basic anatomy and physiology
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Basic
Anatomy and Physiology
Prepared by:
J. Rundle NDip (EMC)
ACLS / PHTLS / PALS / BLS / EMT Instructor
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Learning Objectives
Identify the following terms: medial, lateralproximal, distal, superior, inferior, anterior,posterior, midline, right, left, bilateral, mid-
clavicular, mid-axillary
Describe the anatomy and function of thefollowing major body systems: respiratory,
circulatory, musculoskeletal, nervous, andendocrine.
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Introduction
As a medical practitioner you will be faced withpatients that complain of a wide variety ofillnesses and injuries.
To adequately asses and treat the sick orinjured patient, the medical practitioner musthave a basic knowledge of where the structuresof the body are (anatomy) and how they work(physiology).
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First things firstWe have to be able to speak the language
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Anatomical Terms
Normal anatomical position
The position that a patient is in when determiningterms.
Person standing, facing forward Palms facing forward
Looks something like this:
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Anatomical Planes Midline
Imaginary line drawn vertically through the middleof the body (Nose to umbilicus (belly button)) thatdivides the body into right and left
Mid-axillary Imaginary line drawn vertically from the middle of
the armpit to the ankle dividing the body into
anterior and posterior (front and back).
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Anatomical Planes-DescriptiveTerms
Superior
Is either your supervisor---or means somethinghigher (closer to the head)
Inferior
Lower, away from head
Anterior
Front
Posterior
Back
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Anatomical Planes-DescriptiveTerms
Right and Left Your patients right and left!
Mid-clavicular
Line that runs down the middle of the clavicle (thenipple of the breast usually is mid-clavicular)
Bilateral Both sides
Dorsal Back side, or top (dorsal fin of fish)
Ventral
Opposite of Dorsal, front side
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Having a bad day
Ventral
Dorsal
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Anatomical Planes-DescriptiveTerms
Plantar NO, not one who plantsbut rather the bottom of the foot
Palmar
Gee, Mr. ObviousI never made the connection Supine
Lying down on back
Prone
Lying down on front
Fowlers Seated, head up- 45-60 degrees
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Anatomical Planes-DescriptiveTerms
Trendelenburg
Supine, feet elevated, head down
Shock position
Modified Trendelenburg, supine with legs elevated20-30cm
Lateral recumbent
recovery position, laying on side
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Take 5 minutes, then wewill take a look at
Body Systems
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Musculoskeletal System
Function
Gives body shape
Protects vital organs
Provides for body movement
Components
Bones, joints, connective tissues and muscles
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Bones Skull-houses and protects the brain
Face
Orbit
Nasal bone
Maxilla Mandible
Zygomatic bones (cheeks)
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Spinal Column (33 vertebrae)
Cervical (neck) 7 vertebrae
Thoracic (upper back) 12 vertebrae
Lumbar (lower back) 5 vertebrae
Sacral (back wall of pelvis) 5 vertebrae Coccyx (tail bone) 4 vertebrae
Bones
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Bones
Thorax
Ribs
12 pairs
Attached posterior to the thoracic
vertebrae
Pairs 1-10 attached anterior to the
sternum
Pairs 11 and 12 are floating
Sternum (breast bone)
Manubrium (superior portion of sternum)
Body (middle part)
Xiphoid process (inferior portion of sternum)
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Bones
Pelvis Iliac crest (wings of pelvis)
Pubis (anterior portion of pelvis) Ischium (inferior portion of pelvis)
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Bones
Lower extremities Greater trochanter (ball) and
acetabulum (socket of hip bone)
make up hip joint
Femur (thigh)
Patella (kneecap) Tibia (shin, lower leg)
Fibula (lower leg)
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Bones
Medial and lateral malleolus are surfacelandmarks of ankle joint
Tarsals and metarsals
Calacneus Phalanges
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Bones
Upper extremities Clavicle (collar bone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Acromion (tip of shoulder) Humerus (superior portion
of upper extremity)
Olecranon (elbow)
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Bones
Radius (lateral bone of the forearm)
Ulna (medial bone of the forearm)
Carpals (wrist)
Metacarpals (hand)
Phalanges
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Joints
Where bones connect to other bones
Ball and socket
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Joints
Where bones connect to other bones
Hinge
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Joints
Where bones connect to other bones
Fixed
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Now itsyour turn!
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Take 5 minutes, then wewill take a look at
Tissue and Muscle
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Connective Tissue
Ligaments
Hold joints together
Tendons
Attach muscle to bone
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Muscle Types
Voluntary (skeletal)
May also attach muscles to bones
Form major muscle mass in the body
Under control of the nervous system and the brain;can be contracted and relaxed by the will of thepatient
Responsible for movement
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Muscle Types
Involuntary (smooth)
Found in the walls of the tubular structures of thegastrointestinal tract and the urinary system as well
as blood vessels and bronchi Control the flow of blood through these structures
Carry out automatic muscular functions of the body
Patients have no direct control over these muscles Respond to stimuli such as stretching, heat and
cold
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Types of muscle
Cardiac
Found only in the heart
Involuntary muscle
Has its own supply of blood through the coronaryartery system
Can tolerate interruption of blood supply for only
very short time periods Automaticity-has the ability to contract on its own
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Respiratory System
Nose and mouth
Pharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
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Respiratory System
Epiglottis-leaf shaped structure that preventsfood and liquid from entering trachea duringswallowing
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Respiratory System
Trachea (windpipe)
Cricoid cartilage-firm cartilage ring forming thelower portion of the larynx
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Respiratory System
Larynx (voice box)
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Respiratory System
Bronchi-two major branches of the trachea tothe lungs which subdivide into smallerpassages ending in the alveoli
Lungs Bronchi
Trachea
Lung
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Respiratory System
Diaphragm Inhalation (active)
Diaphragm and intercostal
muscles contract increasing size of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm moves slightly downward, ribs move upward/outward
Air flows into lungs
Exhalation
Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax decreasing thesize of the thoracic cavity
Diaphragm moves upward, ribs move downward/inward
Air flows out of the lungs
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Respiratory Physiology
Alveolar/capillary exchange Oxygen rich air enters the alveoli during each
inspiration
Oxygen poor blood in the capillaries pass into thealveoli
Oxygen enters the capillaries as carbon dioxideenters the alveoli
Capillary cellular exchange
Cells give up carbon dioxide to the capillaries
Capillaries give up oxygen to the cells
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Infant and Child considerations
Mouth and nose are smaller and more easilyobstructed
Pharynx- tongues take up proportionally more
space than adults Trachea
Narrower, more easily blocked
Softer and more flexible Diaphragm-chest wall is softer, depend more on
diaphragm for breathing
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Take 5 minutes, then we
will take a look at
Circulatory and Nervous System
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Circulatory (Cardiovascular)
Heart
Structure/function
Atrium
Right-receives blood from the veins of the body and heart, pumpsoxygen poor blood into right ventricle
Left-receives blood from the pulmonary veins (lungs), pumpsoxygen right blood to left ventricle
Ventricle
Right-pumps blood to lungs
Left-pumps blood to body
Valves-prevent backflow of blood
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Cardiac Conduction System
Heart is more than a muscle
Specialized contractile and conductive tissue in theheart
Electrical impulses Automaticity
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Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart to rest of thebody
Major arteries
Coronary arteries-supply the heart with blood
Aorta-major artery supplies other vessels withblood, originates from the heart lying in front of the
spine in the thoracic and abdominal cavities anddivides at the level of the navel into the iliac arteries
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Arteries
Pulmonary-originates at right ventricle and carriesoxygen poor blood to the lungs
Carotid-major artery of the neck, supplies head with
blood, pulsations can be palpated on either side ofthe neck
Femoral-major artery of the thigh, supplies groinand lower extremities with blood, pulsations can be
palpated in groin area
Radial-major artery of the lower hand, pulsationscan be palpated at the wrist thumb side
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Arteries
Brachial-an artery of upper arm, pulsations oninside of the arm between elbow and shoulder,used with determining blood pressure
Posterior tibial-pulsations can be palpated on theposterior surface of the medial malleoulus
Dorsalis pedis-an artery in the foot, pulsations canbe palpated on the anterior surface of the foot
Arterioles are the smallest branch of an arteryleading to capillaries
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Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles tovenules
Found in all parts of the body
Allows for the exchange of nutrients and wasteat the cellular level
Venules are the smallest branch of the veinsleading to the capillaries
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Veins
Carry blood back to the heart
Major veins:
*Pulmonary vein-carries oxygen rich blood from thelungs to the left atrium
Venae cavae
Superior
Inferior Carries oxygen poor blood back to right atrium
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Blood composition
Red blood cells Give blood their color
Carry oxygen to organs
Carry carbon dioxide away from organs White blood cells-part of the bodys defense
against infections
Plasma-fluid that carries blood cells andnutrients
Platelets-essential for the formation of bloodclots
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Physiology Pulse
L ventricle contracts, sendinga wave of blood througharteries Can be palpated anywhere anartery passes near the skinsurfaceand over a bone Peripheral pulses
Radial
Brachial Posterior tibial
Dorsailis pedis
Central Carotid
Femoral
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Blood Pressure
Systolic-the pressure exerted against the wallsof the artery when the L ventricle contracts
Diastolic-pressure exerted against the walls of
the artery when L ventricle is at rest
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Inadequate circulation/shock
Hypoperfusion resulting in profound depressionof vital processes of the boy
Characterized by these signs and symptoms:
Pale, cyanotic (blue colored), cool, clammy skin
Rapid, weak pulse
Rapid, shallow breathing
Restlessness, anxiety or mental dullness
Nausea and vomiting
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Shock
Reduction in total blood volume
Subnormal temperature
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Perfusion
Defined: circulation of blood through an organ
Perfusion is the delivery of oxygen and othernutrients to the cells of all organ systems and
the removal of waste products
Hypoperfusion is the inadequate circulation ofblood through an organ
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Nervous system
Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity ofthe body
Components
Central nervous system Brain-located within cranium
Spinal cord-located in spine from brain to lumbarvertebrae
Peripheral nervous system Sensory nerves carry info from body to brain and spinal
cord
Motor nerves carry info from the brain and spinal cord to
the body
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Take 5 minutes, then we
will take a look at
Endocrine, Gastrointestinal, Genitourinary & Skin
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Endocrine System
Secretes chemicals (hormones), responsible forregulating body activities such as reproductivechanges and regulation of metabolism
Organs include the hypothalamus in the brain,pituitary gland, thyroid and parathyroid glands,adrenal glands, and parts of the pancreas
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Genitourinary system
Organs include reproductive organs and thoseorgans responsible for the production andsecretion of urine
Located close together in abdomen and pelvisbecause of shared functions
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Skin
Biggest organ of the human body
Integumentary system
Protects body from environment, bacteria, andother organisms
Helps regulate body temperature
Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain-transmits this information to brain and spinalcord
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Layers of the Skin
Epidermis-outermost layer of skin
Dermis-deeper layer of skin containing sweatand sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood
vessels, and nerve endings
Subcutaneous tissue
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Any Questions?