C)HARD PALATE-HORIZONTAL PLATE OFPALATINE BONES &PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES

B)OCCIPITAL BONE-HAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL CORD; OCCIPITALCONDYLES-FOR C1-ATLAS

OCCIPITAL CONDYLE

FORAMEN MAGNUM

BASE OF CRANIUM FROM EXTERNAL SIDE

HARDPALATE

INCISIVEFORAMEN

GREATERPALATINEFORAMEN

LESSERPALATINEFORAMEN

C)HARD PALATE-PALATINE BONES & PALATINE PROCESS OF MAXILLARY BONES

A) TEMPORAL BONE-HAS STYLOID PROCESS- MUSCLE ATTACH

B) OCCIPITAL BONE-HAS FORAMEN MAGNUM- SPINAL CORD; OCCIPITAL CONDYLES- FOR C1-ATLAS

STYLOID PROCESS

OCCIPITAL CONDYLE

FORAMEN MAGNUM

4. BASE OF SKULL - COMPLEX

LATERAL & MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATES -MUSCLE ATTACH

2)SPINE OF SPHENOID -INFERIOR SIDE ATTACH LIGAMENT

1. SPHENOID BONE – ‘CORE’ OF SKULL

MEDIAL ANDLATERALPTERYGOIDPLATES

EXTERNALAUDITORYMEATUS

HAMULUS OF MEDIAL PTERYGOIDPLATE

CT Horizontal Pterygoid PlatePart 1

forms parts of all cranial fossae; has:

i) Lesser Wing above superior orbital fissure;

ii) Greater Wing-below superior orbital fissure extends laterally;

iii) Sella Turcica-(turkish saddle) depression above main part (body)

LESSER WING OF SPHENOID

GREATER WING

SELLA TURCICA

SPHENOID BONE-INSIDE SKULL

GREATER WING OF SPHENOID-LATERAL SIDE OF SKULL

FORAMENOVALE

FORAMENSPINOSUM

SPINE OFSPHENOIDBONE –Ligamentattach

BONY PARTOF AUDITORYTUBE

EXTERNALAUDITORYMEATUS

EXTERNAL AUDITORYMEATUS

TYMPANICMEMBRANE

AUDITORY TUBE(EUSTACHIANTUBE)

MIDDLEEAR

PHARYNX

CAROTIDCANAL –OPENS TOFORAMENLACERUMINSIDEMIDDLECRANIALFOSSA

OPENINGOFCAROTIDCANAL(FORAMENLACERUM) –INTERNALCAROTIDARTERY,SYMPATHETICPLEXUS

STYLOIDPROCESS

MASTOIDPROCESS

STYLO-MASTOIDFORAMEN –VII

leaves Post. Cranial fossa via Internal Aud. Meatus - enters facial canal

1. Greater Petrosal N.GVE parasymp to Lacrimal gland, mucousglands of nose and palate, sens. to Nasopharynx

2. Stapedial N. - SVE motor to stapedius

3. Chorda TympaniSVA taste to ant 2/3

tongueGVE parasymp to

submandibular, subling. salivary glands

VII

VII - FACIAL

Oval window (fenestra vestibuli) = attach stapes; Round window (fenestra cochlea) other end of cochlea

MIDDLE EAR: BOUNDARIES

brain

NOSE

Promontory - cochlea

5. Medial Wall

Oval window

Round window

Facialnerve canal

MEDIAL WALL OF TYMPANIC CAVITY = LATERAL WALL OF INNER EAR

4. Posterior Auricular nerveSensory to outer earMotor auricular muscles occipitalis, frontalis

5. Motor Branches to Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric

6. Motor to muscles of facial expression:Temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical

PostAuricular

VII - FACIAL

Stylohyoid & Post Belly Digastric

JUGULARFORAMEN

HYPO-GLOSSALCANAL- LOOKUNDEROCCIPITALCONDYLE

SPHENO-PALATINEFORAMEN

NASAL CAVITY

PETRO-TYMPANIC`FISSURE

PTERYGO-MAXILLARYFISSURE –LEADSTO PTERYGO-PALATINEFOSSA

POSTERIORSUPERIORALVEOLARFORAMINA –IN MAXILLARYBONE –CONNECTINFRATEMP.FOSSA TOMAX TEETHPOST. SUP.ALV.N., A., V.

PTERYGO-MAXILLARYFISSURE –LEADSTO PTERYGO-PALATINEFOSSAFORAMEN

OVALE

FORAMENSPINOSUM

FORAMENOVALE

FORAMENSPINOSUM

INFERIORALVEOLARN. (V3)

LINGUAL N.V3

MIDDLEMENINGEALA.

NOSE

POSTERIORSUPERIORALVEOLAR N.V2

FORAMINA- MOST THINGS ENTER ORBIT FROM MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE, CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE & OPHTHALMIC ARTERY

2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE BETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS

FORAMINA OF ORBIT

OPTICFORAMEN CN IIOPTICNERVE,OPHTHALMICARTERY

FORAMINA OF ORBIT: OPTIC FORAMEN

OPTICFORAMENAND CANAL

SUPERIORORBITALFISSURE –CN III, IVV1, VI,OPHTHALMICVEINS

SUPERIORORBITALFISSURE

INFERIORORBITALFISSURE

SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

1) OPTIC CANAL- IN BASE OF LESSER WING OF SPHENOID BONE,CONTAINS OPTIC NERVE & OPHTHALMIC ARTERY

2) SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSUREBETWEEN GREATER AND LESSER WINGS OF SPHENOID, CONTAINS III, IV, V1, VI, OPTHALMIC VEINS

NOSE

INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE

1) INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE- SLIT BELOW SUP. ORBITAL FISSURE: BETWEEN SPHENOID & MAXILLARY - CONNECT PTERYGOPALATINE FOSSA AND INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA WITH ORBIT - CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL AND ZYGOMATIC N., A. AND V. (V2, MAXILLARY A.)

3. MEDIAL WALL- INCLUDES MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL, ETHMOID, FRONTAL & SPHENOID (NASAL CAVITY IS MEDIAL TO MEDIAL WALL OF ORBIT)

MAXILLARY

LACRIMAL

ETHMOIDSPHENOID

BONES OF ORBIT

FRONTAL

NOSE

2) ANT. & POST. ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA-BETWEEN ETHMOID & FRONTAL BONES -CONNECT ORBIT & NASAL CAVITIES -CONTAIN ANT & POST ETHMOIDAL N., A. & V. (V1 & OPHTHALIC A.)

ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL FORAMINA

OPENING OF 3) NASOLACRIMAL DUCT- IN MAXILLARY, LACRIMAL BONES & INF. NASAL CONCHA -CONTAINS MEMBRANEOUS NASOLACRIMAL DUCT & TEARS

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT

NASOLACRIMAL DUCT

ORBIT- SERVES AS PASSAGEWAY FOR NERVES, VESSELS TO FACE, SCALP & NASAL CAVITY

1) SUPRAORBITAL NOTCH OR FORAMEN-IN FRONTAL BONE CONTAINS SUPRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V1, OPTHALMIC A. and V.

2) INFRAORBITAL FORAMEN- IN MAXILLARY BONE CONTAINS INFRAORBITAL N., A. and V. FROM V2 & MAXILLARY

OTHER FORAMINA OF ORBIT

I. CALVARIUM = SKULL CAP-

Consists of bones linkedby sutures

SKULL - bones rigidly connected by sutures to protect brain, attach move eyes

FRONTAL (1)

BONES OF CALVARIUMPARIETAL (2)

FRONTAL (1)

OCCIPITAL (1)

SPHENOID (1)

TEMPORAL (2)

NOSE

C. LANDMARKS

1. BREGMA - MID POINT OF CORONAL SUTURE

2. LAMBDA - MID POINT OF LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE

3. LAMBDOIDAL SUTURE

2. SAGITTAL SUTURE

1. CORONAL SUTURE

B. SUTURESNOSE

CORONAL SUTURE LANDMARKS

3. PTERION

- JUNCTION OF TEMPORAL SPHENOID PARIETAL & FRONTAL BONES

NOSE

1. ANTERIOR FONTANELLEAT BREGMA

3. LATERAL FONTANELLEAT PTERION

2. POSTERIOR FONTANELLE -AT LAMBDA

- FONTANELLES PERMIT CRANIAL COMPRESSION AT BIRTH - CRANIAL GROWTH

D. FONTANELLES – MEMBRANES LINK BONES AT BIRTH

OLFACTORYFORAMEN –CN IOLFACTORYNERVE

CRISTAGALLIOFETHMOID

OPTICFORAMEN CN IIOPTICNERVE,OPHTHALMICARTERY

SUPERIORORBITALFISSURE –CN III, IVV1, VI,OPHTHALMICVEINS

Cranial Nerves in Cranial Cavity Prosection of Orbit and

Cavernous Sinus

CAVERNOUSSINUS –III, IV, V1, V2,VI

OPENINGOFCAROTIDCANAL(FORAMENLACERUM) –INTERNALCAROTIDARTERY,SYMPATHETICPLEXUS

FORAMENROTUNDUM –CN V2

FORAMENOVALE –CN V3,ACCESSORYMENINGEALARTERY

FORAMENSPINOSUM –MIDDLEMENINGEALARTERY,NERVOUSSPINOSUS

V1

V2

V3

TRIGEMINAL(SEMILUNAR)GANGLION

INTERNALAUDITORYMEATUS –VII, VIII

JUGULARFORAMEN –CN IX, X, XI,INTERNALJUGULARVEIN

HYPOGLOSSALCANAL –CN XII

FORAMENMAGNUM –SPINALCORD,VERTEBRALARTERY