baseline survey report of the project area
TRANSCRIPT
BASELINE SURVEY REPORT OF THE PROJECT AREA
Acknowledgement
It is my pleasure to bring out the revised Baseline survey report of the project
entitled Developing farming system models for pritorised micro watesheds in rain
fed areas of Jharkhand. The purpose of the baseline report is to know the status of the
farmers and present situation of the farming system, so that at the end of the project the
impact of project can be analysed. The aim of the project is to develop models of
sustainable farming system which can be replicated in the other areas of similar situation.
I am grateful to Dr.N.N.Singh Consortia leader & Vice-Chancellor, Birsa
Agricultural University, Dr. B.N.Singh, Nodal officer (NAIP) & Director of Research &
Dr. A.K.Sarkar, Dean Faculty of Agriculture for their support and encouragement.
I am thankful to the National Director Dr.Mruthyunjaya for the support
provided to the project. I am also thankful to National Co-ordinator
(Component III) Dr.A.P.Srivastava & M&E Consultant Dr.U.K.Srivastava for
their guidance to bring out this report.
Last but not the least I am thankful to Dr.S.K.Pal ex-PI of the project, whose strong
footing of the project paved the way for smooth execution of the work.
I am also grateful to all our farmers who provided the basic information
I am also thankful to all Co-PIs & Research Associates who helped me directly or
indirectly to bring out this report.
(A.K.Singh)
Principal Investigator
1
PROJECT TEAM S.No. Name Designation Area of Specialization
1. Dr.A.K.Sarkar Dean, Faculty of Agriculture
Natural Resource Management
2. Dr.S.K.Singh (upto 8.6.09) Dean , Veterinary sciences & AH
Animal husbandry
3. Dr.A.K.Singh Professor of Aquaculture Aquaculture
4 Dr. S.K.Pal Professor in Agronomy Farming System
5 Er. D.K.Rusia Sr. Scientist Agricultural Engineering
6. Dr. Arvind Kumar Assistant Professor Micronutrient/Soil pollution
7 Dr. R.P.Singh Professor in Agricultural Economics
Agricultural Economics
7. Dr.R.K.Singh Principal Scientist Farming System
8. Dr.A.K.Jaiswal Principal Scientist Lac
9. Dr.R.S.Pan Sr. Scientist Horticulture
10. Dr. P.B.Saha Sr.scientist Soil fertility
10. Dr.Sunil Kumar Research Associate Animal husbandry
11. Mr. Ajeet Kumar Research Associate Soil Science
12. Mr. Upendra Kumar Research Associate Agronomy
13. Mr. Hemant Kumar, Research Associate Fisheries
14. Er. Piyush Srivastava Research Associate Agricultural Engineering
15. Mr. Dhirendra Kumar Research Associate Lac
16. Mr. Narendra Kumar Sharma Research Associate Agricultural Extension
17 Smt. Padmaja Gupta Research Associate Agronomy
2
List of Tables
Sl.no Title Page no. 1 Activity Schedule/Work Plan (Objective wise/year wise) 11 2 Activities schedule and work plan (Cluster wise) 14 3 Activities schedule/work plan (Centre wise) 19 4 Expected Output/ Outcome/ Impact 22 5 Villages selected for the project 24 6 Caste composition of the target area (household %) 25 7 Availability of ponds in different cluster 27 8 Source of water in different land situation 27 9 Cropping pattern in the target area 28 10 Crops grown during 2007-08 29 11 Methods of rice cultivation 31 12 Rice varieties grown during 2007-08 32 13 Productivity of the important crops (Q/ha) 33 14 Farm tools use in agricultural operations by farm families 34 15 Community Structure. 35 16 Schools present in selected micro watershed areas 35 17 Infrastructure existes in thé cluster 35 18 Schemes/works running in the Villages 36 19 Family size of the household in the adopted cluster 38 20 Occupation in the adopted cluster 38 21 Family assets of the sampled farmers 38 22 Annual family expenditure/household(Rs) 39 23 Fruit trees in different land situation 40 24 Timber and other trees in different land situation 41 25 Land classification by revenue class, local class and by hydrology 42 26 Cropping intensity in the selected cluster 51 27 Gross revenue from agriculture & horticulture 52 28 Total income income/household(Rs.) 52 29 Animal population in adopted villages 55 30 Farm family preference of rearing animals & birds 56 31 Rearing of birds in adopted villages 56 32 Different livestock stakes in different farm holdings 57 33 Gross income from milk production 58 34 Income from other than milch animals 59 35 Average income from livestock 59 36 Income from other subsidiary occupation and wage employment 61 37 Total employment ( man days) available in a year in the selected cluster 62 38 Source of information 63 39 Drudgery in the marketing of horticultural crops 65 40 Constraints in vegetables and fruits growing 66 41 Average earnings from migration 68 42 Present source of credit 70 43 Average annual income from all sources(Rs./household) 73
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgement Project team Executive summary
Sl.no Chapter Page no.
1 Background
7
2 Baseline data of sample village
24
3 Socio-economic profile
38
4 Land & water use profile 42
5 Cropping pattern & net agriculture income 51
6 Post harvest activities
53
7 Live stock & Fisheries activities
55
8 Income from other subsidiary occupation & employment
61
9 Sources of knowledge
63
10 Perception of farmers
64
11 Migration status
68
12 Extension services
69
13 Access to micro credit & loan facilities 70
14 Conclusion
72
4
Executive Summary Jharkhand is a newly created state having immense potentiality for development of
agriculture and industries. Out of 24 districts of the state, 14 have been declared as
disadvantaged districts. The present baseline report has been prepared to assist in final
evaluation of the project on “Developing Sustainable farming system models for
prioritized micro watersheds in rain fed areas of Jharkhand”. The data for the baseline has
been collected from the target villages (21) from the four cluster of two districts ( Jamtara
& Dumka). The data collection was done through a questionnaire by a multidisciplinary
team through door to door survey method. The data were analysed to group the farmer in
different categories on the basis of landholdings and 25% sample were sampled from the
survey for further analysis.
The household in the target villages comprises of 60.42% ST, 6.21% SC, 30.28% OBC
and 3.0% upper caste.
There are in total 1338 households in the 21 villages of four clusters, on the basis of
landholding it has been found that 0.97% farmers are landless (land holding<0.01 ha)
66.89% marginal (land holding 0.01-1.00 ha) 22.65% are small (land holding between
1.00=-2.00 ha) 8.30% semi-medium (land holding 2.00-4.00 ha) and 1.20% farmers are
of medium categories (land holding 4.00-10.00 ha).
Population is mainly dependent on agriculture and allied sectors except that 7.0% and
11.73% had additional source of income through service and self employment (business).
Agriculture is mainly rainfall dependent and annual rainfall is 1376 and 1412 mm in
Jamtara & Dumka , respectively. The source of irrigation available in the villages are
ponds, small nalas etc. which are mainly seasonal in nature and holds water for about 6-9
months.
Out of total geographical area 2332 ha of the target village 29.88%, 5.25%, 8.93% and
3.25% are upland land, low land, bari land and are utilized for other purposes i.e. road,
school etc. out of 1226.563 ha 88.49% is cultivable and only 9.8% are barren and 7.40
has the irrigation facilities.
Paddy is the rain crop in area and wherever irrigation facilities are available, farmers goes
for second crop/ horticulture crops. The average productivity of the major crops ewre
15.74 quintal/ha paddy, 16.68 quintal/ha for maize, 17.58 quintal/ha wheat and 159.27
quintal/ha for potato.
5
The average annual income from agriculture and horticulture per household was Rs.
13839/- which varies depending upon the land holdings of the household.
The average total household annual income was Rs.24465/- (11608-42707) which vary
depending upon the landholding.
The average annual expenditure was Rs. 20834/household ranging from Rs. 14839-
43902. Income from subsidiary occupation and wage employment was Rs. 8560 (3352-
18540). The total employment (man days) was 207 in the own farm, wages and migration
etc. The engagement in own farm was only 94 man days. There were migration of
manpower for different duration ranging from one to six months.
The source of information to farmers was mainly radio in most of the villages and
information supplied by the shopkeeper of their locality for their different enterprises.
The access to micro credit & loan facilities was poor among farmers and very few
farmers had KCC facilities and most of the farmers were taking credit/loan from the
money lenders. Seven SHG was available in the villages and there was no vocational
training programme run by any agency.
Farmers had lot of problems in agriculture but most important was lack of irrigation
facility, lack of knowledge of latest technology and access to training.
6
CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND
1. Introduction
Jharkhand is a new State with immense possibilities of development in
Industrial and Agricultural sector. Out of 10.13 million working population, 76.86% are
engaged in Agriculture. Vast working force and natural resources are able to produce
food grain to meet only 50% of the requirement. Water is the major constraint in
agriculture production system. On account of topography and agro-climatic conditions,
the region of Chotanagpur and Santhal Parganas is suitable for horticultural crops.
39% of the total geographical area are waste lands and only 10% have
irrigation facility.. The productivity of principal crops is very poor because of the poor
soil fertility and rainfall dependent risk prone agriculture. Only 35% household target
area have rice to meet their requirement for six months.
Farmers use limited amount of chemical fertilizer during the transplanting
of rice. Otherwise farmers use farmyard manure as organic fertilizer on their field. In
general rice is grown once in a year, except in few areas where natural source of water
available summer rice production is in practice. The physical resources like population,
climate, rainfall, soils, and agrarian structure mostly influence the farming practices and
limit the productivity. Sloppy and undulating topography, rocky & hilly land utilized for
some low value crops cultivation. Aside from the physical constraints the population is
mainly tribal dominated whose literacy level is very low. According to 2001 census
report the literacy rate of Jharkhand was male 67.94%, female 39.38% and the total
54.13% only. Moreover, the poor access to infrastructure like road, electricity isolates
them from modernization. Due to lack of irrigation facilities, farmers seldom grow rabi
crops. To seek other sources of livelihood males migrate on a seasonal or permanent
basis to urban centers, brick kilns, tea gardens and high productivity areas in Punjab,
Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. In this situation, wives are left behind and become de facto
heads of households and managers of their farms. However, they are faced with several
constraints such as lack of access to technical knowledge and skills required by improved
varieties and crop management techniques and suffer the increasing burden in farming,
household and childcare responsibilities.
7
Rain-fed rice farmers in Jharkhand are trapped in a cycle of poverty in
which high risks from drought, flood, and other stresses prevent adoption of improved
technologies for rice production, diversification of rice systems and investment in non-
farm activities. Reducing poverty in these areas requires that average productivity be
greatly increased and stabilized in rainfed rice systems. The experience of Asian
economic development in last 50 years indicates that the achievement of large and stable
increases in rice yields by poor farmers leads to greater income and food security, freeing
them to engage in other income-generating activities. With recent advances in genomics
and genetics the probability of research success in developing appropriate technologies
for these ecologically unfavorable environments is much greater today than in the past.
Thus increasing rice productivity, increasing cropping intensity and crop diversification
through the validation and promotion of improved technologies through
farmer/community participatory approach are important entry points for reducing poverty
and increasing food security.
On this background, the present project proposal entitled farming
system models for pritorised micro watersheds in rainfed areas of Jharkhand
had been developed to improve livelihood of the resource poor farmers in the selected
villages of Dumka & Jamtara districts through a consortium mode led by BAU, Ranchi.
1.1 Role of this project?
X The degeneration of natural resources particularly in rainfed areas is assuming on
alarming proportion. Associated with this are the social, economic, ecological and
environmental issues.
X Watershed based development approach is highly relevant in rainfed areas for
livelihood security through stabilization of crop yields & farming system based
innovations.
X Rainfed rice farmers need measures to minimize risks from intermittent drought,
diversification in farming systems & promotion of non-farm activities.
X Stability in crop yields will lead to food security, freeing farmers to engage in
other income generating activities. Thus developing and promoting appropriate
agricultural technologies for these ecologically unfavorable environments is of
greatest relevance at present.
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X Validation and promotion of improved technologies through farmer/community
participatory approach are important entry points for reducing poverty &
increasing food security.
a. New methodologies/procedures
X Integrated crop management and resource efficient technologies for rice based
cropping system promoted with farmers to enhance productivity & income,
improve natural resource (soil & water) & minimize adverse effects on the
environment.
X Plan for an effective on-farm input Supply system through a cluster and
participatory approach.
X Promoting small scale post harvest processing units for agriculture, horticulture,
lac and animal products with market tie ups.
b. Institutional mechanisms
A consortium based approach involving different organizations will help in
achievement of the above objectives. The consortia partners are ICAR Institutions
(HARP, CURRUS, IINRG) SAU, ATMA, KVK, ZRS, NGO, State Department
of Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, RKVY,NHM,NSHM farmer
groups, & progressive farmers, NABARD & Marketing Institutions.
c. Issues to be addressed by research
X Amelioration of acidic soils.
X Rainwater conservation & its judicious use to increase the cropping intensity.
X Conservation of soil by checking soil erosion.
X Managing excess water in lowlands.
X Promoting fisheries in seasonal as well as perennial ponds.
X Promoting piggery, goatary & poultry in the area.
X Augmenting vegetable production, off season vegetables cultivation with
introducing low cost poly houses etc.
X Encouraging processing & value addition of produce.
X Lac cultivation in existing Palas & Ber trees & encouraging its processing.
X Improving rice production by appropriate interventions.
X Improving pulses & oil seeds production by introducing new cultivation
technologies.
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X Advocating fruit based farming systems in the villages.
X Upgrading the skills of stakeholders by training, demonstrations & exposure
visits.
X Discussions on innovative ideas with stake holders.
X Continuous technology assessment & refinement.
X Addressing market linkages.
1.2 Objectives of the Project
X To develop appropriate land & water use plan in the selected micro-watersheds
for conserving natural resources.
X To improve productivity of crops, promote horticulture, animal husbandry
fisheries & lac cultivation for livelihood security.
X To promote entrepreneurship for value addition to reduce migration &
employment generation at farm level.
X To develop sustainable farming system models for the micro-watershed &
improve market linkages.
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1.3 Activity Schedule/ Work Plan (Objective wise/ year wise)
Year Objectives Activities 1 2 3 4 5
Base line survey (PRA) of 4 micro watershed. R Identification of farmers need & constraints in about 20 villages at project site.
R
Reorientation of existing farmers groups Available in agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture,fisheries and lac cultivation and formation of newfarmers groups (SHGs, WIGs, CIGs) in all four selected micro watersheds.
R
Identification of critical erosion prone area and assessment of various quality parameters of soil and water in project area.
R
Preparation of design separately in each Micro watershed for intervention of various activities.
R
ø To develop appropriate land and water use plan in selected micro watersheds for conserving natural resources.
Livelihood analysis of the communities and identification of livestock and suitable crop as per soil & climate suitability and farmers preference.
R
• Training and exposure visit of rural youth of 4 micro watershed on IFS, Agriculture Business Management, Watershed & Rain water Management.
R
Training and exposure to master trainers for continuing the skill upgradation programme on multitier cropping, rice-fish-duck system, piggery, poultry, fisheries, animal husbandry and lac cultivation.
R
Introduction & improvement of goatry in project area by supplying improved goat breed (`1 unit = 3 goat + 1 buck) among 75 interested farmers of project area providing all health care facility for one year
R R
• Supply of 2 male & 6 female (total eight) piglet of improved pig breed (T&D) among 100 interested family of project area with feed supplement, health care & miscellaneous items for exploring this beneficial enterprise among poor tribal farmers.
R R
ø To improve productivity of crops, promote horticulture,animal husbandry, fisheries and lac cultivation for livelihood security.
• Introduction and strengthening of poultry activity in project area by introduction of improved poultry breed @ 10 chicks per family among 1200 interested farmers of project area with vaccination & medication and management upto 6 weeks.
R R R
11
• Demonstration on zero till rice cultivation (24 unit in two years)
R R R
• Improved off season vegetable and fruit cultivation based on multitier model (24 unit in 2 years)
R R R
• On farm water management technology demonstration in farmer field (24 unit in 2 years).
R R R
• Demonstration on rice-fish-duck farming system (24 unit in 2 years).
R R R
• Rainfed intercropping in upland soil (24 unit demonstration in 2 years)
R R R
• Demonstration on Papaya cultivation (24 unit in 2 years)
R R R
Technology backup on acid soil reclamation at field level (24 unit in 2 years)
R R R
• Improved cultivation of Tomato, Brinjal, Cauliflower, Cabbage & other vegetables as per farmer preference (24 unit in 2 years).
R R R
• Construction of OFRS in project area (Total unit 40)
R R
• Construction of ring well on farmers field (Total unit 40).
R R
• Formation of ditches on farmers’ field. (Total unit 400).
R R
• Renovation & disitation of old existing ponds of farmers (Total unit 20).
R R
• Seepage control measures in ponds (Total unit 20)
R R
• Gabian structure for soil conservation (Total unit 20)
R R
• Drainage channel to control excess water loss (Total unit 8)
R R
• Establishment of rice-fish-duck unit in project area (Total unit 16)
R R R
• Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial ponds (Total unit 10)
R R
• Demonstration & training of progressive farmers on production of stunted finger lings in farm pond (Total unit 20)
R R
• Establishment of ten decimal model of off season vegetable in project area (Total unit 200)
R R
Introduction of one acre model of fruit based multitier model on farmers field (Total 40 units)
R R
• Initiation of lac cultivation activities on existing Palas & Ber tree (Total unit 400)
R R
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• On farm trial of improved rice cultivation with INM & IPM (Total unit 480)
R R
• Demonstration of crops at multilocation for high yielding varieties of pulses & oil seed crop with application of bio-fertilizer, sulphur, lime, IPM & INM on soil test basis (Total unit 160).
R R
• Programme on increase yield and expand area under green fodder in project area (Total unit 8)
R R
Technology of lime application to address acid soil problems along with indigenous technology intervention (recycling of forest litter and crop residues) to increase organic matter (100 units).
R R R
• Diagnostic study of markets, assessment of marketable surplus of each commodity & identifying alternate market opportunity for each commodity in project area.
R R
• Assessment of new technological options regarding post harvest handling at farm level.
R R
• Demonstration of lac processing technology (1 unit)
R
• Development of seed production units (Total 16 units of 1 ha. Area)
R R
Training on post harvest technology, value addition, processing & preservation of fruit & vegetables.
R R
• Establishment of pig meat processing unit with slaughter house (1 unit).
R
ø To promote entrepreneurship for value addition to reduce migration and employment generation at farm level.
• Establishment of model small lac processing unit (Total 2 units)
R
• Study of input use & removal in each enterprises (Piggery, Lac, Horticulture, crop, fisheries etc.)
R R R
• Monitoring & evaluation of production, processing & value addition under each enterprises in present implemented area.
R R R
• Multilocation testing of technologies & farming system models under similar environments.
R R R
• Impact assessment. R R • Analysis of data. R R
ø To develop a sustainable farming system model for the micro watershed and improve market linkages.
• Report writing. R
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1.4 Activities schedule and work plan (Cluster wise)
Cluster District Activities
To be carried out
by • Base line survey & resource mapping and
stackholder workshop at project site. CRURRS,
BAU • Identification of possible intervention and
execution of entry point activities. CRURRS,
BAU • Reorientation of dormant groups of farmers
engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture, fisheries, lac cultivation and in other profitable enterprises.
BAU
• Encouraging formation of community oriented groups in all possible intervention with more emphasis on women interest groups.
BAU
• Formation of village level organization for rain water harvesting and their proper utilization.
CRURRS, BAU
• Identification of opportunity for establishment of seed village programme.
CRURRS
• Training and exposure visit of farmers on IFS, Watershed management and Rain water Management.
BAU
• Planning and execution of resources conservation measures as per need of the area (upland eroded soil, medium land rainfed condition, medium land irrigated condition and low land rain fed condition).
BAU, CRURRS,
HARP, ILRI
Improved production of pig, goat and poultry. BAU • Improved agriculture production system with
intervention of INM, IPM, Short duration cultivars, HYV and other new technology.
BAU
• Renovation of village pastures with seasonal and draught resistant fodder cultivation.
BAU
• Diagnostic study of markets assessment of marketable surplus of each commodity and identifying alternate market opportunity of each commodity.
BAU by consultancy
• Assessment of new technological options regarding post harvest handling at farm level.
HARP, BAU
• Training on Post harvest technology, value addition, processing, presentation of fruit and vegetables.
BAU, HARP
• Schedule programme for health care at village level for pig, goat, poultry and others livestock.
BAU
C1 Jamtara Block: Jamtara (Barakar sub catchment)
• Establishment of pig meat processing unit for value addition and employment generation.
BAU
14
• Awareness programme among farmers to initiate scientific lac cultivation on abundantly available Palash and Ber tree.
ILRI
• Ensure good quality lac seed. ILRI Technical support and close monitoring of lac cultivated area.
ILRI
Scientific lac cultivation demonstration at village level.
ILRI
Establishment of small lac processing unit at district level.
ILRI
• Construction of OFRS and others structure as per need for water harvesting with suitable catchments area for life saving irrigation of high value crops and control seepage and percolations losses.
BAU
• Establishment of rice-fish-duck unit. BAU • Introduction of integrated pisciculture and
duckery. BAU
• Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial pond.
BAU
• Training of master trainers on production of stunted fingerlings in farm ponds.
BAU
• Awareness among the farmer organization to check stray cattle grazing.
BAU
• Ten decimal model of off season vegetables as per farmer preference (Tomato, Brinjal, Okra, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Palak, Coriander, Bitter groud, Brocolli, Radish etc.)
•
HARP
• One acre model of fruit based multitier model suitable for agro climatic zone-IV (Mango, Guava, Custard Apple, Citrus etc.)
HARP
• Training on over coming technology gap in vegetables like Tomato, Bitter gourd, Brinjal, Okra, Onion, Cole crops and fruit crops).
HARP
Area expansion under Papaya plantation. HARP Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies financial institution and insurance agencies (Associated programme).
BAU
• Stakeholder workshop in the project site. BAU
• Identification of farmers need and constraints. CRURRS,
BAU • Carryout resource mapping work and initial
bench mark survey. CRURRS
• Formation of new farmers group. BAU
C2 Jamtara Block: Narayanpur (Barakar sub catchment) • Assessment of prevailing system of food
production. CRURRS
15
• Programmes for soil conservation, run off control and water harvesting.
BAU
• Area expansion under Papaya cultivation. HARP
• Intensification of crop and vegetable cultivation. HARP, BAU
• Improved production of goat and poultry. BAU • Training on post harvest technology, value
addition, processing, preservation of fruit and vegetables.
HARP
• Renovation and desiltation of existing ponds. BAU • Health care camp for goat, poultry and others
livestocks. BAU
• Skill upgradation programme in different enterprises at village level.
BAU, CRURRS,
HARP, ILRI
• Assessment of new technological options regarding post harvest handling at farm level.
HARP
• Pig improvement programme only limited to tribal populated village.
BAU
• Introduction of poultry rearing programme among selected farmers families.
BAU
• Introduction of zero till rice cultivation. CRURRS • Overcoming technology gap in vegetables like –
Tomato, Bitter gourd, Okra, Onion, Cole crops, Brinjal and Fruit crops.
•
HARP
• Adoption of conservation measures through bunding, cross ploughing, growing cover crops and mulching.
BAU
• Introduction of rice-fish-duck farming system. BAU • Establishment of food crops/ vegetable seed
village. CRURRS
• Awareness and technology backup on acid soil reclamation programme.
BAU
• Provision of farmers training and ensure good quality lac seed to initiate scientific lac cultivation on abundantly available Palash and Ber tree.
ILRI
• Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial pond.
BAU
• Introduction of integrated pisciculture. BAU • Training of progressive farmers on scientific
management in fishery. BAU
• Establishment of off season fruit and vegetable model for high economical return.
HARP
16
• Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies, financial institution and insurance agencies (Associated Programme)
BAU
Stakeholder workshop in project site before execution of entry point activity.
BAU
Livelihood analysis of the community as per need and constraints.
CRURRS
• Planning and execution of resource conservation measures as per need of the area.
BAU
• Introduction of HYV and hybrid rice cultivation in low land water lodged soil.
CRURRS
• Training and exposure visit of farmers on IFS, watershed management and rain water harvesting and management.
BAU
• Encourage rearing of improved goat, pig and poultry.
BAU
• Identification of suitable crops as per farmers preference in tribal populated village and intervention to increasing agriculture production system.
CRURRS, BAU
• Introduction of new technology and supply of input to minimize considerable gap in crop production.
•
CRURRS, BAU
• Water harvesting/conservation programme in-situ and ex-situ and its interaction with farming system components.
BAU
• Introduction of lac cultivation on Ber tree. ILRI • Berseem can be introduced as fodder crop in low
lying water lodged areas. BAU
• Schedule programme for health care at village level for pig, goat, poultry and other live stock.
BAU
• Establishment of model small lac processing unit at district level.
ILRI
• Identification of un exploited area for vegetable and fruit cultivation and initiation of scheduled programme of horticulture production system for livelihood sustainability.
HARP
• Technology on improved method of rice cultivation with INM and IPM.
CRURRS, BAU
• Technology and awareness programme of lime application to address acid soil problem along with indigenous technology intervention (recycling of forest litters and crop residues) to increase organic matter content in soil.
BAU
• Intervention of fisheries as a profitable enterprise. BAU
C3 Dumka Block: Dumka (Maurakshi sub catchment)
• Diagnostic study of market assessment of BAU
17
marketable surplus of each commodity and identifying alternate market opportunity for each commodity.
• Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies, financial institution and insurance agencies (Associated Programme)
BAU
• Stakeholders workshop in the project sites before execution of entry point activity.
BAU
• PRA, prioritization and identification of possible intervention.
CRURRS
• More emphasis with intervention on NRM, soil water quality assessment and water harvesting/conservation.
BAU
• Encourage rearing of pig, goat and poultry breeds.
BAU
• Initiation of protected cultivation (in poly house/net house/green house of high value and low volume crops).
HARP
• Intervention of new technology to minimize considerable gap in crop.
BAU
Improved production and management of fisheries.
BAU
Technology intervention to improved agriculture production system with introduction of mixed cropping and short duration varieties.
BAU
• Acid soil reclamation programme. BAU • Technology intervention on ten decimal model of
off season vegetable and one acre model of fruit based multitier model.
HARP
• Establishment of pig meat processing unit with slaughter house at district level or in C4 cluster.
BAU
• Skill upgradation programme of farmers will continue for sustainability of the project by all Consortia Partners.
BAU, CRURRS, HARP, ILRI
• Initiation of green fodder programme. BAU • Assessment of new technology options regarding
post harvest handling at farm level. BAU, HARP
• Development of seed production unit with more emphasis on vegetable.
CRURRS, HARP
• Demonstration and training on lac production and lac processing unit at district level.
ILRI
• Technology intervention of lac cultivation on existing Palas and Ber tree.
ILRI
C4 Dumka Block: Jama (Brahmini sub catchment)
• Establishment of model small lac processing unit ILRI • Linkage of farmers with marketing agencies,
financial institution and insurance agencies . BAU
18
1.5 Activities schedule/ work plan (Centre wise)
Centre Activities Clusterscovered
District covered
• Over all co-ordination and monitoring in all cluster. All 4 clusters
Dumka, Jamtara
• Prioritization & identification of possible interventions. • Soil & water quality assessment. • Formation of farmers groups. • Identification of unexplored area in all cluster for better
technical intervention related to crop farming, animal husbandry, piggery, goatry, fisheries and poultry.
• Identification of livestock and suitable crops as per soil, climate suitability and farmer preference.
• Training and capacity building of stake holders. • Encourage rearing of improved goat, pig & poultry breeds. • Intervention of new technology to minimize considerable
gap in crop production.
• Water harvesting/construction of structure in-situ and ex-situ and its interaction with farming system components.
• Establishment of rice-fish-duck unit. • Production of fish cum prawn farming in perennial ponds. • Training of progressive farmers on production of stunted
fingerlings in farm ponds.
• Technology on improved methods of rice cultivation with INM & IPM (Associated activity with CRURRS).
• Improved cultivation of pulses & oilseed with application of INM on soil test basis (Associated activity with CRURRS)
• Green fodder cultivation programme. • Technology of lime application to address acid soil problem
along with indigenous technology intervention (recycling of forest litters and crop residues) to increase organic matter content in soil.
• Assessment of new technological options regarding post harvest handling at farm level (Associated activity with HARP).
• Training on post harvest technology, value addition processing & preservation (Associated activity with HARP).
• Establishment of pig meat processing unit with slaughter house.
• Study of input use & removal in piggery, fishery, goatry, poultry intervention.
BAU
• Monitoring & evaluation of production processing & value
19
addition under each enterprise (Associated activity with HARP, CRURRS and ILRI).
• Multilocation testing of technologies and farming system model under similar environment (Associated activity with CRURRS).
• Impact assessment (In consultancy model) • Analysis of data (Associated activity with CRURRS, HARP
and ILRI).
• Report writing (Associated activity with CRURRS, HARP and ILRI).
• Base line survey (PRA) of selected micro watershed. All 4 clusters
Dumka and
Jamtara • Identification of Farmers seed and constraints. • Identification of unexploited area for rice cultivation. • Livelihood analysis of the communities in selected micro
watershed.
• Development of seed production units. • Technology on improved methods of rice cultivation with
INM and IPM (Associated activity with BAU).
• Improved cultivation of pulses & oilseed with application of INM on soil test basis (Associated activity with BAU).
• Study of input use and removal in crop production system. • Monitoring & evaluation of production, processing and
value addition under each enterprises (Associated activity with BAU, HARP and ILRI).
• Multilocation testing of technologies and farming system models under similar environment (Associated activity with BAU)
• Analysis of data (Associated activity with BAU, HARP and ILRI).
CRURRS
• Report writing (Associated activity with BAU, HARP and ILRI).
• Identification of unexploited area for vegetable and fruit cultivation.
All 4 clusters
Dumka and
Jamtara • Demonstration of ten decimal model of off season
vegetables.
• One acre model of fruit based multitier model. • Assessment of new technological option regarding post
harvest handling at farm level (Associated activity with BAU).
HARP
• Training on post harvest technology value addition, processing and preservation of fruit and vegetables. (Associated activity with BAU)
20
• Study of input use and removal in horticulture production system.
• Monitoring and evaluation of production processing and value addition under each enterprises (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and ILRI)
• Analysis of data (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and ILRI).
• Report writing (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS AND ILRI).
• Identification of un exploited area/existing plant of Plash and Ber for lac cultivation.
All 4 clusters
Dumka and
Jamtara • Initiation of lac cultivation activities on existing Plash and
Ber tree.
• Demonstration and training on lac processing technology. • Establishment of model small lac processing units. • Study of input use & removal in lac production system. • Monitoring & evaluation of production, processing and
value addition under each enterprises (Associated activities with BAU, CRURRS and HARP).
• Analysis of data (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and HARP).
ILRI
• Report writing (Associated activity with BAU, CRURRS and HARP).
21
1.6 EXPECTED OUTPUT/ OUTCOME/ I MPACT
Output Out come Impact
• Increase in crops and animal
production by 25 to 30%.
• Increase in crop and
animal productivity.
• Higher mandays of
working
• Efficiency of improved breeds
of goat, pig & poultry in
higher by 25%.
• Improved breed of goat,
pig & poultry
• Food & nutritional
security
• Double cropping in 30 to 40%
of the project sites.
• Proper management of
land & water resources
• Environmental security
• More than 50% of inputs will
be available in the villages
where work is under taken.
• In-built input supply
system
• Less dependence on
external inputs
• Farm income increase by 50
to 75% in the area due to
multiple enterprises.
• Integration of farm
enterprises
• Higher profits
• Facilities for processing &
value addition with market
and financial institutions
linkages will be in place.
• Development of rural
industry
• Sustainable rural
development.
• Will reduce migration,
improve skills
• Employment generation • Less migration
22
1.7 Objectives and use of baseline survey
X To have the basic information of the area & farmers.
X To decide the types of intervention required.
X To evaluate the impact of the project.
1.8 Methodology of data collection for baseline survey
The data was collected from the selected villages by a multidisciplinary
team through a questionnaire. The local educated youths were involved in survey work.
The questionnaire were complied in master sheet and farmers were classified on the basis
of their land holdings as landless, marginal, small, medium and semi medium. A random
sampling of the 25 % farmers were selected from master sheet and evaluated as per the
template provided for baseline survey report.
23
CHAPTER -2
Baseline data of the sample villages
Introduction The following villages have been selected for NAIP project in the four cluster of Jamtara and Dumka district. Table 2.1 Villages selected for the project
Cluster District Block Villages C-1:
Barakar sub-catchment Jamtara
Charedih, DaharTola, Sawrimundu, SinjuTola, Rupaidih
C-2: Barakar sub-catchment
Jamtara Narayanpur
RaiTola,MandalTola,MuslimTola,Rampur,Bada majhladih, MairaTola
C-3: Mayurakshi sub-
catchment Dumka
Karmatanr ,Kodokicha-6, Kodokicha-7, Guhiyajori , Andipur
C-4: Brahmini sub-
catchment
Dumka
Jama Bhounra, Palasi, Ragat, Karela, Gajhanda
2.2 Population statistics Social structure: Cast composition of the target area
NAIP adopted villages are formed with
the cluster of households. The houses are in
rows with wide pathway. The
majority of farm families belong to
Scheduled Tribes and Other
Backward Classes but all the families
are dependent on agriculture. The social
distribution is given in Fig. 2.
In selected villages of Jamtara block dominated with 100 % schedule tribe
population with 194 households. While in Narayanpur block of Jamtara district have
64.44 % OBC, 26.44 % ST and 9.13 % SC.
In Dumka & Jama block ( Dumka district) have 75.52 % ST, 13.40 % OBC, 5.67
% SC and 5.41 % upper caste and 55.26 % ST, 32.85 % OBC, 7.24 % SC and 4.61 %
upper caste respectively.
Fig.2 Social distribution in the target village
24
Table 2.2: Caste composition of the target area (household %)
Farmers classifications (on the basis of land holdings): In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 1338 farmers were selected in which 13
farmers (0.97%) were landless (land holding < 0.01ha), 895 farmers(66.89%) were
marginal (land holding between 0.01 to 1.00 ha), 303 farmers(22.65%) were small (land
holding between 1.00 to 2.00 ha), 111 farmers(8.30%) are semi medium (land holding
between 2.00 to 4.00 ha) and 16 farmers (1.20%) are medium (land holding between
4.00 to 10.00 ha).
In cluster C-1, total 193 farmers were selected in which 3 farmer were landless, 151
farmers were marginal, 28 farmers were small and 11 farmers were semi medium.
In cluster C-2, total 333 farmers were selected in which 1 farmer was landless,
157 farmers were marginal, 127 farmers were small, 40 farmers were semi medium and 8
farmers were medium.
In cluster C-3, total 420 farmers were selected in which 9 farmers were landless,
319 farmers were marginal, 67 farmers were small, 20 farmers were semi medium and 5
farmers were medium.
Cluster Upper cast OBC SC ST
Jamtara 0 0 0 194 (100%)
Narayanpur 0 212
(64.44) 30
(9.13) 87
(26.44)
Dumka 21
(5.41) 52
(13.40) 22
(5.67) 293
(75.52)
Jama
21 (4.61)
150 (32.85)
33 (7.24)
252 (55.26)
Landless
Marginal
Small
semi-medium
Medium
1.2%
0.96%
8.3%
22.65%
66.89%
25
In cluster C-4, total 392 farmers were selected in which 268 farmers were
marginal, 81 farmers were small, 40 farmers were semi medium and 3 farmers were
medium.
2.3 Source of irrigation Main source of water is rainfall during monsoon months (15th June- 1st week of October).
The average annual rainfall of Jamtara & Dumka is 1376 mm and 1412 mm respectively
with 90% rainfall in monsoon months. The rainfall distribution pattern in these districts is
given in fig. 2.3.
Fig. 2.3. Rainfall pattern in Jamtara and Dumka
There were pond, wells, dari/dobha, and ponds in their field for collecting rain as
well as ground water. There are few Joria (rivers) flowing in adopted villages. These are
the major source of irrigation as well as drinking water.
In adopted villages, in addition to wells, there are 86 ponds covering an area 32
ha. The rain water is harvested in these ponds and the water is used for life saving
irrigation of Kharif crops and irrigation for winter and summer crops. But majority of
ponds are seasonal. Out of 86 ponds 66.3% ponds retain water for up to 6 months period,
12.8% for 6-9 months and 20.9% for 9-12 month period. These ponds are full of water
but as soon the rainfall terminated, the ponds start drying very quickly as these ponds are
situated at upper topo-sequence. The ponds in midlands are perennial (Table 2.3.1).
26
27
Table 2.3.1 Availability of ponds in different cluster Water availability during year Cluster No. Of
ponds Total area
(ha) Upto 6 months
6-9 months
9-12 months
Jamtara 23 6.31 15 3 5 Narayanpur 42 19.70 30 4 8 Jama 9 3.74 3 4 2 Dumka 12 2.25 9 0 3 Total 86 32 57 (66.3%) 11 (12.8%) 18 (20.9%) The farmers are using different irrigation water source in different land situations (Table 2.3.2). Table 2.3.2. Source of water in different land situation
District Jamtara District Dumka Land class Jamtara
Block Narayanpur
Block Jama Block Dumka Block
Bari land Well Well , seasonal Pond
Cemented wells (Perennial/seasonal), Earthen wells (Perennials/seasonal)
Cemented & earthen wells (Perennial)
Upland Well and pond (seasonal)
Well, Pond Seasonal
Ponds (Seasonal)
Pond (Seasonal)
Lowland Don 3 Pond
(Seasonal)
Well and pond (both seasonal/ perennial)
Earthen wells (seasonal/ perennial) Pond (seasonal), Govt. lift irrigation (not in use).
Cemented & earthen wells & pond (seasonal)
Don 2 - Small pond (Seasonal)
Pond (perennial), 30-35 Kachha well (Dari/Dobha)
Pond (perennial/seasonal) Cemented/earthen wells (Perennial)
Don 1 Dari or Dobha
Small pond (Seasonal)
Perennial creeks Check Dam, Joria (small rivulet), Dobha, creeks, Bhurbhuri river.
Pond (perennial), creeks
2.4 Agricultural activities Cropping pattern in the target area
Cropping pattern of different cluster are presented in table 2.4.1.
Table 2.4.1: Cropping pattern in the target area
Season Cluster Types of Lands
Kharif Rabi Zaid
Bariland Maize, Pigeon ,pea, Vegetables
Vegetables Vegetables
Upland Vegetables Vegetables Fallow Medium land Rice Vegetables Vegetables
Jamtara
Lowland Rice Wheat/ Fallow Vegetables
Bariland Maize, Pigeon pea, Vegetables
Mustard, Vegetables Vegetables
Upland Rice, Kulthi, Maize, Pigeon pea, Vegetables
Wheat, Vegetables Fallow
Medium land Rice Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables
Fallow
Narayanpur
Low land Rice Wheat,Mustard,Vegetables Vegetables
Bariland Maize, Pigeon pea, Cowpea Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables
Fallow
Upland Rice, Kulthi, Pigeonpea Fallow Fallow Medium land Rice Wheat, Mustard Fallow
Dumka
Lowland Rice Wheat, Vegetables, Fallow Leafy Vegetables, Fallow
Bariland Maize, Pigeon pea, Vegetables
Mustard,Vegetables Vegetables
Upland Millets Fallow Fallow
Medium land Rice Wheat, Mustard, Vegetables
Maize, Vegetables
Jama
Lowland Rice Wheat, Vegetables, Fallow Maize, Rice, Vegetables
28
The different crops grown during 2007-08 in different land situation are as follow;
Table 2.4.2: Crops grown during 2007-08
29
Seasons Cluster
Types of land Kharif Rabi Zaid
Bari Land
Maize,Brinjal, Pigeon pea, Kudrum, Cow pea, Radish, Drumstick, Tomato, Ladies finger, Chilly, Sponge gourd
Tomato, Potato,Pumpkin, Mustard, Lal kudrum, Cauliflower ,Brinjal, Bitter gourd, Onion.
Potato, Brinjal, Onion, Tomato, Pumpkin, Bitter gourd, Cucurbitaceous vegetables.
Upland Ladies finger,Radish, cowpea, Bitter gourd, Tomato, Rice, Ridge gourd, Drumstick
Pigeon pea, Cow pea, Tomato, Maize, Cauliflower. Fallow
Low land (Don 3)
Rice Ridge gourd, Bitter gourd, Long melon, Pumpkin, Wheat, Mustard.
Ridge gourd, Cucurbitaceous vegetables
Low land (Don 2)
Rice Wheat Long melon, Bitter gourd,
Ridge gourd, Cucurbitaceous vegetables.
Rice Fallow Bitter gourd, Pumpkin,
Cucumber, Long melon, Pumpkin, Cucumber
Jamtara
Low land (Don 1)
Maize, Tomato, Potato,
Bari Land
Cowpea, Brinjal , Ridge gourd, Radish, Sponge gourd, Chilly Ladies finger, Sem, Pigeon pea, Tomato, Dangal Dhan, Gora dhan
Brinjal, Cauliflower,Mustard, Pea, Chilly, Spinach, Onion, Carrot, Radish
Pumpkin, Bittergourd, Cucumber, Bottle gourd, Brinjal
Upland
Kulthi, Maize, Pigeon pea,Brinjal,Tomato, Ladies finger, Bitter gourd
Wheat, Tomato,Mustard,Cauliflower, Brinjal
Fallow Narayanpur
Lowland (Don 3)
Rice Wheat, Mustard, Tomato, Radish. Fallow
Lowland
Rice Wheat, Mustard, Tomato Ridge gourd, Cucumber
(Don 2)
Lowland (Don 1)
Rice Wheat, Mustard, Tomato Long melon, Bitter gourd, Ridge gourd.
Bari Land Maize, Pigeon pea, Cowpea. Mustard, Vegetables, Potato, Wheat
Fallow
Upland Rice, Kulthi, Pigeon pea.
Fallow Fallow
Low land (Don 3)
Rice Wheat, Mustard Fallow
Lowland (Don 2)
Rice Wheat, Tomato, Potato, Brinjal
Fallow
Dumka
Lowland (Don 1)
Rice Fallow Leafy vegetables
Bari Land
Maize, Bitter gourd, Cowpea, Chilly, Ladies finger, Pigeon
pea
Potato, Brinjal, Tomato, Mustard, Cauliflower, Cabbage
Leafy vegetables, Cucumber, Chilly.
Upland China, Gondali, Madua, Kulthi. Fallow Fallow Lowland (Don 3)
Rice Wheat, Potato,Tomato, Brinjal, Mustard Maize, Ladies finger.
Low land (Don 2)
Rice Tomato, Potato, Ladies finger,Wheat Maize
Jama
Lowland (Don 1)
Rice Fallow Summer rice, Tomato, Brinjal Chilly.
30
Table-2.4.3 Methods of rice cultivation Types of land
Cluster Upland Low land(Don-3) Low land (Don-2) Low land (Don-1 )
Jamtara
Direct Seeded Transplanted
(4-5seedlings/hill) Transplanted (4-5 seedlings/hill)
Transplanted (4-5 seedlings/hill)
Narayanpur
Direct seeded Transplanted
(6-7seedlings/hill) Transplanted
(4-5seedlings/hill) Transplanted (4-5 seedlings/hill)
Dumka
Broadcasting Transplanted Transplanted Transplanted
Jama
Nil Transplanted Transplanted Transplanted
31
32
Table-2.4.4 Rice varieties grown during 2007-08
Type of land Cluster
Upland Low land(Don-3) Low land(Don-2) Low land(Don-1)
Jamtara Tam (Desi)dhan, Gora dhan, Dangaldhan, Baad dhan, Baba dhan.
Baad dhan,Lalat, Kanali, Chakrmala, Swama
Swama, Kanali, Bahiar, Pankaj, Lalat, IR 64, IR36, Ranjeet, 1036
Pankaj ,Bahiar, Swama, 1001, Bohal, 1017
Narayanpur
Baad dhan,Gora dhan,Vandana , Baba dhan.
Baad Dhan ,, IR-36,IR-64, Lalat, Pankaj, 1017,Chandramala
Swama Kanali, Ranjeet, IR- 64, 1036, Pankaj, Mansoori, MTU-7029
Pankaj, Bahiar,1017, Lalat, Bohal, 1036, Ran j eet, MTU-7029
Dumka
Sati Dhan , Gora dhan
Lohna, Baad Dhan.
Lohna, Baad Dhan
Swama
Jama
Nil
Lohna, Balha, Bhadai, Dhan
Lohna Swama (IT - 5656)
2.4.5 Productivity of important crop in the selected area
There were wide variation in the productivity of the different crop among the different groups of farmers and cluster. The details are available in table
Table 2.4.5 Productivity of the important crops (Q/ha) Name
of Crop
Name of Cluster Medium
Average Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium
Jamtara - 21 21 - - 21
Narayanpur - 21.5 17.29 19.29 18.64 19.18
Dumka - 22.78 17.44 9.79 11.28 15.32
Jama - 12.53 11.72 10.91 10 11.29
Pad
dy
Average - 19.45 16.86 13.33 13.31 15.74
Jamtara - 25 16 - - 20.5
Narayanpur - 27.25 13.73 12.01 17.5 17.62
Dumka - 16.42 16.85 12.31 15 15.15
Jama - 18.1 15.52 15.65 16.08 16.34
Mai
ze
Average - 21.69 15.53 13.32 16.19 16.68
Jamtara - - - - -
Narayanpur - 22 20 - - 21
Dumka - - 14.05 - - 14.05
Jama - - 18.75 16.67 - 17.71
Whe
at
Average - 22 17.6 16.67 - 17.58
Jamtara - - - - - 0
Narayanpur - 156 - 156 - 156
Dumka - 128.57 148.86 - 162.5 146.64
Jama - 196.88 - 174.48 - 185.68
Po
tato
Average - 160.48 148.86 165.24 162.50 159.27
2.4 Farm machinery
The farmers are still using traditional farm tools namely spade, Khurpi, Kudali, deshi
plow, bamboo plank, sickles etc. They are storing seeds in Kuchuri (made locally using
rice straw) and sacs. Farm tools used by farmers are given in table 2.5.1
33
Table 2.5.1. Farm tools use in agricultural operations by farm families
Tools in use Agricultural operations Jamtara Narayanpur Jama Dumka
Tillage Desi plough Desi plough Desi plough, Plank Desi plough,
Plank Sowing Desi plough,
Kudali, spade Desi plough, Kudali, spade
Desi plough, spade. Desi plough, spade.
Weeding Kudali, Gainta Kudali, Khurpi Manual Manual Plant Protection
Manually, sprayer
Manually, sprayer machine
Knap sack sprayer, hand sprayer
Hand sprayer
Irrigation Diesel pump set Diesel pump set Diesel pump set Kerosene pump set, motor
Pump set
Harvesting Sickle Sickle. Sickle Sickle Winnowing Supa Supa Air blown, Supa Air blown, Supa Threshing Paddle thresher,
Beating on stone slab
Paddle thresher Paddle Thresher, beating on stone slab
Paddle Thresher, beating on stone slab r
Storage structure
Kuchuri (made of rice straw)
Kuchuri, sacs Kochar, Sacs, Kochar, Sacs,
Milling Dhekali and rice mill
Dhekali and rice mill
Rice mill Rice mill
2.6 Infrastructure Community structure of target areas: X In selected watershed areas cluster, C-1: have Gram Sabha and Kisan club. X In cluster C-2 have Gram Sabha , Kisan club as well as SHG & FIG. X In cluster C-3: have only SHG. X In cluster C-4: have Gram Sabha , Kisan club.
34
Table 2.6.1: Community Structure.
Community Structure Cluster
Gram Sabha Kisan Club SHG Jamtara
Yes Yes No
Narayanpur
Yes Yes Yes
Dumka
No No Yes(5)
Jama
No No No
Availability of educational institutions The cluster wise number of school shows that only four primary level schools were in Jamtara and four primary four middle level schools in Narayanpur. In Dumka there were three primary level and three middle level schools.and in Jama cluster there were three primary , one middle and one high level school . Table 2.6.2: Schools present in selected micro watershed areas
Type of Schools Cluster
Primary Middle High
Jamtara Yes (4) No No
Narayanpur Yes (4) Yes (4) No
Dumka Yes (3) Yes (3) No
Jama Yes (3) Yes (1) Yes (1) Table 2.6.3 Infrastructure existes in the cluster Infrastructure Jamtara Dumka Narayanpur Jama Post Office Nil Nil Nil Nil PCO Nil Nil Nil Nil Health Centre Nil Nil Nil Nil Vets -Services Nil Nil Nil Nil PAC Nil Nil Nil Nil Financial Inst. Nil Nil Nil 1 (SBI) Others Nil Nil 1 (Aagan Bari) 1 (Aagan Bari)
35
2.7 Awareness level
Awareness level among farmers were very poor. They are not very much aware
about the ongoing Government sponsored programme.
2.8 Extension services The NGOs and ATMA personal visits to educate the farmers about the recent
agricultural techniques. In most of the villages even Govt. machineries do not visit on the
regular basis.
2.8.1 Schemes/works running in the NAIP Villages Cluster By Govt. By Non Govt. Jamtara Govt. Primary School building is
being constructed at Sawrumundu. Badlao Foundation, JIWIJ, ATMA
Narayanpur NREGA ATMA- Agricultural Extension Program and SHG. Farmers Interest Group Drirh Sankalp, Badlav Foundation
Dumka NREGA Manvi – Formation of SHG
Jama NREGA,NHM Nil
2.9 Transport system in selected villages -
Almost all the villages have proper approach to main route/road and the common
conveyance used by farmers were bicycle.
2.10 Environmental & social safeguard issues- Jharkhand state is endowed with a climatic condition that is conducive for
successful cultivation of a variety of crops especially fruits & vegetables. Agriculture and
Animal Husbandry development in the state suffers from several physical, institutional,
infrastructural and technological constraints. The average size of holding is very small
and further being fragmented. Undulating terrain and soil erosion are major threats to
agriculture & allied activities. Rainfed agriculture and low input agriculture with
traditional low value crops & varieties are predominant. Among the organizational
constraints, non-availability of quality inputs, services & credit facilities are important
drawbacks. Inadequate marketing support for milk, vegetables, fish, pig meat &
agricultural produce & involvement of middlemen, lead to exploration of the producers.
The farmers need to understand the situation & diversify their farming system. Capacity
36
building, skill or entrepreneurship development & encouragement to farm families might
help to overcome the adverse agricultural scenario in these areas.
Food and nutritional security of the state population is very low. Poverty
in Jharkhand is very high (46% people living below poverty line) compared to national
average (26% in 1999-2000). The Santhal Paraganas region (central north eastern
plateau zone) of Jharkhand where the proposed project is planned has the following
major features:
X About 7% of the total area is irrigated.
X Low water retentive soils especially in uplands.
X Late arrival and early cessation of monsoon.
X Lack of safe disposal of runoff water during monsoon, water storage and moisture
conservation practices for growing Rabi crops.
X Vast areas under acidic soils.
X Drying of tanks & wells by February affecting prospects of Rabi crops.
However, if properly addressed, the agriculture in the region has a
tremendous potential for development. The region has unique positive features, namely,
rich natural resources, rich biodiversity, large number of tanks, reservoirs & seasonal
ponds and a different culture & social harmony among the inhabitants.
Problems related to soil and water conservation
Sl.no Problem Jamtara Narayanpur Dumka Jama
1 Soil erosion Yes Yes Yes Yes
2 Water logging Yes(Dhar tola
& Khas tola)
No Yes
(Kodokhcha-7)
No
3 Storage losses Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 Excess runoff Yes Yes Yes Yes
5 Infiltration Yes Yes Yes Yes
37
38
CHAPTER-3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE
3.1 Family size and occupation
The family size of households in adopted villages ranged between 6 to 10
members per family. The average family size for landless, marginal, small, medium, and
semi medium is presented in the table below.
The villagers are mainly dependent on agriculture of their livelihood only 2-12%
household has services in Public /Pvt. sector besides the agriculture. The percentage is
highest in Dumka block may be due nearer to township. In Narayanpur block 42% house
holds are engaged in self employment besides the agriculture.
Table 3.1.1 Family size of households in adopted cluster
3.1 Family size per household of sample farmers
Cluster Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium
Jamtara 8.00 6.40 17.00 NA 0.00Narayanpur 8.00 8.40 8.86 9.52 9.75Dumka 7.00 4.76 4.63 6.33 6.00Jama NA 4.62 5.52 6.03 9.00
NA :Not available in the cluster Table 3.1.2. Occupation in adopted clusters
Occupation (%) Cluster Agriculture Service Self employment
Jamtara 100 (194) 2 (4) 2 (4) Narayanpur 100 (329) 4 (13) 42 (128) Jama 100 (456) 6.4 (29) 3.5 (16) Dumka 100 (388) 12.4 (48) 2.3 (9) Total 100 7.0 11.73
Figure in parentheses is number of adopted Households, 2. Member of some house holds are doing service and self employment (grocery shops etc) in addition to agriculture
3.2 Family assets of sample farmers- Table 3.2.1 Family assets of sample farmers
Cluster Cycle Land line Mobile Television
Jamtara 0 0 0 0 Narayanpur 29 0 4 7 Dumka 30 0 4 3
Jama 55 0 3 3
39
3.3 Average annual family expenditure Table 3.3.1 Annual family expenditure/ household( in Rupees)
Cluster Group Food Education Medical Vehicles MaintenanceOf house/cattle shed
Household equipment
Cloths Electricity
Social function
others Total
Landless 3826 395 465 245 532 435 1695 0.0 365 454 8412Marginal 3935 425 546 275 586 509 1805 0.0 275 587 8943Small 7635 1432 1896 450 2852 1895 3835 0.0 2045 2275 24315Semi-medium 6215 1352 1436 568 2568 1735 3055 0.0 2253 1986 21168
Jamtara
Average 5652.75 1059.67 1135.75 429.5 1884.5 1268.5 3148.75 1234.5 1350.5 13519.6Landless 4125 522 895 275 1125 1045 1625 800 674 678 11764Marginal 5138 750 950 389 1536 1185 2525 925 850 657 14905Small 5050 795 1025 405 1675 1200.00 3125 1050 900 670 15895Semi-medium 8128 1575 1855 995 3065 2125 4535 1142 2162 2585 28167Medium 21285 2305 3565 2068 5562 3632 9753 1895 3563 3565 57193
Narayan pur
Average 8745.2 1189.4 1658 826.4 2592.6 1837.4 4312.6 1162.4 1629.8 1631 25584.8Landless 4525 650 900 325 1335 1036 1856 0.0 1089 965 12681Marginal 6565 1105 1225 456 1795 1105 2885 0.0 1035 895 17066Small 7545 1685 1825 850 2955 2254 4326 0.0 1953 836 24229Semi-medium 18554 2145 2685 1653 2985 2125 9625 0.0 2165 1965 43902Medium 19655 2868 3175 1855 3100 2535 11358 0.0 2385 2135 49066
Dumka
Average 11368.8 1690.6 1962.0 1027.8 2434.0 1811.0 6010.0 0.0 1725.4 1359.2 29388.8Landless NA 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Marginal 6225 845 1065 450 1185 1050 2435 0.0 1335 925 15515Small 7065 985 1226 652 1295 1385 2385 0.0 1535 1276 17804Semi-medium 7845 1135 1325 950 3355 2016 3943 0.0 1820 1516 23905Medium 6845 920 1125 698 1325 1248 2500 0.0 1435 875 16971
Jama
Average 6995 971.25 1185.25 687.5 1790 1424.75 2815.75 0.0 1531.25
1148 14839
NA- not available
3.4 Other information during base line survey in NAIP villages
Trees The farmers were planting different trees (fruit and timber) in their land. There were naturally grown number of timber trees in the villages and farmers use for their home consumption and agriculture work. The fruit trees were Mango, Ber, Jackfruit, Papaya, Banana, Jamun, Citrus, Guava, Wood apple, Tamarind, Palm, Gular, Tar, , Kagji Lime, Amla, Aonla, Wood apple, Custard apple, Jamun, Coconut, Date palm and timber trees are Bamboos, Sagwan, Palm, Kadam, Jatropha, Siris, Sisum, Neem, Palas, Arjun, Kanar, Gamhar, Eucalyptus, Peepal, Banyan, Ashok, Sindoor, and Castor. Naturally grown as well as human planted trees in different land situation are given in table 13 and 14. Table 3.4.1 Fruit trees in different land situation Land class Name of fruit trees
Jamtara block
Bari Land Mango, Ber, Jackfruit, Papaya, Banana, Jamun, Citrus, Guava, Wood apple, Tamarind,
Upland Palm, Tamarind, Mango, Ber, Gular, Tar Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Naturally grown trees on big bunds
Narayanpur block Bari Land Mango, Papya, Palm, Kagji Lime, Gular, Guava, jackfruit, Ber,
Amla, Aonla, Wood apple, Custard apple, Jamun, Coconut, Date palm
Upland Mango, Jamun, Jackfruit, Guava, Papaya, Ber Low land (Don 3) Mango, Guava, Jackfruit, Jamun, Ber. Low land (Don 2) Palm, Date, Mango, Jackfruit, Jamun Low land (Don 1) Palm, Date
Jama block Bari Land Mango, Ber, Jackfruit, Wood apple, Guava, Citrus, Papaya Upland Mango, Guava, Citrus, Jamun, Mahua Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Nil
Dumka block Bari Land Mango, Ber, Guava, Wood apple, Citrus, Jack fruit
Upland Mango, Ber, Jamun, Wood apple, Tamarind
Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Nil
40
Table 3.4.2 Timber and other trees in different land situation Land class Name of t trees
Jamtara block Bari Land Bamboos, Siris, Sisum, Arjun, Eradrum, Palas, Neem,
Eucalyptus, Tejpatta, Banyan, Semal, Karanj Upland Palas, Siris, Mahua, Tar, Neem, Bamboo, Dumhur
Low land (Don 3) Bamboo, Neem, Banyan, Sisum, Palm Low land (Don 2) Sisum, Palas, Mahua Low land (Don 1) Palas
Narayanpur block
Bari Land Bamboos, Sagwan, Palm, Kadam, Jatropha, Siris, Sisum, Neem, Palas, Arjun, Kanar, Gamhar, Eucalyptus, Peepal, Banyan, Ashok, Sindoor, Castor
Upland Neem, Siris, Mahua, Dumhur, Palas, Bamboo, Sisum, Neem, Eucalyptus, Banyan, Peepal, Sindwar
Low land (Don-3) Palas, Semal, Sisum, Neem, Bamboo, Sagwan Low land (Don 2, 1) Nil
Jama block
Bari Land Bamboos, Tar, Mahua Upland Palas, Mahua, Kusum, Tar, Bargad, Peepal
Low land (Don-3) Palas, Tar Low land (Don 2, 1) Nil
Dumka block
Bari Land Bamboos, Mahua, Tar, Palas Upland Tar, Palas, Mahua, Kusum, Sisum Low land (Don 3, 2, 1) Nil
41
CHAPTER-4 LAND AND WATER USE PROFILE
4.1 Land classification
In broad sense, soils of Jamtara and Dumka have been classified into two broad
groups as per revenue class, namely, Tanr mitti (Upland soils) and Don mitti (Lowland
soils). The Tanr mitti is further divided into Tanr I (Bariland), Tanr II (Typical upland)
and Tanr III (Gravel, stony, morram land). The Don mitti is divided into Don I
(Garha/ghoghra), Don II (Bad) and Don III (Chatar) as per hydrology. The description of
this revenue class land is given in table 4.1.1. Majority of soils are having sloppy and
undulating topography, stoniness, poor water holding capacity, drought prone,
moderately eroded and soils in some part of district is poorly drained. Soils are acidic in
nature, low in org. C and P.
Table 4.1.1 Land classification revenue class, local class and by hydrology .
Revenue class
(Group)
Sub-group
Local name Category by
Hydrology
Description
Tanr III
Tanr Upland Sloppy and gravelly lands, shallow in depth, low water holding capacity and with poor soil fertility. The lands are generally on the upper most Topo-sequence on the landscape.
Tanr II
Tanr/ Gora land
Upland Gentle sloppy to sloppy land, adjacent to the village with good soil depth, coarse texture, poor in organic matter, low water holding capacity, erosion prone and acidic in nature.
Tanr land
Tanr I Bari land Upland (Kitchen Garden)
Land immediately adjacent to the homestead, used for vegetable, maize and rice seedling growing.
Don III
Chater/ Chaura/ Badi (3 number)
Drought prone
shallow lowland
Transitional land between Tanr and Don categories moving from shallow to deep soils, greater bund heights, flat surface, higher water holding capacity. Suitable for short duration crops. Almost same physiographic position as the Tanr I.
Don II Tarkha/ Bad (2 number)
Favorable shallow lowland
These are the best lands for rice cultivation and for follow up crops. This land rarely faces drought. Major rice production in Jharkhand comes from these lands.
Don land
Don I Garha/ Ghoghra
(1 number
Favorable lowland to medium
deep
Lowlands with water accumulation up to 40-50 cm. Lowest in topo-sequence and suitable for long duration rice crop.
42
43
44
45
Every farm families owned all types of lands. These lands are used for cultivation, animal
grazing, orchards, shelter, making ponds etc (Fig. 4.1)
Fig. Fig 4.1 Land use in NAIP adopted villages
4.2 Profile of land use and irrigated area
Total area of the selected watershed area of NAIP was 2332.00 ha in which 29.88
% is upland, 57.25 % is low land, 8.93 % is Bari land and 3.95 % are under utilization for
other purpose i.e. roads, school, ponds etc.
Total area of cluster, C-1 is 436.00 ha in which 50.18 % is upland, 39.99 % is low
land, 7.25 % is Bari land and 2.58 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e. roads,
school, ponds etc.
Total area of cluster, C-2: is 626.00 ha in which 36.11% is upland, 43.94 % is low
land, 15.54 % is Bari land and 4.41 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e. roads,
school, ponds etc.
Total area of cluster, C-3: is 610.00 ha in which 10.24% is upland, 78.98 % is
low land, 5.93 % is Bari land and 4.85 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e.
roads, school, ponds etc.
46
Total area of cluster, C-4: is 660.00 ha in which 22.97% is upland, 66.08 % is
low land, 6.98 % is Bari land and 3.97 % are under utilization for other purpose i.e.
roads, school, ponds etc.
4.2.1 Description of land
In selected watershed areas cluster, C-1: upland soil was sandy, stony, gravels,
pebbled and low land soil was sandy loam.
In cluster, C-2: upland soil was sandy mixed with stones, pebbles, gravels and
some places have red soil and low land soil was sandy loam.
In cluster, C-3: upland soil were sandy mixed with stones, pebbles, gravels and
some places have red soil and low land soil were clay Loam ( Don 3: Silt Loam, Don 1 &
2: Clay Loam).
In cluster, C-4: sandy loam (low water holding capacity, acidic, and red in color,
medium infiltration of rain water) and low land soil were clay loam ( Don 3: Silt Loam,
Don 1 & 2: Clay Loam).
4.2.2 Land detail: Upland, Bari land, Medium land and Low land :
In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 1226.563 ha land is held by 1338
farmers in which 298.766 ha is upland, 224.961 ha is Bari land, 326.640 ha is medium
land and 376.196 ha is low land.
In cluster, C-1 total 129.012 ha land is held by 193 farmers in which 31.892 ha is
upland, 18.632 ha is Bari land, 32.168 ha is medium land and 46.320 ha is low land.
In cluster, C-2 total 420.697 ha land is held by 333 farmers in which 119.684 ha is
upland, 108.757 ha is Bari land, 97.520 ha is medium land and 94.736 ha is low land.
In cluster, C-3, 308.841 ha land is held by 420 farmers in which 44.584 ha is
upland, 38.033 ha is Bari land, 112.984 ha is medium land and 113.240 ha is low land.
In cluster, C-4, total 368.013 ha land is held by 392 farmers in which 102.606 ha
is upland, 59.539 ha is Bari land, 83.968 ha is medium land and 368.013 ha is low land.
4.2.3 Land Details: Cultivated, Fallow, Barren and Irrigated
In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 1226.563 ha land is held by 1338
farmers in which 1085.431 ha is cultivated, 119.957 ha is fallow and 22.720 ha is barren.
Only 90.785 ha land has irrigation facility.
47
In cluster, C-1, total 129.012 ha land is held by 193 farmers in which 112.344 ha
is cultivated, 13.460 ha is fallow and 3.436 ha is barren. Only 1.044 ha land has irrigation
facility.
In cluster, C-2 total 420.697 ha land is held by 333 farmers in which 350.665 ha is
cultivated, 58.048 ha is fallow and 13.284 ha is barren. Only 12.496 ha land has irrigation
facility.
In cluster, C-3, total 308.841 ha land is held by 420 farmers in which 290.025 ha
is cultivated, 15.368 ha is fallow and 3.464 ha is barren. Only 21.185 ha land has
irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-4, total 368.563 ha land is held by 392 farmers in which 332.397 ha
is cultivated, 33.081 ha is fallow and 2.536 ha is barren. Only 56.060 ha land has
irrigation facility.
4.2.4 Land Details: Upland (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings
In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 298.766 ha upland is held by NAIP
farmers in which 197.030 ha is cultivated, 87.532 ha is fallow and 14.460 ha is barren.
Only 11.493 ha land has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-1, total 31.892 ha upland is held by NAIP farmers in which 21.288
ha are cultivated, 8.096 ha is fallow and 2.448 ha is barren. Only 0.500 ha land has
irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-2, total 119.684 ha upland is held by NAIP farmers in which 77.216
ha are cultivated, 35.556 ha is fallow and 6.912 ha is barren without any irrigation
facility.
In cluster, C-3, total 44.584 ha upland is held by NAIP farmers in which 27.616
ha are cultivated, 14.064 ha is fallow and 2.920 ha is barren. Only 5.985 ha land has
irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-4, total 102.606 ha upland is held by NAIP farmers in which 70.91
ha are cultivated, 29.816 ha is fallow and 1.880 ha is barren. Only 5.008 ha land has
irrigation facility.
48
4.2.5 Land Details: Bari land (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings
In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 224.961 ha Bari land is held by NAIP
farmers in which 198.037 ha is cultivated, 23.172 ha is fallow and 5.000 ha is barren.
Only 22.268 ha land has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-1, total 18.632 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which 13.880
ha is cultivated, 4.276 ha is fallow and 0.524 ha is barren. Only 0.016 ha land has
irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-2, total 108.757 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which
90.377 ha is cultivated, 15.728 ha is fallow and 3.852 ha is barren. Only 3.792 ha land
has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-3, 38.033 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which 36.889 ha
is cultivated, 0.864 ha is fallow and 0.280 ha is barren. Only 5.504 ha land has irrigation
facility.
In cluster, C-4, total 59.539 ha Bari land is held by NAIP farmers in which 56.891
ha is cultivated, 2.304 ha is fallow and 0.344 ha is barren. Only 12.956 ha land has
irrigation facility.
4.2.6 Land Details: Medium land (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings
In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 326.640 ha medium land is held by
NAIP farmers in which 317.672 ha is cultivated, 6.765 ha is fallow and 2.544 ha is
barren. Only 27.392 ha land has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-1, total 32.168 ha medium land is held by NAIP farmers in which
31.152 ha are cultivated, 0.880 ha is fallow and 0.376 ha is barren. Only 0.528 ha land
has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-2, total 97.520 ha medium land is held by NAIP farmers in which
91.296 ha are cultivated, 4.564 ha are fallow and 1.760 ha is barren. Only 4.800 ha land
has irrigation facility.
49
In cluster, C-3, total 112.984 ha medium land is held by NAIP farmers in which
112.304 ha are cultivated, 0.416 ha is fallow and 0.264 ha is barren. Only 5.344 ha land
has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-4, total 83.968 ha medium land is held by NAIP farmers in which
82.920 ha are cultivated, 0.905 ha is fallow and 0.144 ha is barren. Only 16.720 ha land
has irrigation facility.
4.2.7 Land Details: Low land (cultivated, fallow, barren and irrigated) holdings
In selected watershed areas of NAIP total 376.196 ha low land is held by NAIP
farmers in which 372.692 ha is cultivated, 2.488 ha is fallow and 1.016 ha is barren. Only
29.632 ha land has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-1, total 46.320 ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which 46.024
ha is cultivated, 0.208 ha is fallow and 0.088 ha is barren without any irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-2, total 94.736 ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which 91.776
ha is cultivated, 2.200 ha is fallow and 0.760 ha is barren. Only 3.904 ha land has
irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-3, total 113.24 ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which
113.216 ha is cultivated and 0.024 ha is fallow. Only 4.352 ha land has irrigation facility.
In cluster, C-4, total 121. ha low land is held by NAIP farmers in which 121.676
ha is cultivated, 0.056 ha is fallow and 0.168 ha is barren. Only 21.376 ha land has
irrigation facility.
4.3 Soil testing and use No farmer has conducted soil testing of their field.
50
CHAPTER-5 Cropping Pattern and Net Agriculture Income
5.1 Cropping intensity
Average cropping intensity was 95.71 per cent, which varies from 68.71 per cent to
115.56 per cent on the sample farms. The cropping intensity was positively related to size
of farm holding. The cluster-wise cropping intensity revealed that in Jamtara block, the
cropping intensity was about 102.94 per cent in which it was highest on marginal farmers
holding (108.82 per cent). Similarly in Narayanpur block, the cropping intensity was less
than 100 per cent (92.67 per cent) which was minimum in on marginal farms (85.92 per
cent) and highest on semi medium farm (97.69 per cent). The cropping intensity of
Dumka block was about 100.53 per cent which was positively associated with the size of
farm holding indicating minimum on marginal farm (91.30 per cent) and higher on
medium farm (115.56 per cent). In Jama block the average cropping intensity was about
79.82 per cent which varies from 68.71 per cent to 93.07 per cent on the sample farms.
The cropping intensity was observed to be highest in medium farm (93.07 per cent) in the
block.
Table 5.1.1 Cropping Intensity of Sample farmers
Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara NA 108.82 100.00 100 NA1 102.94Narayanpur NA 85.92 96.95 97.69 89.75 92.67Dumka NA 91.3 95.28 100.00 115.56 100.53Jama NA 86.54 68.71 70.98 93.07 79.82Average NA 93.88 83.92 92.41 112.64 95.71NA: No Agriculture land, NA1: Group not available
5.2 Gross revenue from agriculture and horticulture
The analysis indicates that the average annual income from agriculture and horticultural
crops was estimated to be Rs. 13839/- on the sample farms, which was highest on
medium farm (Rs. 27415/-) and lowest in marginal farm (Rs. 4465/-). The total income
was positively related to size of farm holding. The cluster-wise / block wise analysis
further revealed that in Jama block the average annual agricultural income was about Rs.
10220/- per household which was again highest in on medium farm (Rs. 16735/-) and
lowest on marginal farm (Rs. 3561/-). Again it was positively associated with farm size.
51
In case of Narayanpur block the average annual income was Rs. 22254/- per household
which varies from Rs. 7258/- to 43886/- on the sample farm.
Table 5.2.1 Gross Revenue from Agriculture and Horticulture Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium Medium Average
Jamtara NA 4452 19336 15623 NA1 13137 Narayanpur NA 7258 11620 26253 43886 22254 Dumka NA 2589 6088 8667 21625 9742 Jama NA 3561 8542 12044 16735 10220 Average NA 4465 11397 15647 27415 13839 NA: No Agriculture land, NA1: Group not available
The average annual income from agriculture increased as size of holding increase. The
agriculture income from crop and horticulture in Jamtara block was observed to be Rs.
13137/- per household and income was significantly related to size of farm. Similarly in
Dumka block the average income from agriculture and horticulture was found to be Rs.
9742/- per household, which increased with the increase in size of farm holding.
5.3 Net household income-
The average household income of sample farmers of all blocks under selection was about
to Rs. 24465/- which varies from Rs. 11608/- to 42707/- . The average annual income
was vary much associated with farm holding. The cluster-wise analysis further indicates
that the average annual income per household in Jama block was about Rs. 19172/-,
which varies from Rs. 16605/- to Rs.24164/-. In case of Narayanpur block the average
income per household was estimated to be Rs. 26615/- which ranged from Rs. 12626/- to
Rs. 59320. Similarly in cluster Dumka the average income was Rs. 30771/- which was
again highest in the medium farm and lowest on landless and marginal farms. It varies
from Rs. 13100/- to Rs. 51665/-. In the case of Jamtara cluster average annual income per
household was Rs. 17840/.
Table 5.3.1 Total Income/ household income( Rs.)
Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara 9099 10206 29620 22436 NA1 17840 Narayanpur 12626 15388 16419 29324 59320 26615 Dumka 13100 17984 25665 45442 51665 30771 Jama NA 16605 18784 24164 17135 19172 Average 11608 15046 22622 30341 42707 24465 NA: No Agriculture land, NA1: Group not available
52
CHAPTER-6
Post-harvest activities
6.0 Introduction :
Farm production produce throughout the length and breadth of the country and most of
the produces are of small size. This makes the estimation of Supply difficult and creates
problem in marketing. The most of farm products have to be processed before their
consumption by the ultimate consumer. This processing function increases the price
spread of agricultural commodity. Similarly most of the farm products are perishable in
nature but the period of their perishability varies from a few month to few days. This
perishability makes it almost impossible for producers to fix the reserve price for their
farm growing products.
The Supply of agricultural products is uncertain and irregular, the prices of crop,
therefore fluctuates both during the year and year to year. The characteristic of bulkiness
of most farm products makes their transportation and storage difficult and extensive.
There is a large variation in the quality of agriculture products, which makes their
grading and standardization somewhat difficult. All the problems lead to be solved before
marketing of product to ultimate consumer. This will create an opportunity for
producers/farmers to receive remunerative price from their farm produce. Post harvest
activities include cleaning packaging, grading and standardization, processing, storage,
disposal of produce and market information and market needs.
6.1 Cleaning and packaging:
Cleaning and packaging is the first function/ step performed in the marketing of
farm produce by the sample farmers, where produce are either for home consumption or
for sale. Under clearing process farmers usually used a bamboo made manual device like
Supa for cleaning of cereal crops. There was no specific material used in packaging of
farm produce because there is no surplus production for marketing.
6.2 Grading
Sorting out of commodity is generally Done by manual labour through local devices.
53
6.3 Processing
In some cases, processing is Done by farmers him- selves (like conversion of pulse crop
in arhar, kulthi into the edible form). Wheat processing is Done by mill owner. No any
sample farmer has own flours mill in the sample area.
6.4 Disposal of produce
Most of produce was consumed by the sample farmers themselves and some quantity of
the produce were sold by farmers in the sample village to local trader or in village
market.
6.5 Market information - Market information includes prices of farm input and price of
produce and these informations were received with the help of friends, middleman, and
shoppers in the sample village.
6.6 Storage of produce - Sample farmers used locally made storage device i.e. Khochar
and gunny bags for the storage of paddy and maize grains.
54
CHAPTER-7 Live-stock and fisheries activities
All the farm families rear animal for home consumption, draft power and income. The
common animals are cow, he buffalo, goat, pig, duck, poultry and sheep (Table- 7.1). The
population of cows is more than other animals. He buffalo is also reared as bullocks and
he buffalo are major source of draft power Table 7.1 Animal population in adopted villages
Name He animal She animal Total Number of families owned
Jamtara block Buffalo 6 0 6 4 Cow 292 121 413 142 Goat 65 238 303 132 Pig 18 50 68 27 Sheep 46 137 183 40
Narayanpur block Buffalo 35 12 47 20 Cow 548 603 1151 238 Goat 157 601 758 243 Pig 11 25 36 17 Sheep 78 324 402 67
Jama block Buffalo 36 74 110 32 Cow 652 618 1270 521 Goat 16 480 496 276 Pig 8 105 113 41 Sheep 3 17 20 3
Dumka block Buffalo 12 29 41 25 Cow 1000 579 1579 363 Goat 34 559 593 295 Pig 43 91 134 95 Sheep 4 42 46 7 Inspite of more population of cow in adopted village, the order of preference of farm
families for animals are different in different blocks (Table 7.2), because pigs, goats,
chicken, duck etc. are instant source of income.
55
Table 7.2. Farm family’s preference of rearing animals and birds
Jamtara Narayapur Jama Dumka Animals/Blocks Ranking
Pig 2 - 1 1 Goat 1 1 2 2 Poultry 5 5 3 3 Cow 3 2 5 4 Buffalo - - 4 5 Sheep 4 3 - - Duck - 4 - - In addition to draft and cash animals, the farm families are also rearing birds to meet the
cash demand of home. The birds reared by farmers in adopted villages are given in table
7.3.
Table 7.3 Rearing of birds in adopted villages.
Name Number Families owned Jamtara block
Poultry 498 144 Duck 83 21 Pigeon 102 2
Narayanpur block Poultry 561 116 Duck 226 45 Pigeon 420 22
Jama block Poultry 257 +344 chicks 103 Duck 13 3 Pigeon 683 18
Dumka block Poultry 610+675 chicks 171 Duck 70+16 duckling 13 Pigeon 461 23
The number of live stock includes cow, buffalo, goat and pig on the sample farm. The
average number of live-stock per household was estimated to be 4.45. The number of
live-stock was maximum on small farm 5.67 and minimum on landless farm about 0.91.
Small farmers were having more number of livestock as compared to marginal and semi
medium farms. In total number of live-stock per household, numbers of cattle, buffalo,
goat and pig was 2.22, 0.22, 1.46 and 0.84, respectively. Pig rearing was most popular on
56
landless household as compared to other categories of farm in the sample village. The
cluster-wise analysis further revealed that in Jamtara block average number of live-stock
were about 7.41 per sample household which was high on small farm. The number of
cattle, goat and pig was 4.67, 1.90, and 0.84 respectively in total number of live-stock per
household.
Table 7.4 Different live-stock stake in different farm holding
Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara 0 4.32 10.5 0 0 7.41Cow 0 2.84 6.50 0 0 4.67
Buffalo 0 0.00 0.00 0 0 0.00 Goat 0 0.80 3.00 0 0 1.90
Pig 0 0.68 1.00 0 0 0.84 Narayanpur 3.67 3.66 1.82 1.65 4.37 3.04
Cow 0.67 1.33 0.59 0.74 1.25 0.78 Buffalo 0 0 0.08 0.05 0.875 0.20
Goat 1.00 1.86 1.09 0.81 2.25 1.40 Pig 2.00 0.47 0.06 0.05 0 0.52
Dumka 0 3.86 5.74 2.33 5.00 3.38Cow 0 2.55 3.53 1.00 0 1.416
Buffalo 0 0.01 0.05 0.00 0 0.012 Goat 0.00 0.92 1.37 1.33 5.00 1.72
Pig 0.00 0.38 0.79 0.00 0 1.33 Jama 0 4.38 4.65 6.96 0 3.99
Cow 0 2.26 2.50 3.38 0 2.03 Buffalo 0 0.36 0.41 1.10 0 0.46
Goat 0 1.16 1.02 1.14 0.00 0.83 Pig 0 0.60 0.72 1.34 0 0.66
Average 0.91 4.05 5.67 3.64 4.68 4.45 Among live-stock, cattle population was observed to be maximum in all sample size. In
case of Jama cluster average number of live-stock was about 3.99 per household which
was maximum on semi medium farm and minimum on marginal farm. It was further
observed that number of cattle was found to be high among livestock on all categories of
farmers. The average number was 2.03, 0.46, 0.83 and 0.66 of cattle, buffalo, goat and
pig, respectively per household. Goat and pig rearing was observed to be popular in all
categories of farmers in the selected areas. Similarly, in case of Narayanpur cluster the
average number of livestock was about 3.04, which was again high on medium farm. The
average number of cattle, buffalo, goat and pig was about 0.78, 0.20, 1.40, and 0.52
respectively per household. Goat rearing and pig rearing were again popular in all
57
categories of farmers. Although number of goat per household was high on medium farm
as compared to other farms. While pig rearing were popular in landless household and it
is decreased as size of holding increasing in the area. In Dumka cluster average number
of livestock was about 3.38 per household in which cattle, goat and pig was about 1.4,
1.72 and 1.33, respectively. The buffalo rearing was not common in the selected clusters.
Goat rearing was popular in all categories of household while pig rearing was popular
among marginal and small farmers.
Table 7.5 Gross annual income from milk production Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara 0 1080 4500 945 NA1 2175Narayanpur 0 1504.51 736.93 640.83 2730 1403Dumka 0 330 2526.3 0 0 1428Jama NA1 1514.8 1598.2 1362.1 0 1492Average NA 1107.33 2340.4 982.63 2730 1624NA: No Milch Animal, NA1: Group not available
Average annual income from milk production on sample household was about
Rs.1624 per year per household, which varies from Rs.982.63 to Rs.2340.4 per annum on
the sample farm. The income from milk production was negatively related to size of farm
holding can marginal Rs.1107.33, small Rs.2340.4, semi-medium Rs.982.63 medium
2730. The cluster-wise analysis further revealed that in Jama block/ cluster, the average
annual income per household for milk production was about Rs.1492 in which marginal
and small farmers received higher increase per annum for milk (Rs.1514.80 & Rs,
1598.2) as compared to semi medium farmer (Rs.1362.1).
Similarly, the farmers of Narayanpur block received an annual income of Rs.1403
per annum. In this block also the average annual income from milk production was high
on marginal and medium farms as compared to semi medium and small farm. In case of
Dumka cluster income from milk production per household per annum was about
Rs.1428 which varies from Rs.330 to Rs.2526.3 on marginal and small farm.
In Jamtara block, average annual income from milk was Rs.2175 per household
which was highest (Rs. 4500) on small farm and lowest (Rs. 945)on semi medium farm.
7.5 Income from livestock other than milch animal
The average annual income from other livestock (draft animal, goat, pig, poultry)
was received by the sample farmers as Rs.423.4 per annum per household. The income
58
was negatively associated with size of farm holding (Rs.479 on marginal farmers, Rs.473
on small, Rs.212, semi medium & Rs.358.3 medium). The cluster-wise analysis further
revealed that in Jama cluster/block, the average annual income from other livestock was
received as Rs.145.29, which was maximum in small farms (Rs. 241) and minimum
(Rs.55) on marginal farm per household, respectively. Landless and medium farmers
were not rearing other type of livestock in the selected area. In case of Narayanpur
cluster, the average annual income from other livestock was Rs.403.95 household, which
varies from Rs.187 to Rs.677 on the sample farm. In case of Dumka block, the average
annual income received as Rs.309.49 per annum per household. The income decreased
with increase in size of farm holding. Similarly in Jamtara block the average annual
income was Rs.717.5 per annum per household. In this block, the average income was
higher in small farm than that of marginal farmer and semi medium.
Table 7.6 Income from livestock other than milch animal
Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara 563 516.60 1283.50 507 NA1 717.5Narayanpur 625.67 269.44 260.85 187.31 676.50 403.95Dumka 0.0 1076.82 107.79 13.33 40.00 309.49Jama NA1 54.60 240.89 140.38 0 145.29Average 594.3 479.4 473.26 212 358.3 423.4 NA1: Group not available
7.7 Average annual income from livestock : This includes the average annual income from milk & milk product in the sample
village and income from other livestock products on the sample farm. The average annual
income was observed to be Rs.1633.93 per annum, which was more on marginal and
small farmers than that of semi medium and medium farmers.
Table 7.7.1 Average annual income from livestock Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara 563 1596.60 5783.50 1452 NA1 2348.78Narayanpur 625.67 1773.95 997.78 828.14 3406.50 1526.41Dumka 0.0 1406.82 2634.11 13.33 40.00 818.85Jama NA1 1569.40 1839.04 1502.45 0 982.18Average 594.34 1586.69 2813.61 948.98 1723.25 1633.93NA1: Group not available
59
The cluster-wise analysis further indicates that in Jamtara block thee average
annual income from this enterprise per annum per household was about Rs.2348.78,
which was higher on small farm followed by marginal farm. In case of Dumka block, the
average annual income from livestock enterprise was Rs.818.85 per annum, which was
maximum on small and marginal farmers. Similarly in case of Narayanpur block, the
income from livestock per annum per household received as Rs.1526.41, which varies
from Rs.626.67 to 3406.50 on sample farmers. In case of Jama block, the average annual
income was Rs.982.18 which was high on small farm (Rs.1839) followed by marginal
farmer (Rs.1569.40) and on semi medium (Rs.1502.45), respectively.
7.9 Income from Fisheries :
The farmers were not trained in fish culture and no basic ideas of fisheries.
Although seasonal ponds are available in the villages but due to lack of inputs the
production is merely 100-300 kg/ha/yr. There were no marine fisheries in the state. There
was no clear information from fisheries because whatever fishes were produced used for
self consumption.
60
CHAPTER-8 Income from other subsidiary occupation and wage
employment Subsidiary occupation includes wages of family labour, salary of employed
person, business etc. The average annual income from subsidiary occupation per
household was observed to be Rs8560.96, which was maximum in medium farmers
(Rs13232.5). There was no much variation in annual income from this occupation on
landless, marginal, small and semi medium farms.
Table 8.1 Income from other subsidiary occupation and wage employment
Name of Cluster
Landless Marginal Small Semi
Medium Medium Average
Jamtara 7451 1997 NA1 1853 NA1 3767Narayanpur 10200 3209.16 1627.75 1602.05 9297.63 5187.32Dumka 10000 6148.98 11222.5 35333.3 30000 18540.96Jama NA1 4980 3402.17 4627.59 400 3352.44Average 9217 4083.78 5417.46 10854 13232.5 8560.96NA1: Group not available
The cluster-wise analysis further revealed that in Jama block average annual
income from subsidiary occupation on selected sample was about Rs3352.44 per annum
per household, which was maximum on marginal farmers (Rs.4980) and minimum on
medium farmers (Rs400). In case of Dumka block, the average annual income from this
occupation was estimated to be Rs.18540.96 on the sample farm, which was observed to
be maximum on semi medium and medium farmers (35333.3 & 30000) and lowest on
marginal farm (Rs.6149). In Jamtara block income from subsidiary occupation was
estimated as Rs.3767 per annum per household. The low income from this occupation on
the sample farm was mainly due to poor opportunity of service, business etc. in the
sample household. In case of Narayanpur cluster income from subsidiary occupation on
the sample farm was found to be Rs.5187.32 per annum, which was highest on landless
household (Rs.10200).
61
Table 8.2 Total Employment (man days) available in a year Name of
the Cluster
Sector Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium
Medium Average
own farm 0 96 90 100 NA1 95.33 wages 85 15 0 0 NA1 50.00 Migration 65 52 105 50 NA1 68.00 Others 10 10 24 35 NA1 19.75 Ja
mta
ra
Total 160 173 219 185 NA1 184.25 own farm 0 90 89 91 87 90.00 wages 62 14 56 56 102 47.00 Migration 95 85 45 0.0 0.0 75.00 Others 25 11 30 90 150 39.00
Nar
ayan
pur
Total 182 200 220 237 339 209.75 own farm 0 96 98 125 92 106.33 wages 85 41 60 70 130 64.00 Migration 90 42 65 34 0.0 57.75 Others 12 14 15 25 50 16.50 D
umka
Total 187.0 193.0 238.0 254.0 272.0 218.00 own farm NA1 95 80 85 92 86.67 wages NA1 49 46 43 34 46.00 Migration NA1 39 66 34 24 46.33 Others NA1 25 25 72 23 40.67 Ja
ma
Total NA1 208 217 234 173 219.67 NA1: Group not available
The cluster wise analysis revealed that in Jamtara block average annual man days
employment of selected sample was about 184.25 days per annum per household.
Maximum total annual man days employment on small farmer 219 days and minimum on
160 days in landless farmer.
In case of Narayanpur block average annual man days employment of selected sample
was about 209.75 days per annum per household. Maximum total annual man days
employment on medium farmer 339 days and minimum on 182 days in landless farmer.
In case of Dumka block average annual man days employment of selected sample was
about 218.00 days per annum per household. Maximum total annual man days
employment on medium farmer 272days and minimum on 187 days in landless farmer.
In case of Jama block average annual man days employment of selected sample was
about 219.67 days per annum per household. Maximum total annual man days
employment on semi- medium farmer 234 days and minimum on 173 days in landless
farmer.
62
CHAPTER-9 SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE In Jamtara, block radio is the main source of information & in Narayanpur Radio,
Television, News Paper and ATMA are the main source of information.In Dumka, block
Radio and ATMA (occasionally) are the main source of information & in Jama Radio
and ATMA are the main source of information.
Table-9.1: Source of information
Cluster Radio Television News Paper
Extension worker/ Block
Jamtara
Yes (3) No No No
Narayanpur
Yes Yes Yes ATMA
Dumka
Yes No No Yes, Occasional
Jama
Yes (3) No No ATMA
In these clusters, farmers were mostly depended upon the information Supplied by the
shopkeeper of their locality for their different enterprises. During input purchase they
were interacted and exchange their latest ideas. Kisan Mela was the second most
important mode of information for the farmers. They were participated very
enthusiastically on the occasion of Kisan Mela. Market middle-man also performed
important source of information of village people. Their role had noted vital for selling of
farm produce. In other words, farmer produce price was very much dependent upon the
information Supplied by the local trader/ middlemen. Friends and relatives were also
source of information to dispense day to day activity. In mass communication media,
radio was the most popular electronic device for them till date.
9.3 Suggestions for strengthening knowledge base-
Lack of extension services in the villages were the main constrains for strengthening
knowledge base of village. By strengthen of the extension services and field
demonstration will be incredibly helpful for improvement in knowledge base of village
people. Radio is one of the important sources of information for village people hence
knowledge about potential enterprise for the area should be dissimilated regularly.
63
CHAPTER-10 Perception of farmers
10.1 Farmers’ perception on low yields
In all selected villages, non-availability of water for production purpose gets highest
recognition. They were largely depended on the rainfall for production of agricultural
crop. Owing to that very reason, they had given first place to non availability of water for
low productivity of their produce.
The cluster wise analysis further shows that after non availability of water in Narayanpur
cluster insects and pest is the second most destructive factor followed by weed for low
yield. According to them, among other factors which favor the low productivity was lack
of proper market, malpractice of pesticide etc. Similarly in Jama block, after non-
availability of water, low quality of input, high price of inputs, unavailability of farm
credit on time were the important factors for low productivity of yield. In the analysis of
farmers’ perception in Dumka cluster, the low productivity of crop was due to non-
availability of water, poor quality of pesticide & seed and lack of credit facility on time.
In Jamtara cluster farm people narrated that the low productivity in the farm due to lack
of water, poor quality seed and lack of credit facility.
10.1.1 Problems faced by farmers in crop production In almost all cluster the problem is common as follows,
1. Water scarcity for irrigation
2. Lack of quality seed
3. Electricity problems
4. Lack of knowledge in agriculture.
5. Lack of communication
6. Disease and pest infestation
7. Un willing to take summer rice due to free grazing of cattle
64
10.1.2 Drudgery in the marketing in horticultural crops
In Jamtara & Narayanpur cluster dominance of middleman, inferior
quality of produce, low production and low price are the major drudgery in marketing of
horticultural produce.
In Dumka & Jama dominance of middleman, transportation( bicycle and
overhead) and low production of vegetables for marketable surplus are the major
drudgery in marketing of horticultural produce.
Table 10.1: Drudgery in the marketing of horticultural crops
Cluster Drudgery
Jamtara
1. Dominance of middleman 2. Inferior quality of produce. 3. Low production 4. Low price
Narayanpur
1. Dominance of middleman 2. Distance from market. 3. Low price of the product
Dumka
1. Transportation (Bicycle and Overhead) 2. Dominance of middleman. 3. Very low production of vegetables for marketable surplus.
Jama
1. Transportation (By-cycle and Overhead) 2. Dominance of middleman.
10.1.3. Constraints in vegetable and fruit growing In Jamtara lack of knowledge about horticulture, poor irrigation facility,
unavailability of superior quality of planting material, disease and pest infestation and
premature mortality in Brinjal are the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.
In Narayanpur lack of irrigation facility, unavailability of quality seed, lack of
interest, lack of knowledge about improved cultivation of vegetables, lack of money and
disease and pest infestation are the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.
In Dumka poor awareness about vegetable cultivation, lack of improved Seeds
and Planting materials, illiteracy, poor irrigation facility and lack of awareness about
earnings from vegetables are the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.
In Jama lack of improved variety seeds, lack of technical knowledge of nursery
growing, poor economic status, unavailability of water resources for irrigation round the
65
year, disease and pest infestation, no knowledge of sowing time and lack of machine are
the major constraints in vegetable and fruit growing.
Table 10.2 Constraints in vegetable and fruit growing Cluster Constraints
Jamtara
1. Lack of knowledge about horticulture. 2. Poor irrigation facility. 3. Unavailability of superior quality of planting material 4. Disease and pest infestation 5. Premature mortality in Brinjal
Narayanpur
1. Lack of irrigation facility. 2. Unavailability of quality seed. 3. Lack of interest. 4. Lack of knowledge about improved cultivation of
vegetables 5. Lack of money 6. Disease and pest infestation
Dumka Block – Dumka Mayurakshi sub-catchment
1. Poor awareness about vegetable cultivation. 2. Lack of improved Seeds and Planting materials 3. Illiteracy 4. Poor irrigation facility. 5. Lack of awareness about earnings from vegetables.
C-4: District – Dumka Block – Jama Brahmini sub-catchment
1. Lack of improved variety seeds. 2. Lack of technical knowledge of nursery growing 3. Poor economic status 4. Unavailability of water resources for irrigation round the
year. 5. Disease and pest infestation 6. No knowledge of sowing time 7. Lack of machine
10.1.4. Problems of farmers in livestock and poultry farming In all cluster, the problems were common which were as follows,
• Improper management of diseases
• Inferior quality of breeds
• Unavailability of feed and fodder
• Unavailability of water for drinking and Mortality due to white diarrhea in poultry
• Lack of medical facilities. Blindness among cattle
• Indigestion due to ufra
• FMD in cattle
66
10.2 Suggestions for improving the yield
The respondents have suggested various methods to improve the present level of
production in existing enterprises. In general, water availability at the time of crop
requirement is the most important factor to enhance their productivity. Cluster wise
analysis also shows that in Jamtara cluster canal rehabilitation and quality input can
improve their field productivity. In the case of Jama block, water availability is the main
factor for low productivity and they have suggested canal rehabilitation will improve the
present situation in greater extent. They have also suggested that new water saving
technique will serve his purpose. Similarly in Dumka cluster, water saving technique and
low input price will help to enhance productivity of different crops. Canal rehabilitation
will also helpful in increasing cropping intensity in that area. In Narayanpur cluster,
canal rehabilitation is the most important factor in improving crop productivity. Other
factors which influences are the price of quality inputs and credit facility in the area.
10.3 Use of new crop variety
There was no specific record of use of new crop variety in the considered cluster. In some
cluster they had used new variety of Maize named Kanchan 25. Varieties of paddy like
Hajari Dhan and Abhishek were cultivated by farmers in some pocket of considered area.
67
CHAPTER-11 Migration status
Migration problems were recorded in all sample clusters with some variation.
11.1 Period of migration
Village people are migrated from one month to six months, depending upon the work
availability in their respective villages. Cluster wise analysis shows that in Jama cluster,
average migration was nearly two month. In Dumka cluster, average migration period
was one and half months. Similarly in Narayanpur cluster, migration period was high and
it was about five months in a year. In case of Jamtara cluster, migration period was about
six months
Table11.1.1 Average earning from migration ( Rs./ household/ annum)
Cluster Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium
Medium Average
Jamtara 0.00 1080.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1080.00 Narayanpur 1800.00 1641.89 1436.84 0.00 0.00 1219.68 Dumka 3100.00 7509.07 3193.59 1428.57 0.00 3807.81 Jama 0.00 4980.00 3402.17 4627.59 400.00 3352.44
11.2 Nature of work during migration
Owing to lack of any technical skills, most of the migrated people do labour work in the
period of migration. Hence their income was very low. And it also depends upon the bargaining
power of migrant. Very few migrant people were engaged as Mason man/ Rajmistri and had high
income as compare to labour. The average income per year per family through migration was Rs.
2121/- , which varies from Rs. 2775/- to 1029/- where landless household income was highest
and semi medium farmers have lowest income. The analysis is also shows that migration is
negatively related with the farm size holding. In cluster wise migration earning shows that in
Jama cluster average income from migration was Rs. 3352/- in which marginal farm family again
have larger share than to small (Rs. 3402/-) and semi medium (Rs. 4628/-). Medium farmers have
lowest income (Rs 400/-) per year per household. In Dumka cluster, average income from
migration was Rs. 3807/- where marginal farmers have received larger amount Rs. 7508/- per
year per household and semi medium farms have received least. (Rs. 1429/-). In Narayanpur
cluster, average income was Rs. 1626/- per annum per household which varies from Rs. 1800/- to
Rs. 1437/- per annum per household. In Jamtara cluster, there were very few people (under
marginal group) who had migrated during year.
68
CHAPTER-12 EXTENSION SERVICES
12.1 Extension service in agriculture – The various agencies are involved in extension
activities for agriculture development and other agricultural related activities.
a. Government agency- Under the selected area government machinery like block
Agricultural officer and ATMA (Agriculture Technology Management Agency) are
working for dissimilation of improved technology.
b. Non government Organization (NGO) - Through different branches in selected area
NGO is working for agriculture development and people upliftment.
These agencies are providing training to the farmers regarding crop management,
integrated pest management.
12.2 Extension services in live-stock- Animal husbandry department is providing
different type of training for live-stock development in the area.
69
CHAPTER-13
ACCESS TO MICRO CREDIT AND LOAN FACILITIES
13.1 Present source of credit In Jamtara, farmers were using family income, financial institution (3
farmers of Sawrumundu village have Kisan Credit Card) and money lender as source of
credit and in block- Narayanpur, farmers were using family income, financial institution
(47 farmers have Kisan Credit Card) and money lender as source of credit
. In cluster, Dumka farmers were using family income and financial
institution (53 farmers have Kisan Credit Card) as source of credit and in Jama farmers
were using family income, financial institution (60 farmers have Kisan Credit Card) and
money lender (occasional ) as source of credit.
Table 13.1.1 Present source of credit.
Cluster Family income
Financial institution (Bank/ KCC) Money lender
Jamtara
Yes 3 farmers of Sawrumundu have KCC
Yes
Narayanpur
Yes 47- Farmers have KCC Yes
Dumka
Yes 53 farmers have KCC No
Jama Yes 60 farmers have KCC Occasional
13.1 Access to micro-credit and loan facility- The following agencies are working for
providing micro-credit loan facility in the selected areas-
a. Self Help Group (SHG)- In the selected villages, seven self help group are working to
help farmers for meeting small amount of credit requirement for agriculture and allied
activities.
b. Nationalized bank- Some nationalized bank/ commercial banks are helping farmers
for meeting agricultural credit requirement in the selected village/ area.
c. Gramin bank- Some branches of Gramin Bank are also providing credit to the
farmers for agriculture as well as non-agricultural activity.
70
d. Money lender/ Private credit agency- Private credit agencies like village money
lender/ money lender are also working in the area for agricultural credit as well as non-
agricultural activities.
13.1 Loan and its utilization- Institutional credit and private credit agencies are
providing all type of agricultural credit i.e. crop loan and long term loan to every
categories of farmers However money lender and private credit agencies are providing
maximum loan for consumption purposes and non agricultural loan.
13.3 Vocational training- Vocational training facilities are not provided by any agencies
to the selected respondents.
71
CHAPTER-14 Conclusion
The baseline survey had been conducted in 20 villages of 4 blocks of two disadvantaged
district of Jharkhand state for the implementation of the project entitled Developing
sustainable farming system models for prioritized micro watersheds in rainfed area of
Jharkhand. The survey was conducted covering the whole farmer door to door method
through a multidisciplinary team using the questionnaire. After the compilation of the
data random sampling of 25% household was taken for analysis.
The baseline report revealed that,
1. In the selected villages the caste composition was 60.42% ST, 6.21%SC,
30.28%OBC & 3.09% Upper caste.
2. Total 2332.0 ha land were available in the target area, out of which 29.88%
upland,57.25% low land, 8.93% bari land & 3.95% was utilized for general
purpose i.e. School, Ponds Roads etc.
3. In selected watersheds areas out of total 2332 ha only 1226.563 ha land belongs to
1338 farmers, 1085.431 ha was cultivated 119.957 ha fallow, 22.720 barren and
only 90.785 ha land has irrigation facilities.
4. On the basis of landholdings the farmers had been classified 0.97% farmers were
landless, 66.88% marginal, 22.64% were small, 7.54% were Semi-medium &
1.20%were medium.
5. The livestock played an important role in livelihood, all the farmers keeps some
livestock/birds as cash crops.
6. The agriculture is monocropped mainly dependent on rain. The cropping intensity
ranged from 94% to 104%.
7. The productivity of the major crop was found to be Paddy 16.74 q/ha, wheat
17.58 q/ha, Maize 16.68 q/ha, Potato 159.27 q/ha in the area.
8. The annual income ranges from Rs 9,099to Rs 59,320 from all sources.
10. There is no soil testing facility.
11. The animal health is very poor and local breed of animal were domesticated.
12. There is no concept of contract farming in the area.
72
13. The irrigation facilities are very poor mainly the ponds, well, etc. are used for
irrigation.
14. The extension services are poor and radio and shopkeeper is the main source of
information.
Table 14.1 Average Annual Income from all the sources (Rs./household)
Name of the Cluster
Sector Landless Marginal Small Semi Medium
Medium Average
Agriculture& Horticulture
0.00 4452.00 19336.00 15623.00NA1 13137.00
Live Stock 563.00 1596.60 5783.50 1452.00 NA1 2348.78 Milch animal 0.00 1080.00 4500.00 945.00 NA1 1631.25 Wages 7451.00 1997.00 0.00 1853.00 NA1 2825.25 Others 1085.00 1080.00 0.00 2563.00 NA1 1576.00
Jam
tara
Total Income 9099.00 10205.60 29619.50 22436.00NA1 14272.00Agriculture& Horticulture
0.00 7258.00 11620.00 26253.00 43886.00 22254.30
Live Stock 625.67 1773.95 997.78 828.14 3406.50 1526.41 Milch animal 0.00 1504.51 736.93 640.83 2730.00 1403.07 Wages 10200.00 3209.16 1627.75 1602.05 9297.63 5187.32 Others 1800.00 1641.89 1436.84 0.00 0.00 1626.24 N
aray
anpu
r
Total Income 12625.70 15387.50 16419.30 2932.40 59320.10 26615.30Agriculture& Horticulture
0.00 2589.00 6088.00 8667.00 21625.00 9742.25
Live Stock 0.00 1406.82 2634.11 13.33 40.00 1023.57 Milch animal 0.00 330.00 2526.32 0.00 0.00 1428.16 Wages 10000.00 6148.98 11222.50 35333.30 30000.00 18541.00Others 3100.00 7509.07 3193.59 1428.57 0.00 3807.81
Dum
ka
Total Income 13100.00 17983.90 25664.50 45442.20 51665.00 30771.10Agriculture& Horticulture
NA1 3561.00 8542.00 12044.00 16735.00 10220.50
Live Stock NA1 1569.40 1839.04 1502.45 0.00 1636.96 Milch animal NA1 1514.80 1598.15 1362.07 0.00 1491.67 Wages NA1 4980.00 3402.17 4627.59 400.00 3352.44 Others NA1 4980.00 3402.17 4627.59 400.00 3352.44
Jam
a
Total Income NA1 16605.20 18783.50 24163.70 17535.00 19271.90NA1: Group not available
73