Basal GangliaPart of the motor system:

control of voluntary movement

• Caudate Nucleus• Putamen

• Globus Pallidus

Input to caudate and putamen from:• Cerebral cortex • Substantia Nigra (Dopamine)

Output through the globus pallidus to• Thalamus to the motor cortex• Brain stem

Striatum

Basal Ganglia

Parkinson’s Disease:Degeneration of DA neurons in

Substantia Nigra Basal Ganglia.

• Slow movement•Difficulty producing movement

• Tremor

Treatment:• L-DOPA

• Neurosurgery• Neurostimulation

Parkinson’s Normal

Basal GangliaPart of the motor system:

control of voluntary movement

• Caudate Nucleus• Putamen

• GP: Globus Pallidus

Input to caudate and putamen from:• Cerebral cortex • SN: Substantia Nigra (Dopamine)

Output through the globus pallidus to• Thalamus to the motor cortex• Brain stem

Striatum

motor

HypothalamusHomeosthasis

Controls the hormonal system (autonomic nervous system)Four F’s: Feeding; Fighting; Fleeting; Mating

טמפרטורה •לחץ דם •מטבוליזם •מחזור יום-לילה •מחזור חודשי •

Brain Stem

• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla

Midbrain

• Tectum (Dorsal)• Tegmentum (Ventral)

Midbrain

Tectum (Dorsal)

Tegmentum (Ventral)

Tectum (Dorsal):Superior Colliculus (visual sys)

Inferior Colliculus (auditory sys)

Auditory pathway

Tegmentum

Brain Stem

• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla

Brain Stem

Pons: •Reticular formation: arousal/sleep•Cranial nerves•Fibers to cerebellum

Medulla: •Respiration•Cardiovascular system

Cerebellumpart of the motor system

• Balance

• Movement timing

• Coordination

Brain Stem spinal cord

• Midbrain• Pons• Medulla

Spinal Cord

Grey matter (butterfly) = cell bodies

White matter – ascending and

descending tracts

Copyright © 2004 Allyn and Bacon

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain (in the skull)

Spinal Cord (in the spine)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Located outside of the skull and

spine

Serves to bring information into

the CNS and carry signals out of

the CNS

Peripheral Nervous System

• Spinal Nerves – body (spinal cord)

• Cranial Nerves – head & neck (brain)

Spinal NervesBody

reflexes

Unipolar neuron – soma in the dorsal root ganglion

Multipolar neuron – soma in the spinal cord

Spinal Nerves

Dorsal:Sensory inputAFFERENT

Ventral:Motor outputEFFERENT

Copyright © 2004 Allyn and Bacon

Cranial NervesHead and Neck

Cranial NervesHead and Neck

• Somatic nervous system• Autonomic nervous system

Peripheral Nervous systemInput to and output from CNS

Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous Sys– skeletal muscles – voluntary– soma of motor neuron in

CNS

Autonomic Nervous Sys– smooth muscles– Involuntary– soma of motor neuron in

PNS (ganglion)

Autonomic nervous system

• Sympathetic (crisis)

• "fight or flight”

• Thoracic & lumbar

• Parasympathetic

• “rest & digest"

• Cranial and Sacral

Copyright © 2004 Allyn and Bacon

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Brain (in the skull)

Spinal Cord (in the spine)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Located outside of the skull and

spine

Serves to bring information into

the CNS and carry signals out of

the CNS