Barriers to AEEs: Barriers to AEEs: Interoperability of Interoperability of Systems & ToolsSystems & Tools

Michael ZydaMichael Zydazyda@acm.orgzyda@acm.org

Integration of Tools &Systems

One of the most daunting, long-term One of the most daunting, long-term barriers to establishing AEEs is the barriers to establishing AEEs is the integration and portability of software integration and portability of software tools for design and development across tools for design and development across

• disparate operating systems, computer networks, disparate operating systems, computer networks, and programming languages & and programming languages &

• governmental and corporate cultures. governmental and corporate cultures.

One of the most daunting, long-term One of the most daunting, long-term barriers to establishing AEEs is the barriers to establishing AEEs is the integration and portability of software integration and portability of software tools for design and development across tools for design and development across

• disparate operating systems, computer networks, disparate operating systems, computer networks, and programming languages & and programming languages &

• governmental and corporate cultures. governmental and corporate cultures.

Solutions to interoperability & composability

AEEs of the future will require AEEs of the future will require

• general solutions to interoperability (i.e., the ability general solutions to interoperability (i.e., the ability of various systems to work together in a of various systems to work together in a meaningful and coherent fashion) & meaningful and coherent fashion) &

• composability (i.e., the ability to build new systems composability (i.e., the ability to build new systems using components designed for existing systems) using components designed for existing systems) (NRC, 1997b).(NRC, 1997b).

AEEs of the future will require AEEs of the future will require

• general solutions to interoperability (i.e., the ability general solutions to interoperability (i.e., the ability of various systems to work together in a of various systems to work together in a meaningful and coherent fashion) & meaningful and coherent fashion) &

• composability (i.e., the ability to build new systems composability (i.e., the ability to build new systems using components designed for existing systems) using components designed for existing systems) (NRC, 1997b).(NRC, 1997b).

Monolithic tools - the current state-of-the-art ...

The current state of practice is typified by The current state of practice is typified by

• a proliferation of non-uniform software tools written a proliferation of non-uniform software tools written by engineers working in isolation to solve discipline-by engineers working in isolation to solve discipline-specific problems, specific problems,

• by tools that are monolithic rather than modularized by tools that are monolithic rather than modularized in structure, and in structure, and

• by special-purpose tools created by individual by special-purpose tools created by individual organizations for their own use.organizations for their own use.

The current state of practice is typified by The current state of practice is typified by

• a proliferation of non-uniform software tools written a proliferation of non-uniform software tools written by engineers working in isolation to solve discipline-by engineers working in isolation to solve discipline-specific problems, specific problems,

• by tools that are monolithic rather than modularized by tools that are monolithic rather than modularized in structure, and in structure, and

• by special-purpose tools created by individual by special-purpose tools created by individual organizations for their own use.organizations for their own use.

Proprietary software & data formats

Competitive advantage or impediment to Competitive advantage or impediment to progress?progress?

• Inhibit data exchangeInhibit data exchange

• Don’t allow tool interoperability.Don’t allow tool interoperability.

• Data loss on exchange.Data loss on exchange.

• How money is made?How money is made?

Without interoperability, innovation is slowed and Without interoperability, innovation is slowed and advances in tools may be counterproductive.advances in tools may be counterproductive.

Competitive advantage or impediment to Competitive advantage or impediment to progress?progress?

• Inhibit data exchangeInhibit data exchange

• Don’t allow tool interoperability.Don’t allow tool interoperability.

• Data loss on exchange.Data loss on exchange.

• How money is made?How money is made?

Without interoperability, innovation is slowed and Without interoperability, innovation is slowed and advances in tools may be counterproductive.advances in tools may be counterproductive.

Composability facilitates

Composability would facilitate the Composability would facilitate the development of AEE systems with development of AEE systems with

• more robust, reusable components and more robust, reusable components and

• flexible structures that can evolve as technologies, flexible structures that can evolve as technologies, users, and their organizations evolve. users, and their organizations evolve.

Composability would facilitate the Composability would facilitate the development of AEE systems with development of AEE systems with

• more robust, reusable components and more robust, reusable components and

• flexible structures that can evolve as technologies, flexible structures that can evolve as technologies, users, and their organizations evolve. users, and their organizations evolve.

Composability begats reuse which diminishes reinvention

Reusable software modules would Reusable software modules would eliminate the need for each organization eliminate the need for each organization to develop the same tools. to develop the same tools.

• By packaging software for easy reuse, By packaging software for easy reuse, composability would also diminish the problems of composability would also diminish the problems of monolithic software tools and systems.monolithic software tools and systems.

Reusable software modules would Reusable software modules would eliminate the need for each organization eliminate the need for each organization to develop the same tools. to develop the same tools.

• By packaging software for easy reuse, By packaging software for easy reuse, composability would also diminish the problems of composability would also diminish the problems of monolithic software tools and systems.monolithic software tools and systems.

Moving to open source ...

Increasing the use of “open-source” Increasing the use of “open-source” guidelines is a promising approachguidelines is a promising approach for developing and implementing for developing and implementing composable software (Raymond, composable software (Raymond, 1999).1999).

Increasing the use of “open-source” Increasing the use of “open-source” guidelines is a promising approachguidelines is a promising approach for developing and implementing for developing and implementing composable software (Raymond, composable software (Raymond, 1999).1999).

• Each software program’s source code Each software program’s source code would be openly available via the Internet, would be openly available via the Internet, with changes coordinated through on-line with changes coordinated through on-line source-code control systems.source-code control systems.

• Each software program’s source code Each software program’s source code would be openly available via the Internet, would be openly available via the Internet, with changes coordinated through on-line with changes coordinated through on-line source-code control systems.source-code control systems.

Competition-Sensitive Design & Development Software

To address proprietary To address proprietary concerns, concerns,

• Open-source guidelines could Open-source guidelines could be used for infrastructure be used for infrastructure software that supports software that supports interoperability and interoperability and composability, composability,

• while limiting access to while limiting access to competition-sensitive functions.competition-sensitive functions.

To address proprietary To address proprietary concerns, concerns,

• Open-source guidelines could Open-source guidelines could be used for infrastructure be used for infrastructure software that supports software that supports interoperability and interoperability and composability, composability,

• while limiting access to while limiting access to competition-sensitive functions.competition-sensitive functions.

Open SourceOpen SourceInfrastructureInfrastructure

Pro

pri

etar

y P

lug

-in

Pro

pri

etar

y P

lug

-in

Pro

pri

etar

y P

lug

-in

Pro

pri

etar

y P

lug

-in

Pro

pri

etar

y P

lug

-in

Pro

pri

etar

y P

lug

-in

The open source concept

The concept behind The concept behind open-source code is that open-source code is that many people and many people and organizations will organizations will continually examine and continually examine and improve the code, improve the code, increasing its reliability. increasing its reliability.

The concept behind The concept behind open-source code is that open-source code is that many people and many people and organizations will organizations will continually examine and continually examine and improve the code, improve the code, increasing its reliability. increasing its reliability.

SharedSharedSourceSourceCodeCode

Org-1Org-1

Org-2Org-2

Org-nOrg-n

InternetInternet

More eyesMore eyesMore reliableMore reliable

Engineers prefer open-source

Many engineers prefer open-source Many engineers prefer open-source technology technology

• they believe that they can correct problems more they believe that they can correct problems more readily than with proprietary source codes that are readily than with proprietary source codes that are owned and managed by individual corporations. owned and managed by individual corporations.

Many engineers prefer open-source Many engineers prefer open-source technology technology

• they believe that they can correct problems more they believe that they can correct problems more readily than with proprietary source codes that are readily than with proprietary source codes that are owned and managed by individual corporations. owned and managed by individual corporations.

The Internet is THE medium for interoperability ...

The committee believes that The committee believes that the current the current trend toward using the Internet as a trend toward using the Internet as a universal medium should be expanded to universal medium should be expanded to search for general, Internet-based search for general, Internet-based solutions to complex tool solutions to complex tool interoperabilityinteroperability..

The committee believes that The committee believes that the current the current trend toward using the Internet as a trend toward using the Internet as a universal medium should be expanded to universal medium should be expanded to search for general, Internet-based search for general, Internet-based solutions to complex tool solutions to complex tool interoperabilityinteroperability..

Ad hoc interoperability must die ...

Current ad hoc interoperability Current ad hoc interoperability mechanisms tend to be governed either mechanisms tend to be governed either

• by the sharing of data files formatted in proprietary by the sharing of data files formatted in proprietary formats or formats or

• by government mandates regarding the use of by government mandates regarding the use of languages (such as Ada) and architectures (such languages (such as Ada) and architectures (such as High Level Architecture). as High Level Architecture).

Current ad hoc interoperability Current ad hoc interoperability mechanisms tend to be governed either mechanisms tend to be governed either

• by the sharing of data files formatted in proprietary by the sharing of data files formatted in proprietary formats or formats or

• by government mandates regarding the use of by government mandates regarding the use of languages (such as Ada) and architectures (such languages (such as Ada) and architectures (such as High Level Architecture). as High Level Architecture).

Government mandates hinder the use of more efficient software

Government mandates may improve Government mandates may improve interoperability within a niche market interoperability within a niche market controlled by the government, controlled by the government,

• but they but they can also result in policies that isolate that can also result in policies that isolate that market from the larger software community and market from the larger software community and unnecessarily hinder the use of more efficient unnecessarily hinder the use of more efficient softwaresoftware (NRC, 1997a). (NRC, 1997a).

Government mandates may improve Government mandates may improve interoperability within a niche market interoperability within a niche market controlled by the government, controlled by the government,

• but they but they can also result in policies that isolate that can also result in policies that isolate that market from the larger software community and market from the larger software community and unnecessarily hinder the use of more efficient unnecessarily hinder the use of more efficient softwaresoftware (NRC, 1997a). (NRC, 1997a).

Open Internet Computing - the Way to Interoperability

Basic research on interoperability should Basic research on interoperability should be supported in the flow of open Internet be supported in the flow of open Internet computing, open standards, industry-wide computing, open standards, industry-wide consortia, and other processes that have consortia, and other processes that have served the Internet so well. served the Internet so well.

Basic research on interoperability should Basic research on interoperability should be supported in the flow of open Internet be supported in the flow of open Internet computing, open standards, industry-wide computing, open standards, industry-wide consortia, and other processes that have consortia, and other processes that have served the Internet so well. served the Internet so well.

Finding 4-1

Interoperability and composability Interoperability and composability problems are a major barrier to realizing problems are a major barrier to realizing the AEE vision. the AEE vision.

• The understanding of and technology base for The understanding of and technology base for developing interoperable and composable developing interoperable and composable software architectures need to be improved.software architectures need to be improved.

Interoperability and composability Interoperability and composability problems are a major barrier to realizing problems are a major barrier to realizing the AEE vision. the AEE vision.

• The understanding of and technology base for The understanding of and technology base for developing interoperable and composable developing interoperable and composable software architectures need to be improved.software architectures need to be improved.

Recommendation 4-1

The federal government should support The federal government should support basic research on the interoperability basic research on the interoperability and composability of component and composability of component software architectures in the context of software architectures in the context of open Internet computing to increase open Internet computing to increase software reliability and encourage the software reliability and encourage the widespread use of promising solutions. widespread use of promising solutions.

The federal government should support The federal government should support basic research on the interoperability basic research on the interoperability and composability of component and composability of component software architectures in the context of software architectures in the context of open Internet computing to increase open Internet computing to increase software reliability and encourage the software reliability and encourage the widespread use of promising solutions. widespread use of promising solutions.

Recommendation 4-1

Efforts to resolve interoperability and Efforts to resolve interoperability and composability problems should composability problems should investigate approaches, such as open-investigate approaches, such as open-source guidelines, for bringing together source guidelines, for bringing together software designed for diverse software designed for diverse applications (e.g., mechanical, electrical, applications (e.g., mechanical, electrical, software, and biomedical systems).software, and biomedical systems).

Efforts to resolve interoperability and Efforts to resolve interoperability and composability problems should composability problems should investigate approaches, such as open-investigate approaches, such as open-source guidelines, for bringing together source guidelines, for bringing together software designed for diverse software designed for diverse applications (e.g., mechanical, electrical, applications (e.g., mechanical, electrical, software, and biomedical systems).software, and biomedical systems).

Recommendation 4-2

Government, industry, and academia Government, industry, and academia should seek consensus on should seek consensus on interoperability standards. interoperability standards.

Government, industry, and academia Government, industry, and academia should seek consensus on should seek consensus on interoperability standards. interoperability standards.

Multiple Hardware Platforms & Operating Systems

Assuming that the transition to Internet Assuming that the transition to Internet computing continues and that basic computing continues and that basic research in interoperability and research in interoperability and composability proceeds, composability proceeds,

• fewer choices for operating systems are likely to fewer choices for operating systems are likely to be available in 15 years. be available in 15 years.

Assuming that the transition to Internet Assuming that the transition to Internet computing continues and that basic computing continues and that basic research in interoperability and research in interoperability and composability proceeds, composability proceeds,

• fewer choices for operating systems are likely to fewer choices for operating systems are likely to be available in 15 years. be available in 15 years.

Open-source successor to Java

The committee believes that, in the The committee believes that, in the future, an open-source successor to future, an open-source successor to Java is likely to dominate, becoming the Java is likely to dominate, becoming the primary interface with the underlying primary interface with the underlying operating systems embedded in the operating systems embedded in the hardware of individual users. hardware of individual users.

The committee believes that, in the The committee believes that, in the future, an open-source successor to future, an open-source successor to Java is likely to dominate, becoming the Java is likely to dominate, becoming the primary interface with the underlying primary interface with the underlying operating systems embedded in the operating systems embedded in the hardware of individual users. hardware of individual users.

JAVA++?JAVA++?

Operating systems out of corporate & govt control

The underlying operating systems will be The underlying operating systems will be much simpler than current operating much simpler than current operating systems and will probably have achieved systems and will probably have achieved prominence by acclamation and prominence by acclamation and adoption, rather than by government adoption, rather than by government mandate or corporate control.mandate or corporate control.

The underlying operating systems will be The underlying operating systems will be much simpler than current operating much simpler than current operating systems and will probably have achieved systems and will probably have achieved prominence by acclamation and prominence by acclamation and adoption, rather than by government adoption, rather than by government mandate or corporate control.mandate or corporate control.

GOVTMANDATES

CORPORATECONTROL

Finding 4-2

Engineering tools and systems have Engineering tools and systems have been developed on a variety of been developed on a variety of incompatible operating systems and with incompatible operating systems and with a variety of programming languages.a variety of programming languages.

This situation is changing as more This situation is changing as more advanced tools and systems are being advanced tools and systems are being developed for Internet deployment.developed for Internet deployment.

Engineering tools and systems have Engineering tools and systems have been developed on a variety of been developed on a variety of incompatible operating systems and with incompatible operating systems and with a variety of programming languages.a variety of programming languages.

This situation is changing as more This situation is changing as more advanced tools and systems are being advanced tools and systems are being developed for Internet deployment.developed for Internet deployment.

Data visualization begats virtual environments

The most likely means of improving The most likely means of improving existing capabilities for data visualization existing capabilities for data visualization is within the framework of multimodal is within the framework of multimodal display and interaction. display and interaction.

• Haptics, Spatial Audio, Olfaction, ...Haptics, Spatial Audio, Olfaction, ...

The most likely means of improving The most likely means of improving existing capabilities for data visualization existing capabilities for data visualization is within the framework of multimodal is within the framework of multimodal display and interaction. display and interaction.

• Haptics, Spatial Audio, Olfaction, ...Haptics, Spatial Audio, Olfaction, ...

Government investment directions

In the long term, the government could In the long term, the government could enhance the management of large enhance the management of large amounts of information by conducting amounts of information by conducting basic research in several areas, including basic research in several areas, including

• multidimensional data visualization (i.e., visualization multidimensional data visualization (i.e., visualization of data that contains more than four dimensions) and of data that contains more than four dimensions) and

• multisensory display and interaction. multisensory display and interaction.

In the long term, the government could In the long term, the government could enhance the management of large enhance the management of large amounts of information by conducting amounts of information by conducting basic research in several areas, including basic research in several areas, including

• multidimensional data visualization (i.e., visualization multidimensional data visualization (i.e., visualization of data that contains more than four dimensions) and of data that contains more than four dimensions) and

• multisensory display and interaction. multisensory display and interaction.

Recommendation 4-3

Research and development by the Research and development by the federal government on the visualization federal government on the visualization of engineering and scientific data should of engineering and scientific data should focus on long-term goals that go beyond focus on long-term goals that go beyond those of ongoing research and those of ongoing research and development by industry.development by industry.

Research and development by the Research and development by the federal government on the visualization federal government on the visualization of engineering and scientific data should of engineering and scientific data should focus on long-term goals that go beyond focus on long-term goals that go beyond those of ongoing research and those of ongoing research and development by industry.development by industry.

Data communications

Communicating large amounts of Communicating large amounts of engineering data quickly and reliably engineering data quickly and reliably requires hardware and software requires hardware and software infrastructures that are uniform and infrastructures that are uniform and ubiquitous.ubiquitous.

Communicating large amounts of Communicating large amounts of engineering data quickly and reliably engineering data quickly and reliably requires hardware and software requires hardware and software infrastructures that are uniform and infrastructures that are uniform and ubiquitous.ubiquitous.

High-bandwidth, low-latency networks

The AEE vision requires that data be The AEE vision requires that data be accessible, in quantity, from any location accessible, in quantity, from any location and that interaction with that data be and that interaction with that data be instantaneous in human terms. instantaneous in human terms.

• This presupposes that all engineers have desktop This presupposes that all engineers have desktop access to high-bandwidth, low-latency networks. access to high-bandwidth, low-latency networks.

The AEE vision requires that data be The AEE vision requires that data be accessible, in quantity, from any location accessible, in quantity, from any location and that interaction with that data be and that interaction with that data be instantaneous in human terms. instantaneous in human terms.

• This presupposes that all engineers have desktop This presupposes that all engineers have desktop access to high-bandwidth, low-latency networks. access to high-bandwidth, low-latency networks.

Data transmission is not an AEE problem

Assuming that AEE requirements will not Assuming that AEE requirements will not be significantly larger than the be significantly larger than the commercial applications that will drive commercial applications that will drive the deployment of the Internet of the the deployment of the Internet of the future and other new data transmission future and other new data transmission systems, systems, data transmission will not be a data transmission will not be a significant constraint on the deployment significant constraint on the deployment of future AEEsof future AEEs..

Assuming that AEE requirements will not Assuming that AEE requirements will not be significantly larger than the be significantly larger than the commercial applications that will drive commercial applications that will drive the deployment of the Internet of the the deployment of the Internet of the future and other new data transmission future and other new data transmission systems, systems, data transmission will not be a data transmission will not be a significant constraint on the deployment significant constraint on the deployment of future AEEsof future AEEs..

Improving latency may be more challenging• A latency of less than about A latency of less than about

100 milliseconds is required 100 milliseconds is required to create a three-to create a three-dimensional, networked dimensional, networked virtual world without losing virtual world without losing the illusion of presence. the illusion of presence.

• A latency of less than about A latency of less than about 100 milliseconds is required 100 milliseconds is required to create a three-to create a three-dimensional, networked dimensional, networked virtual world without losing virtual world without losing the illusion of presence. the illusion of presence.

Player B

Player A is here 100 ms later

Update arrivesafter 100 ms

• Speed-of-light limitations impose a latency of at Speed-of-light limitations impose a latency of at least 8.25 milliseconds per time zone, which is then least 8.25 milliseconds per time zone, which is then increased by latency in the responsiveness of increased by latency in the responsiveness of sensors, processors, transmission equipment, sensors, processors, transmission equipment, displays, and systems (Singhal/Zyda, 1999).displays, and systems (Singhal/Zyda, 1999).

• Speed-of-light limitations impose a latency of at Speed-of-light limitations impose a latency of at least 8.25 milliseconds per time zone, which is then least 8.25 milliseconds per time zone, which is then increased by latency in the responsiveness of increased by latency in the responsiveness of sensors, processors, transmission equipment, sensors, processors, transmission equipment, displays, and systems (Singhal/Zyda, 1999).displays, and systems (Singhal/Zyda, 1999).

Where are high-bandwidth, low-latency nets?

1 billion hosts will be on line by 2005. 1 billion hosts will be on line by 2005. About 60 percent of hosts are in the About 60 percent of hosts are in the United States!United States!

• Internet-2, the Next Generation Internet (NGI), & Internet-2, the Next Generation Internet (NGI), & the very high performance Backbone Network the very high performance Backbone Network Service (vBNS) are where this work is Service (vBNS) are where this work is happening ...happening ...

1 billion hosts will be on line by 2005. 1 billion hosts will be on line by 2005. About 60 percent of hosts are in the About 60 percent of hosts are in the United States!United States!

• Internet-2, the Next Generation Internet (NGI), & Internet-2, the Next Generation Internet (NGI), & the very high performance Backbone Network the very high performance Backbone Network Service (vBNS) are where this work is Service (vBNS) are where this work is happening ...happening ...

Finding 4-3

Advanced Internet technologies and Advanced Internet technologies and applications are likely to provide the applications are likely to provide the universal, high-bandwidth, low-latency universal, high-bandwidth, low-latency communications network necessary to communications network necessary to meet most communications needs for meet most communications needs for AEEs.AEEs.

Advanced Internet technologies and Advanced Internet technologies and applications are likely to provide the applications are likely to provide the universal, high-bandwidth, low-latency universal, high-bandwidth, low-latency communications network necessary to communications network necessary to meet most communications needs for meet most communications needs for AEEs.AEEs.

Recommendation 4-4

Research, development, and engineering Research, development, and engineering organizations in government, industry, organizations in government, industry, and academia should and academia should ensure that ensure that technical staff and students have access technical staff and students have access to advanced data communications to advanced data communications networksnetworks as those systems become as those systems become available.available.

Research, development, and engineering Research, development, and engineering organizations in government, industry, organizations in government, industry, and academia should and academia should ensure that ensure that technical staff and students have access technical staff and students have access to advanced data communications to advanced data communications networksnetworks as those systems become as those systems become available.available.

Security of data

A central aspect of the committee’s A central aspect of the committee’s vision for AEEs is ubiquitous access of vision for AEEs is ubiquitous access of the entire engineering team to relevant the entire engineering team to relevant data, and a sophisticated system for data, and a sophisticated system for managing access control is essential. managing access control is essential.

A central aspect of the committee’s A central aspect of the committee’s vision for AEEs is ubiquitous access of vision for AEEs is ubiquitous access of the entire engineering team to relevant the entire engineering team to relevant data, and a sophisticated system for data, and a sophisticated system for managing access control is essential. managing access control is essential.

Cumbersome access controls will not work ...

Access controls must not be too Access controls must not be too rigorous or cumbersome, however, rigorous or cumbersome, however, because the entire engineering process because the entire engineering process can be disrupted if data are not available can be disrupted if data are not available or if significant delays or complex or if significant delays or complex processes are involved in accessing processes are involved in accessing data. data.

Access controls must not be too Access controls must not be too rigorous or cumbersome, however, rigorous or cumbersome, however, because the entire engineering process because the entire engineering process can be disrupted if data are not available can be disrupted if data are not available or if significant delays or complex or if significant delays or complex processes are involved in accessing processes are involved in accessing data. data.

Recommendation 4-5

The government and academia should The government and academia should conduct research to improve conduct research to improve understanding of the following topics:understanding of the following topics:

• the role of physical artifacts in supporting the role of physical artifacts in supporting collaborative design processes and how that role collaborative design processes and how that role can be fulfilled when physical artifacts are can be fulfilled when physical artifacts are replaced by simulations, virtual objects, avatars, replaced by simulations, virtual objects, avatars, and other nonphysical artifactsand other nonphysical artifacts

The government and academia should The government and academia should conduct research to improve conduct research to improve understanding of the following topics:understanding of the following topics:

• the role of physical artifacts in supporting the role of physical artifacts in supporting collaborative design processes and how that role collaborative design processes and how that role can be fulfilled when physical artifacts are can be fulfilled when physical artifacts are replaced by simulations, virtual objects, avatars, replaced by simulations, virtual objects, avatars, and other nonphysical artifactsand other nonphysical artifacts

Recommendation 4-5 cont.• Methods for designing AEE systems that accommodate Methods for designing AEE systems that accommodate

workers with a variety of work styles and improve the workers with a variety of work styles and improve the new work environment (e.g., by improving situational new work environment (e.g., by improving situational awareness for workers transitioning between tasks, awareness for workers transitioning between tasks, teams, and projects)teams, and projects)

• The psychological and temporal dimensions of The psychological and temporal dimensions of engineering design work in synchronous, distributed engineering design work in synchronous, distributed collaborative activities, especially if team members are collaborative activities, especially if team members are located in multiple time zones and work for located in multiple time zones and work for organizations with different cultures and business organizations with different cultures and business goals.goals.

• Methods for designing AEE systems that accommodate Methods for designing AEE systems that accommodate workers with a variety of work styles and improve the workers with a variety of work styles and improve the new work environment (e.g., by improving situational new work environment (e.g., by improving situational awareness for workers transitioning between tasks, awareness for workers transitioning between tasks, teams, and projects)teams, and projects)

• The psychological and temporal dimensions of The psychological and temporal dimensions of engineering design work in synchronous, distributed engineering design work in synchronous, distributed collaborative activities, especially if team members are collaborative activities, especially if team members are located in multiple time zones and work for located in multiple time zones and work for organizations with different cultures and business organizations with different cultures and business goals.goals.

Finding 4-4

Research funding, interdepartmental Research funding, interdepartmental cooperation, and organizational support cooperation, and organizational support for interdisciplinary programs has for interdisciplinary programs has traditionally been difficult to obtain from traditionally been difficult to obtain from the government or academia, largely the government or academia, largely because because funding agencies have usually funding agencies have usually set narrow limits on the types of projects set narrow limits on the types of projects they are willing to supportthey are willing to support..

Research funding, interdepartmental Research funding, interdepartmental cooperation, and organizational support cooperation, and organizational support for interdisciplinary programs has for interdisciplinary programs has traditionally been difficult to obtain from traditionally been difficult to obtain from the government or academia, largely the government or academia, largely because because funding agencies have usually funding agencies have usually set narrow limits on the types of projects set narrow limits on the types of projects they are willing to supportthey are willing to support..

Recommendation 4-7Universities should appoint AEE champions to provide Universities should appoint AEE champions to provide strong, long-term leadership for implementing AEE strong, long-term leadership for implementing AEE technologies and systems; establish the innovative, technologies and systems; establish the innovative, interdisciplinary educational programs and faculty interdisciplinary educational programs and faculty needed to take full advantage of the capabilities of needed to take full advantage of the capabilities of AEEs; increase the emphasis in undergraduate and AEEs; increase the emphasis in undergraduate and graduate education on the scholarship of integration graduate education on the scholarship of integration and application; and and application; and develop curricula with a stronger develop curricula with a stronger foundation in software development, including foundation in software development, including component software architecture, composability, and component software architecture, composability, and interoperability.interoperability.

Universities should appoint AEE champions to provide Universities should appoint AEE champions to provide strong, long-term leadership for implementing AEE strong, long-term leadership for implementing AEE technologies and systems; establish the innovative, technologies and systems; establish the innovative, interdisciplinary educational programs and faculty interdisciplinary educational programs and faculty needed to take full advantage of the capabilities of needed to take full advantage of the capabilities of AEEs; increase the emphasis in undergraduate and AEEs; increase the emphasis in undergraduate and graduate education on the scholarship of integration graduate education on the scholarship of integration and application; and and application; and develop curricula with a stronger develop curricula with a stronger foundation in software development, including foundation in software development, including component software architecture, composability, and component software architecture, composability, and interoperability.interoperability.

• Where to get the NRC Where to get the NRC

report “Advanced report “Advanced Engineering Environments Engineering Environments Phase 2 - Design in the Phase 2 - Design in the New Millennium”New Millennium”

• National Academy PressNational Academy Press

– http://www.nap.edu http://www.nap.edu

– 800-624-6242800-624-6242

• Where to get the NRC Where to get the NRC report “Advanced report “Advanced Engineering Environments Engineering Environments Phase 2 - Design in the Phase 2 - Design in the New Millennium”New Millennium”

• National Academy PressNational Academy Press

– http://www.nap.edu http://www.nap.edu

– 800-624-6242800-624-6242

E-mail: Zyda@acm.orgE-mail: Zyda@acm.org

http://www.npsnet.org/~zydahttp://www.npsnet.org/~zyda

E-mail: Zyda@acm.orgE-mail: Zyda@acm.org

http://www.npsnet.org/~zydahttp://www.npsnet.org/~zyda

Any questions?