Basic Components

ResistorCapacitorInductorConnectors and DC JackLEDIR ModuleLM358H-BridgeL293D IC

Resistors• Offer opposes to the flow of current.• Have net Potential Drop Across them.

How to Read a Resistor Value ?

CapacitorsCharge Storing Element

USE OF CAPACITORS

1.CouplingCapacitors used to extract AC components from DC + AC components.

USE OF CAPACITORS(Contd..)

2. Decoupling•Decoupling capacitors are used to pass noise coming in from the power source to the ground terminal

USE OF CAPACITORS(Contd..)

3.SmoothingSmoothing capacitors suppress ripples that are generated even after rectification with a power circuit to smooth-out signals so that they approach direct currents.

Potentiometer

•A potentiometer is a manually adjustable electrical resistor that uses three terminals. •Also Known as Variable Resistor or Rheostat .

INDUCTORS

It resists changes in electric current passing through it.

They are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass; inductors designed for this purpose are called chokes.

CONNECTORSand

DC JACK

These connectors are used to connect through jumper

wire.

Breakaway-Header-Connector

JUMPER

These connectors are used to connect both sides from hole connectors.

switches

SWITCHESTACTILE /PUSH SWITCH

DPST SWITCH

OSCILLATOR

An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave.Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices.

LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

Light Emitting DiodeA light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor

light source.

Infra Red LED•An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays .•IR rays are not visible through naked eyes.•It is Forward Bias.

Photodiode or IR Receiver•A photodiode is a type of photo detector or light

receiver capable of converting light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation.

•Works in Reverse Bias

IR Sensors•An infrared Sensor is a detector that reacts to infrared (IR) radiation•IR rays reflected by white background is received by the photodiode while the Black Color will absorb all the Radiation thus Photodiode would detect nothing.

Analog Output to IC

IR SENSOR MODULE

LM358 Comparator IC•Used to compare analog signals to a reference voltage and give a digital high(1) or low(0) signal.

LM358 as Analog to Digital Convertor

IR SensorIR Sensor

To motorRef. input

To motor

IR Sensor using LM358

H-BridgeIt is an electronic circuit which enables a voltage to be applied across a load in either direction. It electronically command the motor to go forward, reverse, brake, and coast.

Motor Driver•Motor Driver is the Component That is required to amplify the current coming from the Control circuit to a suitable amount to drive the motors.•H-Bridge Motor Driver(Bi-Directional Motor Driver)•Using IC(L293D)

Using L293D

VCC

VCCVCC

Arduino

IR SENSOR

BLOCK DIAGRAMDIGITAL SIGNAL