Anatomy and PhysiologyUnit 1: Basic Structure of the Body

Definitions

Anatomy: The study of the structures of the body (the parts)

Physiology: The study of the functions of the structures of the body (how it works)

Pathophysiology: The study of how disease occurs and how the body responds to disease

Protoplasm

Protoplasm is the basic substance of all life.

It is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorous.

Although scientists can combine these elements, life has not been recreated in the lab.

Levels of Organization

The human organism has 8 levels of complexity. Organism Organ system Organ Tissue Cell Organelle Molecule Atom/ion

The CellOrganelles:

1. Cell membrane2. Cytoplasm3. Nucleus4. Nucleolus5. Chromatin6. Centrosome7. Mitochondria8. Golgi Apparatus9. Endoplasmic

Reticulum10. Vacuoles11. Lysosomes12. Pinocytic Vesicle

Using your textbook, label the diagram of the cell you have been given and list the function of the above organelles.

1. Cell membrane: semipermeable outer protective covering of the cell.

2. Cytoplasm: semifluid inside the cell but outside the nucleus. The site for all chemical reactions in the cell.

3. Nucleus: “brain” of the cell. It controls many cell activities and is important in mitosis.

4. Nucleolus: small round bodies found in nucleus. Important in cell reproduction. Manufactures ribosomes.

5. Chromatin: Located in nucleus. Made of DNA and protein. Condenses to form chromosomes.

6. Centrosome: Contains two centrioles that during mitosis create an even division of chromosomes.

7. Mitochondria: “powerhouse” of cell. Break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats for ATP for energy needs of cell.

8. Golgi Apparatus: Produces, stores and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

9. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Allows for the transport of materials into and out of the nucleus

10. Vacuoles: Pouchlike substances filled with a watery substance, stored food, or waste

11. Lysosomes: Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials. Important to the immune system.

12. Pinocytic Vesicle Pocket-like folds in the cell membrane. Allow large molecules such as proteins and fats to enter the cell.

Cell Reproduction

Mitosis: 1 cell divides

into 2. Asexual

reproduction. Each new

cell has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

Meiosis Process by

which sex cells (gametes) reproduce

Each new cell has 23 chromosomes

Stem Cells Stem cells are precursor cells that have the ability to

transform themselves into any of the body’s specialized cells and perform many different functions.

Stem cell research is a controversial area of science. Scientists are attempting to determine whether stem

cells can be transplanted into the body and used to cure diseases

Stem cells can be found in embryos, umbilical and placental blood.

They are also found in adult bone marrow and liver but do not have the ability to evolve into all kinds of cells only more cells of their own kind

Tissue

Tissue is formed by similar cells that join together to perform a specific function.

There are four main types of tissue. Epithelial (secrete and protect) Connective (support and connect) Nerve ( control and

communicate) Muscle (move and protect)

Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue

Epithelial Tissue: covers the surface of the body and is the main tissue of the skin and lining of organs and body cavities. Also forms glands

Connective Tissue: is the supporting fabric of organs and body parts.▪ Soft connective tissue▪ Adipose (fat)▪ Fibrous (ligaments and tendons)

▪ Hard Connective Tissue▪ Cartilage and bone

▪ Liquid Connective Tissue▪ Blood▪ Lymph

Nerve Tissue and Muscle Tissue

Nerve Tissue: made of special cells called neurons. Controls and coordinates body activites.▪ Brain▪ Nerves▪ Spinal Cord

Muscle Tissue: Produces power and movement▪ Smooth▪ Skeletal▪ Cardiac

Fluid Balance Within Body Tissues Dehydration

Insufficient amount of tissue fluid

Edema Excess amount of

tissue fluid Causes swelling

Organs

Organs are made from 2 or more tissues that join for a specific function

Ex: heart, brain, stomach

Organ System Organs and

other body parts join for a particular function

We will study 12 body systems.

Turn to page 146 to complete the body systems chart