -4I se%pre %olta
gente1
Paola dor%e <la> stan:a
(i-ina alla %ia1
20 /eggo un libro
3antas-ien:a1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 98/269
2nit = ;<
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian?
8 3inish )orking at si1
2 Antonio4s lea(ing 3or Genoa1
; Ge%%a )as born in 2001
! Fabia ne(er goes out in the e(ening1
Mr and Mrs 5an-ro3t li(e in the -ountry, in an old (illa1
6 +he library4s behind the gy%1
' *ou Jsing1K -an4t go out )ithout %eW
D @o you Jpl1K li(e 3ar 3ro% the s-hool
8sabella4s aunt li(es in Gre(e, in +us-any1
0 She4s got a leather skirt1
Angus is 3ro% =dinburgh, in S-otland1
2 *ou ha(e to turn right a3ter the -hur-h<, Mada%>1
; Ne4re eating at a pi::eria tonight1
! +hese 3lo)ers are 3or your Jsing1K %other1
At &hrist%as )e4re going skiing in the %ountains1
6 8 li(e near the prison1
' Margaret4s been li(ing in +urin 3or 3i(e years1D +he train 3or Aosta lea(es 3ro% plat3or% '1
Ne4re gi(ing /uisa a &@ o3 Russian %usi-1
20 8 al)ays buy the bread at 5elli4s1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 99/269
2NIT NIN,
%stions
8n this unit )e )ill look at the %ost -o%%on )ays o3 asking questions in8talian1 Ne ha(e already seen <#nits ! and > that the order o3 the )ords in the
senten-e does not -hange in the interrogati(e 3or%C no) )e need to look at so%e
8talian Lquestion )ords41
hi
hi %eans L)hoH)ho%4, or so%eti%es L)hi-h o34, and is only used to re3er to
people1 hi is in(ariable . that is, the sa%e 3or% is used 3or %as-uline and3e%inine, singular and plural?
hi I :uell4uomohi I :uella raga%%ahi sono i tuoi amicihi sono :uelleraga%%ehi "uole "enire alcinema
con mehi "iene a cenaon chi esci' chi scri"etehi ha una pennahi non "a in gitadomani hi non in"iti
hi di loro parla italiano
Nho is that %an
Nho is that girl
Nho are your 3riends
Nho are those girls
Nho )ants to -o%e to the -ine%a )ith %e
Nho4s -o%ing 3or dinner
Nho<%> are you going out )ith
Nho<%> are you )riting to
Nho4s got a pen Ji1e1 has anyone got a penK
Nho4s not going on the trip to%orro)
Nho<%> aren4t you in(iting
Nhi-h o3 the% speaks 8talian
Nhen an adBe-ti(e re3ers to chi, it %ust be in the %as-uline singular 3or%
unless it re3ers to an all.3e%ale group?
hi I prontohi I soddisfattohi non I stancohi di "oi +raga%%e, I
pronta
hi di "oi +Signori, I italiano
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 100/269
Nho is ready
Nho is satis3ied
Nho isn4t tired
Nhi-h o3 you <girls> is ready
Nhi-h o3 you <gentle%en> is 8talian
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 101/269
2nit @ ;@
2 he cosa& osa& he&
All three %ean L)hat4 and are used )hen re3erring to obBe-ts1 he cosa&,
osa& and he& are in(ariable in gender and nu%ber?
os4I :uellohe cos4I :uella luceosa sono :uei segnihe sono :uellecostru%ioni hesuccedehe cosa "oleteosa studiosa posso fare perLei ' che pensate
Nhat4s that
Nhat4s that light
Nhat are those %arks
Nhat are those buildings
Nhat4s happening
Nhat do you )ant
Nhat are you studyingHdo you study
Nhat -an 8 do 3or youNhat are you thinking about
he is also used as an adBe-ti(e %eaning L)hat <sortHtype o3>4?
he la"oro faihe musica ascolti disolito he film "ai a"ederehe auto compra tuopadre
; ome
ome %eans Lho)4?
ome sta* Signoraome "aome fate la pi%%a
Nhat4s your Bob Jlit1 )hat )ork do you doK
Nhat <sort o3> %usi- do you usually listen to
Nhat 3il% are you going to see
Nhat <%ake o3> -ar is your 3ather going to
buy
9o) are you, Mada%
9o)4s it going
9o) do you %ake <a> pi::a
ome -an so%eti%es %ean L)hat4, as in ome dici& <Nhat did you say>,om4I 2dimburgoHil nuo"o professore <Nhat4s =dinburghHthe ne)
tea-her
like>1
! !o"e
!o"e %eans L)here4?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 102/269
!o"e abiti Nhere do you li(e
!o"e andate Nhere are you going
!o"e sono le chia"i Nhere are the keys
!o"4I il mio libro Nhere is %y book
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 103/269
<3 2nit @
$uando
$uando %eans L)hen4?
$uando partono i tuoiamici$uando comincia il film$uando arri"a il treno$uando I lo sciopero deitreni
6 PerchY
PerchY %eans L)hy4?
PerchY ridonoPerchY Giulia non "a ascuola PerchY non studi
Nhen are your 3riends lea(ing
Nhen does the 3il% start
Nhen does the train arri(e
Nhen4s the railHtrain strike
Nhy are they laughing
Nhy isn4t Giulia going to s-hool
Nhy don4t you study
ome mai has a si%ilar %eaning, -orresponding to the =nglish Lho) -o%e4?
ome mai non mangi 9o) -o%e you4re not eating
ome mai siete in ritardo 9o) -o%e you are late
' $uanto
$uanto %eans Lho) %u-h4 )hen re3erring to quantity, and Lho) long4, Lho)
3ar4, Lho) tall4, et-1 )hen it re3ers to ti%e, distan-e, height, et-1?
$uanto pesa$uanto costa :uesta
maglietta $uanto dura ilfilm$uanto I alta tuasorella $uant4I
9o) %u-hHNhat does it )eigh
9o) %u-hHNhat does this +.shirt -ost9o) long does the 3il% last
9o) tall is your sister
9o) %u-h is it
$uanto -an also be used as an adBe-ti(e or pronoun1 8n su-h -ases it agrees in
gender and nu%ber )ith the noun it re3ers to? :uanto J%sK, :uanta J3sK <ho)
%u-h>, :uanti J%pK, :uante J3pK <ho) %any>?
$uanto pane de"o comprare$uanta pasta "uoi$uanti eserci%i dobbiamofare$uante raga%%e ci sono inclasse
tua&$uanto tempo abbiamo
Li sono molte persone#4 L$uante4 L!obbiamocomprare del pane#4
L$uanto4
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 104/269
9o) %u-h bread do 8 ha(e to buy
9o) %u-h pasta do you )ant
9o) %any eer-ises ha(e )e got to do
9o) %any girls are there in your -lass
9o) %u-h ti%e is thereH9o) long
ha(e )e got
L+here are a lot o3 people14 L9o) %any4
LNe %ust get <so%e> bread14 L9o)
%u-h4
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 105/269
2nit @ <8
D $uale
$uale %eans L)hi-h4 <or so%eti%es L)hat4>1 8t is used either as an adBe-ti(e or as
a pronoun, and there3ore agrees )ith the noun it re3ers to?:uale
, L)hi-h
<one>4, :uali, L)hi-h <ones>41 +he use o3 :uale rather than che usually i%plies
that there is a -hoi-e, as 3or ea%ple i3 there are so%e books lying on the
table? $uale libro leggi LNhi-h book are you reading4?
$uale can%one preferisci$uali eserci%i facciamo$uali sono i tuoi libriLompro due giornali#4L$uali4 $ual I la can%one pifamosa
$ual I il Suo indiri%%oHnumerodi
telefono
Nhi-h song do you pre3er
Nhi-h eer-ises are )e doing
Nhi-h are your books
L84% buying t)o papers14 LNhi-h ones4
Nhi-hHNhat is the best.kno)n song
Nhat4s your addressHphone nu%ber
$ual <)ithout an apostrophe> is used be3ore the 3or%s o3 essere starting)ith a (o)elC used in this )ay, it so%eti%es %eans L)hat4 rather than L)hi-h41
As is seen in so%e o3 the ea%ples in paragraphs 2, ;, ! and ', cosa, checosa, come, do"e and :uanto -an also be shortened be3ore the 3or%s o3
essere starting )ith a (o)el, be-o%ing cos4, che cos4, com4, do"4 and
:uant4 <all 1ith an apostrophe>?
os4era :uel rumore Nhat )as that noisehe cos4I successo Nhat happened
om4era lo spettacolo 9o) )as the sho)
!o"4I la sta%ione Nhere is the station
$uant4I costato 9o) %u-h did it -ost
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 106/269
<) 2nit @
23ercise 4
&o%plete the senten-es )ith chi or cheHcosaHche cosa as appropriate1
=a%ples? %i -er-a? -hiC 3ate? -heH-osaH-he -osa
sono quei signori
2 di loro I tuo -ugino 2
; &on us-ite stasera ;
! posso 3are per te !
studiate
6 (iene -on %e 6
' a--o%pagna /u-a 'D (uoi bere D
@i I questo libro
0 su--ede 20
23ercise 5
Per la(ori
pre3eris-i &a33I o te
A tele3oni
(iene alla 3esta
di-i
pre3eris-i Gianni o Piero leggi@a (ai a -ena
(uoi 3are stasera
apre la porta
&o%plete the questions )ith an appropriate )ord <che, come, do"e, :uando,
perchY or :ualeH:ualiH:ual>1
=a%ples? L non es-i stasera4 L@e(o studiare14? per-hYC L I la
tua bi-i4 LEuella14? qual
L abitate4 LA Milano14
2 L parte l4autobus4 LAlle
D10014
; L non studi4 L"on sto bene14
! L sta, Pro3essore4 L5ene,
gra:ie14
L I il tuo -o%pleanno4 L8l
20 aprile14
6 L la(oro 3a tuo padre4 L8l
%edi-o14
' L strada de(o prendere4LEuella a destra14
D L I la %ensa4 L@ietro la
palestra14
L sei in ritardo4 L&4I
s-iopero degli autobus14
0 L I il tuo indiri::o4 LVia
Garibaldi 2214
L genere di %usi-a
as-oltate4 LRo-k14
2 L %ateria pre3eris-i4LS-ien:e14
; L ti (esti per la 3esta4 L&on
la gonna lunga14
! L %etto la bi-i4 L8n garage14
L non (enite -on noi4
LAbbia%o sonno14
6 L I il par-heggio4 L@a(anti
al -ine%a14
' L -o%in-ia la s-uola4 LA
sette%bre14
D L I la -apitale dell48talia4
LRo%a14
L non (ai in (a-an:a4 L"on
ho soldi14
20 L libri leggi4 LRo%an:i di
a((enture14
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 107/269
2nit @ <*
23ercise 6
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t 3or% o3 :uanto1
=a%ples? anni hai? quantiC -osta questa %aglietta?quanto
persone (engono
2 Fra te%po partite 2
; 3ratelli ha /uisa ;
! eser-i:i 3ate !
stan:e ha la tua -asa
6 gente in(iti 6
' sei alto '
D pagine dobbia%o D
studiare
%esi ri%anete in 8talia 20
0 guadagni
23ercise A
9o) %any rolls do you Jpl1K )ant
2 Nhere are you Jpl1K going 3or lun-h
; Nho are those people
3rutta de(o -o%prare
-ostano quei Beans
autobus de(i prendere
dura il -on-erto
@a studiate italiano
-artoline spedis-i spendi al %ese
a%i-he hai
libri de(i leggere
I lontana la dis-ote-a
! Nhat are you Jsing1K doing on Sunday
Nhen are you Jpl1K going on holiday
6 Nhy isn4t /uisa lea(ing
' Nhi-h is your Jsing1K bike
D Nhat 3il% are you Jsing1K )at-hing
Nhi-h o3 the% is 8talian
0 Nhen does the train arri(e
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 108/269
2NIT T,N
Indirct ob-ct prono%ns 8
Ne sa) in #nit ' that a dire-t obBe-t is the person or thing that the (erb
dire-tly i%pa-ts on1 An indirect obBe-t is the person or thing that the
a-tion is happening to or for? Scri"o a arla domani <84ll )rite toarlato%orro)>C /ando cartoline a tutti i miei amici <8 send -ards to allmyfriends>1 8n =nglish, the indire-t obBe-t -an usually be pre-eded by Lto4 or
L3or4, but these are (ery o3ten o%itted? -o%pare L8 ga(e the book to @aren4and L8 ga(e @aren the book4, or L84ll pour a glass for Jane4 and L84ll pour
Jane a glass41
An indire-t obBe-t pronoun repla-es a noun used as an indire-t obBe-t? L8
ga(e the book to herH8 ga(e her the book4, L84ll pour her a glassH84ll pour a glass
3or her418n 8talian, an indire-t obBe-t pronoun repla-es a noun pre-eded by the
preposition aC it has to agree in gender and nu%ber )ith the noun it re3ers to1
8ndire-t obBe-t pronouns nor%ally -o%e be3ore the (erb1 8n the 3ollo)ingea%ples, the pronouns are in itali-s?
$uando "edo /aria le raccontotutto#
Jle stands 3or a /aria <3s>K
(on telefono a arlo* gliscri"o#
Jgli stands 3or a arlo <%s>K
Paolo non ci dice mai la"erit#
Jci stands 3or a noiK
Nhen 8 see Maria 84ll tell here(erything1
84% not going to phone &arlo? 84ll
)rite to him1
Paolo ne(er tells us the truth1
2 +he 3or%s o3 the indire-t obBe-t pronouns are as 3ollo)s?
mi to %e
ti to you
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 109/269
gli J%KHle J3K to hi%HitHher
ci to us
"i to you
gli J% and 3K to the%
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 110/269
2nit 83 <
+he third person plural pronoun gli is used 3or both %as-uline and 3e%inine1
For the third person plural, loro -an be used instead o3 gli, but it al)ays3ollo)s the (erbC the %eaning is the sa%e, but the use o3 loro is 3ar less
3requent and is %ore 3or%al1
/i mandi una cartolina daRoma
;i scri"o appena arri"o#? il compleanno di 'nna- leregalo
un !#
Se !ario non ha l4auto* gli dZ unpassaggio#
Ti impresto i soldi#LScri"i agli %ii4 L(o* gli telefono
domaniH(o* telefono lorodomani#4
Gli dico la "eritH!ico loro la
"erit1
(egati"e form
Nill you send me a post-ard 3ro%
Ro%e
84ll )rite to you as soon as 8 arri(e1
8t4s Anna4s birthday? 84% gi(ing her a
&@1
83 @ario hasn4t got his -ar, 84ll gi(e
him a li3t1
84ll lend you the %oney1
LAre you going to )rite to your
un-les4 L"o, 84ll phone them
to%orro)14
84% going to tell them the truth1
; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?
(on ti impresto i soldi# 8 )on4t lend you the %oney1
(on le scri"o* le telefono# 84% not going to )rite <to her>, 84ll phone her1
(on gli rispondo# 84% not going to reply toHans)er him1
! Nhen an indire-t obBe-t pronoun is used )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usu.
ally a3ter (erbs like do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the
in3initi(e, )hi-h drops the 3inal (o)el?
Le "oglio parlare# or ;oglio parlarle# 8 )ant to talk to her1
Gli de"o scri"ere# or !e"o scri"ergli# 8 %ust )rite to himHthe%1
/i potete telefonare or Potete telefonarmi &an you
phone me
/i sai dire :uandoor Sai dirmi :uando &an you tell me )hen
=a-h pair o3 senten-es has ea-tly the sa%e %eaning . the 3or% used %akes no
di33eren-e1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 111/269
<; 2nit 83
Formal form
+he indire-t obBe-t pronouns used 3or the 3or%al 3or% are Le 3or the
singular <3or both )o%en and %en> and ;i 3or the plural <the pronoun Loro .a3ter the (erb . -an also be used, but this is (ery 3or%al>?
Le rispondo subito* Signor olli# 84ll ans)er you i%%ediately, Mr &olli1
Le dZ un passaggio* Signora Banfi# 84ll gi(e you a li3t, Mrs 5an3i1Signori Bianco* ;i telefono domani# <Signori Bianco* telefono Loro <Mr and Mrs 5ian-o,> 84ll phone you
domani#>
23ercise 4
to%orro)1
Re)rite the senten-es, repla-ing the )ords in itali-s )ith the -orre-t indire-t
obBe-t pronoun1
=a%ple? S-ri(ete a Luigi? Gli s-ri(ete
+ele3onia%o a arla1 6
2 Spedis-o le -artoline ai miei amici1 '; Sil(ia ra--onta una storia al D
bambino1
! Regalo un libro alla %ia1 0
Anna s-ri(e alle amiche1
23ercise 5
&hange the senten-es into the negati(e1
=a%ple? Gli s-ri(o? "on gli s-ri(o1
/e parlo di la(oro1 6
2 Mi tele3oni '; Vi regalo dei libri1 D
! Gli o33rite qual-osa
Gli a%i-i le o33rono un gelato1 0
Porto i 3iori alla nonna1S-ri(ia%o ai nostri compagni1Olga e Sil(ia parlano a Giulia1 /a
nonna legge un libro ai nipoti1&osa regalate a /arco
&i s-ri(ete
+i %ando una -artolina1
Vi restituis-o il libro1Paolo %i di-e la (erit1
Gli spedis-o il pa--o1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 112/269
2nit 83 <<
23ercise 6
Re)rite the senten-es, -hanging the position o3 the pronoun1
=a%ple? /i de(i -o%prare? @e(i -o%prarli1
/e possia%o s-ri(ere
2 +i de(o parlare1
; Gli (oglio regalare una -hitarra1
! &i puoi tele3onare
Vi de(ono o33rire qual-osaW
23ercise A
6 Mi potete dire tutto1
' /e posso parlare, Signora
D "on gli do(ete s-ri(ere1
"on ti posso rispondere1
0 /e (oglio -redere1
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the appropriate indire-t obBe-t pronouns1
=a%ples? Mauro ha %olti a%i-i e tele3ona spesso? gliC /i(ia (uole
parlare -on te, de(i tele3onar ? le
L+ele3onate a /uisa4 L"o, s-ri(ia%o una lettera14
2 Se %i -hiedi qual-osa, rispondo1
; L&osa regali a tuo padre4 L regalo una -ra(atta14
! Se (edi le %ie a%i-he, puoi dir -he le aspetto per do%ani
Signora, posso o33rir un -a33I
6 L&i portate un regalo, dall48talia4 LS ), portia%o un panettone14
' L&osa (uoi dir
4 LVi (oglio dire la (erit14D Gianni, presento %ia sorella1
LEuando tele3oni ai nonni4 L tele3ono do%ani sera14
0 Pro3essore, de(o parlare1
"on so 3are questo eser-i:io? dai una %ano
2 @o%ani I il -o%pleanno di Anna? de(o 3ar gli auguri1
; Paolo di-e se%pre bugie? non do(ete -redere1
! +ele3ono a Mi-hele e -hiedo un prestito1
Se non a(ete l4auto,
dKun passaggio16 Se &arla e Pietro hanno bisogno di soldi, posso 3are un prestito1' LEuanto ti danno all4ora4 L
danno euro14D Appena (edo Sil(ia
rendo i libri1 Se (uoi,
i%presto la %ia bi-i120 =ttore I un buon a%i-o e
ra--onto se%pre tutto1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 113/269
<= 2nit 83
23ercise
+ranslate into 8talian?
&an you Jsing1K tell /u-ia that 8 )ant to speak to her
2 As soon as 8 arri(e in Ro%e 84ll phone you Jpl1K1
; 8 ha(e to ask you a 3a(our, Mada%1
! Are you Jsing1K gi(ing the% your phone nu%ber
+hey al)ays tell us interesting things1
6 +hey al)ays send %e a -ard )hen they go to 8taly1
' For her birthday, 84% gi(ing her 3lo)ers1
D 84(e got to gi(e you Jsing1K /u-a4s books1
83 you Jpl1K )ant, 84ll tell you a story1
0 Massi%o )rites to %e e(ery )eek1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 114/269
2NIT ,L,7,N
Piacere and similar $rbs
Piacere -orresponds to Lto like4, but it is used in a di33erent )ay 3ro% its
=nglish -ounterpart1 8n 8talian, the subBe-t o3 the (erbHsenten-e is the thing or
person one likesC the person )ho likes so%ething is denoted by an indire-t obBe-t
pronoun <see #nit 0>?
/i piace lo sport# 8 like sport1 Jlit1 sport is pleasing to %eK
Ti piace ballare @o you like dan-ing Jlit1 is dan-ing pleasing to
youK
/i piacciono i gatti# 8 like -ats1 Jlit1 -ats are pleasing to %eK
2 Piacere is an irregular (erb %ostly used in the third person singular<piace> and plural <piacciono>1 As -an be seen in the ea%ples, piace is used
i3 the thing that one likes is a singular noun or pronoun, or the in3initi(e
o3 a (erbC piacciono is used i3 the things that one likes are a plural noun or
pronoun?
Singular noun or pronoun
mi <to %e> piace la mia citt1
ti <to you> piace:uestoH:uesta#
gliHle <to hi%Hher> piace il calcio#ci <to us> piace la musicaroc0#"i <to you> piace il tennis#
gli <to the%> piace :uelloH:uella#
;erbmi <to %e> piace leggere#ti <to you> piace andare in bici#gliHle <to hi%Hher> piace sciare#ci <to us> piace guardare la t"#"i <to you> piace dormire#
gli <to the%> piace ballare#
8 like %y ho%e to)n1
*ou like this <one>1
9eHshe likes 3ootball1
Ne like ro-k %usi-1
*ou like tennis1
+hey like that one1
8 like to readHreading1
*ou like to -y-leH-y-ling1
9eHshe likes to skiHskiing1
Ne like to )at-hH)at-hing +V1
*ou like to sleepHsleeping1
+hey like to dan-eHdan-ing1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 115/269
=3 2nit 88
Plural noun or pronounmi <to %e> piacciono :uestiH:ueste# 8 like these1
ti <to you> piacciono le ciliegie# *ou like -herries1
gliHle <to hi%Hher> piacciono i roman%i# 9eHshe likes no(els1ci <to us> piacciono :uelliH:uelle# Ne like those1
"i <to you> piacciono gli scher%i# *ou like pra-ti-al Bokes1
gli <to the%> piacciono le auto "eloci#+hey like 3ast -ars1
; +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?
(on mi piace la pi%%a# 8 don4t like pi::a1
(on ti piace :uestoH:uesta @on4t you like this <one>(on le piace sciare# She doesn4t like skiing1
(on ci piacciono i "ideogiochi# Ne don4t like (ideo ga%es1
! As usual, 3or the polite 3or% in the singular the 3e%inine pronoun <Le> is
used 3or both %en and )o%enC 3or the plural ;i is nor%ally used?
Le piacciono i funghi* Signora
;anni&Le piace leggere* Signor;anni (on Le piace:uelloH:uella (on Le piacesciareSignori onti* ;i piace l4ItaliaSignori onti* piace Lorol4Italia8
@o you like %ushroo%s, Mrs Vanni
@o you like reading, Mr Vanni@on4t you like that one
@on4t you like skiing
@o you like 8taly, Mr and Mrs &onti
@o you like 8taly, Mr and Mrs &onti
Loro is a %u-h %ore 3or%al )ay o3 addressing people in the pluralC it is
al)ays pla-ed a3ter the (erb1
Nhen the person )ho likes so%ething is denoted not by a pronoun but by a
noun, the noun %ust be pre-eded by the preposition a?
' laudia non piace andare ascuola#'llo %io !a"ide piace lamusica
classica#' Piera non piacciono:uestiH:ueste#'i miei nonni piace dormire#
' Franco e Luisa piace "iaggiare#
&laudia doesn4t like going to s-hool1
#n-le @a(ide likes -lassi-al %usi-1
Piera doesn4t like these1
My grandparents like sleeping1
Fran-o and /uisa like tra(elling1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 116/269
6 +o %ark a -ontrast, the stressed 3or%s o3 the pronouns <a me, a te, aluiHa lei, a noi, a "oi, a loro . see #nit !> are used instead o3 the unstressed
3or%s?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 117/269
2nit 88 =8
' me piace il caff * a te piace ilte#' lui piacciono i gatti* a lei no#' noi piace il calcio* a "oi il tennis#
' loro piace nuotare* a noi piacesciare#' me piace :uestoH:uesta* a Lei:uelloH
:uella#
8 like -o33ee, you like tea1
9e likes -ats, she doesn4t1
Ne like 3ootball, you like tennis1
+hey like s)i%%ing, )e like skiing1
8 like this one, you like that one1
' +here are other (erbs )hi-h are used in the sa%e )ay as piacere? mancare <to%iss> Jlit1 Lto be la-kingH%issing4KC ser"ire <to need> Jlit1 Lto be use3ul4KC bastare <to
be enoughHsu33i-ient> and sembrare and parere <to see%>?
/i manca il mio raga%%o#
(on "i mancano i "ostrigenitori
Ti ser"e una penna' Li"ia ser"ono i tuoiconsigli#$uestiH:ueste non cibastano#' me bastano 4> euro e ate
Il comportamento di arlo misembraHmi pare strano#
(on mi sembraHmi paregiusto#
23ercise 4
8 %iss %y boy3riend1 Jlit1 %y boy3riend
is la-king to %eK
@on4t you %iss your parents Jlit1 aren4t
your parents la-king to youK
@o you need a pen
/i(ia needs your ad(i-e1+hese aren4t enough 3or us1
0 euros are su33i-ient 3or %e . are they
3or youHho) about you
&arlo4s beha(iour see%s strange to %e1
8t doesn4t see% 3air to %eH8 don4t think
it4s 3air1
Re)rite the senten-es, repla-ing the )ords in itali-s )ith the -orre-t pronoun1
=a%ple? ' Sara non pia-e il -a33I? "on le pia-e il -a33I1
' Federica non pia--iono i -ar-io3i1 6
2 ' Giampiero non pia-e guidare1 '
; ' /assimo pia-e (iaggiare1 D! ' Tullio e 'nna pia-e il %are1
'i miei amici pia-e ballare1
0
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 118/269
23ercise 5
&hange the senten-es into the negati(e1
' me e a /arco non pia-e il pes-e1
' te e a /arina pia-e nuotare
' /ara pia--iono i 3il% 3ran-esi1
'lla mamma non pia-e stirare1
'llo %io pia-e andare in %oto1
=a%ple? Mi pia-e la pioggia? "on %i pia-e la pioggia1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 119/269
=) 2nit 88
/e pia-e andare in -entro il sabato1
2 +i pia-e la %usi-a -lassi-a
; Gli pia--iono i 3unghi1
! Vi pia-e guardare la tele(isione Mi pia--iono i 3il% di 3antas-ien:a1
23ercise 6
Nrite senten-es epressing your taste1
6 Gli pia-e la s-uola1
' &i pia--iono le -an:oni italiane1
D /e pia--iono gli spaghetti1
Mi pia-e s-iare1
0 Vi pia-e la -io--olata al latte
=a%ple? -a(alli? <"on> %i pia--iono i -a(alli1
la 3ruttaC 2 il -al-ioC ; le 3ragoleC ! gio-are a tennisC us-ire -on gli a%i-iC 6 i
gattiC ' la pi::aC D i dol-iC ballareC 0 le (a-an:e
23ercise A
+aking the )ords in the t)o -olu%ns belo), )rite a33ir%ati(e or negati(e
senten-es using the (erb piacere1
=a%ple? Maria le patate? A Maria <non> pia--iono le patate1
/uigi il -a33I sen:a :u--hero
2 il pro3essore le poesie di /eopardi
; %ia sorella andare al -ine%a
! i %iei -ugini i 3il% di Fellini
il pri%o %inistro la politi-a
23ercise
Supply the -orre-t 3or% o3 the (erbs in bra-kets1
=a%ple? Euei libri %i <se%brare> interessanti? se%brano
&i <bastare> questo pane
2 Vi <se%brare> bello quel 3il%
; &i <pia-ere> le auto sporti(e1
! A Sebastiano <%an-are> la %a%%aW
LVoglio -o%prare una %oto14 L+i <ser(ire> dei soldi4
6 A /i(io <%an-are> i soldi per le (a-an:e1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 120/269
2nit 88 =*
' Euello -he di-i %i <se%brare> interessante1
D Mi <ser(ire> delle s-arpe nuo(e1
Euale di quei due libri ti <parere> %igliore
0 "on ti <bastare> 20 euro
23ercise E
+ranslate into 8talian, using the (erbs piacere, sembrare, ser"ire, mancare or
bastare1
An hour isn4t enough 3or %eW
2 Gio(anni needs a pen1
; /ynne4s %issing her 8talian 3riends1
! @o you Jsing1K like -ho-olate
She doesn4t like going to the -ine%a1
6 @o you Jpl1K need a li3t
' +hey need a pen and a notebook1
D @o you 3ind the sho) boring, Mada%
@o you Jsing1K need help
0 8 like reading1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 121/269
2NIT TW,L7,
T' prsnt pr!ct tns
9se of the present perfect
+he present per3e-t <Lpassato prossi%o4> is one o3 the t)o %ost used past
tenses o3 the indi-ati(e in 8talian <the other is the i%per3e-t <Li%per3etto4> >1
+he present per3e-t is o3ten used like the =nglish present per3e-t <e1g1 L8 ha"eseen it4, LShe has gone ho%e4> to state that an a-tion has happened in the past,
but that its e33e-ts are still lasting in the present1 9o)e(er, in "orthern 8taly
and in the language o3 the %edia, it is also equi(alent to the =nglish si%ple past <e1g1 L8 sa1 it4, LShe 1ent ho%e4>, re3erring to a-tions )hi-h happened in a
%ore distant past and ha(e no i%%ediate -onsequen-es in the present18ndeed, it %ore o3ten -orresponds to the =nglish si%ple past than to the
=nglish present per3e-t1 8n other )ords, in 8talian, the di33eren-e bet)een
present per3e-t <Lpassato prossi%o4> and si%ple past <Lpassato re%oto4> is not
al)ays %arked, and it is al)ays possible to use the 3or%er?
(apoleone I morto il maggio
454#L4estate scorsa siamo andatiin
"acan%a sul lago di Garda#(ina I nata in Russia#L4anno scorso* mi hannoregalato
una mountain bi0e#
"apoleon died on May D21/ast su%%er )e )ent to /ake Garda
3or ourHa holiday1
"ina )as born in Russia1
/ast year, they ga(e %e a %ountain
bike1
2 +he present per3e-t is a -o%pound tense and is 3or%ed, as in =nglish, )ith
the present tense o3 the auiliary (erb 3ollo)ed by the past parti-iple o3 the
(erb?
Ho "isto un bel film# 8 sa)Hha"e seen a lo(ely 3il%1
Ha telefonato /arco# Mar-o phonedHhas phoned1
Sono rimasto a casa# 8 stayedHha"e stayed at ho%e1
'nna I uscita# Anna )ent outHhas gone out1
Sono andati in piscina@id they goHHa"e they gone to the s)i%%ing
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 122/269
pool
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 123/269
2nit 8) =
As the ea%ples -on3ir%, the Lpassato prossi%o4 %ay -orrespond to either the
si%ple past or the present per3e-t in =nglish1 5ut there are also other di33eren-es
bet)een the 8talian and =nglish stru-tures? there is only one auiliary (erb in
=nglish <Lto ha(e4>, but in 8talian there is a -hoi-e o3 t)o,a"ere
andessere
C
)hen essere is used, the past parti-iple has to agree in gender and nu%ber
)ith the subBe-tC 3inally, )hether to use a"ere or essere is not usually a free-hoi-e1 Ne )ill look at all these di33eren-es in detail, but 3irst )e need to look at
the 3or%s o3 the 8talian past parti-iple1
Forms of the past participle
; +he regular 3or%s o3 the past parti-iple are obtained by -hanging theending o3 the in3initi(e as 3ollo)s?
Infiniti"e in .are Infiniti"e in .ere Infiniti"e in .ire.ato .uto .ito
Infiniti"e Past participleparlare parlato <to speak> spoken
mangiare mangiato <to eat> eatencadere caduto <to 3all> 3allen
"olere "oluto <to )ant> )anted
piacere piaciuto8 <to like> liked
conoscere conosciuto8 <to kno)H%eet 3or the 3irst ti%e> kno)nH%et
partire partito <to lea(e> le3t
capire capito <to understand> understood
Verbs ending in .cere <or .scere> keep the Lso3t4 sound o3 c <or sc> and
there3ore add an i be3ore the .uto ending <.iuto>1
+he past parti-iple o3 (erbs in .urre ends in .otto?
Infiniti"e Past participlecondurre condotto <to leadHdri(eH%anage> ledHdri(enH%anaged
tradurre tradotto <to translate> translated
produrre prodotto <to produ-e> produ-ed
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 124/269
=; 2nit 8)
! 8n 8talian, as in %ost languages, %any (erbs ha(e an irregular past parti.
-iple, )hi-h is best learned by heart and )ith use1 9ere is a list o3 the %ost
3requently used?
Infiniti"e Past participleaccendereacceso <to turn onHs)it-h on> turned onHs)it-hed on
aprire aperto <to open> opened
bere be"uto <to drink> drunk
chiedere chiesto <to ask> asked
chiudere chiuso <to -lose> -losed
decidere deciso <to de-ide> de-ided
dire detto <to sayHtell> saidHtold
essere stato8 <to be> been
fare fatto <to doH%ake> doneH%ade
leggere letto <to read> read
mettere messo <to putHput on> putHput on
perdere persoHperduto88 <to lose> lost
prendere preso <to take> taken
rendere reso <to returnHgi(e ba-k> returnedHgi(en ba-k
rimanere rimasto <to re%ainHstay> re%ainedHstayed
rispondere risposto <to ans)er> ans)eredrompere rotto <to break> broken
scendere sceso <to go do)nHdes-end> gone do)nHdes-ended
scri"ere scritto <to )rite> )ritten
spegnere spento <to turn o33Hs)it-h o33> turned o33Hs)it-hed o33
spendere speso <to spend> spent
succederesuccesso <to happen> happened
togliere tolto <to take a)ayHo33> taken a)ayHo33
"edere "istoH"eduto88 <to see> seen"enire "enuto <to -o%e> -o%e
"incere "into <to )in> )on
"i"ere "issuto <to li(e> li(ed
Stato is also the past parti-iple o3 stare1
+he regular 3or%s perduto and "eduto are rarely used1
The present perfect
+he present per3e-t in 8talian is 3or%ed )ith the present indi-ati(e o3 a"ereor essere <auiliary (erbs> 3ollo)ed by the past parti-iple o3 the (erb1 9ere are
t)o ea%ples, one using a"ere and the other essere?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 125/269
2nit 8) =<
Present of a"erePast participle ofscri"ere<io> ho scritto<tu> hai scritto<luiHlei> ha scritto<noi> abbiamo scritto<(oi> a"ete scritto<loro> hanno scritto
Present of esserePast participle ofandare<io> sono andatoHandata
<tu> sei andatoHandata<luiHlei> I andatoHandata<noi> siamo andatiHandate<(oi> siete andatiHandate<loro> sono andatiHandate
8 )roteHha(e )ritten
you )roteHha(e )ritten
heHsheHit )roteHhas )ritten
)e )roteHha(e )rittenyou )roteHha(e )ritten
they )roteHha(e )ritten
8 )entHha(e gone
you )entHha(e gone
heHsheHit )entHhas gone
)e )entHha(e gone
you )entHha(e gone
they )entHha(e gone
6 As -an be seen, )hen the present per3e-t is 3or%ed )ith a"ere the past
parti-iple does not -hangeC but )hen the present per3e-t is 3or%ed )ith esserethe past parti-iple beha(es like an adBe-ti(e, agreeing in gender and nu%ber
)ith the subBe-t o3 the (erb1 9ere are so%e ea%ples?
'"ere
Li"ia ha guardato latele"isione#Hai comprato il pane
Ha prenotato* Signor Ferro
2ssere/onica I uscita1 J3sK
Pietro I stato malato# J%sK
Fabia e Sil"ia sonorimaste a
casa# J3pK
Giulia e Sebastiano sonopartiti#
J%pK
Sono andata al cinema# J3sK
Siamo arri"ati tardi# J%pK
Signor Poli* Lei :uandoI
arri"ato8 J%sK
Signora Poli* Lei :uando I arri"ata&8 J3sK
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 126/269
/i(ia <has> )at-hed +V1
@id you buyH9a(e you bought
the
bread
@id you bookH9a(e you booked,
Mr
Ferro
Moni-a )ent outHMoni-a4s goneout1 Pietro4s been ill1
Fabia and Sil(ia <ha(e> stayed at ho%e1
Giulia and Sebastiano <ha(e> le3t1
8 )entH84(e been to the -ine%a1 Jthe
speaker is 3e%aleK
Ne <ha(e> arri(ed late1 Jthe speakers are
%ales or a %ied groupK
Nhen did you arri(e, Mr Poli
Nhen did you arri(e, Mrs Poli
Nhen the polite 3or% is used and the auiliary is essere, the past parti-iple
agrees )ith the gender o3 the person being spoken to, not )ith Lei1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 127/269
== 2nit 8)
Present perfect of a"ere and essere
' '"ere 3or%s the present per3e-t )ith the auiliary a"ere?
ho a"uto 8 hadHha(e hadhai a"uto you hadHha(e had
ha a"uto heHsheHit hadHhas had
abbiamo a"uto )e hadHha(e had
a"ete a"uto you hadHha(e had
hanno a"uto they hadHha(e had
2ssere 3or%s the present per3e-t )ith the auiliary essere?
sono statoHstata 8 )asHha(e been
sei statoHstata you )ereHha(e been
I statoHstata heHsheHit )asHhas been
siamo statiHstate )e )ereHha(e been
siete statiHstate you )ereHha(e been
sono statiHstate they )ereHha(e been
La settimana scorsa abbiamo a"uto ospiti# /ast )eek )e had guests1
Tanya ha a"uto la "aricella# +anya has had -hi-kenpo1(ina I stata malata# "ina has been ill1
!es I stato mio studente# @es )as a student o3 %ine1
D /ike the present, the present per3e-t o3 essere -an be used )ith the pronoun
ci <see #nit !>? c4I statoHstata <there )asHhas been>, ci sono statiHstate <there
)ereHha(e been>?
4I stata un4allu"ione# +here )asHhas been a 3lood1
i sono stati troppo incidenti#+here )ereHha(e been too %any a--idents1
2ssere or a"ere
@e-iding )hether to use essere or a"ere -an be a bit o3 a proble%1 +he only
3ir% rules are those go(erning transiti"e (erbs <i1e1 (erbs )hi-h -an ha(e a
dire-t obBe-t> and refle3i"e (erbs <see #nit 20>1 +ransiti(e (erbs al)ays use
a"ereC re3lei(e (erbs al)ays use essere1As 3or intransiti(e (erbs, so%e use a"ere and others essere1 8n general, it -an
be said that (erbs o3 %o(e%ent <su-h as andare <to go>, "enire <to -o%e>,
partire <to lea(e>, uscire <to go out>, entrare <to go inH-o%e in>> or
non%o(e%ent <su-h as rimanere <to re%ain>, restare <to stayHre%ain>>, and
(erbs o3 state <su-h as essere, di"entare <to be-o%e>, cambiare <to -hange>,
crescere <to gro)>> use the auiliary essere1 9o)e(er, this is not a hard and
3ast rule? there are intransiti(e (erbs )hi-h take a"ere1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 128/269
2nit 8) =@
Ho conosciuto i genitori diGianni#
Jtransiti(eK
'"ete spedito le "ostrecartoline
Jtransiti(eK
$uanto hai speso Jtransiti(eK
Ieri sera siamo andati a unconcerto
roc0# Jintransiti(eK
!omenica scorsa siamorimasti a
casa# Jintransiti(eKIl tempo I cambiato#Jintransiti(eK Ho dormito bene#Jintransiti(eK
8 <ha(e> %et Gianni4s parents1
@id you sendH9a(e you sent your
post-ards
9o) %u-h did you spend/ast night )e )ent to a ro-k -on-ert1
/ast Sunday )e stayed at ho%e1
+he )eather4s -hanged1
8 slept )ell1
+o help in -hoosing the right auiliary, here is a list o3 -o%%on (erbs )hi-h
3or% the present per3e-t )ith essere?
Infiniti"e Present perfectandare sono andatoH.a 8 )entHha(e gone
arri"are sono arri"atoH.a 8 arri(edHha(e arri(ed
bastare8 I bastatoH.a it )asHhas been enough
sono bastatiH.e they )ereHha(e been enough
costare8 I costatoH.a it -ostHhas -ost
sono costatiH.e they -ostHha(e -ost
crescere sono cresciutoH.a 8 gre)Hha(e gro)n
di"entare sono di"entatoH.a 8 be-a%eHha(e be-o%eentrare sono entratoH.a 8 )entHha(e gone inH8 enteredHha(e entered
essere sono statoH.a 8 )asHha(e been
morire8 I mortoH.a heHsheHit diedHhas died
sono mortiH.enascere sono natoH.a 8 )as born
partire sono partitoH.a 8 le3tHha(e le3t
piacere8 I piaciutoH.a it pleasedHhas pleased
sono piaciutiH.e they pleasedHha(e pleasedrestare sono restatoH.a 8 stayedHre%ainedH8 ha(e stayedHre%ained
rimanere sono rimastoH.a 8 stayedHre%ainedH8 ha(e stayedHre%ained
+ri,tornare sono +ri,tornatoH.a 8 -a%e ba-kHha(e -o%e ba-k
riuscire sono riuscitoH.a 8 su--eededH%anagedH8 ha(e su--eededH
%anaged
sembrare sono sembratoH.a 8 see%edHha(e see%ed
stare sono statoH.a 8 stoodHstayedH8 ha(e stoodHstayed
succedere8 I successoH.a it happenedHhas happened
sono successiH.e they happenedHha(e happened
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 129/269
uscire sono uscitoH.a 8 )ent outHha(e gone out
"enire sono "enutoH.a 8 -a%eHha(e -o%e
+hese (erbs are nor%ally only used in the third person singular and plural?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 130/269
@3 2nit 8)
I soldi sono bastati#$uanto costata :uella biciLa bici costata piF di =>>
euro# /olti ci"ili sono morti#Le piaciuto il film*Signora!a allora sono succesemolte
cose#
+he %oney )as enough1
9o) %u-h did that bi-y-le -ost
+he bike -ost o(er 00 euros1
Many -i(ilians diedHha(e died1
@id you like the 3il%<, Mada%>Sin-e then %any things ha(e happenedH
A3ter that %any things happened1
"ote that succedere is an i%personal (erb? so%ething or things -an happen,
but succedere -annot be used like the =nglish LI happened to be in Ro%e4
et-1
(egati"e form
0 +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the auiliary?
Ieri non sono andato ascuola#Lisa non I riuscita a finire:uel
la"oro#(on hai telefonato a Fabia
8 didn4t go to s-hool yesterday1
/isa didn4t %anageHhasn4t %anaged to3inish that Bob1
@idn4t you phoneH9a(en4t you phoned
Fabia
+he ad(erbs ancora <again>, mai <e(er>, pi <%oreHagain> and gi <already>are nor%ally pla-ed bet)een the auiliary and the (erb <e1g1 Ho gi risposto<84(e already replied>>1 Nhen they are used in the negati(e . non # # # ancora<not 1 1 1 yet>, non # # # mai <ne(er>, non # # # pi <not 1 1 1 any %oreHnot 1 1 1 againH
no 1 1 1 longer> <see also #nit 6, paragraph 2> . non is pla-ed be3ore the
auiliary?
Sei ancora andato inbiblioteca
Siete mai stati su unghiacciaioHai pi "isto i tuoi amici(on abbiamo ancora preso il
biglietto#Paola non I mai stata a
;ene%ia# arlo non ha pi
telefonato#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 131/269
@id you goH9a(e you been to the library
again
9a(e you e(er been on a gla-ier 9a(e
you <e(er> seen your 3riends again Ne
ha(en4t bought the ti-ket yet1
Paola has ne(er been to Veni-e1
&arlo didn4t phoneHhasn4t <e(er> phoned
again1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 132/269
2nit 8) @8
!o"ere* potere* "olere
2 +he present per3e-t o3 do"ere, potere and "olere is nor%ally 3or%ed
)ith the auiliary a"ere, but )hen they are 3ollo)ed by a (erb )hi-h 3or%sthe present per3e-t )ith essere, they %ay take essere as )ellC i3 essere is
used, the past parti-iple o3 the (erb agrees )ith the subBe-t?
I nostri amici hanno do"uto partire#I nostri amici sono do"uti partire#ecilia non ha potuto andare inIrlanda# ecilia non I potuta andarein Irlanda# PerchY non a"ete "olutouscirePerchY non siete "oluti uscire
Our 3riends had to lea(e1
&e-ilia -ouldn4t go to 8reland1
Nhy didn4t you )ant to go out
Re%e%ber that it is ne(er )rong to use a"ere?
Ho do"uto la"orare#/aria ha do"uto rimanere a
casa# 2lena non ha potutotelefonare#
2lena e Sergio non hannopotuto
entrare#
23ercise 4
8 <ha(e> had to )ork1
Maria <has> had to stay at ho%e1
=lena -ouldn4tHhasn4t been able to
phone1=lena and Sergio -ouldn4tHha(en4t
been able to get in1
Supply the -orre-t endings 3or the past parti-iples, ensuring that they agree
)ith the subBe-t1
=a%ple? /e %ie a%i-he sono us-it ? us-ite
Fran-es-a e Filippo sono restat a -asa12 Giulia e Susanna non sono us-it ieri sera1
; "i-oletta I andat in (a-an:a1
! 8 %iei a%i-i sono arri(at do%eni-a s-orsa1
Euando Fabia I entrat , ha (isto gli a%i-i1
6 Pierluigi non I rius-it a 3inire il la(oro1
' Pro3essor Rossi, quando I arri(at
D +i I pia-iut la partita
Euanto sono -ostat quei libri0 Euando I nat
tua sorella
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 133/269
@) 2nit 8)
23ercise 5
Supply the present per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? Anna <partire> ieri? I partita
@o(e <tu -o%prare> quelle
s-arpe
2 =ttore <regalare> un porta3oglio
a /uisa1
; 8eri sera <noi andare> a un
-on-erto1
! @o(e <(oi tro(are> quei 3ogli
<tu spegnere> la lu-e
6 Euanta gente <(enire> alla 3esta
' Signora @epaoli, <portare> i
do-u%enti
D <(oi prendere> il giornale
8eri <io (edere> le %ie a%i-he1
0 "on <tu potere> 3inire il la(oro
23ercise 6
<io do(ere> studiare %olto per
questo esa%e1
2 Fran-o <us-ire> tardi e <perdere>
l4autobus1
; &hi ti <s-ri(ere> quella lettera
! <noi gio-are> a pallone tutto il
po%eriggio1
Federi-a <-o%in-iare> il nuo(o
la(oro1
6 /oren:o non <(olere> us-ire1
' @o(e <tu %ettere> i libri
D <tu potere> parlare -ol pro3essore
<(oi a(ere> te%po per 3are tutto
20 <tu leggere> il giornale di oggi
Supply the present per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? 8l dottore <us-ire>? I us-ito
<noi do(ere> la(orare tutto il
giorno1
2 @o(e <(oi %angiare>
; A -he ora <tu partire>
! &hi <tele3onare>
&laudia <(olere> restare a -asa1
6 <tu -onos-ere> il 3ratello di
Piero' Sil(ia <do(ere> andare in
ospedale1
D <(oi a--o%pagnare> /ina alla
sta:ione
&hi <(in-ere> il -a%pionato
0 <tu 3inire> i -o%piti
"on <io -apire> nulla12 <tu portare> i libri in bibliote-a
; "on <noi rius-ire> a 3inire in
te%po1
! &osa <(oi de-idere>
&arla <a(ere> la 3ebbre1
6 #go e Marina non <(enire> a -ena
da noi1
' &he -osa <(oi 3are> do%eni-aD 8l treno <partire> -on %e::4ora di
ritardo1
/a nonna <essere> -ontenta di
(eder%i1
20 &hi <tradurre> questo libro
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 134/269
2nit 8) @*
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian?
Ne4(e already done this eer-ise1
2 8 ha(en4t 3inished reading the paper yet1
; Ste3ano4s ne(er been to Ro%e1
! 8 didn4t see Roberto again a3ter the party1
9a(e you Jpl1K already paid the bill
6 Giulia hasn4t started )orking yet1
' &arlo -ouldn4t )ork any %ore1
D 84(e ne(er %et her parents1
9a(e you Jsing1K )ritten the letters already
0 84(e ne(er seen that 3il%1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 135/269
2NIT T4IRT,,N
Dirct and indirct ob-ct prono%ns )
Nhen a dire-t obBe-t pronoun is used )ith a (erb in the present per3e-t <or
any other -o%pound tense>, the past parti-iple %ust agree in gender andnu%ber )ith the pronoun?
LHai in"itato 'nna e Sara4 LS)* le
ho in"itate#4L'"ete portato i libri4 LS )
* liabbiamo portati#4
Ho comprato delle rose ele
ho date a Luisa#Lhi ha scritto :uestamusica4
LL4ha scritta Bob /arley#4
L!o"e hai comprato :uellescarpe4 LLe ho comprateal mercato#4
Ho 5 compagni di classe e liho
in"itati tutti alla mia festadi
compleanno#
(on ci hanno in"itati allafesta#
/auro mi ha accompagnataalla
sta%ione# Ti hanno in"itata
L@id you in(ite Anna and Sara4 L*es, 8
in(ited the%14
L9a(e you brought the books4 L*es,
)e4(e brought the%14
8 bought so%e roses and ga(e the% to
/uisa1LNho )rote this %usi-4 L5ob Marley
)rote it14
LNhere did you buy those shoes4 L8
bought the% at the %arket14
8 ha(e 2 -lass%ates and 84(e in(ited all
o3 the% to %y birthday party1
+hey didn4t in(ite us to the party1 J)e
are all %ales, or %ied %ales and
3e%alesK
Mauro took %e to the station1 Jthe
speaker is 3e%aleK
@id they in(ite you Jthe person
addressed is 3e%aleK
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 136/269
Parti-ular -are %ust be taken )hen the gender is not sho)n in the pronoun, as
in the last three ea%ples1
"ote that )hen the polite 3or% is used, the past parti-iple al)ays agrees
)ith the 3e%inine pronoun La, not )ith the gender o3 the person being
spoken to?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 137/269
2nit 8* @
Signor Belli* chi L>ha in"itata Nho in(ited you, Mr 5elli
!ottor Ranieri* L4abbiamo "ista Ne sa) you on tele(ision last night,
ieri sera alla tele"isione# @r Ranieri1
2 +he rule gi(en abo(e does not apply to indirect obBe-t pronouns? )ith these,
the past parti-iple o3 the (erb ne(er -hanges?
LHai telefonato a 'nna e Sara4
LS )* gli ho telefonato#4$uando I "enuta Li"ia* le hoofferto
un gelato#
Ho parlato con arla e le hodetto
tutto#(on ci hanno scritto#
L@id you phone Anna and Sara4 L*es,
8 phoned the%14
Nhen /i(ia -a%e 8 o33ered her an i-e
-rea%1
8 spoke to &arla and told her
e(erything1
+hey didn4t )rite to us1
; As )e sa) in #nits ' and 0, )hen a dire-t or indire-t obBe-t pronoun
o--urs in a senten-e together )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usually a3ter do"ere,
potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the in3initi(e18n these senten-es, )hen the %ain (erb is in the present per3e-t <or any
other -o%pound tense> there is no agree%ent o3 the past parti-iple, e(en )ith
dire-t obBe-t pronouns?
LHai letto tutti i libri4 LS )* hodo"uto leggerli tutti#4
armen mi ha scritto una
lettera*ma non ho ancora potutoleggerla#
!aniela ha moltecompagne di
scuola* ma non ha "olutoin"itarle alla festa#
L'"ete fatto gli eserci%i4 L(o*
nonabbiamo saputo farli#4
L@id you read all the books4 L*es, 8
had to read all o3 the%14
&ar%en )rote %e a letter, but 8 still
ha(en4t been able to read it1
@aniela4s got a lot o3 s-hool 3riends,
but she didn4t )ant toH)ouldn4t ask
the% to the party1
L@id you do the eer-ises4 L"o, )e
-ouldn4tHdidn4t kno) ho) to do
the%14
9o)e(er, )hen the dire-t obBe-t pronoun is not atta-hed to the in3initi(e, the
past parti-iple %ust agree )ith it?
LHai letto tutti i libri4 LS )* li hodo"uti leggere tutti#4
armen mi ha scritto una lettera*
ma non l4ho ancora potutaleggere#
!aniela ha molte compagne
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 138/269
discuola* ma non le ha "olutein"itare alla festa#
L@id you read all the books4 L*es, 8
had to read all o3 the%14
&ar%en )rote %e a letter but 8 still
ha(en4t been able to read it1
@aniela4s got a lot o3 s-hool 3riends,
but she didn4t )ant toH)ouldn4t ask
the% to the party1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 139/269
@; 2nit 8*
H'"ete fatto gli eserci%i> H(o* non L@id you do the eer-ises4 L"o, )e
li abbiamo saputi fare#4 -ouldn4tHdidn4t kno) ho) to do
the%14
! 8n -onte%porary spoken 8talian <and so%eti%es in )ritten 8talian as )ell>,
agree%ent o3 the past parti-iple )ith 3irst and se-ond person dire-t obBe-t
pronouns tends not to be obser(edC this is the -ase )ith both singular <mi, ti> and
plural <ci, "i>, so quite o3ten you )ill hear <or read> senten-es like the 3ollo)ing?
LSusanna* chi ti haaccompagnato4
Jinstead o3 ti ha
accompagnataKL/i ha accompagnatoSebastiano#4
Jinstead o3 mi haaccompagnataK
i ha in"itato alla festa# Jinstead
o3
ci ha in"itatiK
;i ho "isto entrare alcinema#
Jinstead o3 "i ho "istiK
LSusanna, )ho )ent )ithHtook you4
LSebastiano )ent )ithHtook %e14
9eHShe has asked us to the party1 8
sa) you go into the -ine%a1
9o)e(er, the agree%ent is al)ays %ade )ith the third person pronouns <lo,
la, li, le>?
L4ha accompagnataSebastiano#Li ho in"itati alla festa#L$uando hai "isto arla eLi"ia4
LLe ho "iste ieri#4
23ercise 4
Sebastiano )ent )ithHtook her1
84(e asked the% to the party1
LNhen did you see &arla and /i(ia4 L8
sa) the% yesterday14
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the dire-t obBe-t pronouns, %aking sure that the
past parti-iple agrees1
=a%ple? 9o (isto Gianna e ho in(itat? l4ho in(itata
9o -o%prato dei 3iori e
ho %ess in un (aso12 /a :ia I partita e ho a--o%pagnatalla sta:ione1; 9o (isto delle belle s-arpe e
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 140/269
! /ara ha aperto le 3inestre, %a /u-a ha -hius1
Mi hanno regalato dei bis-otti e ho %angiat tutti1
6 /uisa, non hai sentito -he &laudio ha -hia%at
' Gaetano ha preso il giornale e ha lett1
D LVi hanno in(itati alla 3esta4 L"o, non hanno in(itat14
L9ai preso i biglietti per il -on-erto4 LS ), ho pres14
0 &er-hi i libri ho dat a Gio(anni1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 141/269
2nit 8* @<
23ercise 5
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t dire-t or indire-t obBe-t pronoun,
%aking sure that the past parti-iple agrees )here ne-essary1
=a%ples? "on ho tele3onato a Maria, ho s-ritt? le ho s-rittoC
9o -o%prato una %inigonna rossa e ho indossat per la
3esta? l4ho indossata
9o in-ontrato /ina e ho o33ert un -a33I1
2 &er-o Paola e Gianni, a(ete (ist
; "on ho la bi-i-letta per-hI ho i%prestat a Filippo1! "on ho s-ritto a Paola,
ho tele3onat1 @o(e sono le -hia(i &hi
ha pres6 Parlo bene l4italiano e il tedes-o per-hY
ho studiat per sette anni1' 8eri ho (isto Alessandro e
ha presentat sua sorella1D &aterina, -hi
ha a--o%pagnat ieri sera Oggi I il -o%pleanno di @aniela,
hai %andat gli auguri0 Gianna I una (e--hia a%i-a?
ho -onos-iut otto anni 3a1 L@o(e a(ete las-iato la bi-i4 L
abbia%o las-iat in strada142 9ai tele3onato a Gia-o%o &he -osa hai dett
; L9ai -o%prato i 3ran-obolli4 LS ), ho -o%prat14
! Signora, /4ho -er-ata ieri, %a non ho tro(at1
Sebastiano ha %olte a%i-he e io ho -onos-iut tutte1
6 L&osa hai detto a Matteo4 L"on ho dett nulla14
' L&hi ha pagato il -onto4 L ha pagat %ia %adre14
D L&osa hai ra--ontato a Giulia4 L ho ra--ontat la (erit14
Pro3essore, -hi ha a--o%pagnat in aeroporto
20 Euesta I una ri(ista %olto interessante? ho lett tutta1
23ercise 6
Re)rite the senten-es as sho)n in the ea%ple1
=a%ple? 9o do(uto -o%prarle? /e ho do(ute -o%prare1
"on ho saputo 3arli1
2 9o (oluto (ederli1
; "on abbia%o potuto -hia%arlo1
! 9anno potuto aiutar(i
Abbia%o do(uto in(itarla1
6 "on ha saputo tradurle1' A(ete do(uto a--o%pagnarle
D 9a (oluto %angiarla1
9ai potuto (ederli
0 "on hanno (oluto 3arle1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 142/269
@= 2nit 8*
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian1
Sabina hasn4t in(ited %e J3K1
2 Nho -alled you J3sK
; Ne phoned the% yesterday1
! 8 looked 3or you J%pK, but 8 didn4t 3ind you1
&hiara took us to the bus stop1
6 8 sent you Jpl1K a post-ard . did you re-ei(e it
' My grandparents ga(e %e 00 euros, but 84(e already spent it1 JSay? Lspent
the%4K
D 8 bought t)o rolls and ate the%1
L9a(e you Jsing1K s)it-hed the light o334 L*es, 84(e s)it-hed it o3314
0 &arla hasn4t been able to help the% J3K1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 143/269
2NIT 0O2RT,,N
Dirct and indirct ob-ct prono%ns*: strssd !orms
@ire-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns do not only ha(e the unstressed <or
)eak> 3or%s that )e sa) in #nits ', 0 and ;? they also ha(e stressed<or strong> 3or%s?
!irect ob7ect stressed forms Indirect ob7ect stressed formsme a mete a teluiHleiHLei a luiHa leiHa Lei
noi a noi"oi a "oiloroHLoro8 a loroHa Loro
As usual, the pronoun Lei <third person singular 3e%inine> and the pronoun
Loro <third person plural> are used 3or the 3or%al 3or%1
2 +he stressed 3or%s o3 dire-t obBe-t and indire-t obBe-t pronouns are used to
gi(e e%phasis to the pronoun or to stress a -ontrastC unlike unstressed 3or%s,
they nor%ally -o%e a3ter the (erb, e-ept )hen used )ith the (erbs piacere,sembrare, ser"ire, bastare, parere and mancare <see #nit >1 Stressed
3or%s al)ays re3er to people, not obBe-ts?
hiamo "oi* non loro#;edo lei* ma non "edo lui#'spetto Francesco* non te#In"ito solo te#
In"ito solo Lei* SignorPaoli# ' me non piace ilcaff I1
' me sembra giusto# Telefono a te* ma non aloro#Billy scri"e a noi e non aisuoi
genitori#!e"i rendere i soldi a me* non a
miofratello#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 144/269
84% -allingHphoning you, not the%1
8 -an see her, but 8 -an4t see hi%1 84%
)aiting 3or Fran-es-o, not you1 84% only
in(iting you1
84% only in(iting you, Mr Paoli1 Idon4t like -o33ee1
I think it4s 3airH8t see%s 3air to me1
84ll phone you, but not the%1
5illy )rites to us and not his parents1
*ou4(e got to gi(e me the %oney, not
%y brother1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 145/269
833 2nit 89
"ote the di33eren-e bet)een the t)o senten-es L"on %i pia-e il -a33I4 and
LA %e non pia-e il -a33I41 +he 3irst si%ply states that 8 don4t like -o33ee, )hile
the se-ond puts the e%phasis on the pronoun L%e4, i%plying that there are
people )ho do like -o33ee but 8 a% not one o3 the%1 +he sa%e applies to
the senten-es LMi se%bra giusto4 and LA %e se%bra giusto4? the se-ond
senten-e stresses the 3a-t that there are other people )ho don4t think it4s
3air1
; As the abo(e ea%ples suggest, stressed dire-t and indire-t obBe-t
pronouns cannot be used to refer to ob7ects1 Nhen re3erring to obBe-ts,
the noun has to be repeated <as is also generally the -ase in =nglish>?
LPrendi la frutta e il dolce4 LPrendo
la frutta* ma non il dolce#4J"ot LPrendo lei* ma non lui#4K
LPorti la chitarra e i !4 LPortoi
! ma non la chitarra#4 J"ot
LPorto loro ma non lei#4K
LAre you ha(ing the 3ruit and thes)eet4 L84% ha(ing the 3ruit, but
not the s)eet14
LAre you bringing the guitar and the
&@s4 L84ll bring the &@s, but not
the guitar14 Jor, at a pin-h, L84ll bring
them, but not it14K
! +he stressed 3or%s o3 the obBe-t pronouns are used a3ter all prepositions
<see #nit D>, not Bust a1 +his is true e(en )hen no e%phasis is required?
;engo con Lei* Signora#hi di loro non "uole"enire Puoi dormire da
me* stasera# Faccio:uesto per te#Puoi contare su di me#8!opo di te8 ci sono io#(on ho nulla contro di "oi#8
84% -o%ing )ith you<, Mada%>1
Nhi-h o3 the% doesn4t )ant to -o%e
*ou -an sleep at %y pla-e tonight1 84%
doing this 3or you1
*ou -an -ount on %e1
A3ter you it4s %eH%y turn1
84(e got nothing against you1
Nhen su, sopra, dopo, contro are used )ith a personal pronoun, the
pronoun is pre-eded by the preposition di <see #nit D, paragraphs , 20>1
+he stressed 3or%s are also al)ays used )hen the (erb has t)o pronoun
dire-t or indire-t obBe-ts, e(en )here no e%phasis is required?
Ho "isto te e lui in citt1 Jnot Ti e loho
"isto in citt1K
In"ito "oi e loro# Jnot ;i e li in"ito#K
Scri"e a te e a me# Jnot Ti emi scri"e#K Regaliamo fiori aloro e a lei# Jnot
Gli e le regaliamo fiori#K
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 146/269
8 sa) you and hi% in to)n1
84% in(iting you and the%1
9e )rites to you and %e1
Ne4re gi(ing 3lo)ers to the% and
her1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 147/269
2nit 89 838
6 Stressed 3or%s are al)ays used a3ter ancheHpure <also, too>, neancheH
nemmenoHneppure <not e(en, neither>, come <as, like>, :uanto <as %u-h as>,
eccetto +che,8Hmeno +che,8Htranne +che,8Hsal"o +che,8 <e-ept, but>?
In"ito anche "oi#!e"i fare come me#/aria la"ora :uanto te#!e"i chiedere anche anoi#(on credo neppure alui#;engono tutti meno lui#
Faccio :uesto per tutti menoche8
per lei#'nna telefona a tutti sal"oche8 a
loro#Sandro esce con tutti sal"o
che8con noi#
Sono tutti contro di noi#
84% in(iting you as )ell1*ou should do as 8 doHdo it like %e1
Maria )orks as %u-h as you <do>1
*ou ha(e to ask us as )ell1
8 don4t belie(e him either1
+hey4re all -o%ing e-ept hi%H
=(eryone but hi%4s -o%ing1
84% doingH84ll do this 3or e(eryone
e-eptHbut her1
Anna phones e(eryone e-eptHbut
the%1
Sandro goes out )ith e(erybody
e-eptHbut us1
+hey are all against us1
+he 3or%s eccetto cheHmeno cheHtranne cheHsal"o che are used )hen
there is a preposition be3ore the pronoun1
' "ote that )hen the stressed 3or%s o3 the dire-t obBe-t pronouns are used in asenten-e )ith the (erb in a -o%pound tense <see #nit ;, paragraph >, the past
parti-iple does not agree )ith the pronoun?
Ho chiamato "oi* non loro# 8 -alled you, not the%1
Ho "isto lei* ma non ho "isto lui#8 sa) her, but 8 didn4t see hi%1
Lucia ha in"itato loro* ma non lui#/u-ia has in(ited them, but not hi%1
23ercise 4
Repla-e the =nglish )ords )ith the -orre-t 8talian ones1
=a%ples? Mario -hia%a <the%>, non <you Jpl1K>? loro, (oiC /a nonna ha
dato i soldi a <you Jsing1K> e non a <%e>? te, %e
Pri%a a--o%pagno <her> a s-uola, poi <you Jsing1K> in palestra1
2 @o(ete in(itare an-he <the%>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 148/269
; "on I (enuto nessuno, ne%%eno <her>1
! 9anno in(itato <us> e non <you Jpl1K>W
All4esa%e hanno pro%osso tutti tranne <%e>1
6 &redo a tutti %eno -he a <hi%>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 149/269
83) 2nit 89
' &arla (uole bene a <%e> quanto a <you Jsing1K>1
D A <you JpoliteK> -redo, Pro3essore1
Voglio presentare i %iei a%i-i an-he a <you Jpl1K>1
0 A <her>, -o%e a <the%>, non se%bra giusto1
23ercise 5
+ranslate the 3ollo)ing senten-es, )here ne-essary underlining the
e%phasised )ords1
=a%ples? @o(ete in(itare an-he %e? *ou should in(ite %e as )ellHtooC A%e %an-a il sole, a te no? 84% %issing the sun . aren4t you or 8
%iss the sun . don4t you
"essuno suona la batteria -o%e %e1
2 +utti gli studenti hanno 3atto il -o%pito %eno lui1
; Sergio -hia%a te, non %e1
! A--o%pagno an-he te1
&apis-o quanto te16 Mauro di-e la (erit a tutti, tranne -he a %e1
' @o(ete tele3onare an-he a %e1
D &laudia i%presta i dis-hi a noi, non a (oi1
@o il %io indiri::o a tutti sal(o -he a lei1
0 Regalo un libro a lei e un dis-o a lui1
23ercise 6
Repla-e the =nglish )ords )ith the -orre-t 8talian ones, as you did in
=er-ise 1
&hi di <you Jpl1K> non puK(enire alla 3esta
2 All4esa%e orale sono passato subito dopo di <hi%>1
; Sopra di <the%> abita una signora %olto gentile1
! Abbia%o de-iso 3ra <us>1 =s-i -on <her> an-he stasera
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 150/269
2nit 89 83*
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian, using the stressed 3or% o3 the pronouns?
=(eryone4s against %eW
2 Are you Jsing1K -o%ing )ith %e
; 84(e bought a present 3or you Jsing1K1
! *ou Jsing1K -an4t -ount on hi%1
&an 8 sleep at your Jpl1K pla-e tonight
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 151/269
2NIT 0I0T,,N
Rlati$ prono%ns
+he 8talian relati(e pronouns -orrespond to the =nglish L)ho4, L)hi-h4,
Lthat4, L)ho%4, L)hose41 +hey ha(e t)o 3or%s? in(ariable <che, cui> and (ariable <il:uale J%sK, la :uale J3sK, i :uali J%pK, le :uali J3pK>?
Il treno che prendo la mattina I
sempre molto affollato#La storia che ho letto I strana#
La raga%%a cheHla :uale hatele.
fonato ha bisogno di unfa"ore#Gli amici cheHi :uali sono"enuti a
tro"armi sono irlandesi#Hai ancora le chia"i che ti ho
dato
Il raga%%o con cuiHcol :ualeesci I
molto simpatico#La raga%%a a cuiHalla :uale hodato
i libri I una mia amica#
+he train <that> 8 get in the %orning is
al)ays (ery -ro)ded1
+he story <that> 84(e read is strange1
+he girl )ho phoned needs a 3a(our1
+he 3riends )ho -a%e to see %e are
8rish1
9a(e you still got the keys <that> 8 ga(e
you
+he boy )ith )ho% you are going outH
you4re going out )ith is (ery ni-e1
+he girl to )ho% 8 ga(e the booksH8
ga(e the books to is a 3riend o3 %ine1
+he in(ariable 3or%s, )hi-h -an repla-e all nouns <%as-uline, 3e%inine,
singular, plural> are the %ost 3requently used1
2 +he in(ariable 3or% che is used 3or %as-uline, 3e%inine, singular and plural
nounsC it -an be either a subBe-t or a dire-t obBe-t?
Il gruppo che JsubBe-t, %sK suona
stasera I molto conosciuto#
Il cantante che Jdire-t obBe-t,
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 152/269
%sK
abbiamo sentito ieri sera nonI
molto bra"o#Le scarpe che Jdire-t obBe-t, 3pK
hocomprato sono care#
+he group )ho are playing tonight
are (ery )ell kno)n1
+he singer <)ho%> )e heard last night
isn4t (ery good1
+he shoes <that> 8 bought are
epensi(e1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 153/269
2nit 8 83
(on conosco i raga%%i che JsubBe-t, 8 don4t kno) the boys )ho ha(e Bust
%pK sono appena arri"ati# arri(ed1
8n 8talian, -olle-ti(e nouns <e1g1 il gruppo, Lthe group4, la s:uadra, Lthe
squadHtea%4> are al)ays 3ollo)ed by the singular o3 the (erb, ne(er the plural1
; Nhen a preposition is needed be3ore the in(ariable relati(e pronoun <e1g1 i3 it
stands 3or an indire-t obBe-t>, the 3or% used is cui?
Lo %io a cui scri"o sempre arri"adomani#
La "icina per cui ho fatto la
spesami ha in"itato a cena#
(on conosci la persona +a, cuide"o
telefonare#8Il dentista da cui "ado I
molto
bra"o#(ella citt in cui abito ci sonomolti
cinema#Gli amici con cui esco sonoitaliani# (on capisco la ragioneper cui
Paola non I "enuta#88(on ho ancora letto le noti%iedi cui
parli#
+he un-le 8 al)ays )rite toHto )ho% 8
al)ays )rite is arri(ing to%orro)1 +he
neighbour 8 )ent shopping 3orH3or)ho% 8 )ent shopping has in(ited
%e to dinner1
*ou don4t kno) the person <that> 8
ha(e to phone1
+he dentist 8 go to is (ery good1
+here are a lot o3 -ine%as in the to)n
in )hi-h 8 li(e1
+he 3riends 8 go out )ith are 8talian1 8
don4t understand <the reason> )hy
Paola didn4t -o%e1
8 ha(en4t read the ne)s you4re talking
about yet1
+he preposition a -an so%eti%es be o%itted be3ore cui1 +he 8talian 3or Lthe reasonHreasons )hy4 is al)ays la ragioneHle ragioni percui, ne(er perchY1
! +he (ariable 3or%s il :uale J%sK, la :uale J3sK, i :uali J%pK, le :uali J3pK are
used as subBe-t, indire-t obBe-t and . (ery rarely . as dire-t obBe-t1 +hey %ust agreein gender and nu%ber )ith the noun they repla-e?
Paolo* il :uale I sempre inritardo*
non I ancora arri"ato#Ho parlato con una raga%%a la:uale
mi ha dato tutte le
informa%ioni#
Tullio e 'nna sono amici i:uali mi
in"itano spesso#i sono due signore le :ualinon
hanno prenotato#L4amica con la :uale sono
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 154/269
andatain "acan%a si chiama 2lisa# Paolo, )ho is al)ays late, still hasn4t
arri(ed1
8 spoke to a girl )ho ga(e %e all the
in3or%ation1
+ullio and Anna are 3riends )ho o3ten
in(ite %e round1
+here are t)o ladies )ho ha(en4t
booked1+he 3riend )ith )ho% 8 )ent on
holidayH8 )ent a)ay )ith is -alled
=lisa1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 155/269
83; 2nit 8
$uesta l>amica della8 :uale ti ho +his is the 3riend 8 told you about1
parlato#L4insegnante al8 :uale ho parlato I+he tea-her 8 spoke to )as (ery kind1
stato molto gentile#
Re%e%ber to -o%bine the de3inite arti-le )ith the preposition <see #nit D,
paragraph 2> )hen using the (ariable 3or%s1
Nhen a relati(e pronoun is pre-eded by in or a, and these denote pla-e, it
is o3ten repla-ed, in -onte%porary 8talian, by the ad(erb do"e1 !a do"e or dido"e -an be used )hen the relati(e pronoun is pre-eded by the preposition
da?
/ilano I la citt do"e J3or in cuiK"i"e alter#
$uesto I il nego%io do"e J3or incuiK
la"ora Pia#La sta%ione do"e J3or a cuiKde"e
andare non I lontana da :ui#La scuola da do"eHdi do"e J3or
dacuiK "iene 2nrico I molto
buona#
Milan is the -ity )here Nalter li(es1
+his is the shop )here Pia )orks1
+he station he4s got to go to isn4t 3ar
3ro% here1
+he s-hool =nri-o )ent to Jlit1 -o%es
3ro%K is (ery good1
6 +he relati(e pronouns <both (ariable and in(ariable> -an be used in
-on Bun-tion )ith the de%onstrati(e pronouns colui and :uello1
olui -an only re3er to people1 8t has three 3or%s? colui J%sK, colei J3sK,
coloro J%p and 3pKC these -o%bine )ith cheHcui or il :ualeHla :ualeHi:ualiHle :uali as 3ollo)s?
colui che or colui il :uale he )ho
colei che or colei la :uale she )ho
coloro che or coloro i :ualiHcoloro le :uali those )ho
$uello has 3our 3or%s? :uello J%sK, :uella J3sK, :uelli J%pK, :uelle J3pKC
these only -o%bine )ith cheHcui, and -an re3er to both obBe-ts and
people?
:uello che that )hi-h, he )ho, the one )hi-hH)ho
:uella che that )hi-h, she )ho, the one )hi-hH)ho
:uelli che those )hi-h, those )ho, the ones )hi-hH)ho
:uelle che those )hi-h, those )ho, the ones )hi-hH)ho
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 156/269
+he use o3 :uello che et-1 to re3er to a person is rather in3or%al, unlike coluicheHcolui il :uale et-1 )hi-h are quite 3or%al1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 157/269
2nit 8 83<
olui che pensa :uesto sbaglia#$uello che pensa :uestosbaglia# Possono entrare solo
coloro cheHcoloro i :uali hanno l4in"ito#Possono entrare solo :uelliche
hanno l4in"ito#oloro a cuiHai :uali scri"osono
amici di mio fratello#$uelli a cui scri"o sono amici
dimio fratello#
$uelli che sono sul ta"olosono i
libri di Tullio#i sono due case- :uella in cuiabita
Giorgio I la pi grande#
9e )ho thinks this is )rong1
Anyone )ho thinks this is )rong1
Only those )ho ha(e an in(itation
%ay -o%eHgo in1
Only people )ith an in(itation -an-o%eHgo in1
+hose 84% )riting to are 3riends o3 %y
brother<4s>1
+he people 84% )riting to are 3riends
o3 %y brother<4s>1
+hoseH+he ones <)hi-h are> on the
table are +ullio4s books1
+here are t)o houses? the one Giorgio
li(es in is the bigger1
' Nhen re3erring to people, the pronoun chi <)ho, anyone )ho, the personH
people )ho> is o3ten used instead o3 the %ore 3or%al Ldouble relati(e4 <coluiHcoleiHcoloro che, colui il :uale, et-1>1 hi is al)ays used )ith the (erb in the
third person singularC past parti-iples and adBe-ti(es are al)ays in the %as-u.
line singular?
hi pensa :uesto sbaglia#PuZ entrare solo chi hal4in"ito#
(on ho "isto chi I
entrato# 2sco con chimi in"ita#
La"oro per chi mi paga#Ripeto la spiega%ione perchi
non ha capito#Hai risposto a chi ti hascritto
23ercise 4
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 158/269
Anyone )ho thinks this is )rong1
Only people )ho ha(e an in(itation
-an
-o%e inHgo in1
8 didn4t see )ho -a%e inH)ent in1
84ll go out )ith anyone )ho
in(itesHasks
%e1
84ll )ork 3or anyone )ho pays %e1 84ll
repeat the eplanation 3or thoseH
anyone )ho didn4t understand1
9a(e you replied to the personHpeople
)ho )rote to you
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the relati(e pronouns che or cui1
=a%ples? /a raga::a ho in(itato I %ia -ugina? -heC 8l raga::oa
de(o tele3onare I Matteo? -ui
8l 3il% %i hai -onsigliato I %olto bello1
2 /a palestra in (ado non I lontana1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 159/269
83= 2nit 8
; 8 ba%bini sono (enuti sono i %iei -ugini1
! "on -onos-o le persone -on es-i1
/a torta ha 3atto tua %a%%a I %olto buona1
6 Euando %i rendi i &@ ti ho i%prestato' /4argo%ento di parla Paolo non %i interessa1
D /a ragione per non sia%o (enuti I se%pli-e1
/a -itt in sono nato non I %olto grande1
0 &o%e I andato l4esa%e hai dato ieri
23ercise 5
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the relati(e pronouns che or cui1
=a%ples? 9ai -o%prato le -ose ti ho -hiesto? -heC /a dis-ote-a
in andia%o I in -entro? -ui
"ella bibliote-a in (ado a studiare 3a se%pre 3reddo1
2 Gli a%i-i da sia%o andati sono %olto si%pati-i1
; /a stan:a in
dor%e /uigi I la pi lu%inosa1! "on %i pia-e la %usi-a as-olti tu1 9ai gi letto il libro
ti hanno regalato6 Gli eser-i:i
a(ete 3atto sono tutti giusti1' Euello I il %uro su
(oglia%o %ettere i poster1D Vuoi leggere la lettera
%i ha s-ritto Angela 8l %edi-o da
(anno i %iei genitori I %olto gio(ane10 @i -hi I la bi-i -on
sei arri(ato
23ercise 6
Repla-e che and cui )ith il :uale, la :uale, i :uali or le :uali <re%e%ber
to -o%bine the de3inite arti-le and the preposition, )here ne-essary>1
=a%ple? Gli a%i-i da -ui andia%o in (a-an:a sono si%pati-i? dai quali
Mia %adre, -he I in3er%iera, la(ora in un ospedale12 &hi I la raga::a -on -ui sei us-ito
; Gli esa%i di -ui ha parlato il pro3essore sono a giugno1
! 8l -a%peggio in -ui sia%o stati I (i-ino al %are1
+utte le raga::e a -ui ho tele3onato hanno a--ettato l4in(ito1
6 Fran-o, -he I un bra(o attore, ha tro(ato la(oro in un teatro1
' 8l parru--hiere da -ui (ado I un a%i-o1
D /e -ugine di &hiara, -he abitano (i-ino a %e, sono si%pati-he1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 160/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 161/269
883 2nit 8
Anyone )ho )ants to go to uni(ersity %ust be able to read and )rite1
6 Paolo, )ho4s lost his %obile, is not happy1
' 8 like that song, but 8 pre3er the ones )e heard last night1
D +his is Fabio4s sister, )ho lent %e her bike1 @id you Jsing1K see )ho ate the pea-hes
0 Nho4s the %an you Jpl1K sold the ti-kets to
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 162/269
2NIT SIET,,N
T' impr!ct tns
+he i%per3e-t is, together )ith the present per3e-t, one o3 the %ost used
past tenses in 8talian1 8t is -alled Li%per3e-t4 be-ause, generally speaking,
there is no re3eren-e to the beginning or end o3 the a-tion it epresses?
either the length o3 ti%e the a-tion lasted is not rele(ant, or the a-tion is
seen as the ba-kground to another a-tion, or t)o a-tions took pla-e at the
sa%e ti%e and lasted the sa%e length o3 ti%e1 9ere are so%e typi-al
ea%ples?
/io nonno la"ora"a in India#
/ia nonna era infermiera#/entre io entra"o* 2lenausci"a#
$uando ho cominciato lascuola
a"e"o cin:ue anni#2lena I arri"ata mentre iousci"o#laudia parla"a con un4amica
:uando I arri"ato l4autobus#$uando ero al mare nuota"otutti i
giorni#
My grand3ather used to )ork in
8ndia1My grand%other )as a nurse1
As 8 )as going in, =lena )as -o%ing
out1
Nhen 8 started s-hool 8 )as 3i(e1
=lena arri(ed as 8 )as going out1
&laudia )as talking to a 3riend )hen
the bus arri(ed1Nhen 8 )as at the seaside 8 )entHused
to go s)i%%ing e(ery day1
As you -an see 3ro% the ea%ples, the 8talian i%per3e-t -orresponds to se( eral
di33erent =nglish 3or%s1 Ne )ill look at the di33erent %eanings and uses o3 this
tense, but 3irst )e )ill look at its 3or%s1
The forms of the imperfect
2 +he 3or%s o3 the i%per3e-t are (ery regular1 9ere are the endings 3or the
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 163/269
three -onBugations <.are, .ere, .ire>?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 164/269
88) 2nit 8;
.are .ere .ire<io> .a"o .e"o .i"o<tu> .a"i .e"i .i"i
<luiHlei> .a"a .e"a .i"a<noi> .a"amo .e"amo .i"amo<(oi> .a"ate .e"ate .i"ate<loro> .a"ano .e"ano .i"ano
Regular (erbs ending in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Parlare To spea0parla"o 8 spokeH)as speakingHused to speak
parla"i you spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak parla"a heHsheHit spokeH)as speakingHused to speak
parla"amo )e spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak
parla"ate you spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak
parla"ano they spokeH)ere speakingHused to speak
Regular (erbs ending in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Prendere To ta0eHget
prende"o 8 tookH)as takingHused to takeprende"i you tookH)ere takingHused to take
prende"a heHsheHit tookH)as takingHused to take
prende"amo )e tookH)ere takingHused to take
prende"ate you tookH)ere takingHused to take
prende"ano they tookH)ere takingHused to take
+he (erb a"ere also 3ollo)s this sa%e regular pattern?
a"e"o 8 hadH)as ha(ingHused to ha(e
a"e"i you hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e
a"e"a heHsheHit hadH)as ha(ingHused to ha(e
a"e"amo )e hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e
a"e"ate you hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e
a"e"ano they hadH)ere ha(ingHused to ha(e
Regular (erbs ending in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Partire To lea"eparti"o 8 le3tH)as lea(ingHused to lea(e
parti"i you le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e
parti"a heHsheHit le3tH)as lea(ingHused to lea(e
parti"amo )e le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e
parti"ate you le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e
parti"ano they le3tH)ere lea(ingHused to lea(e
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 165/269
2nit 8; 88*
/io nonno parla"a molto benel>italiano#
/entre prende"amo il caff
suonato il telefono#$uando arla a"e"a anniabita"a
a Roma#Sono arri"ato :uando il treno
parti"a#/io fratello anda"a a scuola in
autobus#!i solito Gianni e sua sorella
anda"ano al cinema insieme#
$uando /auri%io la"ora"a in:uel
supermercato lo paga"anopochissimo#
/entre Sebastiano legge"a ilgiornale* io ho finito i compiti#
My grand3ather spoke 8talian (ery
)ell1
Nhile )e )ere ha(ing -o33ee the
telephone rang1
Nhen &arla )as 3i(e she li(ed inRo%e1
8 arri(ed as the train )as lea(ing1
My brother used to go to s-hool by
bus1
#sually Gianni and his sister )ent to
the -ine%a together1
Nhen Mauri:io )orked in that
super%arket they paid hi% (ery
little1
Nhile Sebastiano )as reading the
paper 8 3inished %y ho%e)ork1
; "ot %any (erbs are irregular in the i%per3e-t1 2ssere is one?
ero 8 )asHused to be
eri you )ereHused to be
era heHsheHit )asHused to be
era"amo )e )ereHused to be
era"ate you )ereHused to be
erano they )ereHused to be
/ike the present, the i%per3e-t o3 essere -an be used )ith the pronoun ci <see
#nit !>? c4era <there )as>, c4erano <there )ere>1
Other irregular (erbs are bere, dire and fare?
be"e"o 8 drankH)as drinkingHused to drink
be"e"i you drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink
be"e"a heHsheHit drankH)as drinkingHused to drink
be"e"amo )e drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink
be"e"ate you drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink
be"e"ano they drankH)ere drinkingHused to drink
dice"o 8 saidH)as sayingHused to say
dice"i you saidH)ere sayingHused to say
dice"a heHsheHit saidH)as sayingHused to say
dice"amo )e saidH)ere sayingHused to say
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 166/269
dice"ate you saidH)ere sayingHused to say
dice"ano they saidH)ere sayingHused to say
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 167/269
889 2nit 8;
face"o 8 didH)as doingHused to do
face"i you didH)ere doingHused to do
face"a heHsheHit didH)as doingHused to do
face"amo )e didH)ere doingHused to doface"ate you didH)ere doingHused to do
face"ano they didH)ere doingHused to do
All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
.uce"o traduce"o 8 translatedH)as translatingHused to
translate
.uce"i traduce"i you translatedH)ere translatingHused to
translate
.uce"a traduce"a heHsheHit translatedH)as translatingHused to
translate
.uce"amo traduce"amo )e translatedH)ere translatingHused to
translate
.uce"ate traduce"ate you translatedH)ere translatingHused to
translate
.uce"ano traduce"ano they translatedH)ere translatingHused to
translate
$uando ero bambino abita"o a Nhen 8 )as a -hild 8 li(ed in Par%a1
Parma#Ieri il tempo era bello#'l concerto c4erano pi di =>>
persone#/ia sorella be"e"a solo ac:ua
minerale* ora be"e ancheac:uadi rubinetto#
osa dice"iosa face"a* Signora* :uandonon
la"ora"a&L4interprete traduce"a* manessuno
ascolta"a#
(egati"e form
*esterday the )eather )as lo(ely1
+here )ere %ore than 00 people at
the -on-ert1
My sister only used to drink %ineral
)ater, no) she drinks tap )ater as)ell1
Nhat )ere you saying
Nhat did you do<, Mada%>, )hen you
)eren4t )orkingHdidn4t )ork
+he interpreter )as translating, but
nobody )as listening1
! +he negati(e is 3or%ed, as usual, by putting non be3ore the (erb?
!i solito la domenica non usci"o# 8 didn4t usually go out on Sundays1
$uando hai telefonato non face"o Nhen you phoned 8 )asn4t doing
niente di speciale# anything spe-ial1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 168/269
2nit 8; 88
9se of the imperfect
+he i%per3e-t is used 3or des-riptions o3 situations in the past, )hen it is
not ne-essary <or i%portant> to say ho) long an a-tion lasted1 +his generallyhappens )ith (erbs like essere, sembrare and a"ere, and )ith (erbs
epressing
)ill, desire or intention, possibility or abilityC but it -an happen )ith other
(erbs as )ell?
4erano molte persone cheaspetta"ano il treno#
Ieri sera sembra"i moltostanco# /ia nonna era moltoalta e a"e"a i
capelli bianchi#Face"a freddo* inmontagna osa "ole"i!ue anni fa abita"o a/ilano# Suo padre eramedico#
+here )ere a lot o3 people <)ho )ere>
)aiting 3or the train1
*ou looked (ery tired last night1 My
grand%other )as (ery tall and
had )hite hair1
Nas it -old in the %ountains
Nhat did you )antH)ere you )anting
+)o years ago 8 )as li(ing in Milan1 9is
3ather )as a do-tor1
6 +he i%per3e-t is also used to epress a-tions )hi-h )ere habitual or hap.
pened repeatedly in the past?
L4estate scorsa gioca"amosempre
a tennis#
$uando ero in "acan%aanda"o alcinema tutti i giorni#
Tutte le mattine a cola%ioneGiulia
prende"a solo del caff I1
ena"amo alle otto#
/ast su%%er )e played tennis all the
ti%e1
Nhen 8 )as on holiday 8 )ent to the
-ine%a e(ery day1
=(ery %orning Giulia Bust had -o33ee3or break3ast1
Ne used to ha(e dinner at eight1
' Sin-e the i%per3e-t is used )hen it is not rele(ant ho) long the a-tion
lasted, it is not used )hen it is stated ho) %any ti%es, or 3or ho) long,
so%ething happened?
L4estate scorsa sono andato alcinema 5 "olte#
Ha fatto molto freddo per duegiorni#
Giulia ha la"orato :ui da gennaioa
giugno#Ho abitato a /ilano per dueanni# Ieri abbiamo la"oratotutto il giorno# Ieri sono statoin biblioteca dalle
no"e alle undici#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 169/269
/ast su%%er 8 )ent to the -ine%a 2
ti%es1
8t )as (ery -old 3or t)o days1
Giulia )orked here 3ro% Uanuary to
Uune1
8 li(ed in Milan 3or t)o years1
*esterday )e )orked all day1
*esterday 8 )as in the library 3ro%
nine till 1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 170/269
88; 2nit 8;
D Nhen a senten-e re3ers to t)o or %ore e(ents )hi-h happened in the past, it is
help3ul to think in ter%s o3 L3oreground4 and Lba-kground4, as in these t)o
=nglish ea%ples? LNhile 8 )as doing the dishes J-ontinuous ba-k groundK, 8
heard J3oregroundK the doorbell4C L8 sa) J3oregroundK Uu(e a -ouple o3 ti%es )hen
8 )as J-ontinuous ba-kgroundK in +urin41 8n 8talian, in -ases like these, the
i%per3e-t epresses the -ontinuous Lba-kground4 a-tion against )hi-h the
L3oreground4 a-tion is seen to o--ur?
/entre8 dormi"ate ho preparatola
cola%ione#
/ia madre ha conosciuto miopadre:uando abita"a a Firen%e#
/auro non ha presol4ombrello
anche se pio"e"a#/arco ha telefonato :uandoera"ate
al cinema#(on sono uscita perchY pio"e"a#
Nhile you )ere sleepingHasleep 8
prepared break3ast1
My %other %et %y 3ather )hen she
)as li(ing in Floren-e1
Mauro didn4t take the u%brella e(enthough it )as raining1
Mar-o phoned )hen you )ere at the
-ine%a1
8 didn4t go out be-ause it )as raining1
"ote that mentre <)hile>, in the past, is al)ays 3ollo)ed by the i%per3e-t1
83 the t)o e(ents happened at the sa%e ti%e and lasted 3or the sa%e length o3
ti%e, then both (erbs are in the i%per3e-t?
/entre noi face"amo il compitodi
matematica* arlaripassa"a filosofia#
/entre 'lessandro prepara"a lacena* laudia legge"a il
giornale#
$uando io la"ora"o alsupermercato* mia sorellala"ora"a in un cinema#
Il gatto miagola"a perchY
a"e"afame#
Nhile )e )ere doing our %aths
ho%e)ork, &arla )as re(ising
philosophy1
Nhile Alessandro )as preparing
dinner, &laudia )as reading the
ne)spaper1
Nhen 8 )orked in the super%arket,
%y sister )orked in a -ine%a1
+he -at )as %iao)ing be-ause it )as
hungry1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 171/269
2nit 8; 88<
23ercise 4
Supply the i%per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? Sil(io <la(orare> %olto? la(ora(a
8l nonno di Piero <parlare> sei
lingue1
2 /aura <passare> se%pre l4estate
al %are1
; &he la(oro <3are> tua nonna
! Mentre <io studiare>, Maria
<riposare>1
8l treno <partire> se%pre in
ritardo1
6 @o(e <la(orare> "i-ola
' Paolo non <dire> %ai la (erit1
D 8eri <3are> 3reddo1
@a ba%bini <noi abitare> in
-a%pagna1
23ercise 5
0 <(oi essere> stan-hi ieri sera
<loro andare> in pis-ina tutti i
giorni1
2 /ei <essere> in3er%iera, Signora
; "on <noi us-ire> %ai di do%eni-a1
! <tu sapere> la (erit
<io -onos-ere> bene suo -ugino1
6 Paolo <a%are> Fran-es-a1
' <(oi dor%ire> an-ora
D 8 %iei a%i-i <essere> studenti1
<tu a(ere> 3a%e
20 <loro do(ere> partire1
Supply the -orre-t tense <present per3e-t or i%per3e-t> o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ples? <io -o%prare> la %a--hina due anni 3a? ho -o%pratoC @4estate
<noi andare> in spiaggia ogni %attina? anda(a%o
=lena, a -he ora <tu partire> ieri
2 &hi <essere> @ante Alighieri
; <io studiare> per due ore1
! @i solito <noi %angiare> in %ensa1
&laudia <ri%anere> in -asa tutto il giorno1
6 Mia nonna <a(ere> gli o--hi a::urri1
' "i-oletta e /uigina non <se%brare> sorelle1D 8eri Andrea <spendere> 0 euro1
Signora, do(e <andare> in (a-an:a l4anno s-orso
0 8 loro a%i-i <essere> se%pre allegri1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 172/269
88= 2nit 8;
23ercise 6
Supply the -orre-t tense <present per3e-t or i%per3e-t> o3 the (erbs in
bra-kets1
=a%ple? Mentre <noi guardare> la tele(isione 8sabella <as-oltare> la
radio? guarda(a%o, as-olta(a
Mar-o <arri(are> tardi per-hY il treno <essere> in ritardo1
2 <io -onos-ere> Susanna quando <io abitare> a "apoli1
; Euanti anni <tu a(ere> quando <tu -o%in-iare> a la(orare
! Sergio <tele3onare> proprio %entre <io 3are> il bagno1
Anna e Gia-o%o <(enire> a piedi per-hY l4auto <essere> guasta1
6 "on <loro 3are> la spesa per-hY non <loro sapere> -osa -o%prare1
' &osa <loro dire> quando <loro (edere> Gianni ieri sera
D Massi%o non <(enire> alla 3esta per-hY <a(ere> %al di testa1
<noi arri(are> alla sta:ione proprio %entre il treno <partire>1
0 <io i%prestare> la bi-i a Giulia per-hY la sua <essere> rotta1
23ercise A
Put the tet into a past tense, -hanging the (erbs in itali-s to either the present
per3e-t or the i%per3e-t1
Sabato sera in un lo-ale del -entro suona un gruppo ro-k -he piace %olto a
Massi%o, -os ) i %iei a%i-i e io decidiamo di andare a questo -on-erto1
'rri"i.
amo da(anti al lo-ale -on %olto anti-ipo? mancano tre ore all4ini:io, %a ci
sono gi %olte persone1 Massi%o I %olto i%pa:iente1 @opo una %e::4ora,
%entre aspettiamo, sentiamo suonare il -ellulare di Massi%o e lui
risponde1
;ediamo -he Massi%o I preo--upato e quando finisce di parlare -i spiega1
? suo padre -he lo chiama per-hY ha bisogno di aiuto? la sua auto I guasta e non
sa -o%e tornare a -asa1 Massi%o parte subito per andare a prenderlo ea--o%pagnarlo a -asa an-he se ha paura di perdere il -on-erto1 Per 3ortuna,
per K, Massi%o riesce a tornare dopo un4ora, proprio %entre aprono le porte1
23ercise
+ranslate into 8talian?
9o) long did you Jsing1K spend in 5ologna
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 173/269
2 Ne )ent to the -ine%a last night1
; *ou Jpl1K see%ed happy1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 174/269
2nit 8; 88@
! Ge%%a4s 3ather )as a sailor1
&laudia and Moni-a didn4t -o%e on holiday )ith us this ti%e1
6 My parents usually )ent out at eight1
' My 3ather )orked in 8ndia 3or three years1D Nhat ti%e did you Jpl1K get the bus yesterday %orning
/ast year )e did gy% on Monday %ornings1
0 Nhere did you Jsing1K buy those shoes
8 didn4t -all you Jsing1K be-ause you )ere asleep1
2 Nhen you Jpl1K )ere li(ing in /ondon, 8 )as li(ing in Paris1
; 9o) old )as Susanna )hen she )ent to uni(ersity
! Nhile 8 )as )at-hing the tele(ision, Anna -a%e in and s)it-hed it o331
Paolo and Giulia didn4t -o%e be-ause Paolo )as too tired1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 175/269
2NIT S,7,NT,,N
T' prono%ns ne and ci
The pronoun ne
+he pronoun ne is used to re3er to a part o3 a )hole, -orresponding to Lo3 itH.
the%4, as in Lso%e o3 itHthe%4, Lt)o o3 the%4, et-1 8t is nor%ally used together )ith
quantities, )hether epressed in nu%bers or in any other )ay <kilos, litres,
%etres, sli-es, -ups, Ltoo %u-hHlittle4, Lenough4, et-1>C it is al)ays pla-ed be3ore the
(erb?
La torta era molto buona ene
ho mangiate due fette#L$uanti fratelli hai4 L(e hodue#4
LHa degli euro* Signoratt4
LS )* ne ho >#4LHai tutti i ! di Fran0Mappa4
L(o* ne ho solo tre#4L/angi la frutta4 LS )* nemangio
molta#4LHai abbastan%a soldi4 LS )*
ne hoabbastan%a#4
Se c4I ancora del te* neprendo
un4altra ta%%a#Se compri le mele* ne prendiun
chilo anche per me
L;olete ancora delcioccolato4
L(o* gra%ie* non ne "ogliamopiR14
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 176/269
+he -ake )as (ery good, and 8 ate t)o
sli-es <o3 it>1
L9o) %any brothers and sisters do
you
ha(e4 L8 ha(e t)o <o3 the%>14
L9a(e you got any euros, Mr Natt4
L*es, 84(e got 0 <o3 the%>14
L9a(e you got all Frank appa4s
&@s4L"o, 84(e only got three <o3 the%>14
L@o you eat 3ruit4 L*es, 8 eat a lot <o3
it>14
L9a(e you got enough %oney4 L*es, 8
ha(e enough <o3 it>14
83 there4s still so%e tea, 84ll ha(e
another -up <o3 it>1
83 you4re buying apples, )ill you get a
kilo <o3 the%> 3or %e as )ell
L@o you )ant so%e %ore -ho-olate4
L"o, thanks, )e don4t )ant any
%ore <o3 it>14
"ote, ho)e(er, that ne is not used in -ases )here =nglish )ould say Lall o3 it4, Lall
o3 the%4, et-1 &o%pare the 3ollo)ing ea%ples?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 177/269
2nit 8< 8)8
H$uanti panini "uoi> H(e "ogliouno#>
H$uanti panini "uoi> HLi
"ogliotutti#>H$uante arance hai mangiato>
H(eho mangiate due#>
H$uante arance hai mangiato>
HLeho mangiate tutte#>
L9o) %any sand)i-hes do you )ant4
L8 )ant one <o3 the%>14
L9o) %any sand)i-hes do you )ant4
L8 )ant the% allHall o3 the%14
L9o) %any oranges did you eat4 L8 atet)o <o3 the%>14
L9o) %any oranges did you eat4 L8 ate
the% allHall o3 the%14
2 +he pronoun ne is in(ariable, and -an thus repla-e any noun, )hether
%as-uline, 3e%inine, singular or plural?
L$uanto %ucchero J%sK compri4
L(e compro due chili#4L$uanta farina J3sK compri4
L(ecompro solo me%%o chilo#4
L$uanti amici J%pK in"iti4
L(ein"ito tre#4
L$uante mele J3pK "uoi4 L(e"oglio
tre chili#4
L9o) %u-h sugar are you buying4
L84% getting t)o kilos14
L9o) %u-h 3lour are you going to
get4 L84% only getting hal3 a kilo14
L9o) %any 3riends are you in(iting4
L84% in(iting three14
L9o) %any apples do you )ant4 L8
)ant three kilos14
; As )e ha(e seen, ne is used )hen re3erring to partial quantities, ho)e(er
epressed1 So%e epressions )hi-h require the use o3 ne are the ad(erb
abbastan%a <enoughHquite>, the adBe-ti(es molto, poco, troppo,
alcuniHalcune <so%eHany <plural> >, and the pronoun :ualcunoH:ualcuna<so%eHany>, )hi-h is al)ays singular?
(on ho comprato del pane
perchY neho ancora abbastan%a#
LHai molti !4 LS )* ne homolti#4
LHai tutti i libri che ti ser"ono4
L(o*ne ho solo alcuni#4
$uei biscotti sono molto buoni*ne
prendo ancora :ualcuno#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 178/269
8 didn4t buy any bread be-ause 84(e
still got enough1
L9a(e you got %any &@s4 L*es, 84(e
got a lot14
L9a(e you got all the books you
need4 L"o, 84(e only got a 3e)14
+hose bis-uits are (ery good, 84ll ha(e
so%e %ore1
! (e is also used in negati(e epressions su-h as non # # # affatto <not 1 1 1 at
all>, non # # # nessunoHnessuna <not 1 1 1 anyone>, non # # # pi <not 1 1 1 any %ore>?
LBe"i molto caff I4 L(o* non ne be"o L@o you drink %u-h -o33ee4 L"o, 8
affatto#4 don4t drink it at all14
Ho in"itato dieci amici* ma non ne8 in(ited ten 3riends, but none o3 the%
I "enuto nessuno# -a%e1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 179/269
8)) 2nit 8<
HHai ancora soldi> H(o* non ne ho L9a(e you still got %oney4 L"o, 84(e
pi14 got none le3t14
As these ea%ples sho), the negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore ne1
'greement of the past participle
Nhen ne is used )ith a (erb in the present per3e-t <or any other -o%pound
tense>, there are -ertain rules go(erning the agree%ent o3 the past
parti-iple1
Nhen ne is used in a senten-e )here the quantity is epressed by a nu%ber, the past parti-iple %ust agree in gender )ith the noun it repla-es, and in nu%ber
<i1e1 singular or plural> )ith the quantity o3 )hat ne stands 3or1 +ake this
question?
$uante ri"iste hai comprato& 9o) %any %aga:ines did you buy
8n the ans)er to this question, the ending o3 comprato )ill depend on the
gender o3 ri"ista <3e%inine> and on )hether you bought one %aga:ine<singular> or more than one <plural>?
(e ho comprata una J3sK1 8 bought one1
(e ho comprate due J3pK1 8 bought t)o1
+he sa%e applies )hen ne repla-es a %as-uline noun?
$uanti eserci%i J%K a"ete fatto 9o) %any eer-ises ha(eyou done
9ere, the ending o3 fatto %ust be %as-uline, but )hether it is singular or
plural )ill depend on ho) %any eer-ises ha(e been done?
(e abbiamo fatto uno solo J%sK1Ne4(e only done one1
(e abbiamo fatti :uattro J%pK1Ne4(e done 3our1
+he sa%e rule applies )hen the quantity is epressed by :ualcunoH:ualcuna<re%e%ber that this is al)ays singular> or alcuniHalcune <plural>?
!o"e"o fare molti eserci%i* ma ne
ho fatto solo :ualcuno# 8 )as supposed to do a lot o3 eer-ises,
!o"e"o fare molti eserci%i* ma ne but 8 only did a 3e)1
ho fatti solo alcuni#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 180/269
2nit 8< 8)*
H$uante ri"iste hai comprato> H(e
ho comprata :ualcuna#4 L9o) %any %aga:ines did you buy4
L$uante ri"iste hai comprato4 L(e L8 bought a 3e)14
ho comprate alcune#4 6 Nhen the quantity is epressed by an ad(erb or an adBe-ti(e, the past
parti-iple agrees )ith the noun repla-ed by ne?
LHai comprato abbastan%a pane
J%sK4
LS )* ne ho compratoabbastan%a#4
LHai comprato abbastan%a patatine
J3pK4 LS )* ne ho comprateabbastan%a#4 L$uanta pasta J3sK a"ete mangiato4
L(e abbiamo mangiata molta#4 L$uante persone J3pK hai in"itato4
L(e ho in"itate poche#4
L$uanti eserci%i J%pK haifatto4 L(e ho fatti alcuni#4
L9a(e you bought enough bread4
L*es, 84(e bought enough14
L9a(e you bought enough -risps4
L*es, 84(e bought enough14L9o) %u-h pasta did you eat4
LNe ate a lot14
L9o) %any people did you in(ite4
L8 only in(ited a 3e)14
L9o) %any eer-ises did you do4
L8 did a 3e)14
' Nhen the quantity is epressed by a noun, the past parti-iple -an
agree either )ith the quantity <this is %ore usual> or )ith the noun repla-ed
by ne?
L$uanto caff I hai be"uto4 L(e ho
be"uta una ta%%a J3sK14 L$uanto caff I J%sK hai be"uto4 L(e
ho be"uto una ta%%a#4
L$uanto pane hai mangiato4 L(eho
mangiata una fetta J3sK14 L$uanto pane J%sK hai mangiato4
L(e ho mangiato una fetta#4
L$uante caramelle hai mangiato4
L(e ho mangiato un pacchetto J%sK14
L$uante caramelle J3pK hai mangiato&4
L(e ho mangiate un pacchetto#4
L$uanti biscotti haimangiato&4 L(e ho
mangiata una scatolaJ3sK14
L$uanti biscotti J%pK haimangiato4
L(e ho mangiati una
scatola#4
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 181/269
L9o) %u-h -o33ee did you drink4
L8 drank a -up14
L9o) %u-h bread did you eat4
L8 ate a sli-e14
L9o) %any s)eets did you eat4
L8 ate a pa-ket14
L9o) %any bis-uits did you eat4
L8 ate a bo14
D Nhen ne o--urs in a senten-e together )ith a (erb in the in3initi(e <usuallya3ter do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>, it -an be atta-hed to the in3initi(e1 8n
su-h -ases, )hen the %ain (erb is in the present per3e-t <or any other
-o%pound tense> the past parti-iple does not agree?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 182/269
8)9 2nit 8<
H$uanti libri hai letto> HHodo"uto
leggerne tre#>>erano molti eserci%i* ma hopotuto
farne solo alcuni#Il compito era difficile e hosaputo
farne solo una parte#
L9o) %any books did you read4 L8
had to read three14
+here )ere a lot o3 eer-ises, but 8
-ould only do a 3e)1
+he ho%e)ork )as di33i-ult, and 8-ould only do part o3 it1
9o)e(er, i3 ne is not atta-hed to the in3initi(e, the past parti-iple %ust agree,
in the sa%e )ay as in the rules gi(en in paragraphs .'?
L$uanti libri hai letto4 L(e hodo"uti
leggere tre#44erano molti eserci%i* ma neho
potuti fare solo alcuni#
Gli eserci%i erano difficili e ne ho
saputa fare solo una parte J3sK#
Gli eserci%i J%pK erano difficili e ne
ho saputi fare solo una parte#
L9o) %any books did you read4 L8
had to read three14
+here )ere a lot o3 eer-ises, but 8
-ould only do a 3e)1
+he eer-ises )ere di33i-ult, and 8
-ould only do part o3 the%1
Another use o3 ne is is to repla-e a noun <or a pronoun> pre-eded by the
preposition di <as in Parliamo del libro di Primo Le"i, LNe4re talking about
Pri%o /e(i4s book4>?
onosco :uesto film- ieri neparla"ano alla radio#
? un libro di successo-tutti ne
parlano#Hai "isto lo spettacolo hene
pensi&Ha molti problemi* ma nonne
parla mai#
8 kno) this 3il%? they )ere talking
about it on the radio yesterday1
8t4s a popular book? e(erybody4s
talking about it1
@id you see the sho) Nhat do you
think o3 it
9e has a lot o3 proble%s, but he
ne(er talks about the%1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 183/269
Nhen ne is used in this )ay, the past parti-iple does not agreee?
/arco a"e"a dei problemi e neha
parlato con 'nna#$uesti sono libri di successo etutti
ne hanno parlato#
Mar-o had proble%s, and talked
about the% )ith Anna1
+hese are popular books and
e(erybody4s been talking about
the%1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 184/269
2nit 8< 8)
The pronoun ci
0 +he pronoun ci is used to repla-e a noun denoting a pla-eC it -orresponds to
the =nglish Lthere41 Ne ha(e already seen this pronoun used )ith the (erb
essere in epressions like c4I and ci sono <#nit !>, but it -an be used )ith other
(erbs, al)ays pre-eding the%?
L$uando "ai in biblioteca4 Li"ado
oggi pomeriggio#4onosco bene Bologna- ci hopassato
due anni#Lgni :uanto "a in palestra4
L(on ci"ado mai#4
LNhen are you going to the library4
L84% going <there> this a3ternoon14 8
kno) 5ologna )ell? 8 spent t)o
years there1
L9o) o3ten do you go to the gy%4 L8
ne(er go <there>14
As the ea%ples suggest, ci is used %ore o3ten in this kind o3 senten-e than
Lthere4 is in =nglish1
i al)ays -o%es be3ore the (erb1 /ike the other unstressed pronouns,
though, it -an be atta-hed to the in3initi(e o3 a (erb <usually a3ter do"ere,
potere, "olere or sapere>?
!o"e"o andare a Fiesole* manon
sape"o andarci# !o"e"o andare a Fiesole* manon
ci sape"o andare# ;ado al mercato* "uoi "enirci
anche tu ;ado al mercato* ci "uoi "enire
anche tu
23ercise 4
8 had to go to Fiesole, but 8 didn4t
kno) ho) to get there1
84% going to the %arket, )ould you
like to -o%e <as )ell>
Supply the pronoun ne, %aking sure that the past parti-iple and the adBe-ti(e
or pronoun agree )here ne-essary1
=a%ples? LEuante lettere hai s-ritto4 L ho s-ritt al-un14? "eho s-ritte al-uneC Mi pia--iono i bis-otti e
ho
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 185/269
%angiat %olt? ne ho %angiati %oltiC LEuanti libri hai
letto4 L"on ho lett nessun14? "on ne ho letto
nessuno1
LEuante -artoline hai %andato4 L ho %andat 214
2 L9ai -o%prato i bis-otti4 L S ), ho -o%prat una s-atola14
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 186/269
8); 2nit 8<
; L9ai 3atto i -o%piti4 L ho 3att la %et14
! LEuante persone sono (enute4 L sono (enut po-h14
LEuanti errori hai 3atto4 L"on ho 3att nessun14
6 L9ai -hiuso tutte le 3inestre4 L"o, ho las-iat una apert14' LEuanti a%i-i hanno in(itato4 L hanno in(itat %olt14
D LEuanti libri hai letto4 L ho lett due14
LEuanta pasta a(ete -o%prato4 L abbia%o -o%prat po-14
0 LEuante -ara%elle hai %angiato4 L"on ho %angiat
nessun 14
LEuanti 3ran-obolli hai preso4 L ho pres abbastan:a14
2 A(e(o %olte ri(iste e ho dat al-un a /uigi1
; &i pia--iono i 3il% -o%i-i e ieri sera
abbia%o (ist tre1! 9o 3atto una torta e ho %angiat due 3ette1
/a :ia ha portato dei -io--olatini %a Piero non ha %angiat
nessun 1
6 Abbia%o %olti (ideogio-hi e abbia%o dat qual-un a
Mi-hele1
' &4erano %olti libri interessanti e ho pres al-un1
D 9anno (enduto %olti &@ e sono ri%ast solo al-un %olto
-ar
1 &4erano %olte raga::e, %a Mar-o non ha in(itat nessun120 9o -o%prato tre %agliette e
ho regalat due a %io 3ratello1
23ercise 5
&o%plete )ith the appropriate pronouns? dire-t obBe-t or ne1
=a%ples? LEuanti a%i-i hai4 L ho %olti14? neC LEuanti a%i-i in(iti4L in(ito tutti14? li
L9ai 3atto tutti gli eser-i:i4 L"o, non ho 3atto nessuno14
2 LEuante sorelle hai4 L ho due14
; A(e(o %olti &@ dei 5eatles, %a ho i%prestati tutti1
! L9ai 3atto il -o%pito4 L"o, non ho an-ora 3atto14
LVuoi del dol-e4 L"o gra:ie, non (oglio14
6 Sta%attina ho -o%prato due ri(iste e ho lette nel po%eriggio1' L9ai 3atto %olti sbagli4 L ho 3atto uno solo14
D 8l dol-e era %olto buono e ho %angiate tre 3ette1
Mi pia--iono i 3il% di Fellini e ho (isti tutti1
0 9o -o%prato tre libri, %a non ho letto nessuno1
A(e(o due biglietti da 0 euro, %a ho perso uno1
2 8eri ho preso lo stipendio, %a ho gi speso tutto1
; Se -i sono an-ora dei bis-otti, prendo due o tre1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 187/269
2nit 8< 8)<
! =ra un argo%ento interessante e abbia%o parlato %olto1
8l 3il% era noioso e abbia%o (isto solo %et1
6 &arla parte? a--o%pagno alla sta:ione1
' /o :u--hero I 3inito? -o%pri tuD LVuoi dello :u--hero nel -a33I4 LS ), (oglio due -u--hiaini14
9o -o%prato tre brio-hes e ho %angiate due1
20 L&onos-ete tutti i -o%ponenti del gruppo4 LS), -onos-ia%o tutti14
23ercise 6
Re)rite the senten-es as in the ea%ple1
=a%ple? "e (uoi prendere an-ora? Vuoi prenderne an-ora
"e do(ete parlare -ol pro3essore1
2 "e (uoi 3are un altro
; "on ne dobbia%o prendere1
! "e potete %angiare1
"e de(o 3are sei1
6 "on ne possia%o parlare1' "e posso assaggiare uno
D "on ne de(e portare, Signora1
"e (ogliono -o%prare qual-uno1
0 "on ne possono bere1
23ercise A
Re)rite the senten-es as in the ea%ple1 Make sure that the past parti-iple
agrees )here ne-essary1
=a%ple? 9a (oluto portarne un po4 J3sK? "e ha (oluta portare un po41
9o do(uto darne due J%K a Marisa1
2 9ai potuto -o%prarne J3pK
; Euante hai do(uto 3arne! "on hanno (oluto %angiarne J3sK1
9a do(uto leggerne quattro J%pK1
6 "on abbia%o potuto prenderne J3pK1
' 9o do(uto s-ri(erne due J3pK1
D 9o potuto leggerne solo due pagine1
A(ete do(uto ri3arne %olti
0 "on hanno potuto assaggiarne J3sK1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 188/269
8)= 2nit 8<
23ercise
8denti3y the )ords that -an be repla-ed by the pronoun ci, and re)rite the
senten-es )ith ci in the right pla-e1
=a%ple? Vai a Ro%a in aereo? a Ro%aC &i (ai in aereo
Abitia%o in questa -asa da tre anni1
2 Ste3ano la(ora al Museo di Storia "aturale da 3ebbraio1
; Volete (enire alla 3esta di Mar-o
! Paola e /i(ia (anno al -ine%a due (olte alla setti%ana1
/a Signora 5ini (a se%pre al super%er-ato a piedi1
6 Ri%ango in 8talia per tre setti%ane1
' Giulia (iene se%pre a s-uola in bi-i1
D 9o passato tre ore in -oda all4u33i-io postale1
Siete andati a -ena a -asa di Pietro
0 Passia%o le (a-an:e a Sorrento1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 189/269
2NIT ,IG4T,,N
T' !%t%r tns
9se of the future
+he 3uture tense is, o3 -ourse, used to re3er to e(ents )hi-h )ill happen in
the 3uture, as in the 3ollo)ing ea%ples?
;enerd ) andremo in piscina# On Friday )e4ll go to the s)i%%ing pool1
(on so :uando partirZ1 8 don4t kno) )hen 84ll lea(e1
;err anche l4anno prossimo* Nill you -o%eHbe -o%ing again netSignora year<, Mada%>
2 +he 3uture is also used to epress probability, or a guess?
'nna non risponde- sar fuori#
Saranno le #
La madre di Pietro a"r 6>anni# hi sar
Anna4s not ans)ering? she %ustHshe4ll be
out1
8t4s probablyH8t4ll be about o4-lo-k1
Pietro4s %other %ust be around ;01
Nho -an that be
; +he 3uture -an also -orrespond to the =nglish present progressi(e <L84%
going to 1 1 1 4 et-1>?
Gli parlerZ presto# 84% going to talkH84ll be talking to the% soon1
PorterZ i miei !# 84% going to bringH84ll be bringing %y &@s1Gli direte la "eritAre you going to tell hi% the truth
! 8n general, the 3uture tense is used less in 8talian than in =nglish, and it is
o3ten possible, )hen talking about so%ething )hi-h )e are al%ost sure )ill
happen, to use the present?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 190/269
8*3 2nit 8=
Partono domani#
;iene anche l>anno
prossimo*SignoraL>anno prossimo sonoall>uni"ersit1
+hey4ll lea(eH+hey4re lea(ing
to%orro)1
Nill you -o%eHbe -o%ing again net
year<, Mada%>
"et year 84ll be at uni(ersity1
9o)e(er, in -ertain -ases 8talian uses the 3uture )here =nglish uses the
present1 +ake this =nglish senten-e? LNhenH83 8 earnHa% earning good %oney, 84ll
buy a -ar14 9ere, L)hen4 and Li34 a-tually re3er to an a-tion in the futureC in -ases
like this, 8talian nor%ally uses the 3uture tense?
Se guadagnerZ bene* comprerZ una 83 8 earnHa% earning good %oney, 84ll
macchina# buy a -ar1
$uando arri"er* le mostreremo ilNhen she arri(es, )e4ll sho) her the
centro commerciale# shopping %all1
The forms of the future indicati"e
6 +he 3uture endings 3or the three -onBugations are as 3ollo)s?
.are .ere .ire<io> .erZ .erZ .irZ<tu> .erai .erai .irai<luiHlei> .er .er .ir
<noi> .eremo .eremo .iremo<(oi> .erete .erete .irete<loro> .eranno .eranno .iranno
Regular (erbs ending in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Parlare To spea0parlerZ 8 )ill speak
parlerai you )ill speak parler heHsheHit )ill speak
parleremo )e )ill speak
parlerete you )ill speak
parleranno they )ill speak
Regular (erbs ending in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 191/269
2nit 8= 8*8
Prendere To ta0eHget
prenderZ 8 )ill takeHget
prenderai you )ill takeHget
prender heHsheHit )ill takeHgetprenderemo )e )ill takeHget
prenderete you )ill takeHget
prenderanno they )ill takeHget
Regular (erbs ending in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Partire To lea"epartirZ 8 )ill lea(e
partirai you )ill lea(e
partir heHsheHit )ill lea(e
partiremo )e )ill lea(e
partirete you )ill lea(e
partiranno they )ill lea(e
!opo un mese in Italia*parlerai
meglio italiano#PrenderZ il treno delle #Partiranno domani mattinapresto#
!omenica prossima finirZdi
la"orare "erso le #
A3ter a %onth in 8taly, you4ll speak
8talian better1
84ll get the eight o4-lo-k train1
+hey )ill lea(e early to%orro)%orning1
"et Sunday 84ll 3inish )ork at about
3i(e1
' Verbs ending in .care and .gare add h be3ore the endings o3 the 3uture in
order to keep the hard sound o3 c and g?
ercare PagarecercherZ pagherZ
cercherai pagheraicercher pagher
cercheremo pagheremocercherete pagheretecercheranno pagheranno
$uando arri"eremo a Roma Nhen )e arri(e in Ro%e )e4ll look
cercheremo un albergo economico# 3or a -heap hotel1
/io padre pagher tutte le spese#My 3ather )ill pay all the epenses1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 192/269
8*) 2nit 8=
D Verbs ending in .ciare and .giare drop .i in the 3uture?
ominciare /angiare
comincerZ mangerZcomincerai mangeraicomincer manger
cominceremo mangeremocomincerete mangeretecomincerannomangeranno
omincerZ a la"orare "enerd ) 84ll start )ork<ing> net Friday1
prossimo#
/angerai in mensa Nill you eatHbe eating in the -anteen
Future of some irregular "erbs
2ssere and a"ere are irregular?
2ssere '"eresarZ a"rZ
sarai a"raisar a"r
saremo a"remosarete a"retesaranno a"ranno
Se domenica sar bello la"oreremo 83 the )eather is good on Sunday, )e4ll
in giardino# )ork in the garden1Se a"rZ tempo ti aiuterZ1 83 84(e got ti%e, 84ll help you1
0 !are, fare and stare 3ollo) the sa%e pattern as essere?
!are Fare StaredarZ farZ starZ
darai farai starai
dar far stardaremo faremo staremodarete farete staretedaranno faranno staranno
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 193/269
2nit 8= 8**
/ia sorella dar una festa peril
suo compleanno#
osa farai dopo
l>uni"ersit !omani
starai meglio#
My sister )ill gi(eHis gi(ing a party 3or
her birthday1
Nhat )ill you doHare you doing a3ter
uni(ersity
*ou4ll 3eel better to%orro)1
'ndare, cadere <to 3all>, do"ere, potere, sapere, "edere and "i"ere 3ollo)
thesa%e pattern as a"ere?
'ndare adereandrZ cadrZ
andrai cadraiandr cadr
andremo cadremo
andrete cadreteandranno cadranno
Sapere ;ederesaprZ "edrZsaprai "edraisapr "edrOsapremo "edremosaprete "edretesapranno "edranno
'ndremo alla festa solose ci
in"iteranno#Il go"erno I impopolare ecadr
presto#
redo che do"rZ partirepresto# (on so se potrZ
"enire#
(on sapremo mai la"erit#$uando "edrai i tuoiamici
!o"ere Poteredo"rZ potrZ
do"rai potraido"rO potr
do"remo potremodo"rete potrete
do"ranno potranno
;i"ere"i"rZ"i"rai"i"rO"i"remo"i"rete"i"ranno
Ne4ll only go to the party i3 they in(ite
us1
+he go(ern%ent is unpopular and )ill
soon 3all1
8 think 84ll ha(e to lea(e early1
8 don4t kno) )hether 84ll be able to
-o%e1
Ne )ill ne(er kno) the truth1Nhen )ill youHare you going to see
your 3riends
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 194/269
8*9 2nit 8=
2 A third group o3 irregular (erbs, -o%prising bere, rimanere, "enire, "olereand tenere <to keepHhold>, ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
Bere Rimanere.rrZ berrZ rimarrZ
.rrai berrai rimarrai
.rr berrO rimarr
.rremo berremo rimarremo
.rrete berrete rimarrete
.rranno berranno rimarranno
Sono sicuro che mio fratello
nonberr mai :uella tisana#
$uanto tempo rimarrete inItalia*
Signori BoiHanno detto che "erranno atro"arci# (on so se "orrZ andare
all4uni"ersit* dopo il
liceo# !o"e terrai la bici
;enire ;olere Tenere
"errZ "orrZ terrZ"errai "orrai terrai"errO "orrO terr
"erremo "orremo terremo"errete "orrete terrete"erranno "orranno terranno
84% sure %y brother )ill ne(er drink
that herbal tea1
9o) long )ill youHare you going to
stay in 8taly, Mrs and Mr 5oi
+hey said they4ll -o%e and see us1
8 don4t kno) )hether 84ll )ant to go
to uni(ersity a3ter se-ondary
s-hool1
Nhere are you going to keep the bike
; All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
Tradurre.urrZ tradurrZ
.urrai tradurrai
.urr tradurr
.urremo tradurremo
.urrete tradurrete
.urranno tradurranno
arlo non parla tedesco* ma un &arlo doesn4t speak Ger%an, but an
interprete tradurr tutto per lui# interpreter is going toH)ill translate
e(erything 3or hi%1
(egati"e form
! As usual, the negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the (erb?
(on andrZ alla festa# 84% not going to the party1
(on rimarremo molto# Ne )on4t stay long1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 195/269
(on gli parlerZ mai pi< 84ll ne(er speak to hi% againW
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 196/269
2nit 8= 8*
23ercise 4
Supply the 3uture tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? "on <io partire> tanto presto? partir K
8 %iei a%i-i <arri(are> do%ani1
2 Euando <(oi parlare> -on Maria
; <lui tele3onare> do%ani1
! Gli <tu dire> tutto
@o%ani <io s-ri(ere> ai nonni1
6 @o%eni-a <io dor%ire> 3ino a
tardi1
' <noi -o%in-iare> a la(orare
do%ani1
D Euando <tu 3inire> il -o%pito
Stasera <io prendere> l4auto1
23ercise 5
0 Mi <tu -hia%are>
@o(e <(oi abitare>
2 <loro portare> il dol-e1
; &osa le <(oi dire>
! &hi <tradurre> dal tedes-o
@o%ani <noi pagare> l4a33itto1
6 <tu %angiare> -on noi
' Mi </ei s-ri(ere>, Signora
D Paul <-er-are> -asa a +orino1
&he treno <loro prendere>
20 &hi <pagare>
Supply the 3uture tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? "on <io do(ere> andare a s-uola? do(r K
<io andare> in (a-an:a1
2 <noi essere> -ontenti di (eder(i1 2
; Euanto te%po <tu ri%anere> a ;Ro%a !
! <io (enire> appena <io potere>1
</ei do(ere> partire, Signora 6
6 <lei (enire> quando <lei (olere>1 '
' @o%ani non <noi a(ere> te%po1 D
D "on so se <io potere> us-ire1
Euando <tu (edere> Anna 20
0 <(oi 3are> una 3esta
23ercise 6
&hange the (erbs in italics into the 3uture1
"on <loro stare> a -asa %ia1
"on lo <lui sapere> %ai1
Gli <tu 3are> un regalo
<(oi essere> a -asa tutto il giorno<(oi do(ere> la(orare do%ani
"on <io andare> pi in quel bar1
Euando <tu sapere> il risultato
Euando <tu (enire>, Maria
&osa <(oi 3are> do%eni-a
<loro tenere> il -ane in giardino1
@o%ani %attina esco di -asa presto? de"o prendere il treno per Firen:e alle
611 'rri"o a Firen:e (erso ora di pran:o e /oren:o "iene a prender%i alla
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 197/269
8*; 2nit 8=
sta:ione1 Pri%a andiamo a -asa sua do(e lascio i bagagli e poi
andiamoinsie%e a pran:o da =rnestina1 "el po%eriggio "ediamo &arlo -he -i portaa
(edere la sua nuo(a -asa1 Torniamo a -asa di /oren:o abbastan:a presto
per-hY "engono degli a%i-i a -ena e dobbiamo preparare1 @opo -ena
usciamo,
%a, an-he se facciamo tardi, non I un proble%a per-hY possiamo dor%ire
la
%attina dopo1
23ercise A
+ranslate into 8talian?
Nho )ill be able to help %e
2 "et su%%er )e4ll do an 8talian -ourse1
; Nill you Jsing1K read all these books
! 8 )on4t go to the library to%orro)1
Nhen )ill you arri(e, Signora Pasini6 On Sunday, they4ll go out1
' Nhat )ill you Jsing1K do
D 8t4ll be about ten o4-lo-k1
Nill you Jsing1K bring your &@s 3or the party
0 Non4t you Jpl1K -o%e to the -ine%a )ith us
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 198/269
2NIT NIN,T,,N
T' past pr!ct tns
9se of the past perfect
+he past per3e-t <or pluper3e-t> nor%ally indi-ates a past e(ent )hi-h
happened be3ore another past e(ent, as in the =nglish L8 had finished sho)ering
)hen 8 heard the doorbell4, L5y the ti%e it 3inished, 8 had had enough14 8t is thus
nor%ally used in senten-es )here there is another past tense, or so%e other
re3eren-e to a past e(ent?
$uando sono arri"ato Jpresent
per3e-tK a"e"ano appenafinito Jpast per3e-tK dicenare#
$uel giorno ero Ji%per3e-tK
moltocontenta perchY a"e"o
passatoJpast per3e-tK l4esame#
Prima di imprestareJin3initi(eK
l4auto a /arco* a"e"ofatto
Jpast per3e-tK il pieno#
Nhen 8 arri(ed they had Bust 3inisheddinner1
+hat day 8 )as (ery happy be-ause 84d
passed the ea%1
5e3ore lending the -ar to Mar-o, 84d
3illed up1
8t is also o3ten used on its o)n, )here a %ore re-ent e(ent is re3erred to, or
i%plied, in the -ontet?
'"e"o fatto :uella torta per te*non
per Paolo#
Tullio a"e"a portato i
!# Francesca era
uscita#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 199/269
8 %ade that tart 3or you, not 3or Paolo1
Je1g1 that4s )hy 84% so annoyed that
Paolo4s eaten itK
+ullio had brought the &@s1 Je1g1 the
ones 8 told you )e )ere listening toK
Fran-es-a had gone out1 Je1g1 )hi-h is
)hy 8 didn4t see her last nightK
2 So%eti%es, )hen the past per3e-t is used on its o)n, the e(ent nearer to the
present is purely i%pli-it?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 200/269
8*= 2nit 8@
Scusa* non ti a"e"o "isto< ? molto Sorry, 8 didn4t see you1 9a(e you been
che aspetti )aiting long
8%plied here is so%ething like +ra ti ho "isto* ma prima, non ti a"e"o "istoJi1e1 84(e seen you no), but 8 hadn4t be3oreK1
Scusa* non ti a"e"o sentito# Sorry, 8 didn4t hear you1
8%plied here is so%ething like (on ti a"e"o sentito +ma ora ti ho sentito,Ji1e1 8 hadn4t heard you be3ore, but 8 ha(e no)K1
Forming the past perfect
; +he past per3e-t in 8talian is 3or%ed )ith the i%per3e-t indi-ati(e o3 a"ere or
essere <auiliary (erbs> 3ollo)ed by the past parti-iple o3 the (erb1 9ere are t)o
ea%ples, one using a"ere and the other essere?
Imperfect of a"ere Past participle of scri"ere<io> a"e"o scritto 8 had )ritten
<tu> a"e"i scritto you had )ritten<luiHlei> a"e"a scritto heHsheHit had )ritten
<noi> a"e"amo scritto )e had )ritten
<(oi> a"e"ate scritto you had )ritten
<loro> a"e"ano scritto they had )ritten
Imperfect of essere Past participle of andare<io> ero andatoHandata 8 had gone
<tu> eri andatoHandata you had gone<luiHlei> era andatoHandata heHsheHit had gone
<noi> era"amo andatiHandate )e had gone
<(oi> era"ate andatiHandate you had gone
<loro> erano andatiHandate they had gone
! As regards agree%ent o3 the past parti-iple, the past per3e-t obeys ea-tly the
sa%e rules as the present per3e-t? i3 the auiliary is a"ere the past parti-iple
does not -hangeC but i3 it is essere the past parti-iple beha(es like anadBe-ti(e, agreeing in gender and nu%ber )ith the subBe-t o3 the (erb, as in
these ea%ples?
'"ere
Li"ia a"e"a guardato la tele"isione# /i(ia had )at-hed tele(ision1
'"e"i comprato il pane 9ad you bought the bread
'"e"a prenotato* Signor Ferro 9ad you booked, Mr Ferro
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 201/269
2nit 8@ 8*@
2ssere/onica era uscita# J3sK
Pietro era stato malato# J%sK
Fabia e Sil"ia erano rimaste acasa#J3pK
Giulia e Sebastiano eranopartiti#
J%pK
2ro andata al cinema# J3sK
2ra"amo arri"ati tardi# J%pK
Signor Poli* Lei :uandoera
arri"ato8 J%sK
Signora Poli* Lei :uandoera
arri"ata&8 J3sK
Moni-a had gone out1
Pietro had been ill1Fabia and Sil(ia had stayed at ho%e1
Giulia and Sebastiano had le3t1
8 had beenHgone to the -ine%a1 Jthe
speaker is 3e%aleK
Ne had arri(ed late1 Jthe speakers are
%ales or a %ied groupK
Nhen had you arri(ed, Mr Poli
Nhen had you arri(ed, Mrs Poli
Nhen the polite 3or% is used and the auiliary is essere, the past parti-iple
agrees )ith the gender o3 the person being spoken to, not )ith Lei1
Past perfect of a"ere and essere
'"ere 3or%s the past per3e-t )ith the auiliary a"ere?
a"e"o a"uto 8 had hada"e"i a"uto you had had
a"e"a a"uto heHsheHit had had
a"e"amo a"uto )e had had
a"e"ate a"uto you had had
a"e"ano a"uto they had had
2ssere 3or%s the past per3e-t )ith the auiliary essere?
ero statoHstata 8 had been
eri statoHstata you had been
era statoHstata heHsheHit had been
era"amo statiHstate )e had been
era"ate statiHstate you had been
erano statiHstate they had been
(on a"e"a a"uto tempo di finire il 9e hadn4t had ti%e to 3inish the Bob1
la"oro#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 202/269
Tanya a"e"a a"uto la "aricella#+anya had had -hi-kenpo1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 203/269
893 2nit 8@
(ina era stata malata# "ina had been ill1
!es era stato mio studente# @es had been a student o3 %ine1
(egati"e form
6 +he negati(e is 3or%ed in the sa%e )ay as 3or the present per3e-t, by
pla-ing non be3ore the (erb?
(on ero andato a scuola#Lisa non era riuscita a finire
:uella"oro#(on a"e"i telefonato lasettimana
prima&
8 hadn4t beenHgone to s-hool1
/isa hadn4t %anaged to 3inish that Bob1
9ad you not phoned the pre(ious)eek
' As )ith the present per3e-t, the ad(erbs mai <e(er>, pi <%oreHagain> and gi<already> are nor%ally pla-ed bet)een the auiliary and the (erb <e1g1 '"e"ogi risposto, L84d already replied4>1 Nith the negati(es non # # # ancora<not 1 1 1 yet>, non # # # mai <ne(er>, non # # # pi <not 1 1 1 any %oreHnot 1 1 1
againHno 1 1 1 longer>, non is pla-ed be3ore the auiliary?
2ra"ate mai stati su unghiacciaio'"e"i pi "isto i tuoi amici
(on a"e"amo ancora preso ilbiglietto#
Paola non era mai stata a;ene%ia# arlo non a"e"a pitelefonato#
23ercise 4
9ad you e(er been on a gla-ier
9ad you <e(er> seen your 3riends
again
Ne hadn4t bought the ti-ket yet1
Paola had ne(er been to Veni-e1
&arlo hadn4t <e(er> phoned again1
Supply the past per3e-t o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? @o(e <tu -o%prare> quelle s-arpe? a(e(i -o%prato
Maria <3inire> di -enare1
2 Anna <arri(are> il giorno pri%a1
; S-usi, Signora, non /a <io (edere>W
! <tu spegnere> la lu-e
<(oi prendere> il giornale
6 Pri%a di la(orare in 8talia, Ui%
<la(orare> in Fran-ia1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 204/269
' 9ai perso la lettera -he ti
<s-ri(ere> Antonio
D Alessandro non <preparare>
l4esa%e1
"on <tu rius-ire> a 3inire il la(oro
0 Gli <noi -hiedere> dei &@1
&aterina <stare> %ale1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 205/269
2nit 8@ 898
2 <io %angiare> un panino, %a '
a(e(o an-ora 3a%e1 D
; +i <pia-ere> la partita
! &e-ilia <andare> in (a-an:a1 /e %ie a%i-he <us-ire>1 20
6 "on <io -apire> nulla1
23ercise 5
8l treno <partire> in orario1
Sergio <ri%anere> in u33i-io1
Paolo non <(olere> la(orare -on
noi1
Gina <essere> -ontenta di (eder%i1
&o%plete the 3ollo)ing senten-es, using the -orre-t tense o3 the (erb in bra-kets <present per3e-t, i%per3e-t or past per3e-t>1
=a%ple? &arlo <ra--ontare> -he <lui passare> l4esa%e, %a non <essere>
(ero? &arlo ha ra--ontato -he a(e(a passato l4esa%e, %a non
era (ero1
Euando <io arri(are> i %iei a%i-i <us-ire> da po-o1
2 Sil(ia non <-onos-ere> la persona -he le <tele3onare>1; <tu 3are> un dol-e Ma ti <io dire> -he sono a dietaW
! =rnestina <essere> stan-a per-hY <-a%%inare> %olto1
&arlo non <(enire> -on noi per-hY <do(ere> 3are un la(oro -he gli <loro
dare> la sera pri%a1
6 Sil(io <essere> %olto -ontento per-hY <(in-ere> la gara di s-i1
' &arla <portare> se%pre la %aglia -he le <regalare> suo 3ratello1
D <io -o%prare> i libri -he %i <(oi -onsigliare>1
Mauro <spendere> tutti i soldi -he <lui guadagnare>10 Fran-es-a <in(itare> tutti gli a%i-i -he <andare> in (a-an:a -on lei l4anno
pri%a1
23ercise 6
+ranslate into 8talian?
Paola still hadn4t been to S-otland1
2 84d 3inished the Bob, but 8 )as (ery tired1
; +he girls had ne(er gone into that -hur-h1
! Arianna 3inished the tart her grand%other had %ade1
LNhat had you Jsing1K said to Fabio4 L8 hadn4t said anything to hi%14
6 Maria had had to stay at ho%e1
' 9o) %u-h had your Jpl1K -ar -ost
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 206/269
89) 2nit 8@
D +hey4d bought the ti-ket the pre(ious day1
8 hadn4t got the bike any longer, be-ause 84d gi(en it to Anna1
0 She )as born in Russia, but she4d been li(ing in 8taly 3or %any years
)hen 8 %et her1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 207/269
2NIT TW,NTJ
R!l#i$ prono%ns
Re3lei(e pronouns -orrespond to L%ysel34, Lyoursel34, et-1 in phrases like
Lyou 3latter yoursel34, Lthe -at4s li-king itsel34, Lthe re-order4s s)it-hed itsel3
o3341 8n su-h -ases, the subBe-t and the obBe-t o3 the (erb are the sa%e person
or thing?
Ti guardi sempre allo specchio#
/i la"o#
'nna si "este per la festa#
*ou al)ays look at yoursel3 in the
%irror1
8 get )ashed1 Jlit1 8 )ash %ysel3K
Anna4s getting dressed 3or the party1
Jlit1 Anna4s dressing hersel3K
+hese ea%ples sho) ho) the re3lei(e pronouns are the dire-t obBe-ts o3
the (erbs la"are, guardare and "estire and denote the sa%e person as the
subBe-t1
+here are (ery %any (erbs )hi-h -an be used in the re3lei(e 3or% in 8talian and
)hi-h do not -orrespond to =nglish re3lei(e (erbs1 9ere is a list o3 so%e o3 the
%ost -o%%on ones?
addormentarsi to 3all asleep Jlit1 to send onesel3 to sleepK
al%arsi to get up Jlit1 to raise onesel3K
annoiarsi to getHbe bored Jlit1 to bore onesel3K
dimenticarsi to 3orget Jlit1 to 3orget onesel3K
la"arsi to get )ashed Jlit1 to )ash onesel3K
offendersi to take o33en-e Jlit1 to o33end onesel3K
ricordarsi to re%e%ber Jlit1 to re-all onesel3Kriposarsi to rest Jlit1 to rest onesel3K
sbagliarsi to be )rongH%istaken Jlit1 to %istake onesel3K
scusarsi to apologise Jlit1 to e-use onesel3K
sedersi to sit do)n Jlit1 to seat onesel3K
sentirsi to 3eel <)ell, ill, et-1> Jlit1 to 3eel onesel3K
s"egliarsi to )ake up Jlit1 to )aken onesel3K
"estirsi to get dressed Jlit1 to dress onesel3K
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 208/269
899 2nit )3
2 +he 3or%s o3 the re3lei(e pronouns are as 3ollo)s?
mi %ysel3
ti yoursel3
si hi%sel3Hhersel3Hitsel3
ci oursel(es
"i yoursel(es
si the%sel(es
' che ora ti al%i* la mattina
Paolo si8 s"eglia sempre
tardi# /aria si8 annoia#I tuoi amici si8 sbagliano-il
concerto non I
stasera#Le mie amiche si8 di"ertono#
Nhat ti%e do you get up in the
%orning
Paolo al)ays )akes up late1
Maria is bored1
*our 3riends are )rong? the -on-ert is
not tonight1
My 3riends are enBoying the%sel(es1
"ote that the third person singular and plural pronoun si is the sa%e 3or%as-uline and 3e%inine1
As -an be seen 3ro% the ea%ples, re3lei(e pronouns are al)ays pla-ed
be3ore the (erb1
; +he negati(e is 3or%ed, as usual, by pla-ing non be3ore the pronoun?
Loren%o non si annoia mai# /oren:o ne(er getsHis ne(er bored1
(on ti di"erti& Aren4t you enBoying yoursel3
! For the 3or%al 3or%, the pronoun si <third person singular and plural> is
used1 8n the plural, ho)e(er, the pronoun "i is %ost 3requently used?
ome si sente* Signora& 9o) are you 3eeling, Mada%
;i di"ertite* Signori Rasi& Are you enBoying yoursel(es<, Mr and
+Si di"ertono* Signori Rasi&, Mrs Rasi>
+he plural 3or%s o3 the re3lei(e pronouns <ci, "i, si> are also used as
re-ipro-al pronouns, -orresponding to the =nglish Lea-h other4?
Paolo e io non ci sopportiamo#Paolo and 8 -an4t stand ea-h other1
PerchY "i guardate& Nhy are you looking at ea-h other
'lfredo e Pia non si parlano pi1 Al3redo and Pia don4t talk to ea-h
other any %ore1
6 Re3lei(e pronouns -an also be used, in -onte%porary spoken 8talian, as
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 209/269
indire-t obBe-ts1 One su-h use is to stress that the a-tion epressed by the (erb
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 210/269
2nit )3 89
is to the ad(antage o3 the subBe-t <-31 =nglish L84% %aking %ysel3 a -o33ee4 Ji1e1
a -o33ee 3or %ysel3K, L+hey4re going to ha(e the%sel(es so%e 3un4 Ji1e1 so%e
3un 3or the%sel(esK>?
/i mangio un panino#PerchY non ci facciamo unapartita
a cartePaolo si mangia sempretutti i
biscotti#
84% going to eat a sand)i-h1
Nhy don4t )e ha(e a ga%e o3 -ards
Paolo al)ays eats all the bis-uits1
' Another -o%%on use o3 the 8talian re3lei(e pronoun o--urs in -ases like
the 3ollo)ing, )here =nglish )ould use a possessi(e adBe-ti(e <L%y4, Lyour4,
et-1> rather than a re3lei(e pronoun?
/i la"o le mani# 8 )ash %y hands1
Ti metti il cappotto& Are you going to put your -oat on
'nna si la"a i capelli tutti i giorni#Anna )ashes her hair e(ery day1
D Nhen re3lei(e or re-ipro-al pronouns o--ur )ith a (erb in the present
per3e-t <or any other -o%pound tense>, the auiliary is al)ays essere <e(en i3 the
(erb itsel3 )ould 3or% the past tenses )ith a"ere>, and the past parti-iple al)ays
agrees )ith the subBe-t?
Paolo si I s"egliato tardi#/aria si I annoiata#
;ittorio* a che ora ti seial%atoPaolo e Francesca si sonosposati#
laudio e 'nna si sonola"ati le
mani#Sabina si I mangiata unpanino# Si sono fatti uncaff I1
Paolo )oke up late1
Maria got bored1
Vittorio, )hat ti%e did you get up
Paolo and Fran-es-a ha(e got%arried1
&laudio and Anna )ashed their
hands1
Sabina ate a sand)i-h1
+hey %ade <the%sel(es> a -o33ee1
+he re3lei(e pronouns, like all unstressed pronouns, -an be atta-hed to
the in3initi(e o3 a (erb <%ainly a3ter do"ere, potere, "olere or sapere>1
8n
these senten-es, )hen the %ain (erb is in the present per3e-t <or any other
-o%pound tense>, the auiliary is a"ere, and the past parti-iple does not
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 211/269
agree?
!e"o al%armi presto#/io fratello non "uolela"arsi#Paolo e Francesca hanno"oluto
sposarsi#(on abbiamo potuto la"arci#
84(e got to get up early1
My brother doesn4t )ant to )ash1
Paolo and Fran-es-a )anted to get
%arried1
Ne -ouldn4t )ash1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 212/269
89; 2nit )3
9o)e(er, )hen the re3lei(e pronoun is not atta-hed to the in3initi(e, the
auiliary (erb %ust be essere, and the past parti-iple does agree?
Paolo e Francesca si sono "olutisposare#(on ci siamo potuti la"are#;i siete do"uti fermare per lanotte
Stressed forms
Paolo and Fran-es-a )anted to get
%arried1Ne -ouldn4t )ash1
@id you ha(e to stop 3or the night
0 +he re3lei(e pronouns also ha(e stressed 3or%s )hi-h are used, like the
stressed 3or%s o3 other pronouns, 3or e%phasis and a3ter a preposition1 +hese
3or%s are o3ten rein3or-ed by the adBe-ti(e stesso?
me or me stessoHstessa %ysel3
te or te stessoHstessa yoursel3
sY or se8 stessoHstessa hi%sel3Hhersel3Hitsel3 noi or noi stessiHstesse oursel(es
"oi or "oi stessiHstesse yoursel(es
sY or se8 stessiHstesse the%sel(es
Franca ama solo sYHse8 stessa# Fran-a only lo(es hersel31
Pensi solo a teHte stesso< *ou only think o3 yoursel3W
$uei due sono da""ero noiosi- +hose t)o are really boring? they only
parlano solo di sIHse8 stessi# talk about the%sel(es1
"ote that se does not ha(e an a--ent )hen it is used )ith stesso1
23ercise 4
8nsert the -orre-t re3lei(eHre-ipro-al pronouns in the blank spa-es1
=a%ple? A -he ora al:i? ti
Euando sposano
2 @o(e siedo
; "ina non (este %ai di
rosso1
! &o%e sentite
"ina e 5art a%ano1
6 @o(e in-ontria%o
' la(o le %ani1
D Marina guarda allo
spe--hio1
Sil(ano non annoia %ai1
0 &arlo e /u-a non
-onos-ono1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 213/269
&o%e (estite
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 214/269
2nit )3 89<
2 "on di(erti
; prendia%o un gelato
! Signora, sente bene
"on ri-ordate di %e6 /i(ia e Sara riposano1
23ercise 5
' Paolo sbaglia1
D &o%e -hia%i
s-ri(ete spesso
20 o33endono 3a-il%ente1
8nsert the -orre-t re3lei(eHre-ipro-al pronouns in the blank spa-es1
=a%ple? A -he ora sono al:ati? si
Paolo I o33eso1
2 Anna I arrabbiata1
; @o(e siete -onos-iuti
! sono al:ati tardi1
"on sei s-usato -on loro
6 sia%o -apiti subito1
' &arla non I %essa il-appotto1
D 8l ba%bino I
addor%entato1
Sil(ana e io sia%o (iste
ieri1
23ercise 6
Put the (erbs into the present per3e-t?
0 sono %angiato un panino1
siete (estiti %olto bene1
2 "on sia%o -apiti1
; @aniela e Pino odiano1
! Euanta a-qua sei be(uto
sono tagliata un dito1
6 Per-hY sei %esso il gol3
' 3a--ia%o una passeggiataD Sergio non I an-ora
s(egliato1
sono sentita %ale1
20 siete annoiati alla 3esta
=a%ple? <tu J3K al:arsi> tardi? ti sei al:ata
Antonio e /ia <sposarsi>1
2 <tu J%K sbagliarsi>; <(oi J3K ri-ordare> il suo
-o%pleanno
! &laudia <3arsi> %ale1
<loro J%K in-ontrarsi> allo stadio1
6 <tu J%K perdersi>
' Signora, non <di(ertirsi>
D <noi J%K bersi> un litro di a-qua1
"on <io J%K annoiarsi>1
0 <noi J3K al:arsi> presto1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 215/269
"on <tu J%K la(arsi> le %ani
2 <io J3K tagliarsi> i -apelli1
; 8l treno <3er%arsi>1
! 8 %iei :ii <separarsi>1
Vittorio non <la%entarsi>1
6 8l pro3essore <riposarsi>1
' /a pro3essoressa <stan-arsi>1
D "on <tu J3K arrabbiarsi>
<(oi J%K o33endersi>
20 <loro J%K di%enti-arsi> di noiW
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 216/269
89= 2nit )3
23ercise A
Re)rite the senten-es, %o(ing the pronoun and -hanging the auiliary1
=a%ple? Abbia%o do(uto al:ar-i J%K? &i sia%o do(uti al:are1
"on ho potuto la(ar%i J3K1
2 Sandra e Roberto hanno (oluto sposarsi1
; Abbia%o do(uto s-usar-i J%K1
! /uigi ha do(uto al:arsi alle sei1
Gianni non ha (oluto %ettersi il berretto1
6 9ai potuto -urarti J%K
' A(ete potuto riposar(i J%K
D 9o do(uto 3er%ar%i J3K1
Per-hY hai (oluto tingerti i -apelli J%K
0 "on abbia%o potuto spiegar-i J%K1
23ercise
+ranslate into 8talian, using re3lei(eHre-ipro-al pronouns1
Are you Jpl1K enBoying yoursel(es
2 9a(e you J3K )ashed your hands
; 9o) are you 3eeling, Mada%
! *ou Jpl1K are )rong1
Nhere did you J3pK %eet
6 Nhy don4t you Jsing1K sit do)n
' Paolo al)ays talks about hi%sel31D Fran-a )ashed her hair1
&arlo apologised1
0 8 J3K got dressed1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 217/269
2NIT TW,NTJ.ON,
T' imprati$
+he i%perati(e is used, in 8talian as in =nglish, to epress orders,
-o%%ands or strong requests?
Guarda< /ookW
2ntrate< &o%e inW
hiedi a tuo padre# Ask your 3ather1
;enga domani* Signora< &o%e to%orro), Mada%W
'ndiamo< /et4s goW
!ammi il libro# Gi(e %e the book1
As )ell as orders and requests, the i%perati(e -an also be used to epress
)ishes, in(itations, en-ourage%ent and ad(i-e?
Passa delle buone "acan%e# Ti ascolto- dimmi tutto#(on ti preoccupare#
Hai l4aria stanca- "ai a letto<
Forms of the imperati"e
9a(e a good holiday1
84% listening to you? tell %e e(erything1
@on4t )orry1
*ou look tired? go to bedW
2 Regular (erbs in .are, .ere and .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Parlare To spea0<tu> parla speak
</ei> parli speak
<noi> parliamo let us speak
<(oi> parlate speak
</oro> parlino speak
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 218/269
83 2nit )8
Prendere To ta0eHget<tu> prendi takeHget
</ei> prenda takeHget
<noi> prendiamo let us takeHget<(oi> prendete takeHget
</oro> prendano takeHget
Partire To lea"e<tu> parti lea(e
</ei> parta lea(e
<noi> partiamo let us lea(e
<(oi> partite lea(e
</oro> partano lea(e
So%e (erbs ending in .ire add .isc., as in the present indi-ati(e <see #nit >?
Finire To finish<tu> finisci 3inish
</ei> finisca 3inish
<noi> finiamo let us 3inish
<(oi> finite 3inish</oro> finiscano 3inish
8n the 3irst person plural, the %eaning is %ore that o3 a suggestion than an
order, %ade to a group o3 )hi-h )e are part <-31 the =nglish LLet4s ha(e a
-o33ee4>1 +he third person singular and plural are only used 3or the polite
3or%1
Parlate con i "ostri insegnanti#Prendi un analgesico#Partiamo subito#Finisci il compito<Prenda la prima +strada, adestra#
Speak to your tea-hers1
+ake a painkiller1/et4s lea(e i%%ediately1
Finish your ho%e)orkW
+ake the 3irst <street> on the right1
; Verbs ending in .care and .gare keep the hard sound o3 c and g by adding
h be3ore the endings o3 the third person singular <Lei> and the 3irst and third
persons plural <noi and Loro>?
ercare Pagarecerca pagacerchi paghicerchiamo paghiamocercate pagate
cerchino paghino
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 219/269
2nit )8 88
erchiamo casa in :uesta %ona</et4s look 3or a 3lat in this areaW
Paghi il conto* per fa"ore* Signora# Pay the bill, please<, Mada%>1
! Verbs ending in .iare ha(e only one .i in the se-ond person singular and the3irst and third persons plural?
ominciare /angiarecomincia mangiacominci mangicominciamo mangiamocominciate mangiatecomincino mangino
ominci a la"orare* Signora< Start )orking<, Mada%>W
/uoio di fame- mangiamo :ualcosa< 84% star(ing? let4s eat so%ethingW
Forms of some irregular "erbs
2ssere and a"ere are irregular in the i%perati(e?
2ssere '"eresii abbisia abbiasiamo abbiamosiate abbiatesiano abbiano
Siate gentili<'bbi pa%ien%a<Sia pronta per le 4>* Signora#
5e kindW
5e patientW Jlit1 ha(e patien-eK
5e ready by 0<, Mada%>1
6 +here are other (erbs )ith irregular i%perati(es1 9ere are so%e o3 the %ost
-o%%on?
!are !ire FaredaiHda48 di4 faiHfa48dia dica facciadiamo diciamo facciamodate dite fatediano dicano facciano
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 220/269
8) 2nit )8
Stare 'ndare ;enirestaiHsta48 "aiH"a48 "ienistia "ada "enga
stiamo andiamo "eniamostate andate "enitestiano "adano "engano
Sapere 9scire Beresappi esci be"isappia esca be"asappiamo usciamo be"iamosappiate uscite be"ete
sappiano escano be"ano
+he se-ond person singular o3 these (erbs has t)o 3or%s? the 3or% )ith the
apostrophe is nor%ally used )ith unstressed pronouns <see paragraph 0>1
State attenti<FaiHfa4 il compito<;ieni subito :ui<
;enga a"anti* Signora<
Sappi che io non sono
d4accordo# !i4 la "erit1
Pay attentionW Jlit1 be attenti(eK
@o your ho%e)orkW
&o%e here at on-eW
&o%e 3or)ard<, Mada%>W
8 )ant you to kno) that 8 don4t agree1Jlit1 kno) that 8 don4t agreeK
+ell the truth1
' All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
Tradurre.uci traduci.uca traduca.uciamo traduciamo.ucete traducete.ucano traducano
Traduciamo insieme :ueste frasi# /et4s translate these senten-es
together1 Traduca* per fa"ore# +ranslate, please1
Formal form
D Ne ha(e already seen the 3or%s used 3or the polite 3or%1 &are %ust be
taken not to -on3use i%perati(e and present polite and 3a%iliar 3or%s1&o%pare?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 221/269
2nit )8 8*
Imperati"e Present3a%iliar <tu> parla parli3or%al </ei> parli parla
3a%iliar <tu> leggi leggi3or%al </ei> legga legge3a%iliar <tu> esciHfinisci esciHfinisci3or%al </ei> escaHfinisca esceHfinisce
Parla col direttore< J3a%iliar Speak to the %anagerW
i%perati(eK
Parli col direttore* Signora# J3or%al
i%perati(eK
Parli col direttoreJ3a%iliar
presentK
Parla col direttore* SignoraJ3or%al
presentK
Speak to the %anager<, Mada%>1
Are you speaking to the %anager
Are you speaking to the %anager<,
Mada%>
8n the plural, as usual, the se-ond person is %ore -o%%only used than thethird?
Parlate col controllore#+Parlino col controllore#,'bbiate pa%ien%a* Signori#+'bbiano pa%ien%a* Signori#,
(egati"e form
Speak to the -ondu-tor1
5e patient, <ladies and> gentle%en1
For the se-ond person singular, the negati(e is 3or%ed )ith the in3initi(e o3
the (erb pre-eded by non1 For the other persons, the usual rule applies and
non pre-edes the 3or% o3 the i%perati(e1 As an ea%ple, here is the negati(e
-onBugation o3 parlare?
<tu> non parlare</ei> non parli<noi> non parliamo<(oi> non parlate</oro> non parlino
(on essere scortese< @on4t be rudeW
(on dite bugie# @on4t tell lies1
(on a"ere fretta< @on4t rushW
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 222/269
89 2nit )8
Position of unstressed pronouns
0 Nhen the i%perati(e is used in an a33ir%ati(e senten-e )ith an unstressed
pronoun <dire-t obBe-t, indire-t obBe-t, re3lei(e, ne, ci>, the pronoun is al)aysatta-hed to the (erb i3 it is in a se-ond person 3or% <tu or "oi> or the 3irst
person plural 3or% <noi>?
$uel libro I per te- prendilo#hiediamole aiuto#Se hai dei problemi* parlane#
'l%ate"i* raga%%i< Telefonagli <or Telefona loro .
see
#nit 0, paragraph 2>1
+hat book is 3or you? take it1
/et4s ask her 3or help1
83 you are ha(ing proble%s, talk about
the%1
Get up, boysW
Phone the%1
"ote that )hen an unstressed pronoun is used )ith the 3or%s da4, fa4, di4, sta4 and "a4 <see paragraph 6>, the 3irst -onsonant o3 the pronoun <e-ept gli> is
doubled?
Se sai la "erit* dilla<!ammi la penna<!anne un po4 a tuofratello# Fammi unpiacere#;allo a comprare<;acci subito#
!ille la "erit1!igli la "erit1
83 you kno) the truth, tell itWGi(e %e the penW
Gi(e so%e to your brother1
@o %e a 3a(our1
Go and buy itW
Go there at on-e1
+ell her the truth1
+ell hi% the truth1
8n negati(e senten-es, there is an etra option? the pronoun -an be pla-ed
be3ore the (erb <and a3ter non>?
(on lo prendere< or (onprenderlo<(on le chiediamo aiuto# or(on
chiediamole aiuto#(on ne parlare< or (onparlarne<(on "i al%ate< or (onal%ate"i<
@on4t take itW
/et4s not ask her 3or help1
@on4t talk about itW
@on4t get upW
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 223/269
8n the polite 3or% <third person singular and plural, Lei and Loro>, the
pronouns are al1ays pla-ed be3ore the (erb?
$uel libro I per Lei- lo prenda#+hat book is 3or you? take it1
Le scri"a una mail# Nrite her an e%ail1
(e parlino al controllore# Speak to the -ondu-tor about it1
Si al%i* Signora< Get up<, Mada%>W
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 224/269
2nit )8 8
23ercise 4
Supply the i%perati(e o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? <tu pagare> il -onto? paga
<tu -o%prare> il pane1
2 <noi us-ire> subito1 2
; </ei stare> tranquilla, SignoraW ;
! <tu %ettere> in ordineW !
<(oi essere> gentili1
6 </ei (enire>, Pro3essoreW 6
' <tu dare> una %ano a tuo 3ratello1 '
D <tu 3inire> i -o%piti1 D
<-o%prare> questa borsa, SignoraW
0 <noi 3are> una pausaW 20
23ercise 5
Supply the polite 3or% 3or these senten-es1
=a%ple? Paga il -onto? paghi
&hiudi la porta, per 3a(ore1 6
2 Vai al ter:o piano1 '
; SorridiW D
! @i4 tutto1
Fai prestoW 0
23ercise 6
&hange the i%perati(es into the negati(e1
<tu a(ere> 3idu-ia in lei1
</ei parlare> pi 3orte, Signora1
<tu andare> 3uoriW
<tu dire> tutto quello -he sai1
</ei 3are> atten:ione, Signora1
<(oi s-ri(ere> le -artolineW
<tu 3are> atten:ioneW
</oro entrare>, Signori1
<(oi aprire> le 3inestreW
<tu rispondere> al tele3ono1
Sii pa:ienteW
+radu-i, per 3a(ore1
A--endi la lu-e1
Stai 3er%oW
=ntraW
=a%ples? @or%iW? "on dor%ireW Al:atiW? "on al:artiW or "on ti al:areW
Partite subitoW
2 Rispondi alla sua do%anda1
; Andate in dis-ote-a1
! S-enda, Signora1
#s-ia%oW
6 Finis-i i bis-otti1
' As-oltaW
D Prenda quella stradaW
+ele3ona a Giuseppe1
0 @i4 quello -he pensi1
+agliati i -apelli1
2 @alle il libro1
; Parlagli1
! S-ri(ete%i1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 225/269
8; 2nit )8
@illoW D Mettiti il berretto1
6 8n(itali1 Portatele dei 3iori1
' Prendilo1 20 FalloW
23ercise A
&hange the i%perati(es into the a33ir%ati(e1
=a%ples? "on parlateW? ParlateW "on %i guardare? Guarda%iW
"on andare in pis-ina12 "on prendete l4autobus1
; "on in(itare Gia-o%o1
! "on guardia%o quel 3il%1
"on -o%in-iare1
6 "on 3a--ia la spesa al %er-ato1
' "on %ettano l4auto in garage1
D "on 3are -os )1
"on andare al par-o1
0 "on stare sul bal-one1
23ercise
"on %andar%i una -artolina1
2 "on 3atelo1; "on dar%i i tuoi libri1
! "on %i rispondere1
"on -i andare1
6 "on lo %angiate1
' "on lo leggeteW
D "on -i aspetti, Pro3essore1
"on dirgli il tuo no%e1
20 "on darle il tuo indiri::o1
&hange the (erb into the i%perati(e, and repla-e the )ords in itali-s )ith the
appropriate pronoun1
=a%ple? @e(i dire la "erit? @illa1
@o(ete parlare a Laura1
2 @e(i prendere i libri1; Signora, de(e 3ir%are il foglio1
! @o(ete parlare del problema1
@obbia%o andare alsupermercato1
6 @e(i 3are gli eserci%i1' @o(ete restare a scuola1
D @obbia%o -hiedere ilpermesso1
@e(i -orreggere gli sbagli10 @o(ete prendere il treno1
Signori, de(ono aspettare il tram1
2 @e(i %andare gli auguri1; @o(ete -o%prare la frutta1
! Signor Rossi, de(e portare unafoto1
@o(ete aiutare i "ostri amici16 @e(i rendere il libro1
' @obbia%o -hiedere a Lina1
D @e(i tele3onare ai nonni1 @e(i bere del caff I1
20 @o(ete studiare filosofia1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 226/269
2NIT TW,NTJ.TWO
T' prono%n si
+he pronoun si is used as an i%personal subBe-t, either in senten-es )ithout a
spe-i3ied subBe-t, or in senten-es )ith a passi(e %eaning1 8n both, it is al)ays
put be3ore the (erb1
Si in sentences 1here the sub7ect is not specified
Si is used as an i%personal subBe-t in senten-es )here the subBe-t is not
spe-i3ied1 8t -orresponds to the =nglish Lone4 or Lyou4 <as in LOne ne(erkno)sH*ou ne(er kno) )hat4s Bust round the -orner4>, or Lthey4, %eaning a
nu%ber o3 unspe-i3ied people <as in L+hey eat kangaroo in Australia4>1
Nhen si is used in this )ay, the (erb is al)ays in the third person
singular?
Si esce da :uesta porta#LSono stato al mare#4 LSi
"ede- seiabbron%ato<4
Si paga alla cassa#4I stato un incidente enon si
passa#'ll4ostello della gio"ent sispende
meno#Per andare al museo sipassa da
pia%%a Garibaldi#
*ou go out by this door1
L84(e been at the seaside14 L8t sho)s Jlit1
one seesK? you4(e got a tanW4
*ou payHOne pays at the till1+here4s been an a--ident and you -an4t
get through1
*ou spend less in a youth hostel1
+o get to the %useu% you go through
pia::a Garibaldi1
As the ea%ples suggest, si is o3ten used 3or rules or general ad(i-e1
2 Nith (erbs like essere, di"entare, sembrare, et-1, 3ollo)ed by a noun or
an adBe-ti(e, si requires the noun to be plural <e(en though the (erb is al)ays
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 227/269
singular>, and the adBe-ti(e to be %as-uline plural?
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 228/269
8= 2nit ))
$uando si studenti si po"eri#Se si mangia troppo sidi"enta
grassi#$uando si malati sirimane a
casa#$uando si gio"ani si
ottimisti#Se si "este in nero si sembramagri#
Nhen one is a student, one is poor1
83 you eat too %u-h you get 3at1
Nhen you are ill you stay at ho%e1
Nhen one is young one is an opti%ist1 83
you dress in bla-k you look sli%1
Si in sentences 1ith a passi"e meaning
; Si is also used as an i%personal subBe-t in senten-es )hi-h ha(e a passi(e
%eaning, like this one? L8n "uo(a elanda si parla inglese14 +he -orresponding
senten-e in =nglish )ould ha(e either a passi(e (erb <L=nglish is spoken in "e)
ealand4> or an i%personal one <LOne speaksH+hey speak =nglish in "e)Xealand4>1
8n this type o3 senten-e, the (erb -an be in either the third person singular or
the third person plural1 +he singular is used i3 the noun that a--o%panies the
(erb is singular?
Il biglietto Jsing1K si prendeall4ingresso#
Il sale Jsing1K si compra in
tabaccheria#'l mercato si "ende la fruttaJsing1K
migliore#Si de"e la"are l4insalataJsing1K
prima di mangiarla#
In biblioteca si puZ leggereil
giornale Jsing1K1
+he ti-ket is obtainedH*ou get your
ti-ket at the door1
Salt is boughtH*ou buy salt at thetoba--onist4s1
+he best 3ruit is sold at the %arket1
/ettu-e should be )ashed be3ore you
eat itH*ou should )ash lettu-e
be3ore eating it1
8n the library you -an read the paperH
+he paper -an be read in the library1
+he plural is used )hen the noun that a--o%panies the (erb is plural?
'nche le cartoline Jpl1K sicomprano
in tabaccheria#
I lamponi Jpl1K si mangiano
inestate1
In "acan%a si fanno molte
fotografie
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 229/269
Jpl1K1
Si de"ono comprare i bigliettiJpl1K
in anticipo#In :uel ine lub si possono"edere
molti film Jpl1K1
Post-ards are also boughtH*ou also
buy post-ards at the toba--onist4s1
Raspberries are eaten in su%%er1
A lot o3 pi-tures are taken on holidayH
On holiday you take a lot o3
pi-tures1
+i-kets should be pur-hased inad(an-e1
A lot o3 3il%s -an be seenH*ou -an see
a lot o3 3il%s at that -ine -lub1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 230/269
2nit )) 8@
(egati"e form
! +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the pronoun?
(on si fuma in aereo# +here4s no s%oking Jlit1 one does not
s%okeK in planes1
(on si de"ono aprire le finestre# +he )indo)s %ustn4t be openedHOne
%ustn4t open the )indo)s1
Si used 1ith the au3iliary essere
Nhen si o--urs )ith a (erb in the present per3e-t <or any -o%pound tense>, the
auiliary is essereC the past parti-iple %ust there3ore agree )ith the subBe-t o3 the
passi(e (erb?
Su :uesto argomento si sonoscritti
molti libri#In Piemonte si I sempre
prodottodel buon "ino#
In :uesta scuola si sonosempre
cominciate le le%ioni alle#$uando si I finita l4uni"ersit
sicerca la"oro#
Many books ha(e been )ritten on this
subBe-t1
8n Pied%ont good )ine has al)ays
been produ-edHthey ha(e al)ays
produ-ed good )ine1
8n this s-hool lessons ha(e al)ays<been> started at eight o4-lo-k1
Nhen uni(ersity has been 3inishedH
Nhen you ha(e 3inished uni(ersity,
you look 3or a Bob1
+he sa%e applies )hen si is not used in a passi(e 3un-tion, but purely as an
i%personal subBe-t <Lone4, Lyou4, Lthey4, et-1>?
$uando non si I riusciti arisol"ere
un problema* non si I
soddisfatti# !opo che si I statimalati* si I
sempre deboli#
Si used 1ith refle3i"e "erbs
Nhen one hasn4t %anaged to sol(e a
proble%, one is dissatis3ied1
*ou4re al)ays )eak )hen you4(e beenill1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 231/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 232/269
8;3 2nit ))
$uando ci si al%a presto la giornata Nhen you get up early, the day see%s
sembra troppo lunga< too longW
23ercise 4
&o%plete the senten-es )ith the -orre-t 3or% o3 the (erb1
=a%ples? @al bal-one si <(edere> le %ontagne? (edonoC A "atale si
<%angiare> il panettone? %angia
Si <3are> atten:ione quando si <attra(ersare> la strada1
2 8n S(i::era si <parlare> tre lingue1
; @i do%eni-a non si <la(orare>1
! "egli u33i-i pubbli-i non si <3u%are>1
Si <do(ere> aiutare gli an:iani1
6 8n quella dis-ote-a non si <entrare> -on le s-arpe da ginnasti-a1
' &erti segreti non si <potere> %antenere1
D Per entrare nel -entro della -itt si <pagare> un pedaggio1
8n quel bos-o si <tro(are> %olti 3unghi1
0 Al %er-ato si <-o%prare> la (erdura pi 3res-a1
23ercise 5
Re)rite the senten-es )ith the -orre-t 3or% o3 the (erbs and the adBe-ti(es or
nouns in bra-kets1
=a%ples? Euando si <essere %alato>, si <andare> a letto? Euando si I%alati, si (a a lettoC Euando si <essere studente>, si <do(ere>
studiare? Euando si I studenti, si de(e studiare1
Euando si <a(ere> 3reddo, <la(orare> %ale1
2 Euando si <a(ere> la 3ebbre, si <restare> a -asa1
; Euando si <-o%in-iare> a studiare una lingua, si <3are> degli sbagli1
! Euando si <guidare> non si <usare> il -ellulare1
Euando si <a(ere> 3a%e si <%angiare>16 Euando si <essere stan-o> si <3are> %olti sbagli1
' Euando si <essere a((o-ato> si <-onos-ere> la legge1
D Euando non si <a(ere> soldi, non si <3are> spese inutili1
Euando si <a(ere> tanti a%i-i si <essere 3ortunato>1
0 Euando si <%angiare> troppi dol-i, si <ingrassare>1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 233/269
2nit )) 8;8
23ercise 6
&hange the senten-es into i%personal 3or% by using the pronoun si1
=a%ples? "on de(i %angiare -on le %ani? "on si %angia -on le %aniC
"on de(i ra--ogliere i 3iori? "on si ra--olgono i 3iori1
"on de(i %ettere i piedi sulla s-ri(ania1
2 /a %attina de(i 3are -ola:ione1
; @opo pran:o de(i la(are i piatti1
! "on de(i parlare -on gli s-onos-iuti1
"on de(i andare in bi-i-letta sul %ar-iapiedi1
6 "on de(i %angiare durante le le:ioni1
' "on de(i guardarti tanto allo spe--hio1
D 8n bibliote-a de(i parlare a bassa (o-e1
"on de(i guardare la tele(isione tutto il giorno1
0 8l giorno pri%a degli esa%i de(i studiare1
23ercise A
&hange the senten-es into i%personal 3or% by using the pronoun si1 Pay
attention to the use o3 the past tense1
=a%ple? EuandoH@opo -he hai par-heggiato l4auto in salita, de(i
%ettere il 3reno a %ano? EuandoH@opo -he si I par-heggiata
l4auto in salita, si de(e %ettere il 3reno a %ano1
@opo -he hai 3atto il bagno in %are, 3ai la do--ia12 @opo -he hai superato un esa%e, sei -ontento1
; @opo -he hai 3inito di la(orare, (ai a -asa1
! @opo -he sei salito sull4aereo, non puoi usare il -ellulare1
Euando sei -res-iuto in -a%pagna, -onos-i i no%i di tante piante1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 234/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 235/269
2nit )* 8;*
.are .ere .ire<io> .erei .erei .irei<tu> .eresti .eresti .iresti
<luiHlei> .erebbe .erebbe .irebbe<noi> .eremmo8 .eremmo8 .iremmo8<(oi> .ereste .ereste .ireste<loro> .erebbero .erebbero .irebbero
5e sure not to -on3use the spelling o3 these endings <all )ith .emmo> )ith
the -orresponding ones o3 the 3uture <all )ith .emo>1
Regular (erbs ending in .are are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Parlare To spea0parlerei 8 )ould speak
parleresti you )ould speak
parlerebbe heHsheHit )ould speak
parleremmo )e )ould speak
parlereste you )ould speak
parlerebbero they )ould speak
Regular (erbs ending in .ere are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Prendere To ta0eHgetprenderei 8 )ould take
prenderesti you )ould take
prenderebbe heHsheHit )ould take
prenderemmo )e )ould take
prendereste you )ould take
prenderebbero they )ould take
Regular (erbs ending in .ire are -onBugated as 3ollo)s?
Finire To finishfinirei 8 )ould 3inish
finiresti you )ould 3inish
finirebbe heHsheHit )ould 3inish
finiremmo )e )ould 3inishfinireste you )ould 3inish
finirebbero they )ould 3inish
on /arco parleresti italiano# Nith Mar-o you )ould speak 8talian1
Scri"erei una cartolina alla %ia# 8 )ould )rite a post-ard to %y aunt1
Finiremmo :uesto la"oro prima diNe4d 3inish this Bob be3ore lea(ing1
partire#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 236/269
8;9 2nit )*
; Verbs ending in .care and .gare add h be3ore the endings o3 the present
-onditional in order to keep the hard sound o3 c and g?
ercare Pagare
cercherei paghereicercheresti pagheresticercherebbe pagherebbecercheremmo pagheremmocerchereste pagherestecercherebbero pagherebbero
'l suo posto* cercherei un altro83 8 )ere hi% Jlit1 in his pla-eK, 84d look
la"oro# 3or another Bob1La Signora pagherebbe il conto# +he lady )ould pay the bill1
! Verbs ending in .ciare and .giare drop .i in the present -onditional?
ominciare /angiarecomincerei mangereicominceresti mangeresticomincerebbe mangerebbe
cominceremmo mangeremmocomincereste mangerestecomincerebbero mangerebbero
Sen%a di lui* non cominceremmo la Ne )ouldn4t start the %eeting )ithout
riunione# hi%1
/angeresti la carne di canguro<Nould you eat kangaroo %eatW
Present conditional of some irregular "erbs8rregular (erbs are grouped in the sa%e )ay as 3or the 3uture tense?
2ssere and a"ere are irregular?
2ssere '"eresarei a"reisaresti a"resti
sarebbe a"rebbesaremmo a"remmosareste a"restesarebbero a"rebbero
Sarei contenta di ri"edere arlo# 8 )ould be happy to see &arlo again1
'"resti un minuto per me &ould you spare %e a %inute Jlit1
)ould you ha(e a %inute 3or %eK
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 237/269
2nit )* 8;
6 !are, fare and stare 3ollo) the sa%e pattern as essere?
darei farei stareidaresti faresti starestidarebbe farebbe starebbedaremmo faremmo staremmodareste fareste starestedarebbero farebbero starebbero
!arei una festa# 8 )ould gi(e a party1
/i faresti un fa"ore Nould you do %e a 3a(our
'l posto tuo starei tran:uillo# 8 )ouldn4t )orry i3 8 )ere you1 Jlit1 in
your pla-e 84d be -al%K
' 'ndare, cadere, do"ere, potere, sapere, "edere and "i"ere 3ollo) the sa%e
pattern as a"ere?
andrei cadrei do"rei potreiandresti cadresti do"resti potrestiandrebbe cadrebbe do"rebbe potrebbeandremmo cadremmo do"remmo potremmoandreste cadreste do"reste potresteandrebbero cadrebbero do"rebbero potrebbero
saprei "edrei "i"reisapresti "edresti "i"restisaprebbe "edrebbe "i"rebbesapremmo "edremmo "i"remmosapreste "edreste "i"reste
saprebbero "edrebbero "i"rebbero
$uando andreste in "acan%a Nhen )ould you go on holiday
!omenica do"rei la"orare# On Sunday 8 ought to )ork1
Potresti aiutarmi<< *ou -ould help %eWW Ji1e1 )hy aren4t
you helping %eK
D A third group o3 irregular (erbs, -o%prising bere, rimanere, "enire, "olere
and tenere, ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
.rrei berrei rimarrei
.rresti berresti rimarresti
.rrebbe berrebbe rimarrebbe
.rremmo berremmo rimarremmo
.rreste berreste rimarreste
.rrebbero berrebbero rimarrebbero
"errei "orrei terrei"erresti "orresti terresti"errebbe "orrebbe terrebbe"erremmo "orremmo terremmo"erreste "orreste terreste"errebbero "orrebbero terrebbero
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 238/269
8;; 2nit )*
Rimarrei ancora un po> con "oi*ma
de"o prendere il treno#;erresti al cinema con me
;orrei un caff #8;orrei anche un chilo di mele#8
8 )ould stay )ith you a bit longer, but
84(e got to get the train1
Nould you -o%e to the -ine%a )ith
%e
84d like a -o33ee184d like a kilo o3 apples as )ell1
+he present -onditional o3 "olere is o3ten used to epresses )ishes and
requests in a polite 3or%, -orresponding to the =nglish L)ould like41
All (erbs ending in .urre ha(e the 3ollo)ing pattern?
.urrei tradurrei
.urresti tradurresti
.urrebbe tradurrebbe
.urremmo tradurremmo
.urreste tradurreste
.urrebbero tradurrebbero
L4interprete tradurrebbe tutto per te# +he interpreter )ould translate
e(erything 3or you1
(egati"e form
0 +he negati(e is 3or%ed by putting non be3ore the (erb?
(on capiresti nulla# *ou )ouldn4t understand a thing1
(on "orremmo partire# Ne )ouldn4t )ant to lea(e1
(on tradurrei cos )1 8 )ouldn4t translate <it> like that1
23ercise 4
Supply the present -onditional o3 the (erb in bra-kets1
=a%ple? Stasera non <io us-ire>? us-irei
<tu leggere> quel libro di nuo(oW
2 <io potere> aiutar(i1
; <(oi a(ere> (oglia di us-ire
! Mi <tu s(egliare>
<loro (olere> (enire a -ena1
6 <tu pagare> an-he per %e
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 239/269
' "on <io 3are> quel la(oro1
D <noi do(ere> studiare1
<tu sapere> guidare un trattore
0 &laudia <ri%anere> a -asa1
Al posto tuo non <io aprire> la
porta1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 240/269
2nit )* 8;<
2 <tu do(ere> tele3onare a Pia1
; A /i: <pia-ere> (i(ere in 8talia1
! Mi <potere> aspettare, Signora
Mauro <essere> la persona giusta16 Mi <(oi dare> un passaggio
' <io bere> (olentieri qual-osa1
23ercise 5
D "on <loro abitare> %ai in una -asa
-o%e questa1
&hi <tradurre> dall4arabo
20 <tu a--o%pagnare> Sil(ia alla
sta:ione
Re)rite the senten-es, -hanging the itali-ised (erbs into the present
-onditional1
=a%ple? ;eniamo (olentieri? Verre%%o (olentieri1
;oglio due panini1
2 !o"ete studiare di pi1
; /u-ia "a in (a-an:a1
! Fate una pausa
Possiamo parlarti6 Mauri:io cambia la(oro1
' Mi dai un -onsiglio
D Vi piace andare a Vene:ia
8 nostri a%i-i de"ono arri(are oggi1
0 "on esce %ai sen:a per%esso1
23ercise 6
+ranslate into 8talian, using the present -onditional?
Paola -ould help %e1
2 Ne )ould gladly -o%e1
; 8 )ouldn4t go to the library in the e(enings1
! Nhen )ould you start, Signora Vialli
Pietro )ould like to in(ite you Jsing1K to the party16 Ne4d be happy to see you Jpl1K1
' +hey )ould keep the dog in the garden1
D 8 )ould ha(e to lea(e early1
84d like another bis-uit1
0 Nould you kno) the result, Mr Spada(e--hia
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 241/269
K,J TO ,E,RCIS,S
9(IT 4
,#rcis 8
% 2 3 ; % ! 3 3 6 % ' % D % % 0 %H3 % 2 3
; %H3 ! % 3 6 3 ' %H3 D % % 20 3
,#rcis )
raga::i 2 %ar-he ; -hia(i ! abitanti :ii 6 3iu%i ' sta:ioni
D raga::e energie 0 po%eriggi ban-he 2 pianisti ; -lienti
! indiri::i o--hi 6 ristoranti ' tele(isioni D -alendari
3ran-esi 20 laghi
,#rcis *
no%e 2 (ia ; 3iglio ! %ano opinione 6 -liente ' o--hio D per.
sona %ar-a 0 proble%a -iliegia 2 -a33I ; %edi-o
! atti(ista gino--hio 6 bugia ' tedes-o D test uo%o
20 a%i-a
9(IT 5
,#rcis 8
la 2 la ; il ! la l4 or le 6 il ' i D l4 lo 0 gli le2 lo or gli ; l4 ! la la or le 6 gli ' le D le la or le20 l4
,#rcis )
una 2 una ; un ! uno una 6 un ' un4 D una un 0 uno
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 242/269
K+ to #rciss 8;@
un4 2 uno ; una ! un4 uno 6 un ' uno D un
uno 20 un4
,#rcis *
lo 2 una ; le ! un4 la 6 il ' un4 D l4, un il 0 lo
9(IT 6
,#rcis 8
interessante 2 bian-a ; bian-hi ! rosse egoisti 6 bell4
' ra::ista D -o%i-he si%pati-he 0 lunghi quel, si%pati-o
2 questi, 3a-ili ; quei, begli ! queste, belle quegli, %orti
6 questi, inglesi ' quelle, spagnole D quel, bell4 quelle, 3res-he
20 quei, gre-i
,#rcis )
grande 2 rosa ; 3ran-esi ! gra(e pa-i3isti 6 tedes-he ' pigro
D lunghi belghe 0 belga spor-he 2 energi-o ; resistenti! blu s-o::esi 6 (elo-i ' si%pati-he D italiani otti%isti
20 soddis3atti
,#rcis *
i loro 2 i suoi ; la %ia ! le tue la (ostra 6 il nostro ' i %iei D la
loro tua 0 la Sua
,#rcis 9
il suo 2 la nostra ; i tuoi ! il %io i suoi 6 le tue or le Sue ' la
loro D i (ostri or i /oro le sue 0 i nostri
,#rcis
questi, i nostri, tedes-hi 2 i Suoi, otti%isti ; queste, le (ostre ! i %iei, iSuoi questi, i %iei, quelli, i tuoi 6 il nostro, entusiasta, il (ostro
' quelle, le %ie, queste, le tue D quegli, di(ertenti, questo, di33i-ile i %iei,
pesanti, i (ostri, leggeri 0 quell4, %inerale, gassata, questa, lis-ia
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 243/269
8<3 K+ to #rciss
9(IT A
,#rcis 8
sia%o 2 sei ; sono ! sono siete 6 I ' I D sono siete0 sia%o sono 2 siete ; I ! sono sei 6 I ' I
D sono siete 20 I
,#rcis )
abbia%o 2 ha ; ho ! hanno a(ete 6 ha ' ha D hai
abbia%o 0 hai a(ete 2 ha ; abbia%o ! hanno hai
6 ha ' hanno D hai ho 20 ha
,#rcis *
"on ho ragioneC 9o ragione 2 8l pro3essore non ha -aldoC 8l pro3essore
ha -aldo ; /a Signorina 5erti non ha seteC /a Signorina 5erti ha sete
! /ei non ha sonnoC /ei ha sonno "on a(ete pauraC A(ete paura
6 "on hanno 3reddoC 9anno 3reddo ' &arla e Andrea non hanno 3a%eC
&arla e Andrea hanno 3a%e
,#rcis 9
Sono stan-oC "on sono stan-o1 2 Sei pigraC "on sei pigra1 ; 8l dottore I
gio(aneC 8l dottore non I gio(ane1 ! /a pro3essoressa I si%pati-aC /a pro3es.
soressa non I si%pati-a1 /ei I altoC /ei non I alto1 6 Sia%o %agreC "on
sia%o %agre1 ' Siete intelligentiC "on siete intelligenti1 D /e tue a%i-he
sono -ontenteC /e tue a%i-he non sono -ontente1
,#rcis
"ell4u33i-io -4I una sedia1 2 "ell4u33i-io -i sono due poltrone1 ; "ell4u3.
3i-io -i sono tre -o%puter1 ! "ell4u33i-io -4I una sta%pante1 "ell4u33i-io
-4I un tele3ono1 6 "ell4u33i-io -4I la 3oto-opiatri-e1 ' "ell4u33i-io -i sono
due radiatori1 D "ell4u33i-io -4I una porta1 "ell4u33i-io -i sono tre
3inestre1
,#rcis ;
8n questo paese -4I un %useo, -i sono tre %usei, non -i sono %usei1 2 8n
questo paese -4I una dis-ote-a, -i sono due dis-ote-he, non -i sono dis-o.
te-he1 ; 8n questo paese -4I una panetteria, -i sono quattro panetterie, non
-i sono panetterie1 ! 8n questo paese -4I un -ine%a, -i sono due -ine%a,
non -i sono -ine%a1 8n questo paese -4I una bibliote-a, -i sono due
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 244/269
K+ to #rciss 8<8
bibliote-he, non -i sono bibliote-he1 6 8n questo paese -4I una s-uola, -i
sono due s-uole, non -i sono s-uole1 ' 8n questo paese -4I un u33i-io postale,
-i sono due u33i-i postali, non -i sono u33i-i postali1 D 8n questo paese -4I
una libreria, -i sono quattro librerie, non -i sono librerie1 8n questo paese-4I un giardino pubbli-o, -i sono tre giardini pubbli-i, non -i sono giardini
pubbli-i1 0 8n questo paese -4I un ristorante, -i sono sei ristoranti, non -i
sono ristoranti1
9(IT
,#rcis 8
arri(a 2 (i(e ; %angia%o ! -er-hi prendete 6 parte ' leg.
gia%o D pulis-i -onos-o 0 3inis-ono guidia%o 2 gio-hia%o
; tornate ! -apis-i
ri-e(i 20 las-iano
,#rcis )
(anno 2 produ-e
D posso (ogliono 3anno 6 de(ono
,#rcis *
spendono 6 abita ' pagate D (iaggi
; dia%o ! (ai 3ate 6 rius-ia%o ' (enite
0 di-i potete 2 (oglio ; stai ! sanno' tradu-ia%o D de(e sapete 20 (engono
@o(ete parlare -on Mar-ello1 2 Partia%o stasera1 ; Prendia%o il pros.
si%o autobus1 ! </ei> puKandare al -ine%a, Signor 5u-han1 Sappia%o
usare quei -ellulari1 6 Pre3eris-e se%pre leggere il giornale1 ' 8l ba%.
bino dor%e1 D Vengo a +orino quest4estate1 =s-ono spesso la sera10 8 raga::i gio-ano a pallone do%ani1
,#rcis 9
=s-i stasera, %a%%a 2 &osa 3a--ia%o do%ani ; Puoi aprire quella
porta ! Vuoi un -a33I Sai suonare il piano, Fran-es-o 6 &osa -er.
-hi ' </ei> be(e -a33I o a-qua %inerale, Signora D +u e Ui% -onos-ete
i %iei genitori Stai bene oggi 0 &osa -ostruis-ono
,#rcis
</ei> non parla inglese, Signora Vialli 2 8 %iei a%i-i tedes-hi non sanno
-antare in italiano1 ; "on guadagno %olto1 ! "on d una 3esta per il suo
-o%pleanno "on la(ori -on Giulia 6 "on (edono il Signor Moro da
tre anni1 ' Per-hY non (ai %ai a Firen:e, &laudio D "on ries-o a -hiudere
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 245/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 246/269
K+ to #rciss 8<*
,#rcis )
"on le (oglio1 2 "on li -o%pria%o1 ; "on -i -hia%ano1 ! Sil(ia non li
in(ita 8 Signori 5ian-hi non lo prendono1 6 "on %i in(itate ' "on (i
aspetto1 D "on la (edo do%ani1 "on ti a--o%pagno alla sta:ione10 "on lo guardia%o1
,#rcis *
Voglia%o (ederlo1 2 "on posso aiutarti1 ; Puoi a--o%pagnar%i
! Vuoi sentirla @e(ono -hia%ar-i1 6 Voglio in(itar(i1 ' Vuole -ono.
s-erle1 D "on potete 3arli1
Signora1
,#rcis 9
lo 2 le ; li ! li la
; la ! (i lo 6 la
,#rcis
@e(i as-oltar%i1 0 "on posso aiutar/a,
6 %i ' li D /a li 0 le la 2 li
' la D li le 20 lo
Vi in(itia%o alla 3esta1 2 9o %olti a%i-i e li (edo spesso1 ; Signora Fusi,
/a posso -hia%are or posso -hia%ar/a do%ani ! &i aiuti la setti%ana
prossi%a +i de(o (edere or @e(o (ederti1 6 Olga e Anna partono do%a.
ni e le (oglio a--o%pagnareHportare or (oglio a--o%pagnarleHportarle alla
sta:ione1 ' "on (i posso aiutare or non posso aiutar(i1 D LPorti la -hi.
tarra4 L"o, non -e l4ho14 +ullio -o%pra queste ri(iste e le legge1 0 Mi
puoi portareHa--o%pagnare or puoi portar%iHa--o%pagnar%i a s-uola
do%ani
9(IT
,#rcis 8
della %a%%a 2 dello :io ; degli a%i-i ! del par-o dell4auto 6 dei
paesi ' delle stan:e D al %are allo stadio 0 alla sta:ione ai
raga::i 2 agli uo%ini ; alle donne ! all4ospedale dalla :ia
6 dallo studente ' dal dentista D dall4aeroporto dagli u33i-i20 dalle -olleghe 2 dai %inistri 22 nell4albergo 2; nello stipendio
2! nella -asa 2 negli anni 26 nei -assetti 2' nelle -a%ere 2D nel
3rigo 2 sul ta(olo ;0 sulla sedia ; sullo s-a33ale ;2 sulle spalle
;; sui libri ;! sugli alberi ; sull4idea
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 247/269
8<9 K+ to #rciss
,#rcis )
a 2 in ; al ! 3ra or tra da
a, in 2 al, -on ; nel ! alle
del 20 a
,#rcis *
a 2 in ; a, in ! a di 6 al
6 alla ' -on D dal del 0 ai
da 6 alle ' per D -on
' a D a A da, a 0 da a
2 in ; in ! alla a or per 6 al ' della D in nella 20 di
,#rcis 9
Finis-o di la(orare alle 61 2 Antonio parte per Geno(a1 ; Ge%%a I nata
nel 2001 ! Fabia non es-e %ai di sera1 8 Signori 5an-ro3t abitano in
-a%pagna, in una (e--hia (illa1 6 /a bibliote-a I dietro la palestra1 ' "on
puoi us-ire sen:a di %eW D Abitate lontano dalla s-uola /a :ia di 8sa.
bella (i(e a Gre(e, in +os-ana1 0 9a una gonna di pelle1 Angus I di
=di%burgo, in S-o:ia1 2 @e(e girare a destra dopo la -hiesa<, Signora>1
; Stasera %angia%o in pi::eria1 ! Euesti 3iori sono per tua %adre1 A
or per "atale andia%o a s-iare in %ontagna1 6 Abito (i-ino alla pri.gione1 ' Margaret (i(e a +orino da -inque anni1 D 8l treno per Aosta
parte dal binario '1 Regalia%o or dia%o a /uisa un &@ di %usi-a
russa1 20 &o%pro se%pre il pane da 5elli1
9(IT =
,#rcis 8
-hi 2 -hi ; -hi ! -he or -osa or -he -osa -he or -osa or -he -osa
6 -hi ' -hi D -he or -osa or -he -osa -hi 0 -he or -osa or -he -osa
-hi 2 -he or -osa or -he -osa ; -hi ! -hi -he or -osa or -he
-osa 6 -hi ' -he or -osa or -he -osa D -hi -he or -osa or -he
-osa 20 -hi
,#rcis )
do(e 2 quando ; per-hY ! -o%e quando 6 -he ' -he or quale
D do(4 per-hY 0 qual -he or quale 2 -he or quale ; -o%e
! do(e per-hY 6 do(4 ' quando D qual per-hY 20 -he orquali
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 248/269
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 249/269
8<; K+ to #rciss
,#rcis
Puoi dire a /u-ia -he le (oglio parlare or (oglio parlarle 2 Appena arri(o
a Ro%a (i tele3ono1 ; @e(o -hieder/e or /e de(o -hiedere un 3a(ore,
Signora1 ! Gli dai il tuo nu%ero di tele3ono &i di-ono or ra--ontanose%pre <delle> -ose interessanti1 6 Mi %andano se%pre una -artolina,
quando (anno in 8talia1 ' Per il suo -o%pleanno le dKdei 3iori1 D @e(o
darti or ti de(o dare i libri di /u-a1 Se (olete (i ra--onto una storia1
0 Massi%o %i s-ri(e ogni setti%ana or tutte le setti%ane1
9(IT 44
,#rcis 8
"on le pia--iono i -ar-io3i1 2 "on gli pia-e guidare1 ; Gli pia-e (iag.
giare1 ! Gli pia-e il %are1 Gli pia-e ballare1 6 "on -i pia-e il pes-e1
' Vi pia-e nuotare D /e pia--iono i 3il% 3ran-esi1 "on le pia-e stirare1
0 Gli pia-e andare in %oto1
,#rcis )
"on le pia-e andare in -entro il sabato1 2 "on ti pia-e la %usi-a -las.
si-a ; "on gli pia--iono i 3unghi1 ! "on (i pia-e guardare la tele(i.
sione "on %i pia--iono i 3il% di 3antas-ien:a1 6 "on gli pia-e la
s-uola1 ' "on -i pia--iono le -an:oni italiane1 D "on le pia--iono gli
spaghetti1 "on %i pia-e s-iare1 0 "on (i pia-e la -io--olata al latte
,#rcis *
<"on> %i pia-e la 3rutta1 2 <"on> %i pia-e il -al-io1 ; <"on> %i pia-.
-iono le 3ragole1 ! <"on> %i pia-e gio-are a tennis1 <"on> %i pia-e us-ire
-on gli a%i-i1 6 <"on> %i pia--iono i gatti1 ' <"on> %i pia-e la pi::a1
D <"on> %i pia--iono i dol-i1 <"on> %i pia-e ballare1 0 <"on> %i pia-.
-iono le (a-an:e1
,#rcis 9
A /uigi <non> pia-e il -a33I sen:a :u--hero1 2 Al pro3essore <non> pia-.-iono le poesie di /eopardi1 ; A %ia sorella <non> pia-e andare al -ine%a1
! Ai %iei -ugini <non> pia--iono i 3il% di Fellini1 Al pri%o %inistro <non>
pia-e la politi-a1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 250/269
K+ to #rciss 8<<
,#rcis
basta 2 se%bra ; pia--iono ! %an-a ser(ono 6 %an-ano
' se%bra D ser(ono pare 0 bastano
,#rcis ;
#n4ora non %i bastaW 2 A Gio(anni ser(e una penna1 ; A /ynne %an.
-ano gli or i suoi a%i-i italiani1 ! +i pia-e la -io--olata or il -io--olato
"on le pia-e andare al -ine%a1 6 Vi ser(e un passaggio ' Gli ser(ono
una penna e un quaderno1 D /e se%bra noioso lo spetta-olo, Signora
+i ser(e aiuto 0 Mi pia-e leggere1
9(IT 45
,#rcis 8
restati 2 us-ite ; andata ! arri(ati entrata 6 rius-ito ' arri(ato
D pia-iuta -ostati 0 nata
,#rcis )
hai -o%prato 2 ha regalato ; sia%o andati or andate ! a(ete tro(ato
hai spento 6 I (enuta ' ha portato D a(ete preso ho (isto 0 hai
potuto ho do(uto 2 I us-ito, ha perso ; ha s-ritto ! abbia%o
gio-ato ha -o%in-iato 6 ha (oluto or I (oluto ' hai %esso D hai
potuto a(ete a(uto 20 hai letto
,#rcis * abbia%o do(uto 2 a(ete %angiato ; sei partito or partita ! ha te.
le3onato ha (oluto or I (oluta 6 hai -onos-iuto ' ha do(uto or I
do(uta D a(ete a--o%pagnato ha (into 0 hai 3inito ho -apito
2 hai portato ; sia%o rius-iti or rius-ite ! a(ete de-iso ha a(uto
6 sono (enuti ' a(ete 3atto D I partito I stata 20 ha tradotto
,#rcis 9 Abbia%o gi 3atto questo eser-i:io1 2 "on ho an-ora 3inito di leggere il
giornale1 ; Ste3ano non I %ai andato or stato a Ro%a1 ! "on ho pi (isto
Roberto, dopo la 3esta1 A(ete gi pagato il -onto 6 Giulia non ha
an-ora -o%in-iato a la(orare1 ' &arlo non ha pi potuto la(orare1 D "on
ho %ai -onos-iuto i suoi genitori1 9ai gi s-ritto le lettere 0 "on ho
%ai (isto quel 3il%1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 251/269
8<= K+ to #rciss
9(IT 46
,#rcis 8
li ho %essi 2 l4ho a--o%pagnata ; le ho -o%prate ! le ha -hiuse liho %angiati 6 ti ha -hia%ata ' l4ha letto D -i hanno in(itati li ho
presi 0 li ho dati
,#rcis )
le ho o33erto 2 li a(ete (isti ; l4ho i%prestata ! le ho tele3onato le ha
prese 6 li ho studiati ' %i ha presentato D ti ha a--o%pagnata le hai
%andato 0 l4ho -onos-iuta l4abbia%o las-iata 2 gli hai detto ; li
ho -o%prati ! /4ho tro(ata le ho -onos-iute 6 gli ho detto ' l4ha
pagato D le ho ra--ontato /4ha a--o%pagnata 20 l4ho letta tutta
,#rcis *
"on li ho saputi 3are1 2 /i ho (oluti (edere1 ; "on l4abbia%o potuto
-hia%are1 ! Vi hanno potuti aiutare or potute aiutare /4abbia%o
do(uta in(itare1 6 "on le ha sapute tradurre1 ' /e a(ete do(ute
a--o%pagnare D /4ha (oluta %angiare1 /i hai potuti (edere 0 "onle hanno (olute 3are1
,#rcis 9
Sabina non %i ha in(itata1 2 &hi ti ha -hia%ata ; Gli abbia%o te.
le3onato ieri1 ! Vi ho -er-ati, %a non (i ho tro(ati1 &hiara -i ha
a--o%pagnati or portati alla 3er%ata dell4autobus1 6 Vi ho %andato una
-artolina, l4a(ete ri-e(uta ' 8 <%iei> nonni %i hanno regalato 00 euro, %ali ho gi spesi1 D 9o -o%prato due panini e li ho %angiati1 L9ai spento la
lu-e4 LS ), l4ho spenta14
potute aiutare1
9(IT 4A
,#rcis 8
lei, te 2 loro ; lei
0 lei, loro
,#rcis )
0 &arla non ha potuto aiutarle or &arla non le ha
! noi, (oi %e 6 lui ' %e, te D /ei (oi
"obody plays dru%s like %e1 2 =(ery student but hi% did the ho%e.
)ork1 ; Sergio -alls or phones you, not %e1 ! 84ll take or go )ith or
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 252/269
K+ to #rciss 8<@
a--o%pany you as )ell1 8 understand as %u-h as you do or as %u-h as
you1 6 Mauro tells e(eryone the truth but or e-ept %e1 ' *ou should oryou %ust or you ha(e to phone %e as )ell1 D &laudia4s lending us the
re-ords, not you1 84% gi(ing or 8 gi(e or 84ll gi(e %y address to e(eryone but her1 0 84% gi(ing her a book and hi% a re-ord1
,#rcis *
(oi 2 lui ; loro ! noi lei
,#rcis 9
+utti sono -ontro di %eW 2 Vieni -on %e ; 9o -o%prato un regalo per
te1 ! "on puoi -ontare su di lui1
9(IT 4
,#rcis 8
-he 2 -ui ; -he ! -ui -he
,#rcis )
-ui 2 -ui ; -ui ! -he -he
,#rcis *
Posso dor%ire da (oi, stasera
6 -he ' -ui D -ui -ui 0 -he
6 -he ' -ui D -he -ui 0 -ui
la quale 2 -on la quale ; dei quali ! nel quale alle quali 6 il
quale ' dal quale D le quali delle quali 0 i quali
,#rcis 9
-olei -he 2 -oloro -he ; -olui -he ! -olui or -olei -he -oloro -he
,#rcis
-hi 2 quella -he ; -hi or quello -he ! -hi quelli -he 6 quella -he' -hi D quello -he -hi 0 quelle -he
,#rcis ;
8l libro -he (oglio -o%prare I troppo -aro1 2 /a signora -on -ui or -on la
quale ho parlato I tedes-a1 ; /e persone -heor le quali hanno tele3onato
(i(ono or abitano in A%eri-aW ! /a -itt do(e or in -ui or nella quale (i(o or
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 253/269
8=3 K+ to #rciss
abito non I %olto grande1 &olui -he or -hi (uole andare all4uni(ersit
de(e sapere leggere e s-ri(ere1 6 Paolo, -he or il quale ha perso il <suo>
-ellulare, non I -ontento or 3eli-e1 ' Euella -an:one %i pia-e or Mi pia-e
quella -an:one, %a pre3eris-o quelle -he abbia%o sentito ieri sera1 D EuestaI or =--o la sorella di Fabio, la quale or -he %i ha prestato la sua bi-i1 9ai
(isto -hi or -olui -he or -olei -he ha %angiato le pes-he 0 &hi I l4uo%o -ui
or a -ui or al quale a(ete (enduto i biglietti
9(IT 4E
,#rcis 8
parla(a 2 passa(a ; 3a-e(a ! studia(o, riposa(a parti(a 6 la(o.
ra(a ' di-e(a D 3a-e(a abita(a%o 0 era(ate anda(ano
2 era ; us-i(a%o ! sape(i -onos-e(o 6 a%a(a ' dor%i(ate
D erano a(e(i 20 do(e(ano
,#rcis )
sei partita 2 era ; ho studiato ! %angia(a%o I ri%asta 6 a(e(a
' se%bra(ano D ha speso I andata 0 erano
,#rcis *
I arri(ato, era 2 ho -onos-iuto, abita(o ; a(e(i, hai -o%in-iato ! ha
tele3onato, 3a-e(o sono (enuti, era 6 hanno 3atto, sape(ano ' hanno
detto, hanno (isto D I (enuto, a(e(a sia%o arri(ati or arri(ate, parti(a
0 ho i%prestato, era
,#rcis 9
suona(a, pia-e(a, abbia%o de-iso, sia%o arri(ati, %an-a(ano, -4erano, era,
aspetta(a%o, abbia%o sentito, ha risposto, abbia%o (isto, era, ha 3inito,
ha spiegato, era, -hia%a(a, a(e(a, era, sape(a, I partito, a(e(a, I rius-ito,
apri(ano
,#rcis
Euanto te%po hai passato a 5ologna 2 Sia%o andati or andate al
-ine%a ieri sera1 ; Se%bra(ate 3eli-i1 ! 8l padre di Ge%%a 3a-e(a il %ari.
naio or era %arinaio1 &laudia e Moni-a non sono (enute in (a-an:a -on
noi questa (olta1 6 8 %iei genitori di solito us-i(ano alle D1 ' Mio padre ha
la(orato in 8ndia per ; anni1 D A -he ora a(ete preso l4autobus ieri %attina
/4anno s-orso 3a-e(a%o ginnasti-a il or di luned ) %attina1 0 @o(e hai
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 254/269
K+ to #rciss 8=8
-o%prato quelle s-arpe "on ti ho -hia%ato or -hia%ata per-hY dor%i(i1
2 Euando (oi abita(ate or (i(e(ate a /ondra io abita(o or (i(e(o a Parigi1
; Euanti anni a(e(a Susanna quando I andata all4uni(ersit ! Mentre
guarda(o la tele(isione, Anna I entrata e l4ha spenta1 Paolo e Giulia nonsono (enuti per-hY Paolo era troppo stan-o1
9(IT 4C
,#rcis 8
ne ho %andate 2 ne ho -o%prata or ne ho -o%prati ; ne ho 3atti or ne ho
3atta ! ne sono (enute po-he non ne ho 3atto nessuno 6 ne ho las-iata
una aperta ' ne hanno in(itati %olti D ne ho letti ne abbia%o -o%.
prata po-a 0 non ne ho %angiata nessuna ne ho presi 2 ne ho date
al-une ; ne abbia%o (isti ! ne ho %angiate non ne ha %angiato
nessuno 6 ne abbia%o dato qual-uno ' ne ho presi al-uni D ne sono
ri%asti, al-uni, -ari non ne ha in(itata nessuna 20 ne ho regalate
,#rcis )
ne 2 ne ; li ! l4 ne 6 le; ne ! ne ne 6 la ' lo
,#rcis *
@o(ete parlarne -ol pro3essore1
prenderne1 ! Potete %angiarne1
larne1 ' Posso assaggiarne uno
' ne D ne li 0 ne ne 2 l4
D ne ne 20 li
2 Vuoi 3arne un altro ; "on dobbia%o
@e(o 3arne sei1 6 "on possia%o par.
D "on de(e portarne, Signora1 Voglio.
no -o%prarne qual-uno1 0 "on possono berne1
,#rcis 9
"e ho do(uti dare due a Marisa1 2 "e hai potute -o%prare ; Euante
ne hai do(ute 3are ! "on ne hanno (oluta %angiare1 "e ha do(uti
leggere quattro1 6 "on ne abbia%o potute prendere1 ' "e ho do(ute s-ri.
(ere due1 D "e ho potute leggere solo due pagine1 "e a(ete do(uti ri3are
%olti 0 "on ne hanno potuta assaggiare1
,#rcis
in questa -asaC &i abitia%o da tre anni1 2 al Museo di Storia "aturaleC
Ste3ano -i la(ora da 3ebbraio1 ; alla 3esta di Mar-oC &i (olete (enire orVolete (enir-i ! al -ine%aC Paolo e /i(ia -i (anno due (olte alla set.
ti%ana1 al super%er-atoC /a Signora 5ini -i (a se%pre a piedi1 6 in
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 255/269
8=) K+ to #rciss
8taliaC &i ri%ango per tre setti%ane1 ' a s-uolaC Giulia -i (iene se%pre in
bi-i1 D all4u33i-io postaleC &i ho passato tre ore in -oda1 a -asa di PietroC
&i siete andati a -ena 0 a SorrentoC &i passia%o le (a-an:e1
9(IT 4
,#rcis 8
arri(eranno 2 parlerete ; tele3oner ! dirai s-ri(er K 6 dor%ir K' -o%in-ere%o D 3inirai prender K 0 -hia%erai abiterete
2 porteranno ; direte ! tradurr paghere%o 6 %angerai
' s-ri(er D -er-her prenderanno 20 pagher
,#rcis )
andr K 2 sare%o ; ri%arrai ! (err K, potr K do(r 6 (err, (orr
' a(re%o D potr K (edrai 0 3arete staranno 2 sapr ; 3arai
! sarete do(rete 6 andr K ' saprai D (errai 3arete
20 terranno
,#rcis *
us-ir K, do(r K, arri(er K, (err, andre%o, las-er K, andre%o, (edre%o, porter,
tornere%o, (erranno, do(re%o, us-ire%o, 3are%o, sar, potre%o
,#rcis 9
&hi potr aiutar%i 2 /4estate prossi%a 3are%o un -orso di italiano1
; /eggerai tutti questi libri ! "on andr Kin bibliote-a do%ani1 Euandoarri(er, Signora Pasini 6 @o%eni-a us-iranno1 ' &osa 3arai
D Saranno le 01 Porterai i tuoi &@ per la 3esta 0 "on (errete -on noi
al -ine%a
9(IT 4=
,#rcis 8
a(e(a 3inito 2 era arri(ata ; a(e(o (ista ! a(e(i spento a(e(ate
preso 6 a(e(a la(orato ' a(e(a s-ritto D a(e(a preparato eri rius-ito
or rius-ita 0 a(e(a%o -hiesto era stata 2 a(e(o %angiato ; era
pia-iuta ! era andata erano us-ite 6 a(e(o -apito ' era partito
D era ri%asto a(e(a (oluto 20 era stata
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 256/269
K+ to #rciss 8=*
,#rcis )
sono arri(ato or arri(ata, erano us-iti 2 -onos-e(a, a(e(a tele3onato1
; hai 3atto, a(e(o detto ! era, a(e(a -a%%inato I (enuto, do(e(a or ha
do(uto, a(e(ano dato 6 era, a(e(a (into ' porta(a, a(e(a regalato D ho-o%prato, a(e(ate -onsigliato ha speso, a(e(a guadagnato 0 ha in(i.
tato, erano andati
,#rcis *
Paola non era an-ora andata or stata in S-o:ia1 2 A(e(o 3inito il la(oro,
%a ero %olto stan-o or stan-a1 ; /e raga::e non erano %ai entrate in quella
-hiesa1 ! Arianna ha 3inito la torta -he a(e(a 3atto sua nonna1 L&osaa(e(i detto a Fabio4 L"on gli a(e(o detto nulla14 6 Maria a(e(a do(uto orera do(uta ri%anere or restare a -asa1 ' Euanto era -ostata la (ostra
%a--hina or auto D A(e(ano -o%prato or preso il biglietto il giorno
pri%a1 "on a(e(o pi la bi-i, per-hY l4a(e(o data a Anna1 0 =ra nata in
Russia, %a abita(a da %olti anni in 8talia quando l4ho -onos-iuta1
9(IT 5>,#rcis 8
si 2 %i ; si ! (i si 6 -i ' %i D si si 0 si (i 2 ti
; -i ! si (i 6 si ' si D ti (i 20 si
,#rcis )
si 2 si ; (i ! si ti 6 -i ' si D si -i 0 %i (i 2 -i; si ! ti %i 6 ti ' -i D si %i 20 (i
,#rcis *
si sono sposati 2 ti sei sbagliato ; (i siete ri-ordate ! si I 3atta si
sono in-ontrati 6 ti sei perso
annoiato 0 -i sia%o al:ate
3er%ato ! si sono separati
stan-ata D ti sei arrabbiata
,#rcis 9
"on %i sono potuta la(are1
' si I di(ertita D -i sia%o be(uti %i sono
ti sei la(ato 2 %i sono tagliata ; si I
si I la%entato 6 si I riposato ' si I (i siete o33esi 20 si sono di%enti-ati
2 Sandra e Roberto si sono (oluti sposare1
; &i sia%o do(uti s-usare1 ! /uigi si I do(uto al:are alle sei1 Gianni non
si I (oluto %ettere il berretto1 6 +i sei potuto -urare ' Vi siete potuti
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 257/269
8=9 K+ to #rciss
riposare D Mi sono do(uta 3er%are1 Per-hY ti sei (oluto tingere i
-apelli 0 "on -i sia%o potuti spiegare1
,#rcis
Vi di(ertite 2 +i sei la(ata le %ani ; &o%e si sente, Signora ! Vi
sbagliate1 @o(e (i siete -onos-iute or in-ontrate 6 Per-hY non ti siedi
' Paolo parla se%pre di sI or se stesso1
&arlo si I s-usato1 0 Mi sono (estita1
9(IT 54
,#rcis 8
-o%pra 2 us-ia%o ; stia ! %etti
D 3inis-i -o%pri 0 3a--ia%o abbi
D Fran-a si I la(ata i -apelli1
siate 6 (enga ' dai or da4
2 parli ; (ai or (a4 ! di4
3a--ia 6 s-ri(ete ' 3ai or 3a4
,#rcis )
-hiuda 2 (ada ; sorridaD a--enda stia 0 entri
,#rcis *
non partite 2 non rispondere
D entrino aprite 20 rispondi
! di-a 3a--ia 6 sia ' tradu-a
; non andate ! non s-enda non
us-ia%o 6 non 3inire ' non as-oltare D non prenda non tele3onare
0 non dire non tagliarti or non ti tagliare 2 non darle or non le dare
; non parlargli or non gli parlare ! non s-ri(ete%i or non %i s-ri(ete non dirlo or non lo dire 6 non in(itarli or non li in(itare ' non
prenderlo or non lo prendere D non %etterti or non ti %ettere non
portatele or non le portate 20 non 3arlo or non lo 3are
,#rcis 9
(ai or (a4 2 prendete ; in(ita ! guardia%o -o%in-ia 6 3a--ia
' %ettano D 3ai or 3a4 (ai or (a4 0 stai or sta4 %anda%i2 3atelo ; da%%i ! rispondi%i (a--i 6 %angiatelo ' leg.
getelo D -i aspetti digli 20 dalle
,#rcis
parlatele 2 prendili ; lo 3ir%i ! parlatene andia%o-i 6 3alli
' restate-i D -hiedia%olo -orreggili 0 prendetelo lo aspettino
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 258/269
K+ to #rciss 8=
2 %andali ; -o%pratela ! la porti aiutateli 6 rendilo ' -hie.
dia%ole D tele3onagli or tele3ona loro be(ine 20 studiatela
9(IT 55
,#rcis 8
3a, attra(ersa 2 parlano ; la(ora ! 3u%a de(ono 6 entra ' pos.
sono D paga tro(ano 0 -o%pra
,#rcis )
Euando si ha 3reddo, si la(ora %ale1 2 Euando si ha la 3ebbre, si resta a
-asa1 ; Euando si -o%in-ia a studiare una lingua, si 3anno degli sbagli1
! Euando si guida non si usa il -ellulare1 Euando si ha 3a%e si %angia1
6 Euando si I stan-hi si 3anno %olti sbagli1 ' Euando si I a((o-ati si -ono.
s-e la legge1 D Euando non si hanno soldi, non si 3anno spese inutili1
Euando si hanno tanti a%i-i si I 3ortunati1 0 Euando si %angiano troppi
dol-i, si ingrassa1
,#rcis *
"on si %ettono i piedi sulla s-ri(ania1 2 /a %attina si 3a -ola:ione1
; @opo pran:o si la(ano i piatti1 ! "on si parla -on gli s-onos-iuti1 "on
si (a in bi-i-letta sul %ar-iapiedi1 6 "on si %angia durante le le:ioni1
' "on -i si guarda tanto allo spe--hio1 D 8n bibliote-a si parla a bassa
(o-e1 "on si guarda la tele(isione tutto il giorno1 0 8l giorno pri%a
degli esa%i si studia1
,#rcis 9
@opo -he si I 3atto il bagno in %are, si 3a la do--ia1 2 @opo -he si I
superato un esa%e, si I -ontenti1 ; @opo -he si I 3inito di la(orare si (a a
-asa1 ! @opo -he si I saliti sull4aereo, non si puK usare il -ellulare1
Euando si I -res-iuti in -a%pagna, si -onos-ono i no%i di tante piante1
9(IT 56
,#rcis 8
leggeresti 2 potrei ; a(reste ! s(eglieresti (orrebbero 6 paghe.
resti ' 3arei D do(re%%o sapresti 0 ri%arrebbe aprirei
2 do(resti ; pia-erebbe ! potrebbe sarebbe 6 dareste ' ber.
rei D abiterebbero tradurrebbe 20 a--o%pagneresti
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 259/269
8=; K+ to #rciss
,#rcis )
Vorrei due panini1 2 @o(reste studiare di pi1 ; /u-ia andrebbe in
(a-an:a1 ! Fareste una pausa Potre%%o parlarti 6 Mauri:io -a%.
bierebbe la(oro1 ' Mi daresti un -onsiglio D Vi pia-erebbe andare a Ve.ne:ia 8 nostri a%i-i do(rebbero arri(are oggi1 0 "on us-irebbe %ai
sen:a per%esso1
,#rcis *
Paola potrebbe aiutar%i or %i potrebbe aiutare1 2 Verre%%o (olentieri1
; "on andrei in bibliote-a la or di sera1 ! Euando -o%in-erebbe, Signora
Vialli Pietro (orrebbe in(itarti or ti (orrebbe in(itare alla 3esta16 Sare%%o -ontenti or 3eli-i di (eder(i1 ' +errebbero il -ane in giardino1
D @o(rei partire presto1 Vorrei un altro bis-otto1 0 Saprebbe il risultato,
Signor Spada(e--hia
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 260/269
GLOSSARJ O0 T,C4NICAL T,RMS
ad7ecti"e a )ord that des-ribes a noun or pronoun, e1g1 the green doorC it4s
(ery oldC Uohn4s s0innyC she4s %ost ob7ectionable?
a demonstrati"e ad7ecti"e des-ribes so%ething as being pointed out
<Lde%onstrated4>, e1g1 thisHthat -o%puterC theseHthose railingsC
a possessi"e ad7ecti"e des-ribes so%ething as belonging to so%eone or
so%ething, e1g1 myHherHitsHourHyour beha(iour is quite nor%al1
ad"erb a )ord )hi-h gi(es in3or%ation about a (erb, an adBe-ti(e or
another ad(erb, e1g1 she sang loudlyC it4ll 3inish soonC 84(e got it some1hereCit4s incrediblyH"ery 3unnyC she sang incrediblyH"ery loudly1
agreement a 3eature )hereby the 3or% o3 one )ord -hanges depending on
the 3or% o3 another )ord it is linked )ith1 8n =nglish, the %ost ob(ious
ea%ple is in the di33eren-e bet)een singular and plural? so )e say L This is the
road4 and L These are the roads4, but not e1g1 L+his are the roads4, L+hese is the
roads4, et-1 8n 8talian, agree%ent is 3ar %ore detailed and )idespread than in
=nglish1
article a )ord )hi-h has no %eaning on its o)n, but is pla-ed be3ore a
noun to sho) )hether it is spe-i3i- or non.spe-i3i-?
a definite article sho)s that the noun re3ers to a spe-i3i- thing or person, e1g1
the airlineC the pilotC the passengersC
an indefinite article sho)s that the noun does not re3er to a spe-i3i- thing
or person, e1g1 an airlineC a pilotC passengers Jno plural inde3inite
arti-leK1
au3iliary "erb a (erb that helps another (erb to %ake its 3or%, e1g1 )e ha"edone itC it had been agreed1
con7ugation a group o3 (erbs )hi-h ha(e the sa%e endings as one another
in all tensesC e1g1 in 8talian, (erbs o3 the 3irst -onBugation ha(e an in3initi(e
ending in .are <-o%pr are, Lto buy4, -antare, Lto sing4> and the sa%e endings
in the present <-o%pr ano, Lthey buy4, -antano, Lthey sing4>, the i%per3e-t
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 261/269
8== Glossar+
<-o%pr a"ano, Lthey bought4, -anta"ano, Lthey sang4>, the 3uture
<-o%pr eranno, Lthey )ill buy4, -anteranno, Lthey )ill sing4>, et-1
gender not the sa%e thing as the a-tual se o3 a li(ing -reature, gra%%at i-al
gender is arbitraryC in 8talian, all nouns are either %as-uline or 3e%inine, e(en i3they denote inani%ate obBe-ts, e1g1 il libro J%K, Lthe book4, la -asa J3K, Lthe house4,
et-1
infiniti"e the 3or% in )hi-h (erbs are usually gi(en in )ord lists et-1, e1g1
(endere, Lto sell4, dor%ire, Lto sleep41
noun the na%e o3 a thing, person, pla-e, ani%al, plant, idea, e1g1 the green
doorC John is skinnyC lo"e is a )onder3ul thingC 8 lo(e cats and roses1
number a 3eature o3 nouns, pronouns and any )ords that agree )ith the%
<notably, in 8talian, adBe-ti(es, arti-les and (erbs> )hi-h sho)s )hether there
is Bust one, or %ore than one, o3 the thing or person in question1 83 there is
one, then the noun, pronoun, et-1 is singular, e1g1 the mobileC a childC
IHsheHheHitCi3 there is %ore than one, then the noun, pronoun, et-1 is plural, e1g1 the
mobilesC the childrenC 1eHthey1 8n 8talian, the 3or% o3 the )ord usually
%akes
it -lear )hether it is singular or plural, but in =nglish it is o3ten i%possible totell 3ro% the )ord on its o)n, e1g1 one sheepC 3i3ty sheepC Ui%, you arebrilliantC
you are all brilliant1
ob7ect the noun or pronoun a33e-ted by the a-tion o3 the (erb?
a direct ob7ect is dire-tly i%pinged on by the a-tion, e1g1 8 sent a letterC the
dog drank its 1aterC you4(e shut the doorC she -ooked itC 8 lo(e himC
an indirect ob7ect is the thingHperson to or 3or )hi-hH)ho% the a-tion is per3or%ed, e1g1 8 sent a letter to JimC 8 ga(e her a &@ Ji1e1 a &@ to herKC he
built a sno)%an 3or atherineC 8 %ade her a puppet Ji1e1 a puppet 3or herK1
participle a 3or% o3 the (erb that Lparti-ipates4 in -hara-teristi-s o3 both
(erb and adBe-ti(e, i1e1 it both indi-ates an a-tion and des-ribes so%ething?
the present participle in =nglish ends in .ing, and is used des-ripti(ely e(en
)ith (erbs in a past tense, e1g1 she4s runningC Nayne )as shoutingC
the past participle in =nglish <as in 8talian> is %ostly used to 3or% the present per3e-t tense, e1g1 the 3rog has 7umped inC she4s run a)ayC it -an also
be used purely as an adBe-ti(e, e1g1 it4s s%all but per3e-tly formedC that4s a
torn handker-hie31
passi"e a passi(e (erb is the opposite to an a-ti(e one1 9ere is an a-ti(e
(erb? L$ylie dre1 that -artoon4C in this senten-e, the thing that has so%ething
done to it <the -artoon> is the obBe-t o3 the a-ti(e (erb1 "o) here is the sa%e
idea epressed )ith a passi(e (erb? L+hat -artoon 1as dra1n by $ylie4C in this
senten-e, the thing that has so%ething done to it is a-tually the subBe-t o3 the
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 262/269
passi(e (erb1 Many ideas -an be epressed both a-ti(ely and passi(ely, e1g1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 263/269
Glossar+ 8=@
'cti"e Passi"eUi% clapped +ony JobBe-tK on the +ony JsubBe-tK 1as clapped on the ba-k
ba-k1 by Ui%1
She alone dismissed the idea +he idea JsubBe-tK 1as dismissed by her JobBe-tK1 alone1
+hey sell )ild %ushroo%s JobBe-tK Nild %ushroo%s JsubBe-tK are sold here
here1 <by the%>1
preposition a )ord usually pla-ed in 3ront o3 a noun or pronoun to sho)
the relation bet)een it and another noun or pronoun, e1g1 the -at sat on the
%atC 84(e sho)n the% to hi%C the door4s opposite the bus stop, you Bust go
through it1
pronoun a )ord that stands 3or <Lpro4> a noun?
demonstrati"e pronouns stand 3or parti-ular people or things that
are Lpointed to4, e1g1 thisHthat Ji1e1 Lthis oneHthat one4K is a dandelionC
theseHthose are 3ilthyC
interrogati"e pronouns stand 3or people or things about )hi-h a question
is being asked, e1g1 1hat are you doing 1hich o3 the% did best 1ho )on
1ho+m, did you (ote 3orCpersonal pronouns usually stand 3or people, e1g1 she lost her %obileC
they are happyC 1e phoned themC you ga(e us a 3rightC
possessi"e pronouns stand 3or things %entioned as belonging to so%eone,
e1g1 this tuna sand)i-h is mine Ji1e1 L%y one4KC those are yoursHhersHtheirs, et-1C
reciprocal pronouns stand 3or t)o or %ore people or things )hi-h
re-ipro-ate an a-tion, e1g1 they like each otherHone anotherC )e all ga(e
each otherHone another birthday presentsC
refle3i"e pronouns stand 3or people or things that are both the subBe-t
and the obBe-t o3 the (erb, e1g1 you4re )earing yoursel"es outC the
dog4ll s-rat-h itself C the -o%puter s)it-hed itself o33C she bought herselfso%ething ni-eC
relati"e pronouns usually stand 3or people or things already %entioned,
e1g1 the idiot 1ho -on-eded the penaltyC the @V@s 1hichHthat )ere on the
tableC the one politi-ian 1hom e(eryone trusts1sub7ect the noun or pronoun that per3or%s the a-tion o3 the (erb, e1g1 /ic0sang soloC the grass is greenC you ha(e gro)nC they say it )ill be easyC
the allegation )as deniedC he )as tripped o(er1
tense the 3or% o3 a (erb that -orresponds to a parti-ular seg%ent o3 ti%e,
e1g1 8 eat JpresentKC 8 shall eat J3utureKC 8 ha"e eaten Jpresent per3e-tKC 8
ate Jsi%ple pastKC 8 1as eating Jpast progressi(eKC 8 had eaten Jpast per3e-tK1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 264/269
8@3 Glossar+
"erb the )ord that indi-ates the per3or%an-e o3 an a-tion or the eisten-e
o3 a state, e1g1 she 7umped out o3 her skinC 8 shall get a %obileC that is ni-eC
they ha"e been (ery happy1
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 265/269
IND,E
a, uses o3 .60, 62, 6;.!adBe-ti(es '.22C in .co and .go D.C
)ith arti-les !C de3inition o3 D'Cde%onstrati(e 20C possessi(e 22.;C pre-eding the noun .20C singular and plural '., D
ad(erbial epressions !D.ad(erbs !6.DC 3ro% adBe-ti(es !6C
de3inition o3 D'C )ith the past per3e-t !0C )ith the present per3e-t0
agree%ent? o3 adBe-ti(es and nouns 'Cde3inition o3 D'
alcuno 2, 22anche 0andare? 3uture ;;C i%perati(e 2C
present !C present -onditional 6arti-les? de3inite .C de3inition o3 D'C
inde3inite .;C uses o3 ;.!, 22.;
auiliary (erbs? de3inition o3 D'.D, seealso a"ereC esserea"ere? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e C
i%per3e-t 2C present 2DC present-onditional 6!C present per3e-t DDCused as auiliary D6.', DD.0C useso3 ;.2
bastare Dbello 20
bere? 3uture ;!C i%perati(e 2Ci%per3e-t ;C past parti-iple D6C present !2C present -onditional 6
buono 2
cadere? 3uture ;;C present -onditional6
c4IHci sono ;2.;C in i%per3e-t ;C in present per3e-t DD
che <relati(e pronoun> 0!.
cheHche cosa 6, 'chi 6D, 0'ci? )ith a"ere <ce> !C )ith si as an
i%personal pronoun .60CLthere4 2
coluiHcoleiHcoloro 06.'come 6, '0, ', 0-o%pound prepositions 6con, uses o3 6-onditional see present -onditional-onBugations ;'conoscere ;C (s sapere !2.;cosa 6, 'cui 0!, 0
da, uses o3 ;6.', 60dare? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e C present
!C present -onditional 6de3inite arti-le ., ;.!C )ith
possessi(es 22.;C )ith prepositions'.Dde%onstrati(e adBe-ti(es 20de%onstrati(e pronouns 2!C de3inition o3
Ddi, uses o3 D., 6;dire? i%perati(e C i%per3e-t ;C
past parti-iple D6C present !2dire-t obBe-t, de3inition o3 DDdire-t obBe-t pronouns 2.!C 3or%al 3or%
!C )ith the i%perati(e !C )ith the present per3e-t <or any other -o%pound tense> !., .6Cstressed 3or%s .0
do"e 6, ', 06do"ere !;C 3uture ;;C present !2C
present -onditional 6C present per3e-t
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 266/269
8@) Ind#
eccetto +che, 0essere? )ith ci ;2.;, DD, ;C as auiliary
D6.', DD.0C as auiliary )ithi%personal si C 3uture ;2C
i%perati(e C i%per3e-t ;C present 2DC present -onditional 6!C present per3e-t DDC )ith re3lei(e pronouns !C uses o3 ;
fare? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e Ci%per3e-t !C past parti-iple D6C present !2C present -onditional 6
3or%al 3or% ;0, !C dire-t obBe-t pronouns !C in i%perati(e
2.;C indire-t obBe-t pronouns'6C )ith piacere D0C possessi(eadBe-ti(es and pronouns 2;.!
3uture 2.;!C a"ere and essere ;2C )ithi3H)hen ;0C irregular (erbs ;2.!Cnegati(e 3or% ;!C (erbs in .care,.gare and .iare ;.2C uses o3 2.;0C (erbs in .urre ;!
gender .;, 6C de3inition o3 DD
grande 2
Lho) %u-hH%any4 '0, 'Lho)4 6, '
Li34 )ith 3uture tense ;0i%perati(e !.!C essere C 3or%al
3or% 2.;C irregular (erbs .2Cnegati(e 3or% ;, !C )ith
pronouns !C uses o3 !C
(erbs in .urre 2i%per3e-t .'C o3 essere ;C
negati(e 3or% !C uses .'C(erbs in .urre !
i%personal subBe-t pronoun si '.60in, uses o3 6, 62, 6;, 6!inde3inite arti-le .;indire-t obBe-t, de3inition o3 DDindire-t obBe-t pronouns '!.6C
3or%al 3or% '6C )ith the
i%perati(e !C negati(e 3or% 'C)ith the present per3e-t Cstressed 3or%s .0
in3initi(e ;'C de3inition o3 DDC 3or negati(e i%perati(e ;
interrogati(e 3or% 2, !0interrogati(e pronouns, de3inition o3 Dirregular plurals o3 nouns
irregular (erbs? 3uture ;2.!C i%perati(e.2C i%per3e-t ;.!C past parti-iple D6C present !.;C present -onditional 6!.6
Lkno)ing4 !2.;
Lei, Loro and ;oi ;0, !C see also 3or%al3or%
mancare Dmeno +che, 0mentre 6modoHmaniera !molto !', !D, 2
ne 20.!C negati(e 3or% 22C )ith past parti-iple 22.!
neanche 0negati(e 3or% ;0, ;2.;C )ith dire-t obBe-t
pronouns ;C 3uture ;!C i%perati(e;, !C i%per3e-t !C )ithindire-t obBe-t pronouns 'C )ith ne22C past per3e-t !0C present !C present -onditional 66C present
per3e-t 0C (erbs )ith si nemmeno 0neppure 0non see negati(e 3or%non # # # ancoraHmai !'nouns? de3inition o3 DDC ending in .ca,
.co, .ga, .go, .cia, .gia 6.'Cgender .;, 6C singular and
plural !.'nu%ber? de3inition o3 DDC nouns !.'
parere D partiti(e -onstru-tions )ith di passi(e? de3inition o3 DD.C using si D past parti-iple D.6C de3inition DDC )ith
ne 22.! past per3e-t ;'.!0C )ith a"ere or essere
as auiliaries ;DC o3 a"ere andessere ;C negati(e 3or% !0C useso3 ;'.D
per, uses o3 6perchY '0 personal pronouns? de3inition o3 DC
see also pronounspiacere '.D
pla-e see prepositions o3 pla-e plurals o3 adBe-ti(es '.
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 267/269
Ind# 8@*
plurals o3 nouns !.'poco !', !D, 2
possession )ith di D, possessi(e adBe-ti(es 22.;
possessi(e pronouns 2;.!C de3inition o3 D
potere? 3uture ;;C present !2, !;C present-onditional 6C present per3e-t
prepositions '.6C -o%pound 6C)ith de3inite arti-le '.DC de3initiono3 DC )ith pronouns 00, 0,06
prepositions o3 pla-e , 60, 6, 62 prepositions o3 ti%e , 60, 6, 6;
present -onditional 62.6C essere 6!Cirregular (erbs 6!.6C negati(e 3or%66
present parti-iple, de3inition o3 DD present per3e-t D!.C )ith dire-t obBe-t
pronouns !., .6C o3 a"ere andessere DDC )ith indire-t obBe-t pronouns C )ith ne 22.!Cnegati(e 3or% 0C potere, do"ere and"olere C o3 re3lei(e (erbs !C
using a"ere D6.', DD.Cusing essere D6.', DD.0, !Cuses o3 D!.
present tense ;6.!;C a"ere and essere 2DCirregular (erbs !.;C uses o3 ;6.'C(erbs in .are ;'C (erbs in .care and.gare ;DC (erbs in .cere and .gere ;C(erbs in .ere ;D.C (erbs in .iare ;DC(erbs in .ire !0C (erbs )ith .isc.!0C (erbs in .urre !;
pronouns? de3inition o3 DCde%onstrati(e 2!C dire-t obBe-t2.!, !., .6, .0C )ith thei%perati(e !C indire-t obBe-t '!.6,6, .0C possessi(e 2;.!C a3ter
prepositions 00C re3lei(e !;.6Crelati(e 0!.'C stressed 3or%s.0C subBe-t 2D., see also ciCneC si
pure 0
:ualcuno 2, 22:uale '+ilHla, :uale <relati(e pronoun> 0!,
0.6:uando '0, ;0:uanto '0, ', 0, 2, 2;, 2!:uello 20, 2!
:uello che <relati(e pronoun> 06questions 2, !0, 6D.':uesto 20, 2!
re-ipro-al pronouns, de3inition o3 D
re3lei(e pronouns !;.6C stressed 3or%!6
re3lei(e (erbs DD, !;C )ith si<i%personal subBe-t> .60
relati(e pronouns 0!.'C de3inition o3 D
rimanere? 3uture ;!C present-onditional 6
riuscire !2
sal"o +che, 0santo 2.2sapere !2.;C (s conoscere !2.;C 3uture
;;C i%perati(e 2C present !C present -onditional 6
sembrare Dser"ire Dsi? i%personal '.60C )ith essere as
auiliary C negati(e 3or% C)ith re3lei(e (erbs .60C
senten-es )ith a passi(e %eaningD
singular and plural adBe-ti(es '., DLso%eHso%eone4 2, 22spelling? o3 adBe-ti(es in .co and .go
D.C essere and a"ere ;0C plurals o3 nouns in .ca, .co, .ga, .go, .cia, .gia6.'
stare? 3uture ;2C i%perati(e 2C present!C present -onditional 6
stesso !6su, uses o3 6subBe-t, de3inition o3 DsubBe-t pronouns 2D.
tanto !', !Dtenere? 3uture ;!C present -onditional
6tense, de3inition o3 DLthat4 <relati(e pronoun> 0!
LthatHthose4 <de%onstrati(e adBe-ti(esH pronouns> 20, 2!
Lthere isHare4 ;2.;LthisHthese4 <de%onstrati(e adBe-ti(esH
pronouns> 20, 2!ti%e see prepositions o3 ti%etra and fra, uses o3 62
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 268/269
8@9 Ind#
8/14/2019 Basic Italian -a grammar and workbook.rtf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/basic-italian-a-grammar-and-workbookrtf 269/269
tranne +che, 0transiti(e (erbs DDtroppo !', !D, 2
uscire? i%perati(e 2C present !
"edere? 3uture ;;C present -onditional6
"enire 3 t ;! i ti 2
present !;C present -onditional66
"i"ere? 3uture ;;C past parti-iple D6C present -onditional 6
"olere? 3uture ;!C present !2, !;C present -onditional 6C present per3e-t
L)hat4 6, '
L h 4 ith 3 t t ;0