baseline survey report for katoloni cbo on kiima...
TRANSCRIPT
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BASELINE SURVEY REPORT FOR KATOLONI CBO ON KIIMA KIMWE HILLS
AND ASSOCIATED RIVER BASIN CONSERVATION PROJECT
Cover photo: showing a gulley within the project area so the need for the gabions to retain
soil and water.
NOVEMBER, 2012
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This report was prepared by:
KRYPTONE CONSULTING LIMITED
ENVIRONMENT/PROJECT PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CONSULTANTS
P.O BOX 202- 06518 RUARAKA, NAIROBI, KENYA
Email- [email protected]
Site-http://kryptoneconsultinglimited.weebly.com
Submitted to:
KATOLONI MISSION CBO,
P.O BOX 201-90100,
MACHAKOS
TEL 0721480220
Email- [email protected]
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Kryptone Consulting limited would like to express its sincere thanks to the management, PIC
and staff of Katoloni Mission CBO for their valuable technical inputs. We are grateful to the
project manager Mr. Harrison Musanga for his technical inputs provided at different stages of the
survey and facilitating our fieldwork. The firm would also like to thank CDTF, DANIDA and
EU for their financial support.
Our sincere appreciation to all respondents in the surveyed areas for sharing information and
their invaluable ideas, but also for heartiest cooperation during our field visits.
Special thanks to go to the PIC members for the commitment in making the survey interesting by
their remarkable inputs without you exhibiting this level of commitment, we would never had
this product in a timely and excellent shape.
We are greatly indebted to the survey team for their devotion even amidst their busy schedules.
Without your support, efforts to make this survey a success would have been elusive. Special
thanks to the survey team including: Agnes Mutheu Ndaka, Peter Musyoki, Nicholas Mbithi,
Virginia Ngina, and Francis Mutinda
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Table of Contents
Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 3
List of tables .................................................................................................................................................. 6
List of figures ................................................................................................................................................. 7
List of photographs ....................................................................................................................................... 8
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 10
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................ 12
1.0 Background ........................................................................................................................................... 12
1.2 Objectives of the survey ........................................................................................................................ 14
1.2.1 Broad objective .................................................................................................................................. 14
1.2.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................................. 15
1.4 Specific tasks ........................................................................................................................................ 16
1.5 Expected outputs ................................................................................................................................... 16
2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS ............................................................................. 17
2.1 Sampling procedure .............................................................................................................................. 17
2.2 Data collections methods ...................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.1 Questionnaires .................................................................................................................................... 18
2.2.2 Literature review ................................................................................................................................ 19
2.2.3 Focused group discussions ................................................................................................................. 19
2.3 Data processing and analysis ................................................................................................................ 19
2.4 Quality control ...................................................................................................................................... 19
3.0 KEY SURVEY FINDINGS .................................................................................................................. 20
3.1 Existence Katoloni Mission CBO ......................................................................................................... 20
3.2 Social Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 24
3.2.1 Households Setup ............................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.2 Access to water for domestic use ....................................................................................................... 27
3.2.3 Access to the source of energy ........................................................................................................... 29
3.2.4 Sources of livelihoods ........................................................................................................................ 30
4.0 BASELINE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION ................................................................... 34
5.0 INTERVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD ............................. 36
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5.1 Community training needs .................................................................................................................... 36
5.2 Develop a community environment management plan (CEMP) .......................................................... 36
5.3 Intensify awareness creation ................................................................................................................. 36
5.4 Factor in rural poverty .......................................................................................................................... 37
5.5 Potential areas of venture ...................................................................................................................... 37
6.0 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................... 38
Annexes 1: House hold questionnaire ........................................................................................................ 39
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List of tables
Table 1: Showing different groups of the CBO with their status whether active or non active
Table 2: Showing number of animals reared in the households sampled
Table 3: Showing baseline monitoring and evaluation framework
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List of figures
Fig 1: Showing the sampling frame and the household sampled in each location, how many
groups sampled and households sampled in each group
Fig 2: Showing different family structures within the regions sampled
Fig 3: Showing sex representation in the questionnaire response
Fig 4: Showing poverty index distribution among the respondents.
Fig 5: Showing households access to different sources of water.
Fig 6: Showing what communities are interested in once the gabions are constructed
Fig 7: Showing the rates at which different alternative sources of energy are accessed by the
households
Fig 8: Showing different animals reared in the surveyed households
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List of photographs
Cover photo: showing a gulley within the project area so the need for the gabions to retain soil
and water.
Photo 1: Showing training activities done by the CBO on conservation agriculture within the area
Photo 2: Showing some indigenous trees to be planted in the area
Photo 3: Showing an own initiative of a terrace digging to reduce soil erosion
Photo 4: Showing the PIC members receiving materials in their offices
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List of abbreviations
CDTF- Community Development Trust Fund
CEF- Community Environment Facility
PIC- Project Implementation Committee
CBO- Community Based Organization
HHs- House Holds
KII- Key Informant Interviews
EU- European Union
MENR- Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
FGD- Focused Group Discussions
RAs-Research Assistants
CEMP- Community Environment Management Plan
IGAs- Income Generating Activities
TOT-Trainer of Trainees
BLS- Baseline Survey
S.H.G - Self Help Groups
WRMA-Water Resources Management Authority
NEMA-National Environmental Management Authority
CRS-Catholic Relief Services
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The economy of Kenya, basically, revolves around its agricultural base. However, agricultural
practices in this country are mostly traditional, rudimentary and often unacceptable, but modern
practices are being introduced, accepted and adopted at a reasonable pace and on a significant
scale. The country possesses significant potential and the prospects for development of
agriculture which has led to people adopt ways conserving the environment which has been
already tampered upon. Environmental conservation has been placed in the highest rank in order
to safeguard what remained after the environment has been exhausted. Agricultural growth and
development is deeply intertwined with economic progress which in turn leads to environmental
degradation.
This project is constituted by Katoloni Mission CBO with an objective of contributing to poverty
reduction through sustainable environmental conservation. The project will contribute to poverty
reduction through sustainable ecosystem restoration and conservation. The project has the
following objectives to achieve namely; to conserve the environment through increase of tree
cover in farms and the river banks, to improve community livelihoods by using appropriate
farming technologies and promoting fruit trees production and to improve water accessibility
through construction of water preservation structures.
The project has the overall objective of supporting community projects aimed at poverty
reduction through improved livelihoods systems and the conservation of community natural
resources and initiatives for enhanced environmental management and governance. This survey
was objective to; Conduct a survey the captured the baseline status of the various proposed
interventions as listed in the project document, Establish baseline indicators for the project on the
basis of sound ecological, socio-economic status and gender dimensions of poverty and
environment conservation for monitoring and evaluation of the project impacts, Develop
participatory methodologies with clear data sets and indicators for determining change
(ecological, socio-economic and gender), Review the project’s M&E system including tools and
provide technical advice on how they can be enhanced for impact measurement, Highlighting the
extent the projects have acknowledged other cross-cutting issues e.g. HIV/AIDS, governance and
reproductive health and come up with strategies to mainstream them in project.
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To facilitate monitoring and evaluation of the project results, Katoloni Mission CBO have
initiated baseline survey with the aim of establishing a benchmark for the project in line with log
frame. The baseline targeted the project areas.
This survey was undertaken to identify and analyze the socio-economic aspects of the
communities within the project implementation sites. As such data was collected in the four
location of Central division Machakos town constituency covered by the project namely; Kiima
Kimwe, Kimutwa, Katheka kai, and Mumbuni locations. Following these locations several
villages were random sampled and questionnaires administered. Random sampling was used in
each village to get the possible respondents. A sample size of 130 respondents was considered a
representative enough for this survey.
The findings of the study indicated that the surrounding communities largely depend on their
surrounding as their main source of income, although in varying degrees in direct and indirect,
option and existence/ values and benefits.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background
The project will be implemented in the current Machakos District of the Machakos County. The
project will cover Kiima Kimwe, Kimutwa, Kathekakai, and Mumbuni locations of the Central
Division. The locations are part of the Machakos town constituency.
The District is ASAL and faces several challenges which include the following:- harsh climatic
conditions which constitutes low rainfall, inadequate agricultural and livestock production
support services; poor infrastructure; inadequate and poor equipped health and education
institutions; many disease incidences/ epidemics; inadequate water sources; high population
growth and inadequate employment opportunities; unregulated sand harvesting, lack of
processing industries for the materials produced locally and high poverty index.
The District has a population of approximately 300,000 persons with female/male ration of
112:100. 57% of the population is highly affected by poverty which is locally defined as the
inability to meet the basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing and medical services. There are
several causes of poverty in the District which include hostile climatic conditions, low
agricultural productivity, large family sizes, and high incidence of human diseases, under
developed structures, insecurity, poor marketing systems, unemployment, cultural practices, low
incomes and disability. The District has high HIV/AIDS prevalence and infection rates and
hence deaths resulting to high number of Orphans and Vulnerable Children.
The major subsistence crops in the area are maize, beans, cow peas, green grams and millet.
Vegetables constitute tomatoes, sukuma wiki (kales) and pumpkins. Mangoes, oranges, lemons,
papaws and avocado are some of the fruits grown. Coffee is a main cash crop while dairy
farming, poultry production and beekeeping are also important undertaking in the division.
The targeted ecosystem has undergone continuous degradation through loss of vegetation cover,
soil erosion and degraded river banks. This has resulted to negative ecological impacts as the
community is now threatened with acute water shortage. For the ecosystem to continue
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supporting livelihoods of the local people, it is important to enhance water availability, manage
soil erosion and increase agricultural production.
To address the problem of excessive degradation and soil erosion due to loss of vegetation cover;
inadequate water caused by lack of catchment conservation and pollution; many gullies and poor
soil fertility and hence low production; inadequate skills and knowledge on environmental
conservation and management; food insecurity as a result of climate change, poor farming
method and inadequate knowledge on sustainable farming technologies, the project aims at
contributing towards the achievement of the CEF overall objective of support to community
projects aimed at poverty reduction through improved livelihood systems and the conservation of
community natural resources and initiatives for enhanced environmental management and
governance. The following specific objectives will be addressed:-
1. To promote the principles and practices of integrated ecosystem management and
conservation for wider public participation in Kiima Kimwe Hill and adjacent areas.
2. Develop capacities and technologies among the project communities to effectively participate
in income generating opportunities and livelihood options through promotion of green
enterprises and solid waste management that reduce pressure on utilization of the area natural
resources.
3. Develop strategies and capacities among the local communities to engage in sustainable soil
and water conservation and, adoption of energy efficient technologies and climate change
adaptation initiatives.
The benefit to the target community after implementation of the project will include increased
food security and tree products; improved biodiversity; increased sources of livelihood, income
generation and employment for both youth and women; and access to portable water contributing
to the CEF specific objectives of environmental conservation and management and poverty
alleviation. Conservation of Kiima Kimwe hills and the garbage collection site in the upstream
will help in reducing excessive soil erosion which is dumped in the Machakos town and its
associated rivers and create green enterprises for the downstream communities, youth and
women in compost making, charcoal brigades, plastic business etc. Conservation of the
downstream and the river basins will aid in reducing water pollution into the rivers and create
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micro climate for improved biodiversity on the hill and the river basin also. The proposed
activities will aid in reduction of environmental pollution in Machakos town and enhance its
aesthetic value.
The management committee have undergone training and leadership skills development,
effective communication, record keeping, project management, PRA techniques and monitoring
and evaluation tools development. This was in training programmes supported by DANIDA and
CRS over the last four years.
1.2 Objectives of the survey
The overall objective of this survey is to establish the pre-intervention situation prior to project
start up hereby preparing the ground for project performance measurement. The principal focus
of the baseline is to collect and analyze pre-intervention data relating to the objectively verifiable
indicators (OVIs) for the project goal and objectives. The baseline is done to establish
benchmarks for the chosen indicators, i.e., to provide data on their initial status so that
subsequent monitoring and evaluation can assess the effects and impacts of the project for the
target population. The baseline also has the purpose of assessing the measurability of the
selected indicators and will, if necessary, be used to fine tune them for future follow-up. Overall
the baseline study establishes the benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation of the project aimed
at ensuring realistic assessment of the project performance as indicated in the logical framework
analysis of the project.
1.2.1 Broad objective
The overall objective of the survey was to establish the current status of the ecological, socio-
economic and gender dimension and assist the project in developing a strong monitoring and
evaluation framework.
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1.2.2 Specific objectives
The specific objectives of the survey were;
To assess, understand and document the current (before the project interventions) social,
economic situation of the Katoloni Mission cbo members and the community in general.
To assess and document current status as per project main components.
Establish baseline indicators for the project on the basis of sound ecological, socio-
economic status and gender dimensions of poverty and environment conservation for
monitoring and evaluation of the project impacts.
Develop participatory methodologies with clear data sets and indicators for determining
change ( ecological, socio-economic and gender)
Review the project’s M&E system including tools and provide technical advice on how
they can be enhanced for impact measurement
Highlighting the extent the projects have acknowledged other cross-cutting issues e.g.
HIV/AIDS, governance and reproductive health and come up with strategies to
mainstream them in project.
Document recommendations on the challenges faced within Katoloni Mission cbo and
other emerging issues as a result of conducting baseline survey.
Conduct a survey the captured the baseline status of the various proposed interventions as
listed in the project document
Establish baseline indicators for the project on the basis of sound ecological, socio-
economic status and gender dimensions of poverty and environment conservation for
monitoring and evaluation of the project impacts
Develop participatory methodologies with clear data sets and indicators for determining
change (ecological, socio-economic and gender)
Review the project’s M&E system including tools and provide technical advice on how
they can be enhanced for impact measurement.
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Highlighting the extent the projects have acknowledged other cross-cutting issues e.g.
HIV/AIDS, governance and reproductive health and come up with strategies to
mainstream them in project.
1.4 Specific tasks
The consultant in consultation with the project implementation committee and other stakeholders
were responsible for the following tasks;
Identification and defining baseline priority areas and indicators
Plan and implement data collection
Designing, critique and refining of data collection tools
Facilitating the survey crew training and data collection tools field pre-testing
Perform data analysis and report writing
Revise the log frame in the project document
Write-up a concise baseline report with annexes
Present a draft report to the PIC and other stakeholders in a feedback session and
incorporate relevant suggestions in the final draft.
1.5 Expected outputs
The survey is expected to generate the following output
The current baseline status of the proposed interventions was to be determined and
documented
Clear indicators on ecological, socio-economic and gender aspects developed
Participatory methodologies for measuring changes of various interventions during the
project implementation period developed
Revised log frame with clearly defined indicators
Strategies for mainstreaming cross cutting issues developed
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2.0 SURVEY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS
The survey used both primary and secondary data sources. It blended qualitative and quantitative
methods buttressed by participatory research/ survey techniques.
2.1 Sampling procedure
The survey was conducted in Central locations of Machakos district in Machakos County. The
methodology used in this work was especially guided by the terms of reference and available
documentation on environmental conservation project in the above division of the survey
consideration. A multistage purposive sampling procedure was employed in the selection of
survey population. The main sampling unit of the survey was the household. The team relied on
the opinion of local leadership to select a truly representative. Purposive sampling of the survey
area was used from location to group level. The purposive sampling method employed in this
survey was based on the understanding that communities are homogenous particularly in terms
of levels of environmental conservation challenges, socio-economic values attached and
development concerns and threats.
Random sampling was done in the group’s level to select the group to participate in this survey
as respondents. Random sampling was done in 39 working groups of the CBO which constitute
it. The selected 13 groups namely; Ndethye Vate ngui, Mutethya Museo, Kitathe, St Peters,
Ngingani, Mazingira, Mbilini, Kitituni, New Wovosyo, Ithemboni, Muuo self help group,
Mithini Widow and orphans and Amani women group were picked randomly out of many where
in each group we administered 10 questionnaires giving a total of 130 administered
questionnaires. The 10 questionnaires were to be filled from randomly selected households of
which 5 of them were CBO member and the remnants were CBO non members.
Overall a total of 130 households were considered a representative enough within the project
area for this survey. The figure below illustrates a summary of the sampling procedure.
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Fig 1: Showing the sampling frame and the household sampled in each location, how many
groups sampled and households sampled in each group.
2.2 Data collections methods
2.2.1 Questionnaires
The basic method used by this survey was qualitative/ key informant interviews. Using these
methods the researchers held interviews with various teams; project implementation committee,
project manager and other key stakeholders in the project sites. Although respondents were
randomly selected, every attempt was made to get a balanced opinion of the socio-economic
issues in survey areas and how they affect environmental management, putting issues of gender,
age and disability into consideration.
KATOLONI CBO
MUMBUNI
2 GROUPS
20 HH SAMPLED
KIMUTWA
3 GROUPS
30 HH SAMPLED
KATHEKA KAI
3GROUPS
30HH SAMPLED
KIIMA KIMWE
5 GROUPS
50HH SAMPLED
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2.2.2 Literature review
The researchers used secondary data content analysis. In this published work on environmental
conservation in Kenya was analyzed to assess trends and analyze changes and correlate such data
with the current facts on the ground.
2.2.3 Focused group discussions
Group discussions were conducted as a follow up to the content analysis and individual
interactions in interviews. These discussions were conducted at community level mainly with
people who depend largely on the environment. This helped the researchers to identify,
enumerate and analyze occurrences and developments of the environment sector and also in
corroborating information in the different reports reviewed.
2.3 Data processing and analysis
The data was entered and analyzed using the SPSS program. Ms Excel was also used for data
analysis. The research team specified the most crucial questions to be analyzed and the kind of
analysis they needed. Some of the survey questions allowed the respondent to give more than
one response. The advantage is that it offered possible responses to the issue in question. The
analysis of such data used the method of aggregating the various responses according to their
frequencies.
2.4 Quality control
Interviewers were instructed to check questionnaires completeness and accuracy on interview
site. At the end of each day, questionnaire debriefing sessions were held between the supervisors
and all interviewers, the interviews were asked to write daily qualitative information noted.
Agreement for common definitions was done to maintain uniformity. This was important in
capturing important data that would have been left out by the restrictive design of the research
instruments.
The assessment of socio-economic conditions involved identification of frontline stakeholders,
competing uses, forests based economic activities, social interactions and overall contribution to
the forests systems management to the local socio-economic conditions of the households
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3.0 KEY SURVEY FINDINGS
3.1 Existence of Katoloni Mission CBO
Data obtained from the surveyed households from all groups gave different answers about the
whether organization existed and there different activities. Most of the households surveyed
knew that the organization exists. With over 97% of the households sampled supporting this.
Most of the surveyed households gave planting trees, digging terraces to stabilize soils as some
of the activities carried by the organization.
This implies that the organization’s project will receive warm implementation in all the locations
simply because most of the households know the existence of the organization and its activities.
This will help boost the success of the project as there is some sense of ownership of the project
by the community
3.3 Existing Working groups
The CBO is constituted of 52 groups. But after a careful examination of data collected we
realized that it only 39 groups which are currently active and working with the CBO. The groups
are mentioned in the table below with the activities both current, proposed and the locality.
NO GROUP LOCATION CURRENT
ACTIVITY
PROPOSED
ACTIVITY
STATUS
1 NDOVOINI SHG KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nurseries, soil
conservation, local
poultry production
Climate Mitigation Active
2 HIGH HOPE
DISABLED SHG
KIMUTWA Tree nursery, soil
conservation, local
poultry production
Earth dam and tree
nursery
Active
3 KYENI KYA
MWANIA
KIMUTWA Tree nursery,
Environmental
conservation, Local
poultry production
2 Weirs/SSD
Rehabilitation, tree
nursery
Active
4 MIKUYU
DAIRY
KATHEKA
KAI
Soil conservation and
awareness creation on
climate change, dairy
goats
Soil Conservation,
Climate Change
Adaptation and
Mitigation
Active
5 Mikuyu
Catchment SHG
KATHEKAI Horticulture, bee
keeping, local poultry
production, DECs crops
promotion,
Climate Change
Mitigation
Active
6 MUUO SHG KATHEKAI Tree nursery, soil Nursery, Biomass Active
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conservation,
horticulture, local
poultry production and
water projects, DECs
crops promotion
energy
7 MIKUYU
MWAKO S.H.G
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, local
poultry production
Climate change
mitigation, soil
conservation
Active
8 KIAENI WG KIIMA
KIMWE
Dairy production and
local poultry
Fodder
Establishment/
Dairy goats/
Biomass energy
Active
9 YOUNG
MBILINI SHG
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, Soil
Conservation, Local
Poultry production,
Dairy goats and
Horticulture
Eco tourism Active
10 KIMUTWA
YOUTH GROUP
KIMUTWA Tree nursery and
Environmental
conservation
Tree nursery Non-
Active
11 IVIANI YOUTH
GROUP
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery,
Environmental
conservation, local
poultry production
Ecotourism Non-
Active
12 Umilo wa Sua
WG
KATHEKAKAI Tree nursery, Soil
Conservation,
Horticulture, Local
Poultry production,
Climate Change
Mitigation/ Earth
Dam
Active
13 KIKALO KYA
NTHI KII
KINDU WG
KIIMA
KIMWE
Dairy goats Fodder
establishment/
dairy goats
Active
14 BIDII W.G. KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, soil
conservation and
mushroom production
Solid Waste
Management
Non-
Active
15 KIMUMBE KIMUTWA Tree nursery, soil
conservation, local
poultry production, local
ballast business
Climate change
mitigation
Active
16 KITATHE WG KIMUTWA Tree nursery, soil
conservation,
horticulture, local
poultry production, earth
dam rehabilitation
Sub surface dam/
tree nursery/
organic farming/
biomass energy
Active
17 MBILINI SHG KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, soil
conservation,
horticulture, Dairy
goats, fisheries, weir
construction
Biomass energy/
sub surface dams,
tree nursery
Active
18 NZISYA
NGWONE
KIIMA
KIMWE
Local poultry Energy saving
devices
Active
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19 MANGU WG KATHEKAKAI soil conservation, local
poultry production and
dairy goats
Climate Change
Mitigation
Active
20 KALU WG KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, soil
conservation,
horticulture, local
,poultry production, sisal
value addition, pot
making, dairy goats
Energy saving
devices/ sisal value
addition pilot
Active
21 KITITUNI SHG KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, soil
conservation,
horticulture, (tissue
culture banana), local
poultry production
Climate Change
Mitigation
Active
22 NEW HOPE
SHG
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, Soil
conservation,
HIV/AIDS, local poultry
production
Climate Change
Mitigation, poultry
Active
23 KYENI KYA
KIUMONI
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, Soil
conservation, local
poultry production
Climate Change
Mitigation
Active
24 MAZINGIRA
YOUTH GROUP
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery,
Environmental
conservation, Solid
Waste Management
Tree nursery/ Solid
Waste Management
Active
25 NDETHYE
VATE NGUI
MUMBUNI Tree nursery,
Environmental
conservation, Dairy-
Goats and cows
Tree nursery, Sad
Dam
Active
26 WENDANO WA
AKA MA
KIUMONI
KIIMA
KIMWE
Local poultry, gulley
control, sand dams,
Kyamuluu, KwaTindi,
Silanga and Mwanyani
Sub surface dams/
nursery/ gully
control
Active
27 NEW
WOVOSYO WG
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, Soil
conservation, gully
control
Climate Change
Mitigation, gully
control
Active
28 AMANI WG
KIIMA KIMWE
KIIMA
KIMWE
Poultry, organic
farming, tree nursery
Organic farming,
Climate Change
Non-
Active
29 AMANI WG
MIKUYU
KATHEKAKAI
KATHEKAKAI Tree nursery and
horticulture
Organic farming,
Climate Change
Active
30 KILUNGU
VILLAGE DEV
SHG
KIMUTWA Sub surface dam, Tree
nursery
Sub surface dam,
Tree nursery
Active
31 St Peters WG KIMUTWA Dairy goats Fodder
establishment,
dairy goats
Active
32 JOINT FRIENDS KIIMA
KIMWE
Poultry, Horticulture Climate Change
Mitigation
Non-
Active
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33 ITHEMBONI
SHG
KIIMA
KIMWE
Tree nursery, shallow
well, local poultry
Tree nursery,
shallow well
Active
34 KIIMA KIMWE
EARTH DAM
KIIMA
KIMWE
Earth Dam
Rehabilitation, Tree
nursery
Earth Dam
Rehabilitation and
Tree nursery,
Ecotourism
Active
35 BIDII
KYENGONI
KIIMA
KIMWE
Poultry, Tree nursery - Non-
Active
36 UTONYI WG Non-
Active
37 VOTA JOINTS
SHG
KATHEKA
KAI
Soil and water
conservation
Active
38 MAKIKA
POULTRY
KATHEKA
KAI
Non-
Active
39 KATILINI SHG KATHEKA
KAI
Local poultry , tree
nurseries, goats keeping
Tree nurseries Active
40 MIKUYU WG Katheka kai Non-
Active
41 AMANI WG Non-
Active
42 KAVOTA SHG Katheka kai Active
43 MITHINI
WIDOW AND
ORPHANS
Katheka kai Soil conservation, tree
nursery, local poultry
Tree Nurseries Active
44 MAWIA SHG Non-
Active
45 MUFURIKO
SHG
MUMBUNI Active
46 NDALANONI
MUVUTI SHG
MUVUTI TREE
NURSERIES,ENERGY
SAVING DIVIES
Energy saving
njikos
Active
47 MIKUYU EAST
AND CENTRAL
WATER P
Katheka kai SOIL AND WATER
COSERVATION
Active
48 ST GABRAEL KIIMA
KIMWE
DAIRY
GOATS,BRICK
MAKING
Brick making Active
49 KIAONI
YOUTH GROUP
MUMBUNI SOILCONSERVATION
,WATE HARVETSING
TREE NURSERIES
Tree nurseries and
soil conservation
Active
50 MUTETHYA
MUSEO
MUMBUNI ORPHANS AND TREE
PLANTING
Nurseries, orphans
planting
Active
51 WENAKWA
WG
KATHEKA
KAI
TREE PLANTING,
POULTRY KEEPING,
LOANING OTHER
MEMBER
Nurseries, Funds Active
52 KITOMOKONI
WG
KIIMA
KIMWE
POULTRY KEEPING,
HORTICULTURE
- Active
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Table 1: Showing different groups of the CBO with their status whether active or non
active
3.2 Social Characteristics
3.2.1 Households Setup
The baseline survey revealed that all members of Katoloni CBO areas of operation are Kamba by
tribe. The survey also revealed a number of Kikuyus existed in Mumbuni and Kiima Kimwe
locations. The survey also revealed on the family structures with 75.9% being married, 15.1%
being widows, widowers at 2% and single mothers at 7%.
Fig 2: Showing different family structures within the regions sampled
This shows that marriage institution is very much respected as there are no cases of divorcees
indicated in the research. In terms of gender respondents, the survey revealed most of the
community members available in Katoloni CBO homesteads for the interviews were females.
This was revealed by the gender respondents to our survey where females were 68% and the
79%
12%
2%7%
married
widow
widower
single mothers
25
males were 32%. However most of the households surveyed are headed by males with 77.8%
and by females at 22.2%.
Fig 3: Showing sex representation in the questionnaire response
This denotes that most of the men were either in urban areas or other rural areas working as
casuals or in permanent jobs and hence most of the families are being managed by the females.
This will also bring the ration to which the genders have their impacts in their surroundings
within that area to 17:8 females and males respectively. This implied that the females have large
impetus of the local natural resources than men in that same area. It is important therefore to
consider the fact that women should form the majority of the community members to be
involved in the Katoloni Mission CBO environmental conservation project and any other income
generating activities within the area so as to boost its sustainability. It is also of essence to
promote gender balance while ensuring that the level of participation of women be fairly good
because they are more available most of the times than the males and their labor is readily
available.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
male female
26
The survey indicated that many of the households are headed by males with 89% headed by
males and 11% by females. Also the analysis indicated that ages of the households head
indicated that about 59% of them both males and females are above 35 years. Their average age
is 40 years. The organizations working within the area should largely involve youths both males
and females not necessarily the household heads in their undertakings.
As pertains to the well being of the members surveyed, most of them had been perceived by the
group to be in the well being category of the poor 65.7% while other perceived as very poor
28.5% , rich at 5% and very rich at 0.8%. This may imply that organization working within area
may include large numbers of the poor people and be cautious of the rich people so that they
would sabotage the implementation of the project within the same region.
Fig 4: Showing poverty index distribution among the respondents.
These high poverty levels would lead to increase in prostitution hence raising the HIV/AIDS
prevalence in the area.
66%
28%
1%
5%
Poor
Very poor
very rich
Rich
27
3.2.2 Access to water for domestic use
The survey showed that on 83% of all households have access to safe water for consumption
with a distance of less than 3kms from their households while 17% having difficulties in
accessing the same this was revealed in the following locations; Mumbuni, Katheka Kai and
some parts in Kiima Kimwe . Those accessing water in more than 3kms and up to 7kms were
largely realized in Kimutwa and Kiima Kimwe partly in Mbilini and Ithemboni groups. The
survey showed that the households get water from different areas with 79% from tap, 14% from
the dams and 7% from the borehole. A critical observation realized that most of boreholes only
existed in Kiima Kimwe and Kimutwa locations. It was also noted that most of these rivers are
seasonal and can only provide water during rainy season and some days after, after the rainy
season the members largely depend shallow wells as main source of water.
Fig 5: Showing households access to different sources of water.
79%
14%
7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
1
rivers
borehole
dams
28
The survey also revealed that most of the main source of water for the households is from a
permanent source with 77% households being affected and 23% have no permanent access. This
suggests that most of households have a higher prevalence of water borne diseases when they are
subjected to those alternative sources of water. Data obtained showed that close to 70% of the
time required to fetch water is the waiting time at the source caused by inadequate supply/or
limited delivery capacity of the system. A closer look at the data showed that the burden of
fetching water is pushed more to the female and children.
The respondents showed a lot of interests with having a gabions constructed in their area and will
enable them start some income generating activities as well as making some resources available
where 62% of the respondents saying water will be readily available, 24% saying that sand
collection will be made easier as it is readily available. With others suggesting they will start an
irrigation scheme once the water is readily available.
Fig 6: Showing what communities are interested in once gabions are constructed
We asked the member of the community about some of the environmental challenges posed by
these gabions when constructed along the river where, 68% said the cause shortages of the water
29
flow downstream, with 23% saying the cause floods in the area constructed and 9% causing
accidents when full of water by people drowning.
3.2.3 Access to the source of energy
Surveyed household mainly use fire wood as their main source of power with 98.3% using it for
cooking purposes and this have a huge negative impact to the environment and especially forests.
According to the focused group discussion the responsibility of fetching firewood mainly falls on
children especially the females. Mothers also participate in collecting firewood. Majority of the
households’ surveyed used 3 head loads per week (52.5%), 29.8% indicated two head loads per
week and 6.3% indicated one head load per house hold per week.
Data obtained showed that there are other different alternative sources of energy for the
households with 68 % using paraffin, 25% using charcoal, and 7% using solar. The use of
paraffin and charcoal was fairly distributed in all the locations.
Fig 7: Showing the rates at which different alternative sources of energy are accessed by
the households
7%
25%
68%
solar
charcoal
pariffin
30
3.2.4 Sources of livelihoods
The main source of livelihood is farming with at least each respondents interviewed mention it.
The level of dependence on each source of livelihood differed within each source. The major
source of livelihood was noted to be causal as indicated by 36% of all the respondents who
specified the source of livelihood. Other major sources highlighted were business, employment
and farming. For example, among those communities depending on casual work for their
livelihood only 14% of them depend entirely on it 23% depend on it partly 85% for their
livelihood. The respondents who indicated business as their major source livelihood are only
12% and who depend entirely on it. Further analysis showed that casual work was a major source
for the only poor at 65.5% and the very poor at 35.5%. Most of the rich people were either in
employment or business with employment at 62.7% and business at 37.3%
Most of the farmers in the area have small pieces of land. The average total farm size is about 3.1
acres. For most of the respondents the farms are divided into homestead sections
Photo 1: Showing training activities done by the CBO on conservation agriculture within
the area
31
Further analysis depicted that the community grow food crops such as maize, beans, bananas,
pigeon peas and cassava some of which are sold as cash crops. The table below shows the
percentages involved
Food Crop Percentage
Maize 98.4%
Beans 96.6%
Cassava 53.3%
Sorghum and Millet 2.7%
Pigeon peas 79.5%
Table 2: Showing different percentages of food crops as grown by different households
Livestock keeping was another agricultural activity practiced in the area with 28% rearing cattle,
56 % rearing goats, 4% own sheep and 12% owning chickens.
Fig 8: Showing different animals reared in the surveyed households
28%
56%
12%
4%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
cattle
Goats
chicken
sheep
cattle
Goats
chicken
sheep
32
The community in the area has started to appreciate the need for environment management and
have accordingly taken it proactively. For instance in Mumbuni locations communities have
agreed to plant seedlings in the area in an effort to curtail further degradation of the environment.
Photo 2: Showing some indigenous seedling trees to be planted in the area
Also others have initiated the soil stabilization activity by their own by digging several terraces
in their shambas so as to retain water and reduce erosion by a certain percentage. With this the
community needs to be trained on how to dig them purposely for the above functions.
33
Photo 3: Showing an own initiative of a terrace digging to reduce soil erosion within the
project area
Photo 4: Showing the PIC members receiving materials in their offices
34
4.0 BASELINE FOR MONITORING AND EVALUATION
The main objective of BLS if to facilitate monitoring and evaluation of activities of the project
by establishing benchmarks based on the project log frame
Issue Proposed
interventions
Responsibility Measure Indicators/Results
Soil
Erosion
Sensitization on
river bank
protection
Reforestation
Proper land use
Soil and water
management
Implement the
riparian reserve
requirement
Terracing in
shambas
Project
manager
Forestry
department
WRMA
Ministry of
agriculture
PIC
Community
KARI
Administratio
n
Records of
sensitizatio
n meetings
Number of
indigenous
trees
planted
Site visits
Improved
vegetation
cover on
slopes
Clean water
in rivers
Terraces dug
on shambas
Degraded
river banks
Awareness
raising
Clear
demarcations of
riparian reserves
Tree planting
Discourage the
use of agro-
chemicals near
the river banks
Enforcement of
river riparian
requirement
Gabions
Construction
Project
manager
Forestry
NEMA
PIC
Community
WRMA
Administratio
n
Municipal
Council
KARI
Records on
awareness
meetings,
Monitoring
reports
Quarterly
evaluations
Mid-term
evaluation
Final
evaluations
Site visits
Improved
knowledge on
the river
banks
Riparian
rivers
demarcated
and protected
Improved
vegetation
cover
Soil stabilized
after
construction
of the gabions
Deforestati
on
Restrict
activities of
logging in the
area
Educate the
community on
different sources
of livelihood
Other than
charcoal burning
Tree planting
(fruit and
indigenous )
Project
manager
Forestry
PIC
Community
Administratio
n
KARI
Ministry of
Agriculture
Municipal
Council
Site visits
Monitoring
reports
Records of
the list of
participants
in the
training
Records of
the trees
planted
Raised
awareness on
deforestation
Improved
vegetation
cover
Improved
income levels
Water Construction of
gabions
Project
manager
Quarterly
reports
Readily
available
35
scarcity Regulate sand
harvesting
Increase tree
cover
Construction
and renovation
of new and
existing wells
Re-silting of
dams
PIC
Community
NEMA
WRMA
Administratio
n
Ministry of
Water
Municipal
Council
Monitoring
reports
Records of
tree planted
water
Increased
vegetation
cover
Table 3: Showing logical framework
36
5.0 INTERVENTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY FORWARD
Considering an in-depth assessment of the communities’ social-economics, their interactions,
their problems, community expectation of the project and their limitations, the survey gave the
respondents an opportunity to input on the way forward for wise resource conservation. This
gave participants an opportunity to make recommendations from their own perspective. The
survey team used these and their general understanding of the project sites to advance a number
of next steps in an effort to advice the PIC members for their success implementation.
5.1 Community training needs
Respondents revealed that they would like to be trained on effective resource management and
conservation methods which should be adopted within their locality. Most of the training needs
to look into aspects like best farming methods (conservation agriculture), bee keeping, brick
making, sisal farming, livestock management (Dairy cattle and goats), local poultry, rabbit
keeping and craft making. Participation of women and youth in agro-based and other income
generation activities must be encouraged. In order to provide skill development trainings to rural
men, women and children, training centers and other needed facilities should be provided.
5.2 Develop a community environment management plan (CEMP)
The process of coming up with CEMP is usually participatory in nature and this will give an
opportunity for the implementers to instill and strengthen a sense of ownership in communities
project outcomes. Traditional, out of date and outmoded agricultural practices should be replaced
by the modern and more productive practices.
5.3 Intensify awareness creation
Community participation is being achieved by CEMP, sensitization and educational programs to
empower local communities with knowledge and awareness particularly on ecological roles need
to be scaled up to influence a positive shift of attitude and practices towards forests ecosystems.
Peace and security need to be promoted and assured to attract substantial investments for
infrastructure development and research, without which a sustainable development process
cannot be started and continued in the area.
37
5.4 Factor in rural poverty
We have labored to demonstrate majority of the communities are low income earners, perhaps
due to limited alternative sources of income, low levels of education and cultural influence.
Because of this communities only see the environmental resources as only means of getting out
poverty.
5.5 Potential areas of venture
The project team realized that there some of the areas which are resourceful and have not been
ventured into. Some of these include; bee keeping, sustainable sand harvesting, sisal farming,
modern brick making. Investments for construction of small dams, reservoirs and storage of
water must be encouraged.
38
6.0 CONCLUSIONS
The importance of environmental conservation cannot be underrated and as evidence, almost all
households surveyed in the area benefit from their surrounding in various ways. These findings
show the role the environment play in the lives of these communities. On other hand this gives
an idea on the extent of the pressure being exerted on the natural resources in the area.
Community training needs must be met, awareness raising on environmental values intensified
and laws, guidelines for environment utilization followed to the later.
The project has raised the expectation of the stakeholders in the different capacities. A
participatory approach to the implementation of the project will go a long way in ironing
conflicts of interests and giving opportunities to stakeholders to decide on the next step at
different phases of the project implementation. This will also concretize implementation the
sustainability plan, especially if target frontline communities get a sense that it is for their own
good.
39
Annexes 1: House hold questionnaire
Do you know Katoloni Mission CBO? Yes No
What are the activities of Katoloni mission CBO…………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Explain the objective of the survey:
This baseline survey is conducted by Katoloni Mission CBO and Kryptone Consulting Limited. The answers
of the interviewees will facilitate the design and implementation of a new conservation project. We are
establishing the current status of the ecological,socio-economic and gender dimension and assist the project
in developing a strong monitoring and evaluation framework.
DO NOT INSIST IF THE PERSON REFUSES TO ANSWER THE QUESTION.
Date of Survey:
Entry Number:
0201/……
Name of researcher: Function of researcher:
Name of interviewee Location
Group
HOUSEHOLD SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE:
40
Q1. Background Information: Base tool
Please fill in the information required in the tables below.
a) 1. No Education 2.Nursery 3.Primary 4.Secondary 5.College 6.University 7.Don’t Know
HH
Member,
Number
of HH
members
Relationship
to HH Head
Sex:
1.Male
2.Femle
Age
(Years)
Place
of
Birth
Period
lived in
the
area
Education
Level
Attained
1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, and 7
(Indicate
number as
appropriate)
Professional
Training
List all major
Economic
Activities/ income
bracket.
1. What do you understand by the term environment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. List the five major environmental risks you are worried about. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
41
3. Which level do you think is the most effective for making decisions about protecting the environment? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
4. In order to contribute to protecting our environment which three things would you be ready to do first? ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
5. How do you impact on the following around your area? i) Rivers ………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
ii) Soil………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………..
iii) Vegetation/forest………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………….........................................................................................................................
......................................
6. How do you manage the above impacts? i..............................................................................................................................................................
ii..............................................................................................................................................................
iii.............................................................................................................................................................
Section 2 – Water
Q1. What is main source of water for the members of your household?
…………………………………………………………………………………
Q2. a) How far is it from your household? ………………………………………….
b) Is it a permanent source? Yes No
Q3. a) Is water from the source safe for consumption? Yes No (IF YES SKIP TO Q4).
b) If no what do you do to make it safe for drinking?
……………………………………………………………………………….........................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
Q4. What are the other uses of that water?
...........................................................................................................................................................................
42
...........................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Q5. a) Do you recycle the water after use? Yes No (IF NO SKIP TO Q6)
b) If yes how do you use it?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....
...........................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................
................................................................................................................................................................
Q6. Do you have any means of harvesting water? ……………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Q7. Do you know what a sand dam is? Yes No (IF NO SKIP TO Q8)
b) Is there any sand dam in your locality? Yes No
Q8. Would you like to have a sand dam in your area? Yes No (IF NO SKIP TO Q9)
b) How will it benefit you?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………
Q9. What are some of the negative impacts posed by sand dams? …………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Section 3: Energy
Q1. What is the main source of energy in your house hold?
………………………………………………………………………………………
Q2. What are other alternative sources? ……………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
Q3. Where do you get your main source from? ………………………………………………………………………………………
Q4. Is your source sustainable? Yes No
Q5. What environmental problems are you aware of that are associated with the following energy sources
i. Electricity ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
ii. Fossil fuels .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
iii. Wood charcoal............................................................................................................................................................
43