ban thao chinh thuc.thuvienvatly.com.2ced1.39397

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

1| LOVEBOOK.VN

Phn I: Trc nghim l thuyt i cng v{ v c

Cu to nguyn t - Quy lut tun ho{n Lin kt ha hc Cu 1. Nguyn t X c in tch ht nhn l 26. Cu hnh electron ca X, chu k v nhm trong h thng tun

hon ln lt l:

A. s s p s p d , chu k 3 nhm VIB.

B. s s p s p d s , chu k 4 nhm IIA.

C. s s p s p d , chu k 3 nhm VB.

D. s s p s p d s , chu k 4 nhm VIIIB

Cu 2. C cc nhn nh sau:

1) Cu hnh electron ca ion X l 1s22s22p63s23p63d6. Trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc,

nguyn t X thuc chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.

2) Cc ion v nguyn t: Ne , Na , F c im chung l c cng s electron.

) Khi t chy ancol no th ta c n : n .

4) Dy gm cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l K, Mg,

Si, N.

5) Tnh baz ca d~y c|c hiroxit: NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3 gim dn.

Cho: N (Z = 7), F (Z=9), Ne (Z=10), Na (Z=11), Mg (Z=12), Al (Z=13), K (Z = 19), Si (Z = 14).

S nhn nh ng:

A. 3. B. 5. C. 4. D. 2.

Cu 3. Trong cng thc cu to sau: CH3 - CH = CH2 . Th t lai ha ca nguyn t C t tri sang phi l

A. sp3, sp2, sp2 B. sp, sp2, sp3 C. sp3, sp2, sp D. sp3, sp, sp2

Cu 4. Dy cc cht ch c lin kt ion l:

A. KCl, NaI, CaF2, MgO B. NaCl, MgSO4, K2O, CaBr2

C. H2S, Na2S, KCl, Fe2O3 D. NaNO3, NaCl, K2O, NaOH

Cu 5. Dy cc cht ch c lin kt cng ha tr phn cc l:

A. H2O, NH3, HCl, SO2 B. HF, H2O, O3, H2 C. H2O, Cl2, NH3, CO2 D. NH3, O2, H2, H2S

Cu 6. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c s khi bng 7, trong s ht proton t hn s ht ntron l{ ht. Cu

hnh electron ca X l:

A. 1s22s22p63s23p6 B. 1s22s22p63s23p1 C. 1s22s22p6 D. 1s22s22p63s23p3

Cu 7. Cho cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l: 1s22s22p63s23p4, nguyn t Y l: 1s22s22p4

Kt lun n{o sau }y khng ng:

A. X, Y thuc cng mt nhm VIA

B. Nguyn t X c bn knh nguyn t ln hn nguyn t Y

C. S oxi ha cao nht ca X, Y u l +6

D. X, Y u l phi kim v c 6e lp ngoi cng

Cu 8. Dy gm cc nguyn t v ion c cng cu hnh electron l

A. r, K , Ca , S , Cl B. Ne, F , O , Na , Mg , l

C. C , B u ng D. C , B u sai

Cu 9. Nguyn t c bn knh nguyn t ln nht l:

A. Na B. Mg C. Al D. K

Cu 10. Nguyn t R thuc chu k 2, nhm VIIA ca bng tun hon ha hc cc nguyn t ha hc. Cng thc

oxit cao nht ca R l:

A. R2O B. R2O3 C. R2O5 D. R2O7

BN THO N PHM CHINH PHC L THUYT HA TRONG THI I HC LOVEBOOK.VN

LOVEBOOK.VN | 2

Phn ng oxi ha kh Cu 20. Cho phn ng sau:

C6H5-CH2-CH2-CH3 + KMnO4 +H2SO4 C6H5COOH + CH3COOH + K2SO4 + MnSO4 + H2O.

X|c nh tng i s cc h s cht trong phng trnh phn ng. Bit rng chng l cc s nguyn ti gin vi

nhau.

A. 20. B. 15. C. 14. D. 18.

Cu 21. Cho phn ng:

Na2SO3 + KMnO4 + NaHSO4 Na2SO4 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O.

Tng h s ca cc cht (l nhng s nguyn, ti gin) trong phng trnh phn ng l

A. 27 B. 47 C. 31 D. 23

Cu 22. Cho tng cht: Fe, FeO, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3, Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Fe(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3,FeCO3 ln

lt phn ng vi HNO3 c, nng. S phn ng thuc loi phn ng oxi ho - kh l

A. 8. B. 5. C. 7. D. 6.

Cu 23. Cho dy cc cht v ion: Zn, S, FeO, SO2, N2 , HCl, Cu2+, Cl . S cht v ion c c tnh oxi ha v tnh kh

l:

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Cu 24. Cho cc phn ng sau:

(1) 4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O.

(2) 2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2.

(3) 14HCl + K2Cr2O7 KCl + CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O.

(4) 6HCl + 2Al lCl3 + 3H2.

(5) 16HCl + 2KMnO4 KCl + MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O.

S phn ng trong HCl th hin tnh oxi ha l:

A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4

Cu 25. Trong cc phn ng sau:

4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O (1)

4HCl +2Cu + O2 2CuCl2 + 2H2O (2)

2HCl + Fe FeCl2 + H2 (3)

16HCl + 2KMnO4 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O + 2KCl (4)

4HCl + PbO2 PbCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O (5)

Fe + KNO3 + HCl FeCl3 + KCl + NO + 2H2O (6)

S phn ng trong HCl th hin tnh kh l

A. 2. B. 4. C.3 D. 5.

Cu 26. Cho phng trnh phn ng: Mg + HNO3 Mg(NO3)2 + NO + N2O + H2O. Nu t khi ca hn hp NO v

N2O i vi H2 l 19,2. T l s phn t b kh v b oxi ha l

A. 16 : 45 B. 225 : 122 C. 122 : 225 D. 38 : 15

Cu 27. Ha tan hon ton Fe3O4 trong H2SO4 lo~ng d thu c dung dch X. Cho dung dch X ln lt phn ng

vi lng d cc cht: Cu, Ag, dung dch KMnO4, Na2CO3, AgNO3, KNO3. S phn ng xy ra l (Coi g SO l

mui tan)

A. 6 B. 4 C. 5 D. 7

Cu 28. Cho c|c phng trnh phn ng sau:

(1) NO2 + NaOH ; (2) Al2O3 + HNO3 c, nng

(3) Fe(NO3)2 + H2SO4 (long) ; (4) Fe2O3 + HI

(5) FeCl3 + H2S ; (6) CH2 = CH2 + Br2

S phn ng oxi ha kh l:

A. 3 B. 5 C. 6 D. 4

Cu 29. Dy cht n{o sau }y c phn ng oxi ha kh vi dung dch axit sunfuric c nng?

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

3| LOVEBOOK.VN

A. Au, C, HI, Fe2O3. B. MgCO3, Fe, Cu, Al2O3.

C. SO2, P2O5, Zn, NaOH. D. Mg, S, FeO, HBr.

Cu 30. Cht n{o di }y khng phn ng c vi dung dch KI?

A. O2. B. KMnO4. C. H2O2. D. O3.

Tc phn ng C}n bng ha hc

Cu 64. Gia mui icromat (Cr O ), c m{u da cam, v mui cromat (CrO

), c m{u v{ng ti, c s cn

bng trong dung dch nc nh sau: Cr O + H2O CrO

+ 2H+

(mu da cam) (mu vng)

Nu ly ng nghim ng dung dch kali icromat (K2Cr2O7), cho t t dung dch xt vo ng nghim trn th s

c hin tng g?

A. Thy m{u da cam nht dn do c s pha long ca dung dch xt

B. Khng thy c hin tng g l, v khng c xy ra phn ng

C. Ha cht trong ng nghim nhiu dn, mu dung dch trong ng nghim khng i

D. Dung dch chuyn dn sang m{u v{ng ti

Cu 65. Cho phn ng ha hc sau:

2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) SO3 (k)

Khi nng ca SO2 tng ln ln th tc phn ng thun thay i nh th no:

. Tng ln B. Tng 6 ln C. Tng 9 ln D. Gim 4 ln

Cu 66. Mnh n{o sau }y khng ng?

A. S thay i nng cht phn ng lm chuyn dch cn bng.

B. S thay i nng cht phn ng l{m thay i hng s cn bng.

C. S thay i nhit phn ng l{m thay i hng s cn bng.

D. S thay i nhit phn ng lm chuyn dch cn bng khi phn ng thu hoc ta nhit.

Cu 67. Cho cn bng sau: SO2 + H2O H + HSO . Khi thm vo dung dch mt t mui NaHSO4 (khng lm

thay i th tch) th cn bng trn s

. khng x|c nh. B. khng chuyn dch theo chiu no.

C. chuyn dch theo chiu nghch. D. chuyn dch theo chiu thun.

Cu 68. Cho cc cn bng sau:

(I) 2HI (k) H2 (k) + I2 (k) ; (II) CaCO3 (r) CaO (r) + CO2 (k) ;

(III) FeO(r) + CO(k) Fe (r)+CO2(k) ; (IV) 2SO2 (k) + O2 (k) 2SO3 (k) ;

(V) N2(k)+ 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) ; (VI) CO(k)+Cl2(k) COCl2(k) ;

Khi tng |p sut ca h, s cn bng b chuyn dch theo chiu thun l

A. 0. B. 3 C. 2. D. 1.

Cu 69. Trong mi trng thch hp, cc mui cromat v{ icromat chuyn ha ln nhau theo mt cn bng:

CrO + H Cr O

+ H O

Cht n{o sau }y khi thm v{o, l{m c}n bng phn ng chc chn chuyn dch theo chiu thun?

A. dung dch NaHCO3 B. dung dch NaOH C. dung dch CH3COOK D. dung dch NaHSO4 Cu 70. Khi nhit tng ln 00C, tc ca mt phn ng ho| hc tng ln ln. Ngi ta ni rng tc

phn ng ho| hc trn c h s nhit bng . iu khng nh n{o sau }y l{ ng?

. Tc phn ng tng ln 56 ln khi nhit tng t 00C ln 500C.

B. Tc phn ng tng ln ln khi nhit tng t 00C ln 500C.

C. Tc phn ng tng ln 7 ln khi nhit tng t 00C ln 500C.

D. Tc phn ng tng ln 8 ln khi nhit tng t 00C ln 500C.

Cu 71. Cho h phn ng sau trng th|i c}n bng:

2SO2 + O2 SO3 (k) H < 0

Nng ca SO3 s tng ln khi:

. Gim nng ca SO2 B. Tng nng ca O2


LOVEBOOK.VN | 4

C. Tng nhit ln rt cao D. Gim nhit xung rt thp

Cu 72. i vi mt h trng th|i c}n bng, nu thm v{o cht xc t|c th:

. Ch l{m tng tc phn ng thun

B. Ch l{m tng tc phn ng nghch

C. L{m tng tc phn ng thun v{ nghch vi s ln nh nhau.

D. Khng l{m tng tc ca phn ng thun v{ nghch

S in li. xit baz mui Cu 86. Cht n{o sau }y khng t|c dng vi dung dch NaOH:

A. Al B. NaHSO4 C. Al(OH)3 D. CaCl2

Cu 87. Trong cc dung dch: HNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2, KHSO4, Mg(NO3)2, dy gm cc cht u tc dng

c vi dung dch Ba(HCO3)2 l:

A. HNO3, NaCl, Na2SO4. B. HNO3, Ca(OH)2, KHSO4, Na2SO4.

C. NaCl, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2. D. HNO3, Ca(OH)2, KHSO4, Mg(NO3)2.

Cu 88. Hn hp X cha Na2O, NH4Cl, NaHCO3 v BaCl2 c s mol mi cht u bng nhau. Cho hn hp X vo

H2O (d), un nng, dung dch thu c cha

A. NaCl, NaOH, BaCl2. B. NaCl, NaOH.

C. NaCl, NaHCO3, NH4Cl, BaCl2. D. NaCl.

Cu 89. Cho bn hn hp, mi hn hp gm hai cht rn c s mol bng nhau: Na2O v Al2O3; Cu v FeCl3; BaCl2

v CuSO4; Ba v NaHCO3. S hn hp c th tan ho{n to{n trong nc (d) ch to ra dung dch l

A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4

Cu 90. Dy gm cc cht u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl long l:

A. KNO3, CaCO3, Fe(OH)3. B. FeS, BaSO4, KOH.

C. AgNO3, (NH4)2CO3, CuS D. Mg(HCO3)2, HCOONa, CuO.

Cu 91. Thc hin cc th nghim sau:

(I) Cho dung dch NaCl vo dung dch KOH.

(II) Cho dung dch Na2CO3 vo dung dch Ca(OH)2.

(III) in phn dung dch NaCl vi in cc tr, c m{ng ngn.

(IV) Cho Cu(OH)2 vo dung dch NaNO3.

(V) Sc kh NH3 vo dung dch Na2CO3.

(VI) Cho dung dch Na2SO4 vo dung dch Ba(OH)2.

Cc th nghim u iu ch c NaOH l:

A. II, III v VI. B. I, II v III C. I, IV v V. D. II, V v VI.

Cu 92. Cho cc phn ng ha hc sau:

(1) (NH4)2SO4 + BaCl2 (2) CuSO4 + Ba(NO3)2

(3) Na2SO4 + BaCl2 (4) H2SO4 + BaSO3

(5) (NH4)2SO4 + Ba(OH)2 (6) Fe2(SO4)3 + Ba(NO3)2

Cc phn ng u c cng mt phng trnh ion rt gn l:

A. (1), (2), (3), (6). B. (1), (3), (5), (6). C. (2), (3), (4), (6). D. (3), (4), (5), (6).

Cu 93. Cho cc cht: Al, Al2O3, Al2(SO4)3, Zn(OH)2, NaHS, K2SO3, (NH4)2CO3. S cht u phn ng c vi c

dung dch HCl v dung dch NaOH l

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7

Cu 94. Cho dy cc cht: KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, C2H5OH, C12H22O11 (saccaroz), CH3COOH, Ba(OH)2, CH3COONH4. S

cht in li l

A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 2.

Cu 95. Cho cc th nghim sau:

(1) Sc kh CO2 d v{o dung dch NaAlO2 (hay Na[Al(OH)4]).

(2) Sc kh NH3 d v{o dung dch AlCl3.

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

5| LOVEBOOK.VN

(3) Nh t t n d dung dch HCl long vo dung dch NaAlO2 (hay Na[Al(OH)4]).

Nhng th nghim c hin tng ging nhau l

A. (1), (2) v (3). B. (1) v (3). C. (2) v (3). D. (1) v (2).

Cu 96. Cho cc cht: Al, NaHCO3, NH4NO3, Al(OH)3, BaCl2, Na2HPO3, H2N-CH2-COOH, CH3COONH4, C2H5NH3Cl,

ClNH3CH2COOH, CH3COOC2H5, CH2=CHCOONa, H2NCH2COONa. S cht lng tnh theo thuyt Bron-stt l.

A. 5. B. 7. C. 4. D. 6.

Cu 97. X, Y, Z l cc dung dch mui (trung ha hoc axit) ng vi 3 gc axit khc nhau, tha m~n iu kin: X

tc dng vi Y c kh thot ra; Y tc dng vi Z c kt ta; X tc dng vi Z va c kh va to kt ta. X, Y, Z ln

lt l

A. NaHSO4, Na2CO3, Ba(HSO3)2 B. CaCO3, NaHSO4, Ba(HSO3)2

C. Na2CO3; NaHSO3; Ba(HSO3)2 D. NaHSO4, CaCO3, Ba(HSO3)2

Phi kim v{ c|c vn lin quan Cu 141. Clo c th phn ng c vi cc cht trong d~y n{o sau }y?

A. Cu, CuO, Ca(OH)2, AgNO3, NaOH B. NaBr, NaI, NaOH, NH3, CH4, H2S, Fe

C. ZnO, Na2SO4, Ba(OH)2, H2S, CaO D. Fe, Cu, O2 , N2, H2, KOH

Cu 142. Trong phng th nghim, iu ch mt lng nh kh X tinh khit, ngi ta un nng dung dch

amoni nitrit bo ho. Kh X l

A. NO. B. NO2. C. N2O. D. N2.

Cu 143. Kh SO2 c th tc dng c vi cc cht n{o trong d~y sau }y

A. Br2, Cl2, O2, Ca(OH)2, Na2SO3, KMnO4, K2O B. Cu(OH)2, K2SO4, Cl2, NaCl, BaCl2

C. Br2, H2, KOH, Na2SO4, KBr, NaOH D. H2SO4, CaO, Br2, NaCl, K2SO4

Cu 144. Trong phng th nghim, ngi ta thng iu ch HNO3 t

A. NaNO2 v H2SO4 c. B. NaNO3 v H2SO4 c.

C. NH3 v O2. D. NaNO3 v{ HCl c.

Cu 145. Nu cho 1 mol mi cht: CaOCl2, KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, MnO2 ln lt phn ng vi lng d dung dch HCl

c, cht to ra lng kh Cl2 nhiu nht l

A. KMnO4. B. MnO2. C. CaOCl2. D. K2Cr2O7.

Cu 146. Sn phm phn ng nhit ph}n n{o di }y l{ khng ng?

A. NH4Cl

NH3 + HCl B. NH4HCO3

NH3 + H2O + CO2

C. NH4NO3

NH3 + HNO3 D. NH4NO2

N2 + 2H2O

Cu 147. Cho cc phn ng:

(1) O3 + dung dch KI (2) F2 + H2O

(3) MnO2 + HCl c (4) NH4NO3

(5) Cl2+ kh H2S (6) SO2 + dung dch Cl2

(7) NH4NO2

S phn ng to ra n cht l:

A. 5 B. 7 C. 6 D. 4

Cu 148. Dy cht n{o sau }y phn ng c vi dung dch axit nitric?

A. Fe2O3, Cu, Pb, P. B. H2S, C, BaSO4, ZnO.

C. Au, Mg, FeS2, CO2. D. CaCO3, Al, NaCl, Fe(OH)2

Cu 149. Dung dch mui n c ln tp cht l{ NaBr v{ NaI. thu c mui n tinh khit ngi ta sc v{o

kh X n d, sau c cn. Kh X l

A. Cl2. B. F2. C. O2. D. HCl.

Cu 150. Cc kh thi cng nghip v ca c|c ng c t, xe m|y...l{ nguyn nh}n ch yu g}y ra ma axit.

Nhng thnh phn ha hc ch yu trong cc kh thi trc tip g}y ra ma axit l{:


LOVEBOOK.VN | 6

A. SO2, CO, NO. B. SO2, CO, NO2. C. NO, NO2, SO2. D. NO2, CO2, CO.

Kim loi D~y in ha v{ c|c vn lin quan Cu 190. Kim loi n{o sau }y t|c dng vi kh Cl2 v tc dng vi dung dch HCl long cho cng loi mui clorua

kim loi?

A. Fe. B. Al. C. Cu. D. Ag.

Cu 191. Cho cc dung dch long: (1) FeCl3, (2) FeCl2, (3) H2SO4, (4) HNO3, (5) hn hp gm HCl v NaNO3.

Nhng dung dch phn ng c vi kim loi Cu l:

A. (1), (2), (3). B. (1), (3), (5). C. (1), (3), (4). D. (1), (4), (5).

Cu 192. Khi nung hn hp cc cht Fe(NO3)2, Fe(OH)3 v FeCO3 trong khng kh n khi lng khng i, thu

c mt cht rn l

A. Fe3O4. B. FeO. C. Fe. D. Fe2O3.

Cu 193. Khi in phn NaCl nng chy (in cc tr), ti catt xy ra

A. s kh ion Cl . B. s oxi ho ion Cl . C. s oxi ho ion Na . D. s kh ion Na .

Cu 194. Nguyn tc luyn thp t gang l:

A. Dng O2 oxi ho cc tp cht Si, P, S, Mn, trong gang thu c thp.

B. Dng cht kh CO kh oxit st thnh st nhit cao.

C. Dng CaO hoc CaCO3 kh tp cht Si, P, S, Mn, trong gang thu c thp.

D. Tng thm h{m lng cacbon trong gang thu c thp.

Cu 195. Xt hai phn ng sau:

(1) Cl2 + 2KI I2 + 2KCl

(2) 2KClO3 + I2 2KIO3 + Cl2

Kt lun n{o sau }y ng?

A. Cl2 trong (1), I2 trong ( ) u l cht oxi ha.

B. (1) chng t Cl2 c tnh oxi ha > I2, (2) chng t I2 c tnh oxi ha > Cl2.

C. Cl2 trong (1), I2 trong ( ) u l cht kh.

D. (1) chng t Cl2 c tnh oxi ha > I2, (2) chng t I2 c tnh kh > Cl2.

Cu 196. Cho cc dung dch: Fe2(SO4)3 + AgNO3, FeCl2, CuCl2, HCl, CuCl2 + HCl, ZnCl2. Nhng vo mi dung dch

mt thanh kim loi Fe, s trng hp xy ra n mn in ha l

A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 D. 6

Nhn bit T|ch cht Cu 266. nhn bit ba axit c, ngui: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 ng ring bit trong ba l b mt nhn, ta dng

thuc th l

A. Cu B. Al C. Fe D. CuO

Cu 267. C th phn bit 3 dung dch: KOH, HCl, H2SO4 (long) bng mt thuc th l

A. giy qu tm. B. Zn. C. Al. D. BaCO3.

Cu 268. phn bit cc dung dch NaOH, NaCl, CuCl2, FeCl3, FeCl2, NH4Cl, AlCl3, MgCl2. Ta ch cn dng mt

thuc th duy nht, thuc th khng tha mn l:

A. Dung dch HNO long B. Dung dch Na CO

C. Qu tm D. Dung dch KOH

Cu 269. thu c Al2O3 t hn hp Al2O3 v Fe2O3, ngi ta ln lt:

A. dng kh H2 (d) nhit cao, dung dch NaOH (d).

B. dng kh CO (d) nhit cao, dung dch HCl (d).

C. dng dung dch NaOH (d), dung dch HCl (d), ri nung nng.

D. dng dung dch NaOH (d), kh CO2 (d), ri nung nng.

Cu 270. Cho hn hp Fe, Cu phn ng vi dung dch HNO3 long. Sau khi phn ng ho{n to{n, thu c dung

dch ch cha mt cht tan v kim loi d. Cht tan l{

A. Cu(NO3)2. B. HNO3. C. Fe(NO3)2. D. Fe(NO3)3.

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

7| LOVEBOOK.VN

Cu 271. Khi nhit phn hon ton tng mui X, Y th u to ra s mol kh nh hn s mol mui tng ng. t

mt lng nh tinh th Y trn n kh khng m{u, thy ngn la c mu vng. Hai mui X, Y ln lt l:

A. KMnO4, NaNO3. B. Cu(NO3)2, NaNO3. C. CaCO3, NaNO3 D. NaNO3, KNO3.

Cu 272. phn bit ba bnh kh mt nhn ln lt cha cc kh N2, O2 v O3, mt hc sinh ~ dng c|c thuc

th (c trt t) theo bn c|ch di }y. C|ch n{o l{ KHNG ng ?

A. l Ag nng, que m t{n . B. que m t{n , l Ag nng.

C. dung dch KI/ h tinh bt, que m t{n . D. dung dch KI/ h tinh bt, l Ag nng.

Cu 273. Ch dng qu tm (v cc cc mu th ~ nhn bit c) th nhn ra c bao nhiu dung dch, trong

s 4 dung dch mt nhn: BaCl2, NaOH, AlNH4(SO4)2, KHSO4?

A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 274. Trong phng th nghim thng iu ch CO2 t CaCO3 v dung dch HCl, do CO2 b ln mt t hi

nc v{ kh hiro clorua. c CO2 tinh khit nn cho hn hp kh ny ln lt qua cc bnh cha:

A. dung dch Na2CO3 v dung dch H2SO4 c B. dung dch NaHCO3 v CaO khan

C. P2O5 khan v dung dch NaCl D. dung dch NaHCO3 v dung dch H2SO4 c

Cu 275. Cho cc dung dch sau: Na2CO3, NH4NO3, NaNO3, phenolphtalein. Ch dng mt ha cht n{o sau }y

phn bit c tt c dung dch trn

A. NaOH B. Ba(OH)2 C. HCl D. Tt c u sai

Cu 276. nhn ra 3 cht rn NaCl, CaCl2 v MgCl2 ng trong cc ng nghim ring bit ta lm theo th t no

sau }y:

A. Dng H2O, dung dch H2SO4 B. Dng H2O, dung dch NaOH, dung dch Na2CO3

C. Dng H2O, dung dch Na2CO3 D. dung dch HCl, dung dch Na2CO3

Cu 277. phn bit cc dung dch ha cht ring bit NaOH, (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, Na2SO4 ngi ta c th dng

ha cht n{o sau }y:

A. dung dch BaCl2 B. dung dch Ba(OH)2 C. dung dch AgNO3 D. Ca(OH)2 Cu 278. Chn mt thuc th di }y nhn bit c cc dung dch sau: HCl, KI, ZnBr2, Mg(NO3)2.

A. dung dch AgNO3. B. dung dch NaOH. C. giy qu tm. D. dung dch NH3.

Cu 279. Ch dng thuc th n{o sau }y c th nhn bit c c 3 kh Cl2, HCl v O2?

A. Giy tm dung dch phenolphtalein. B. T{n m hng.

C. Giy qu tm kh. D. Giy qu tm m.

Cu 280. Ch c dng nc, nhn bit c tng kim loi no trong cc b ba kim loi sau }y?

A. Al, Ag, Ba B. Fe, Na, Zn C. Mg, Al, Cu D. C A v B

Cu 281. C 3 l ring bit ng ba dung dch khng mu, mt nhn l HCl, HNO3, H2SO4. C th dng thuc th

n{o di }y phn bit 3 dung dch trn?

A. giy qu tm, dung dch baz. B. dung dch BaCl2; Cu.

C. dung dch AgNO3; Na2CO3. D. dung dch phenolphtalein.

Cu 282. Mt hn hp gm MgO, Al2O3, SiO2. Thu ly SiO2 tinh khit bng c|ch n{o sau }y?

A. Ngm hn hp vo dung dch NaOH d un nng.

B. Ngm hn hp vo dung dch HCl d.

C. Ngm hn hp vo dung dch CuSO4 d.

D. Ngm hn hp v{o nc nng.

Cu 283. Ch dng mt dung dch ha cht n{o sau }y phn bit cc dung dch sau: NaCl, Na3PO4, NaNO3,

Na2S.

A. dung dch BaCl2 B. dung dch H2SO4 C. dung dch AgNO3 D. Qu tm

Cu 284. Ch dng dung dch n{o di }y phn bit cc dung dch mt nhn khng mu: NH4NO3, NaCl,

(NH4)2SO4, Mg(NO3)2, FeCl2?

A. BaCl2. B. NaOH. C. AgNO3. D. Ba(OH)2.


LOVEBOOK.VN | 8

Cu 285. lm sch mui n c ln tp cht CaCl2, MgCl2, BaCl2 cn dng 2 ho cht l

A. dung dch Na2CO3, dung dch HCl. B. dung dch NaOH, dung dch H2SO4.

C. dung dch Na2SO4, dung dch HCl. D. dung dch AgNO3, dung dch NaOH.

Tng hp v c Cu 302. Cho c|c phn ng sau:

(1) Cl + NaBr NaCl + Br (5) F + 2NaCl 2NaF +Cl (2) Br +2NaI NaBr+ I (6) HF + gNO gF + HNO (3) Cl + 2NaF NaCl+ F (7) HCl + gNO gCl+ HNO (4) Br + 5Cl + 6H O HBrO + 10HCl (8) PBr + 3H O H PO + 3HBr

S c|c phng trnh ha hc vit ng l{:

A. 4. B. 3. C. 5. D. 2.

Cu 303. C cc th nghim sau:

(I) Nhng thanh st vo dung dch H2SO4 long, ngui.

(II) Sc kh SO2 v{o nc brom.

(III) Sc kh CO2 v{o nc Gia-ven.

(IV) Nhng l nhm vo dung dch H2SO4 c, ngui.

S th nghim xy ra phn ng ho hc l:

A. 2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 4

Cu 304. Nhm cha nhng kh thi u c th x l bng Ca(OH)2 d l{:

A. NO2, CO2, N , Cl2. B. CO2, SO2, H2S, Cl2. C. CO2, C2H2, H2S, Cl2. D. HCl, CO2, C2H4, SO2 Cu 305. Dung dch FeCl3 tc dng c vi cc cht n{o sau }y:

A. K2S, H2S, HI, AgNO3, Fe, Cu, NaOH B. HI, CuSO4, Ba(OH)2, Mg, Ag, SO2

C. Na2SO4, CaS, Cu(NO3)2, HI, Cu, NaOH D. AgNO3,H2SO4, H2S, Ca(OH)2, Al

Cu 306. Dung dch FeCl2 tc dng vi tt c cc cht trong d~y n{o sau }y:

A. NaOH, Na2S, Pb, Cl2, SO2 B. Cl2, H2S, Cu, NaOH, Cu(OH)2

C. KMnO4 (H ), Mg, H2S, Na2SO4, Ca(NO3)2 D. AgNO3, Cl2, KMnO4 (H ), Mg, KOH

Cu 307. Nung cc ng nghim kn cha cc cht sau: (1) (Cu + O2); (2) (KNO3 + Fe), (3) (Cu(NO3)2 + Cu); (4)

(MgCO3+ Cu); (5) (KNO3 + Ag); (6) (Fe + S). C bao nhiu ng nghim xy ra s oxi ha kim loi:

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Cu 308. Chn cu khng chnh xc:

. bo qun dung dch FeSO4, cho thm inh st vo.

B. Hn hp Cu v Fe3O4 c th b tan hon ton trong dung dch KHSO4

C. Na phn ng c vi H2O, Cl2, dung dch HCl, H2, du ho.

D. Dung dch cha 2 mui KHSO4 v KNO3 ho{ tan c Cu, Ag.

Cu 309. Trong cc cu sau:

a) Cu O va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh.

b) CuO va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh.

c) Cu(OH) tan c trong dung dch NH

d) CuSO khan c th dng pht hin nc ln vo du ha hoc xng.

e) CuSO c th dng lm kh kh NH

C|c c}u ng l{:

A. a, c, d B. a, c, e C. c, d D. a, d

Hu c

Hidrocacbon

Cu 1. Cho cc ankan sau: Metan, propan, isobutan, 2, 2- imetyl propan, - metylbutan, 2,3- imetyl pentan. C

bao nhiu annkan khi tham gia phn ng monoclo ha ch thu c mt sn phm th?

A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 2

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

9| LOVEBOOK.VN

Cu 2. Cht n{o sau }y khng th iu ch c metan bng mt phng trnh ha hc trc tip?

A. Al4C3 B. CaC2 C. CH3COONa D. C4H10 Cu 3. Cho cc anken sau: etilen (1), propen (2), but-2-en (3), 2-metylpropen (4), 2,3-imetylbut-2-en (5). Cc

anken khi cng nc (H , to) cho 1 sn phm duy nht l:

A. (1), (2), (3). B. (1), (3), (5). C. (1), (3), (4). D. (1), (4), (5).

Cu 4. Cht n{o sau }y khng th iu ch c etilen bng mt phng trnh ha hc

A. C2H5OH. B. C2H2 C. C2H5Br D. CH3CHO

Cu 5. Dy cc cht tc dng c vi etilen l:

A. dung dch brom, kh hiro, kh oxi, kh hidroclorua, nc (H ), dung dch kalipemanganat

B. dung dch natri hiroxit, kh hiro, dung dch natriclorua, dung dch kalipemanganat, nc vi trong

C. dung dch brom, kh hiro, nc vi trong, dung dch axit bromhiric, kh oxi

D. kh oxi, dung dch axit clohiric, nc (H ), dung dch natrihiroxit, dung dch brom

Cu 6. Mt hirocacbon X c cng thc phn t l C4H8. Cho X tc dng vi H2O (H2SO4 , to) ch thu c mt

ancol. Tn gi ca X l:

A. Xiclo butan B. But-1-en C. 2-metylpropen D. But-2-en

Cu 7. Kh axetilen c th iu ch trc tip bng mt phn ng t cht n{o sau }y:

A. CH4. B. CaC2 C. CHBr2-CHBr2 D. C A, B, C

Cu 8. Benzen khng tc dng vi cht n{o sau }y?

A. Br2 khan B. Kh Cl2 C. HNO3 c D. Dung dch Br2

Dn xut hidrocacbon Ancol Phenol Cu 26. C bao nhiu cng thc cu to c th c ca C5H11Br

A. 5 B. 7 C. 6 D. 8

Cu 27. C bao nhiu ancol c cng thc phn t l C4H10O khi b oxi ha to th{nh anhit:

A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 4

Cu 28. Cho cc phn ng:

HBr + C2H5OH

C2H4 + Br2

C2H4 + HBr C2H6 + Br2 ( : )

S phn ng to ra C2H5Br l.

A. 4. B. 3. C. 2. D. 1.

Cu 29. Cho cc cht sau: etylbromua, benzylclorua, ancol etylic, brombenzen, vinyclorua, axeton, metylacrylat,

o-crezol, phenylamoni clorua, alanin, anilin, axit oxalic. C bao nhiu cht tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH

long nng:

A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8

Cu 30. nhn bit cc cht etanol, propenol, etilenglicol, phenol c th dng cc cp cht:

A. Nc Br2 v NaOH B. Nc Br2 v Cu(OH)2

C. KMnO4 v Cu(OH)2 D. NaOH v Cu(OH)2

Cu 31. Cho dy chuyn ha sau: CH CH CH(OH)CH ,

E

( ) F

Bit E, F l sn phm chnh, cc cht phn ng vi nhau theo t l 1:1 v s mol. Cng thc cu to ca E v F ln

lt l cp cht trong d~y n{o sau }y?

A. CH3CH2CH=CH2, CH3CH2CHBrCH2Br. B. CH3CH=CHCH3, CH3CHBrCHBrCH3.

C. CH3CH=CHCH3, CH3CH2CBr2CH3. D. CH3CH2CH=CH2, CH2BrCH2CH=CH2.

Cu 32. Cht n{o sau }y khng tc dng vi dung dch NaOH long nng:

A. vinyl clorua B. Benzyl clorua C. Etyl axetat D. phenol

Cu 33. Ancol etylic (C2H5OH) tc dng c vi tt c cc cht no trong cc dy sau

A. Na, HBr, CuO. B. Na, HBr, Fe. C. CuO, KOH, HBr. D. Na, HBr, NaOH.

Cu 34. Cng thc phn t C4H10O c s ng phn


LOVEBOOK.VN | 10

. ng phn thuc chc ete. B. ng phn thuc chc ancol (ancol).

C. ng phn ancol (ancol) bc 1. D. tt c u ng.

Cu 35. Cht n{o sau }y khi t|c dng vi H2 (Ni, t0) to ra ancol etylic?

A. HCOOCH3. B. C2H5OC2H5. C. CH3CHO. D. CH2=CHCHO.

Cu 36. un ancol c cng thc CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CH3 vi H2SO4 c 1700C, thu c sn phm chnh c cng

thc cu to nh sau

A. CH2=C(CH3)2. B. CH3-CH=CH-CH3. C. CH2=CH-CH2-CH3. D. CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3.

Cu 37. Pht biu n{o sau }y ng

1. phenol c tnh axit mnh hn C2H5OH v nhn benzen ht e ca nhm -OH, trong khi nhm -C2H5 l nhm

y e vo nhm -OH.

2. phenol c tnh axit mnh hn C2H5OH v{ c minh ho bng phn ng ca phenol tc dng vi dung

dch NaOH cn C2H5OH th khng phn ng.

3. tnh axit ca phenol yu hn H2CO3, v khi sc kh CO2 vo dung dch C6H5ONa ta s thu c C6H5OH kt

ta.

. phenol trong nc cho mi trng axit, l{m qu tm ho| .

A. 1, 2, 3. B. 1, 2. C. 3, 4. D. 2, 3.

nehit Xeton Axit cacboxylic Cu 47. nhit axetic khng iu ch trc tip t cht n{o sau }y bng 1 phn ng:

A. C2H2 B. C2H4 C. C2H5OH D. C2H5Br

Cu 48. Cht n{o sau }y khng th iu ch c ancol etylic bng mt phn ng trc tip

. Etyl bromua v{ anhit axetic B. glucoz v{ etyl axetat

C. etilen v{ glucoz D. metyl axetat v{ fructoz

Cu 49. phn bit ba mu ha cht: phenol, axit acrylic, axit axetic c th dng

A. dung dch brom. B. dung dch Na2CO3. C. dung dch AgNO3/ NH3. D. dung dch NaOH.

Cu 50. Ch dng mt thuc th n{o di }y phn bit c etanal (anehit axetic), propan-2-on (axeton)

v pent-1-in (pentin-1)?

A. Dung dch brom. B. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d.

C. Dung dch Na2CO3. D. H2 (Ni, to).

Cu 51. Cht n{o sau }y dng iu ch phenol v axeton trong cng nghip:

A. Cumen B. Toluen C. Stiren D. Naptalen

Cu 52. Dy cc cht c xp theo chiu tng dn tnh axit l:

A.HCl, C2H5OH, CH3COOH, C6H5OH, HCOOH B. C2H5OH, C6H5OH, CH3COOH, HCOOH, HCl

C. C6H5OH, C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3COOH, HCl D. C2H5OH, C6H5O, HCl, CH3COOH, HCOOH

Cu 53. Dy cc cht c xp theo chiu tng dn tnh axit l:

A. CH3COOH, CH2Cl-COOH, CCl3-COOH, CHCl2-COOH, HCOOH

B. HCOOH, CH3COOH, CCl3-COOH, CHCl2-COOH, CH2Cl- COOH

C. CH3COOH, HCOOH, CH2Cl- COOH, CHCl2-COOH, CCl3-COOH

D. CCl3-COOH, CHCl2-COOH, CH2Cl-COOH, CH3COOH, HCOOH

Cu 54. Nhn xt n{o sau }y khng ng?

A. Tt c c|c anehit no, n chc mch h u c c|c ng phn thuc chc ancol v chc xeton.

B. Tt c c|c xeton no, n chc mch h u c c|c ng phn thuc chc xeton v ancol.

C. Tt c c|c ancol n chc, mch h c mt lien kt i u c cc chc anehit v{ chc xeton.

D. Tt c c|c ancol n chc, mch vng no u c c|c ng phn thuc chc anehit v{ chc xeton.

Cu 55. linh ng ca nguyn t H trong nhm OH ca cc cht C2H5OH, C6H5OH, HCOOH v CH3COOH tng

dn theo th t no?

A. C2H5OH < C6H5OH < HCOOH < CH3COOH. B. CH3COOH < HCOOH < C6H5OH < C2H5OH.

C. C2H5OH < C6H5OH < CH3COOH < HCOOH. D. C6H5OH < C2H5OH < CH3COOH < HCOOH.

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

11| LOVEBOOK.VN

Cu 56. cng thc chung ca cc dng axit cacboxylic:

( ) xit n chc RCOOH

(2) Axit 2 chc R(COOH)2

(3) Axit a chc no CnH2n + 2(COOH)x

( ) xit n chc c mt lin kt gc hidrocacbon CnH2n - 1COOH.

(5) xit n chc no CnH2n + 2O2 (n 1).

Nhng cng thc chung ca axit cacboxylic no vit ng?

A. (1), (2) B. (5), (3) C. (1), (2), (5) D. (1), (2), (4)

Cu 57. Pht biu n{o sau }y ng khi ni v axit fomic v axit axetic ?

. Hai axit trn u tc dng vi Mg, Na2CO3, CuO, dung dch AgNO3/NH3.

B. Tnh axit ca axit fomic mnh hn axit axetic. xit fomic t|c dng vi Cu(OH)2/NaOH to ra Cu2O, cn axit

axetic khng c phn ng ny.

C. Hai axit trn u c iu ch trc tip t CH qua mt phn ng.

D. Nhit si ca axit fomic cao hn nhit si axit axetic.

Cu 58. nehit fomic (HCHO) phn ng c vi tt c cc cht trong d~y n{o sau }y?

A. H2, C2H5OH, Ag2O/dung dch NH3. B. H2, Ag2O/dung dch NH3, C6H5OH.

C. CH3COOH, Cu(OH)2/OH-, C6H5OH. D. CH3COOH, H2, Ag2O/dung dch NH3.

Cu 59. Cho hai phn ng ho hc sau

CH3CHO + H2 CH3CH2OH

2CH3CHO + O2 CH3COOH

Cc phn ng trn chng minh tnh cht n{o sau }y ca anehit?

A. ch c tnh kh. B. ch c tnh oxi ho.

C. va c tnh oxi ho, va c tnh kh. D. ch tc dng c vi H2 v O2.

Este

Cu 68. Este n{o sau }y khi thy phn cho hai sn phm c phn ng tr|ng gng:

A. HCOOCH2-CH=CH2 B. CH3COOCH=CH2

C. HCOOCH=CH2 D. HCOOC(CH3)=CH2

Cu 69. Este n{o sau }y khi thy ph}n trong mi trng kim khng to ra ancol:

A. CH3COOCH=CH2 B. HCOOC6H5 C. CH2=CH-COOCH3 D. C A, B

Cu 70. Mnh khng ng l{:

A. CH3CH2COOCH=CH2 cng d~y ng ng vi CH2=CHCOOCH3.

B. CH3CH2COOCH=CH2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH thu c anehit v{ mui.

C. CH3CH2COOCH=CH2 tc dng c vi dung dch Br2.

D. CH3CH2COOCH=CH2 c th trng hp to polime.

Cu 71. Thy phn este c cng thc phn t C4H8O2 (vi xc t|c axit), thu c 2 sn phm hu c X v{ Y. T X

c th iu ch trc tip ra Y. Vy cht X l

A. ru metylic B. etyl axetat C. axit fomic. D. ru etylic

Cu 72. Pht biu ng l{:

A. Phn ng gia axit v{ ru khi c H2SO4 c l phn ng mt chiu.

B. Tt c cc este phn ng vi dung dch kim lun thu c sn phm cui cng l mui v ancol.

C. Khi thy phn cht bo lun thu c C2H4(OH)2.

D. Phn ng thy ph}n este trong mi trng axit l phn ng thun nghch

Cu 73. Khi thu phn este G c cng thc phn t C4H8O2 sinh ra hai sn phm X v Y. X tc dng c vi

Ag2O/dung dch NH3, cn Y tc dng vi CuO nung nng thu c mt anehit. Cng thc cu to ca G l

A. CH3COOCH2-CH3. B. HCOO-CH(CH3)2.

C. HCOO-CH2-CH2-CH3. D. CH3-CH2-COO-CH3.

Cu 74. Cho c|c cht:


LOVEBOOK.VN | 12

( ) dung dch KOH (un nng); (2) H2 xc t|c Ni, to;

( ) dung dch H2SO4 lo~ng (un nng); ( ) dung dch Br2;

(5) Cu(OH)2 nhit phng (6) Na

Hi Triolein nguyn cht c phn ng vi bao nhiu cht trong s c|c cht trn ?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 2

Cacbohidrat

Cu 82. Cacbohirat Z tham gia chuyn ha:

Z ( )

dung dch xanh lam

kt ta gch.

Cacbohirat Z khng th l cht no trong cc cht cho di }y?

. Mantoz B. Fructoz C. Glucoz D. Saccaroz

Cu 83. phn bit mantoz v{ saccaroz ngi ta l{m nh sau:

A. Cho cc cht ln lt tc dng vi AgNO3/NH3.

B. Thu phn tng cht ri ly sn phm cho tc dng vi dung dch Br2.

C. Thu phn sn phm ri ly sn phm cho tc dng vi Cu(OH)2/NH3.

D. Cho cc cht ln lt tc dng vi Cu(OH)2.

Cu 84. Pht biu n{o sau }y khng ng?

A. nhit thng glucoz, fructoz, saccaroz u ho tan Cu(OH)2 to dung dch xanh lam

B. Glucoz, fructoz u tc dng vi H2 (xc tc Ni, t) cho poliancol

C. Glucoz, fructoz, saccaroz u tham gia phn ng tr|ng gng

D. Glucoz, fructoz, mantoz u b oxi ho bi Cu(OH)2 khi un nng cho kt ta gch

Cu 85. C th dng Cu(OH)2 phn bit c cc cht trong nhm

A. C3H5(OH)3, C2H4(OH)2. B. C3H7OH, CH3CHO.

C. CH3COOH, C2H3COOH. D. C3H5(OH)3, C12H22O11 (saccaroz).

Cu 86. Cho chuyn ha sau: CO2 B C2H5OH. Cc cht A,B l:

A. Tinh bt, glucoz B. Tinh bt, Xenluloz C. Tinh bt, saccaroz D. Glucoz, Xenluloz

Cu 87. Cho bin ha sau: Xenluloz B C Caosubuna. A, B, C l nhng cht no.

A. CH3COOH,C2H5OH, CH3CHO. B. C6H12O6(glucoz), C2H5OH, CH2=CH CH=CH2

C. C6H12O6(glucoz), CH3COOH, HCOOH D. CH3CHO, CH3COOH, C2H5OH.

Cu 88. C cc nhn nh sau }y:

1) myloz ch c to nn t cc mt xch -glucoz, cn amylopectin ch c to nn t cc mt xch

- glucoz.

2) Trong dung dch c glucoz, saccaroz, fructoz, HO-CH2CH2CH2-OH u tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 cho dung

dch mu xanh lam.

3) Fructoz c phn ng trng bc, chng t phn t fructz c nhm chc -CHO.

) Trong mi trng kim, un nng, Cu(OH)2 kh glucoz cho kt ta gch.

5) Khi thu ph}n n cng mantoz, tinh bt v{ xenloloz th khng thu c mt monosaccarit.

6) Dung dch saccaroz t|c dng vi Cu(OH)2 NaOH, un nng cho kt ta Cu2O.

S nhn nh ng l{

A. 0. B. 4. C. 2. D. 3.

Cu 89. Cho cc pht biu sau:

(a) C th dng nc brom phn bit fructoz v{ glucoz.

(b) Trong dung dch, saccaroz tn ti ch yu dng mch h.

(c) Trong mi trng baz, saccaroz v{ mantoz c th chuyn ha ln nhau.

(d) C th phn bit saccaroz v{ mantoz bng phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3.

(e) Trong dung dch, saccaroz v{ mantoz u ha tan Cu(OH)2 nhit thng cho dung dch mu xanh

lam.

S pht biu ng l

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

13| LOVEBOOK.VN

A. 3. B. 2. C. 4. D. 5.

Cu 90. C cc pht biu sau }y:

( ) miloz c cu trc mch phn nhnh.

( ) Mantoz b kh bi dd AgNO3 trong NH3.

( ) Xenluloz c cu trc mch phn nhnh.

( ) Saccaroz l{m mt m{u nc brom.

(5) Fructoz c phn ng trng bc.

(6) Glucoz t|c dng c vi dung dch thuc tm.

(7) Trong dung dch, glucoz tn ti ch yu dng mch vng v mt phn nh dng mch h.

S pht biu ng l{:

A. 6. B. 5. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 91. Cho cc nhn xt sau:

(1) Thy ph}n saccaroz v{ mantoz vi xc t|c axit u thu c cng mt loi monosaccarit

(2) T caprolactam bng phn ng trng ngng trong iu kin thch hp ngi ta thu c t capron

( ) Tnh baz ca cc amin gim dn: imet ylamin metylamin anilin iphenylamin

(4) Mui mononatri ca axit 2 aminopentanioic dng l{m gia v thc n, cn c gi l bt ngt hay m

chnh

(5) Thy phn khng hon ton peptit: Gly-Ala-Gly-Ala-Gly thu c 2 loi ipeptit l{ ng phn ca nhau

(6) Cho Cu(OH)2 vo ng nghim cha anbumin thy to dung dch mu xanh thm

(7) Peptit m trong phn t cha 2, 3, 4 nhm NH-CO- ln lt gi l{ ipeptit, tripeptit v{ tetrapeptit

(8) Glucoz, axit glutamic, axit lactic, sobitol, fructoz v{ axit aipic u l cc hp cht hu c tp chc

S nhn xt khng ng l

A. 5 B. 4 C. 3 D. 2

Cu 92. Dung dch c dung l{m thuc tng lc trong y hc l{ .

. saccaroz. B. glucoz. C. fructoz. D. mantoz.

Hp cht hu c cha nit Cu 93. Hp cht n{o sau }y khng phi l aminoaxit?

A. H2N CH2 CH2 COOH. B. 3

2

CH CH COOH

NH

I

C. 2

2

HOOC CH CH COOH

NH

I

D. 2

2

HCOO CH CH COOH

NH

I

Cu 94. Cho cc dy chuyn ha:

Glixin A

X Glixin

B

Y. X v Y:

. u l ClH3NCH2COONa.

B. ln lt l ClH3NCH2COOH v ClH3NCH2COONa.

C. ln lt l ClH3NCH2COONa v H2NCH2COONa.

D. ln lt l ClH3NCH2COOH v H2NCH2COONa

Cu 95. C|c baz sau c sp xp theo chiu tnh baz gim dn l

A. C6H5NH2, NH3, CH3NH2. B. NH3, CH3NH2, C6H5NH2.

C. C6H5NH2, CH3NH2, NH3. D. CH3NH2, NH3, C6H5NH2.

Cu 96. Pht biu no sau }y khng ng

. anilin khng l{m i mu giy qu m.

B. anilin l{ baz yu hn NH3, v nh hng ht e ca nhn ln nhm chc -NH2.

C. nh c tnh baz m{ anilin t|c dng c vi dung dch Br2.


LOVEBOOK.VN | 14

D. anilin tc dng c HBr v trn N cn i e t do.

Cu 97. Phn t C3H9N c s ng phn amin l

A. 3. B. 4. B. 5. D. 6.

Cu 98. Trong cc cht sau, dung dch cht no khng lm chuyn mu qu tm?

A. HOOC-CH2-CH2CH(NH2)COOH B. H2N-CH2-COOH

C. H2N-CH2CH2CH2CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH D. CH3-CHOH-COOH

Cu 99. Chn phng |n tt nht phn bit dung dch cc cht mt nhn ring bit sau:

CH3NH2, H2NCH2COOH, CH3COONH4, anbumin.

A. Qi tm, dung dch HNO3 c, dung dch NaOH.

B. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3, dung dch Br2, dung dch HNO3 c.

C. Cu(OH)2, qy tm, ung dch Br2.

D. Dung dch Br2, dung dch HNO3 c, dung dch I2.

Cu 100. Cht X cng thc phn t C H O N. X c th tc dng vi NaOH, HCl v lm mt mu dung dch brom.

X c cng thc cu to l

A. H2N - CH2 - CH2 - COOH B. CH3 - CH(NH2) - COOH

C. CH2 = CH - COONH4 D. CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - NO2

Cu 101. Nhn nh n{o sau }y cha hp l?

A. Do nh hng ca nhm NH2 vi vng benzen nn anilin d tham gia phn ng th vo vng benzen v

u tin v{o v tr o-, p-.

B. Amin bc 1 dy ankyl tc dng vi HNO2 0 - 50C cho mui iazoni.

C. Metylamin v nhiu ng ng ca n lm xanh qu m, kt hp vi proton mnh hn NH3 v nhm ankyl

c nh hng l{m tng mt electron nguyn t N v{ do l{m tng tnh baz.

D. Tnh (lc) baz ca amin cng mnh khi mt electron trn nguyn t N cng ln.

Cu 102. C cc pht biu sau }y:

) nilin khng l{m i mu giy qu tm m.

) nilin l{ baz yu hn NH3 v nh hng ht electron ca gc C6H5- n nhm - NH2.

3) nh hng ca nhm - NH2 n gc C6H5- lm cho phn t anilin tc dng vi dung dch Br2 to kt ta

trng.

4) Tt c c|c peptit u c phn ng mu biure.

5) Phn ng chng minh nh hng ca nhm -NH2 n vng thm l{ phn ng ca anilin vi dung dch

HCl.

S nhn nh sai l:

A. 4. B. 2. C. 3. D. 1.

Cu 103. Cho cc cht sau: axit glutamic; valin; lysin; phenol; axit axetic; glyxin; alanin; imetylamin; anilin.

S cht lm qu tm chuyn mu hng, m{u xanh v{ khng i mu ln lt l

A. 3, 2, 4 B. 2, 2, 5 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 3, 5

Polime

Cu 112. Nguyn liu sn xut cao su Buna-S gm:

A. Stiren v buta-1,3-ien B. Buta-1,3-ien

C. Isopren D. Buta-1,3-ien v{ vinylclorua

Cu 113. D~y c|c polime c iu ch bng phn ng trng hp l:

A. Cao su buna, nilon-6,6, t visco, polietilen, nha novolac

B. Cao su buna, polistiren, poli (metyl metacrylat), poli etilen

C. t nilon-6, t olon, poli propilen, poli (vniyl clorua), t axetat

D. poli etilen, poli vinyl axetat, nilon-6,6, t axetat, t visco

Cu 114. Trong c|c t sau, t n{o l{ t tng hp:

. T visco B. T axetat C. T nilon-6,6 D. Xeluloz

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

15| LOVEBOOK.VN

Cu 115. Dung dch NaOH c th tc dng vi cc loi polime n{o sau }y;

A. Poli (vinyl clorua) B. Poli (vinyl axetat) C. Poli (metyl metacrylat) D. c A, B, C

Cu 116. Ghp cc cht ct A (tn monome) vi cc cht ct B (polime tng ng) vi nhau cho ng

Ct A

Ct B

a. CH2=CH2 1. Poli (vinylclorua)

b. C6H5-CH=CH2 2. Cao su buna

c. CH2=CH-CH=CH2 3. Poli (vinyl axetat)

d. CH3COOCH=CH2 4. Poli etilen

e. CH2=C(CH3)-COOCH3 5. Poli stiren

f. CH2=CH-Cl 6. Poli (metyl metacrylat)

A. a 4, b 2, c 5, d 1, e 3, f 6. B. a 4, b 5, c 2, d 3, e 6, f 1.

C. a 4, b 6, c 2, d 1, e 5, f 3. D. a 1, b 2, c 5, d 3, e 4, f 6.

Cu 117. Phn ng n{o di }y l{ phn ng lm gim mch polime?

A. cao su thin nhin + HCl

B. poli (vinyl axetat) + H2O ,

C. amiloz + H2O ,

D. poli (vinyl clorua ) + Cl2

Cu 118. Cho khng dnh c ph bng:

A. Polietilen. B. Polipropilen. C. Politetrafloroetilen. D. Poliisopren.

Cu 119. Cht n{o sau }y khng c phn ng trng hp:

A. Axit acrylic B. Vinyl axetat C. Etyl benzen D. Stiren

Cu 120. Cht n{o sau }y c c|c tnh cht sau: tc dng vi H2 v Br2 theo t l mol 1:2, c phn ng trng

gng v{ phn ng trng hp.

A. CHO-CHO B. CH2=CH-COOH C. HCHO D. CH2=CH-CHO

Cu 121. Trong c|c polime sau }y: Bng ( ); T tm ( ); Len ( ); T visco ( ); T enang (5); T axetat (6); T

nilon-6 (7) c my loi c ngun gc t xenluloz?

A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.

Cu 122. Cho cc polime: amiloz; polietilen; novolac; cao su isopren; cao su lu ha; t nilon-6,6; t visco; t

lapsan; xenluloz; t olon, t axetat. S polime tng hp l

A. 4. B. 5. C. 3. D. 6.

Cu 123. Cho c|c polime: ( ) polietilen, ( ) poli(metylmetacrilat), ( ) polibutaien, ( ) polisitiren, (5)

poli(vinylaxetat) ; (6) t nilon-6,6. Trong cc polime trn, s lng polime b thy phn trong dung dch axit v

trong dung dch kim l:

A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

Cu 124. Cho cc hp cht sau:

(1) CH3-CH(NH2)-COOH (2) Caprolactam

(3) CH2O v C6H5OH (4) C2H4(OH)2 v p-C6H4(COOH)2

(5) H2N[CH2]6NH2 v HOOC[CH2]4COOH.

C my hp cht c kh nng tham gia phn ng trng ngng?

A. 3 B. 2 C. 5 D. 4

Cu 125. Cho c|c polime sau: t nilon-6,6; poli(vinyl clorua); thy tinh plexiglas; teflon; nha novolac; t visco,

t nitron, cao su buna. Trong , s polime c iu ch bng phn ng trng hp l:

A. 5 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7

Tng hp hu c Cu 132. Cn dng cc cht n{o sau }y phn bit cc kh sau CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H2

A. dung dch Ca(OH)2, dung dch Br2, dung dch HCl

B. dung dch Ca(OH)2, dung dch AgNO3/NH3, dung dch Br2

C. dung dch AgNO3/NH3, dung dch NaOH, dung dch Br2

D. dung dch Br2, dung dch Ca(OH)2, Cu(OH)2/OH


LOVEBOOK.VN | 16

Cu 133. Dy cc cht u lm mt mu dung dch Br2 l

A. Axetilen, etan, butilen, xiclobutan B. Axetilen, xiclopropan, stiren, propen

C. But-2-en, xiclobutan, propan, benzen D. Etilen, xiclohexan, stiren, butan

Cu 134. Cho cc cht sau: axit fomic, axit axetic, axetilen, etyl fomat, anhit oxalic, natri fomat, amoni fomat,

axit acrylic, etyl axetat. C bao nhiu cht tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3, to?

A. 4 B. 7 C. 6 D. 3

Cu 135. Dy cc cht u c phn ng thy phn l:

. glucoz, saccaroz, etyl axetat, tristearin, tinh bt, fructoz.

B. Saccaroz, triolein, tinh bt, xenluloz, mantoz.

C. Tinh bt, fructoz, triolein, etyl axetat, glucoz.

D. Mantoz, glucoz, tristearin, xenluloz, tinh bt.

Cu 136. Dy cc cht c phn ng tr|ng gng l{:

. glucoz, fructoz, fomanhit, etyl fomat, amoni fomat, mantoz.

B. anhit axetic, axit fomic, etyl axetat, saccaroz, glucoz, axetilen.

C. Mantoz, anhit oxalic, ancol etylic, etyl fomat, fructoz.

D. Glucoz, fomanhit, phenol, metyl axetat, anilin, glyxin, mantoz.

Cu 137. Dy gm cc cht tc dng vi Cu(OH)2 nhit thng l:

A. Tinh bt, ancol etylic, axit axetic, glucoz, anhit axetic, mantoz.

B. nhit axetic, fructoz, xenluloz, glixerol, etanol, phenol.

C. Glucoz, fructoz, saccaroz, axit axetic, glixerol, axit fomic

D. Fomanhit, etanol, axit fomic, xenluloz, glucoz, mantoz.

Cu 138. Dy cc cht tc dng vi dung dch Br2 l:

A. Axit acrylic, axit fomic, anilin, phenol, stiren B. Axit axetic, axit fomic, glucozo, fructozo

C. Phenol, alanin, axit axetic, benzen, hexan D. Anilin, axit acrylic, benzen, toluen, glucozo

Cu 139. Cho s phn ng sau:

Toluen ( : ) X

, Y

, Z

Cng thc cu to ca Z l:

A. C6H5OH B. C6H5COOH C. C6H5CH2OH D. C6H5CHO

Cu 140. X c CTPT C3H6O v c kh nng l{m mt mu dung dch brom. Hy cho bit cng thc cu to ca X?

A. CH2=CHOCH3. B. CH2=CHCH2OH. C. CH3CH2CHO. D. A, B v C

Cu 141. Hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C3H6O3, X c th phn ng vi Na v Na2CO3. Oxi ha X bng

CuO thu c sn phm c phn ng tr|ng gng. Cng thc ca X l

A. OH CH CH COOH B. 3CH CH COOH

OH

I

C. HCOOCH2 CH3. D. CH3-CH(OH)-COOH

Cu 142. Cht X bng mt phn ng to ra C2H5OH v t C2H5OH bng mt phn ng to ra cht X .Trong cc

cht C2H2, C2H4, C2H5COOCH3, CH3CHO, CH3COOH, CH3COOC2H5, C2H5ONa, C2H5Cl s cht ph hp vi X l:

A. 5 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6

Cu 143. C8H10O c bao nhiu ng phn cha vng benzen. Bit rng c|c ng ph}n n{y u tc dng c vi

Na nhng khng t|c dng c vi NaOH?

A. 4. B. 5. C. 8. D. 3

Cu 144. Trong cc cht : benzen, phenol, axit axetic, ru (ancol) etylic, cht c nhit si cao nht l :

A. axit axetic. B. ru (ancol) etylic. C. phenol. D. benzen.

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

17| LOVEBOOK.VN

Phn II: Li gii chi tit i cng v{ v c

Cu to nguyn t - Quy lut tun ho{n Lin kt ha hc Cu 1: |p |n D

Nhn xt: }y l{ mt cu hi kh d, cc bn ch cn s dng k nng vit cu hnh electron v da vo

cu hnh electron x|c nh v tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon.

Ch : + Trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t:

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p

s|ng sm, phn son, phn son, |nh phn son, |nh phn son, phi |nh phn son, phi |nh phn

+ Cu hnh electron nguyn t biu din s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.

Quy c cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t:

_ S th t lp electron c vit bng cc ch s ( , , , )

_ Phn lp c k hiu bng cc ch c|i thng (s, p, d, f)

_ S electron c ghi bng ch s pha trn, bn phi k hiu ca phn lp (s , p , )

Cch vit cu hnh electron nguyn t:

_ X|c nh s electron ca nguyn t.

_ C|c electron c phn b theo th t tng dn cc mc nng lng AO, theo cc nguyn l v quy tc

phn b eletron trong nguyn t.

_ Vit cu hnh electron theo th t cc phn lp trong mt lp v theo th t ca cc lp electron.

+ Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron, c xp theo chiu in

tch ht nh}n tng dn.

S th t ca chu k trng vi s lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t .

+ Nhm nguyn t l tp hp cc nguyn t m nguyn t c cu hnh electron tng t nhau, do c

tnh cht ha hc gn ging vi nhau v{ c xp thnh mt ct.

Nguyn t cc nguyn t trong cng mt nhm c s electron ha tr bng nhau v bng s th t ca

nhm (tr mt s ngoi l).

Cc nhm A bao gm cc nguyn t s v nguyn t p.

Cc nhm B bao gm cc nguyn t d v nguyn t f.

V d: Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X c s hiu nguyn t l 26.

Ta s phn b ln lt cc electron theo cc mc nng lng tng dn sao cho, khi phn lp n{y t s

lng electron cc i th phn lp c nng lng ln hn k tip mi c in electron, c nh vy

cho n electron cui cng.

S lng electron ti a (b~o ha) ca cc phn lp nh sau:

_ Phn lp s c ti a electron.

_ Phn lp p c ti a 6 electron.

_ Phn lp d c ti a 0 electron.

_ Phn lp f c ti a electron.

Nh vy ta c cu hnh electron vi th t cc phn lp theo mc nng lng tng dn nh sau:

s s p s p s d

(Ph}n lp d c mc nng lng cao hn mc nng lng ca ph}n lp s)

Cui cng, thu c cu hnh electron ng, ta cn sp xp li v tr c|c ph}n lp theo th t cc phn

lp trong mt lp v theo th t ca cc lp electron:

s s p s p d s

(i li v tr ph}n lp d v{ s)

Vy cu hnh electron ng ca X l{ s s p s p d s .

Sau khi vit c cu hnh electron ca X, ta x|c nh v tr ca X trong bng tun ho{n:

+ V X c lp electron nn X thuc chu k .


LOVEBOOK.VN | 18

+ V X c ph}n lp d nn X thuc nhm B, m{ cu hnh electron ca X kt thc c dng (n )d ns m

6 + = 8 nn X thuc nhm VIIIB.

Ch : }y l{ c}u hi n gin ch yu cu x|c nh cu hnh electron ca nguyn t. Tuy nhin trong

thi i hc c th xut hin nhng c}u hi phc tp hn yu cu vit cu hnh electron ca ion kim loi

ca mt nguyn t thuc nhm B (c ph}n lp d, f) X th c|c bn cn lu rng, sau khi vit c cu

hnh electron ca nguyn t X, t cu hnh electron n{y bt i n electron ta c cu hnh electron ca

X . iu cn ch rng electron mt i ln lt t ph}n lp ngo{i cng, khng nht thit l{ ph}n lp c

mc nng lng cao nht.

V d: Vit cu hnh electron ca ion X ca nguyn t X c Z = 6.

Tng t nh v d trn, ta vit c cu hnh electron ca X:

s s p s p d s

T cu hnh electron n{y, bt i electron ta c cu hnh electron ca X nh sau:

s s p s p

Vi c}u hi n{y, nhiu bn c th mc mt s sai lm nh sau:

_ Khi bt i electron t cu hnh electron ca X, c|c bn khng bt electron t ph}n lp ngo{i cng l{

s m{ bt t ph}n lp electron c mc nng lng cao nht l{ p, t thu c cu hnh electron sai

nh sau:

s s p s p s

_ Mt s bn kh|c nhn thy rng: X c 6 electron nn X c 6 = electron, t da v{o s

electron n{y c cu hnh electron nh sau:

s s p s p s

Hoc s s p s p s ( )

C hai cu hnh electron n{y u sai, c bit cu hnh electron (*) chnh l{ cu hnh electron ng ca

nguyn t c Z = (l do ti sao c|c bn s c tm hiu trong c}u hi tip theo).

Cu 2: |p |n B

Tt c cc nhn nh u ng:

1) Ion ca X l X ngha l{ X ~ mt electron.

Do , cu hnh electron ca X l{ s s p s p d s . V X c lp electron nn X thuc chu k .

Cu hnh electron ca X kt thc c dng (n )d ns , v 6 + = 8 v{ X c ph}n lp d nn X thuc chu

k VIIIB.

) Chng c cng cu hnh electron: s s p . d d{ng thy nhn thy nhn nh n{y ng, ta thy

rng:

+ S hiu nguyn t ca Ne l{ 0 nn Ne c 0 electron.

+ S hiu nguyn t ca Na l{ nn khi Na mt eletron to th{nh ion Na th ion Na c

= 0 eletron.

+ S hiu nguyn t ca F l{ 9 nn khi F nhn thm eletron to th{nh ion F th ion F c

9 + = 0 eletron.

) ncol no c cng thc ph}n t tng qu|t l{ C H O , trong {n N

x N

x n khi t ch|y mol ancol no

ta thu c n mol CO v (n + ) mol H O:

C H O + n + x

O

nCO + (n + )H O

Do n : n .

) sp xp c c|c nguyn t theo chiu gim dn c|c b|n knh nguyn t t tr|i sang phi, u tin

ta nh li mt s quy lut bin i b|n knh nguyn t trong bng tun ho{n:

+ Trong mt chu k, theo chiu in tch ht nh}n tng dn, b|n knh c|c nguyn t gim dn.

+ Trong mt nhm , theo chiu in tch ht nh}n tng dn, b|n knh nguyn t tng dn.

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

19| LOVEBOOK.VN

Do , nguyn t c{ng gn gc di bn tr|i trong bng tun ho{n c{ng nh v{ nguyn t c{ng gn gc

trn bn phi trong bng tun ho{n th b|n knh nguyn t c{ng nh.

T |p dng so s|nh, sp xp b|n knh ca c|c nguyn t K, Mg, Si v{ N:

+ So s|nh b|n knh nguyn t ca K v{ Mg: S hiu nguyn t ca K v{ Mg ln lt l{ 9 v{ . Do

(c|c bn c th nh hoc vit cu hnh electron suy ra) K thuc chu k , nhm I v{ Mg thuc chu k

, nhm II . Nu khng th hnh dung v v tr gn gc n{o hn ca c|c nguyn t, c|c bn c th so s|nh

thng qua nguyn t trung gian l{ Na (khng cn thit phi nh tn nguyn t trung gian, ch cn chn

c v tr ng ca n) c v tr trong bng tun ho{n l{ chu k , nhm I .

Trong cng nhm I , K c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t nh hn l{ Na.

Trong cng nhm , Na c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t ln hn l{ Mg.

Do K c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca Mg.

Ngo{i s dng nguyn t trung gian l{ Na nh trn, ta c th s dng nguyn t trung gian kh|c l{ Ca

nguyn t thuc chu k v{ nhm II :

Trong cng chu k : K c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca nguyn t c s hiu

nguyn t ln hn l{ Ca.

Trong cng nhm II : Ca c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca nguyn t c s hiu

nguyn t nh hn l{ Mg.

Do b|n knh nguyn t ca K ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca Mg.

+ So s|nh b|n knh nguyn t ca Si v{ N: S hiu nguyn t ca Si v{ N ln lt l{ v{ 7. Do , Si

thuc chu k , nhm IV v{ N thuc chu k , nhm V . So s|nh qua nguyn t trung gian l{ C thuc chu

k , nhm IV trong bng tun ho{n:

Trong cng nhm IV , Si c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca C l{ nguyn t c s

hiu nguyn t nh hn.

Trong cng chu k , C c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca nguyn t c s hiu

nguyn t ln hn l{ N.

Do b|n knh nguyn t ca Si ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca N.

Ngo{i s dng nguyn t trung gian l{ C nh trn, c|c bn c th s dng nguyn t trung gian kh|c

so snh l P nguyn t thuc chu k , nhm V . Vic so s|nh ho{n to{n tng t, c|c bn c th t l{m.

Nhn xt: Trong nhng trng hp so s|nh tng t: Khi so s|nh b|n knh nguyn t ca nguyn t X

thuc chu k (k + ), nhm N v{ nguyn t Y thuc chu k k, nhm (N + ) th c|c bn c th s dng

nguyn t trung gian l{ mt trong hai nguyn t sau:

_Nguyn t Z thuc chu k k, nhm N .

_Nguyn t T thuc chu k (k + ), nhm (N+1)A.

V{ kt qu cui cng suy ra c l{ nguyn t X c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n knh nguyn t ca

nguyn t Y.

+ So s|nh b|n knh nguyn t ca hai nguyn t cng thuc chu k l{ Mg v{ Si: v Mg thuc chu k II ,

Si thuc chu k IV nn Mg c s hiu nguyn t ln hn Si. Do Mg c b|n knh nguyn t ln hn b|n

knh nguyn t ca Si.

Vy dy gm cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu gim dn bn knh nguyn t t tri sang phi l K,

Mg, Si, N.

5) Trong cng mt chu k, theo chiu in tch ht nh}n tng dn, tnh bazo ca c|c hidroxit ca tng

ng ca c|c nguyn t gim dn.

Na, Mg, l cng thuc chu k v{ th t n{y l{ th t in tch ht nh}n tng dn nn tnh bazo ca

chng gim dn.

Ngo{i c|ch ghi nh quy lut nh trn, c|c bn c th nh n tnh bazo ca chng nh sau (v chng l{

nhng hidroxit thng gp) nh sau: NaOH c tnh kim mnh (tan trong nc), Mg(OH) l{ bazo yu

(khng tan trong nc) v{ l(OH) l hidroxit lng tnh. Khi ta cng c th t nh trn.

Ch 1: +) Cu hnh electron tu}n theo nguyn l vng bn, quy tc Hun v{ nguyn l loi tr Pauli.


LOVEBOOK.VN | 20

+) Ph}n lp (n )d c mc nng lng cao hn ph}n lp ns, do electron s c ph}n b v{o ph}n

lp ns trc, ph}n lp (n )d sau. Khi ph}n lp ns c in y electron ( e) s xut hin tng

t|c y gia hai electron n{y l{m cho electron trong ph}n lp ns c mc nng lng cao hn (n )d.

Vic ph}n b electron v{o ph}n lp (n )d c{ng l{m tng hiu ng chc chn, do ph}n lp ns li

c{ng c mc nng lng cao hn (n )d. Do khi electron bt ra khi nguyn t hnh th{nh ion

dng, electron s bt ln lt t ph}n lp ns trc, sau c th n ph}n lp (n )d.

+) Sai lm ca c|c bn hc sinh l{ vi nguyn t c Z 0, khi vit cu hnh electron thng ch quan

t}m n th t mc nng lng theo nguyn l vng bn, t sai cu hnh electron v{ x|c nh sai v tr

trong bng tun ho{n.

+) Vi c|c nguyn t khi vit cu hnh electron theo c|c nguyn tc thng thng cho ta cu hnh

electron hai ph}n lp ngo{i cng c dng (n )d ns hoc (n )d ns th e thuc ph}n lp ns s

chuyn v ph}n lp (n )d to th{nh cu hnh bn vng ng vi trng th|i b~o ha hoc b|n b~o

ha ca ph}n lp (n )d. Do cu hnh electron ca hai ph}n lp ngo{i cng l{ (n )d s hoc

(n )d s .

+) C|ch x|c nh v tr nhm B trong bng tun ho{n ca c|c nguyn t nguyn t X c cu hnh electron

hai ph}n lp ngo{i cng dng (n )d ns : Xt tng T = a + b

Nu T ; 7 th X thuc nhm TB.

Nu T 8; 0 th X thuc nhm VIIIB.

Nu T = th X thuc nhm IB.

Nu T = th X thuc nhm IIB.

Ch 2: Trong qu| trnh l{m thi i hc, vi nhng c}u lin n c|c nguyn t ca bng tun ho{n,

c|c bn nn ghi nh th t c|c nguyn t ca mt s nhm cng nh chu k tiu biu v{ thng xut

hin nhiu (khng cn thit nh ht v{ trong mt s chu k v{ nhm ch cn nh mt v{i nguyn t u

tin). nh c|c nhm v{ chu k n{y, c|c bn c th t t ra c|c c}u th hay c}u ni vui c nhc n k

hiu hoc tn c| nguyn t d nh. V d:

+ C|c kim loi kim thuc nhm I : Li

L}u

Na

Nay

K

Khng

Rb

Rnh

Cs

Coi

Fr

Film

+ Nhm IIA: Be

B

Mg

Mng

Ca

Cao

Sr

Soi

Ba

B

Ra

R{o

+ Nhm IIIA: B

B

l

n

Ga

Gng

In

Im

Ti

Ting

+ Nhm IVA: C

Ch

Si

S

Ge

Gi em

Sn

Sang nhu

Pb

Ph b

+ Nhm VA: N

Nhn

P

Ph

s

nh

Sb

S|ng

Bi

Bun

+ Nhm VIA: O

ng

S

Say

Se

Sn

Te

Ti

Po

Ph

+ Nhm VIIA: F

Phi

Cl

Chi

Br

B

I

Iu

t

nh

+ Nhm VIIIA:

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

21| LOVEBOOK.VN

He

Hng

Ne

Nhung

r

n

Kr

Khc

Xe

Xng

Rn

Rng

+ Chu k 1: H

Hc

He

H{nh

+ Chu k 2: Li

Lan

Be

B

B

Bng

C

Chy

N

Nhanh

O

F

Pha

Ne

Nam

+ Chu k 3: Na

Nu

Mg

Mun

l

n

Si

S|ng

P

Phi

S

Sa

Cl

C|i

r

u

Ngoi ra, cc bn cng c th tham kho ngun t internet hoc t s|ng to c}u ni cho ring mnh.

Cu 3: |p |n A

* S lai ha obitan nguyn t l s t hp trn ln mt s obitan trong mt nguyn t c tng y

obitan lai ha ging nhau nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.

Cc kiu lai ha thng gp:

+ Lai ha sp:

Lai ha sp l s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 2 obitan

lai ha sp nm thng hng vi nhau hng v hai pha, i xng nhau.

S lai ha sp l nguyn nhn dn n tnh thng hng (gc lin kt bng 180) ca cc lin kt trong cc

phn t.

+ Lai ha sp :

Lai ha sp l{ s t hp obitan s vi obitan p ca nguyn t tham gia lin kt to th{nh obitan lai

ha sp nm trong cng mt mt phng, nh hng t t}m nh ca tam gi|c u.

+ Lai ha sp :

Lai ha sp l{ s t hp obitan s vi obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to th{nh obitan

lai ha sp nh hng t t}m n nh ca hnh t din u.

Ch : Cc obitan ch lai ha c vi nhau khi nng lng ca chng xp x bng nhau.

* Vi kin thc thi i hc, chng ta khng i s}u v{o c|ch x|c nh trng thi lai ha v dng hnh hc

ca phn t hp cht hu c. Khi , cc bn c th x|c nh nhanh thng qua c|c bc nh sau:

Bc 1: Vit cng thc cu to khai trin ca phn t.

Bc 2:

a) Nguyn t (C, N, O) no ch c lin kt n th trng thi lai ha sp3.

b) Nguyn t (C, N, O) no c 1 lin kt i th trng thi lai ha sp2.

c) Nguyn t (C, N, O) no c 1 lin kt ba hoc lin kt i th trng thi lai ha sp.

Bc 3:

a) Nguyn t (C, N, O) trng thi lai ha sp3 khi lin kt vi nguyn t khc th s l tm ca t din

m 4 nguyn t kia l nh; khi lin kt vi nguyn t khc th s l nh ca chp tam gic m 3

nguyn t kia l nh khc; khi lin kt vi nguyn t khc th s l nh ca gc m 2 nguyn t

kia nm trn cnh ca gc.

b) Nguyn t (C, N, O) trng thi lai ha sp2 khi lin kt vi nguyn t khc th s l tm ca tam

gic m 3 nguyn t kia l nh; khi lin kt vi nguyn t khc th s l nh ca gc m 2 nguyn

t kia nm trn cnh ca gc..

c) Nguyn t (C, N, O) trng thi lai ha sp khi lin kt vi nguyn t khc th s gia nguyn t

kia trn mt ng thng.

* Ngo{i ra, c|c bn c th x|c nh trng th|i lai ha nh sau:

Cng thc d o|n trng th|i lai ha

X E


LOVEBOOK.VN | 22

Trong :

: nguyn t trung t}m

X: nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t trung t}m

n: s nguyn t X lin kt vi

E: cp electron t do cha lin kt

m: s cp electron t do

Khi :

+ Nu n + m = lai ha sp ph}n t thng.

+ Nu n + m = lai ha sp ph}n t phng tam gi|c.

+ Nu n + m = lai ha sp ph}n t t din.

+ Nu n + m = 5 lai ha sp d ph}n t th|p i |y tam gi|c.

+ Nu n + m = 6 lai ha sp d ph}n t b|t din.

V d: p dng cng thc d o|n trng th|i lai ha x|c nh trng th|i lai ha ca C H , PCl v PCl .

+ Vi ph}n t C H :

C|c bn c th quan s|t cng thc cu to ca C H nh sau:

Nguyn t trung t}m l{ C.

Mi nguyn t C trung t}m lin kt vi nguyn t H v{ nguyn t C.

Mi nguyn t C c electron ha tr, trong electron ~ to th{nh cp electron chung vi

nguyn t H v{ electron cn li gp chung vi nguyn t C k bn to th{nh lin kt i. Khi s cp

electron cha lin kt l{ 0.

Ta c cng thc: CX E .

V m+ n = + 0 = nn C H c kiu lai ha sp .

Hai ph}n t n{y u c nguyn t trung t}m l{ P.

+ Vi ph}n t PCl :

p dng cng thc ta c: PX E

Trong Cl l{ nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t trung t}m, P c 5 electron ha tr u gp chung to

cp electron chung vi 5 nguyn t Cl nn khng c cp electron cha lin kt n{o.

Khi m + n = 5 PCl c kiu lai ha sp d.

+ Vi ph}n t PCl :

p dng cng thc ta c: PX E .

Trong Cl l{ nguyn t lin kt vi nguyn t trung t}m, P c 5 electron ha tr th c electron ha tr

gp chung to th{nh cp electron chung vi nguyn t Cl, do s cp electron cha lin kt l{

( cp l{ electron).

Khi m + n = + = PCl c kiu lai ha sp .

Cu 4: |p |n A

B: MgSO c lin kt ion v{ lin kt cng ha tr.

C: H S cha lin kt cng ha tr.

D: NaNO v{ NaOH c lin kt ion v{ lin kt cng ha tr.

Ch : Lin kt ion l{ lin kt c to th{nh do lc ht tnh in gia c|c ion mang in tch tr|i du.

Lin kt cng ha tr l{ lin kt c hnh th{nh gia hai nguyn t bng mt hoc nhiu cp electron

chung.

Cu 5: |p |n A

B: Loi O v{ H .

C: Loi Cl .

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

23| LOVEBOOK.VN

D: Loi O v{ O .

Ch : Lin kt cng ha tr c cc, tc l{ lin kt cng ha tr m{ cp electron b lch v mt pha

nguyn t tham gia lin kt, c to th{nh gia c|c nguyn t c hiu }m in nm trong khong t

0, n nh hn ,7.

CO cha lin kt cng ha tr ph}n cc gia O v{ C, nhng c ph}n t CO l{ ph}n t khng ph}n cc.

C|c bn c th quan s|t hnh thng cu to thng ca CO nh sau:

Lin kt cng ha tr trong c|c ph}n t n cht (H , N , Cl , ) l{ lin kt cng ha tr khng ph}n cc.

Phn ng oxi ha kh Cu 20: |p |n B

* C|ch c}n bng phn ng oxi ha kh bng phng ph|p thng bng electron:

Bc : X|c nh s oxi ha ca nhng nguyn t c s oxi ha thay i.

Bc : Vit qu| trnh oxi ha v{ qu| trnh kh, c}n bng mi qu| trnh.

Bc : Tm h s thch hp sao cho tng s electron do cht kh nhng bng tng s electron m{ cht

oxi ha nhn.

Bc : t h s ca cht oxi ha v{ cht kh v{o s phn ng. Ho{n th{nh phng trnh ha hc.

* Ph}n bit kh|i nim ha tr v{ s oxi ha:

+ Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht ion gi l{ in ha tr v{ bng in tch ca ion .

Tr s in ha tr ca mt nguyn t bng s electron m{ nguyn t ca nguyn t nhng hoc thu

to th{nh electron.

+ Ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht cng ha tr gi l{ cng ha tr v{ bng s lin kt cng ha

tr m{ nguyn t ca nguyn t to ra c vi c|c nguyn t kh|c trong ph}n t.

+ S oxi ha ca nguyn t trong ph}n t l{ in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong ph}n t, nu gi

nh rng lin kt gia c|c nguyn t trong ph}n t l{ lin kt ion.

S oxi ha c x|c nh theo c|c quy tc sau:

- S oxi ha ca nguyn t trong c|c n cht bng 0.

- Trong mt ph}n t. tng s s oxi ha ca c|c nguyn t bng 0.

- S oxi ha ca c|c ion n nguyn t bng in tch ca ion . Trong ion a nguyn t, tng s s oxi

ha ca c|c nguyn t bng in tch ca ion.

- Trong hu ht c|c hp cht, s oxi ha ca hidro bng + , tr hidrua kim loi (NaH, CaH , ); s oxi

ha ca oxi bng , tr trng hp OF v peoxit (H O , Na O , )

V d trong hp cht CH (CH ) CH :

+ Vi mi nhm CH , C c cng ha tr v c lin kt cng ha tr vi nguyn t H v{ lin kt

cng ha tr vi nguyn t C bn cnh nhng li c s oxi ha l{ .

+ Vi mi nhm CH , C c cng ha tr v c lin kt cng ha tr vi nguyn t H v{ lin kt

cng ha tr vi nguyn t C kh|c bn cnh nhng li c s oxi ha l{ .

* Cacbon trong hp cht hu c ch c ha tr 4 duy nht, nhng C c th c cc s oxi ha: -4, -3, -2, -1,

0, +1, +2, +3, +4. tnh s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t C trong phn t mt cht hu c th ta phi vit

cng thc cu to ca cht ra, v{ s oxi ha ca mi nguyn t C bng tng s s oxi ha ca cc lin

kt quanh nguyn t C n{y, trong s oxi ha ca lin kt gia C vi C th khng tnh (bng 0). S oxi

ha trung bnh ca C bng trung bnh cng s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t C c mt trong phn t. S oxi

ha trung bnh c th khng nguyn. C th tnh s oxi ha trung bnh nhanh hn bng cch ch cn cn

c vo cng thc phn t.

V d: Vi phng trnh trong b{i ta c cht hu c tham gia phn ng oxi ha kh l

C H CH CH CH .


LOVEBOOK.VN | 24

+ Nhn thy trong hp cht hu c n{y ch c nguyn t C thay i s oxi ha l{ nguyn t C thuc

nhm CH . Ta x|c nh s oxi ha x ca mi nguyn t C nh sau: x + . (+ ) = 0 x = , trong

+ l{ s oxi ha ca nguyn t H lin kt vi C, tng t cng c s oxi ha ca nguyn t C trong

nhm CH l .

+ x|c nh nhanh s oxi ha trung bnh ca c|c nguyn t C trong hp cht hu c n{y ta c cng

thc ph}n t l{ C H . Khi s oxi ha trung bnh x ca c|c nguyn t C l{:

9x + . (+ ) = 0 x =

9=

.

p dng c}n bng phng trnh:

C H C H C

H CH + KMn

O + H SO C H C

OOH + CH C

OOH + K SO +Mn

SO + H O

| C

C

+ 0e

Mn

+ 5e Mn

Do ta c phng trnh phn ng vi c|c h s c}n bng nh sau:

C H CH CH CH + KMnO + H SO C H COOH+ CH COOH+ K SO + MnSO + H O

Vy tng i s c|c h s cht trong phng trnh phn ng l{: + + + + + + + = 5.

Cu 21: |p |n A

C th s dng c|c phng ph|p c}n bng phn ng oxi ha kh kh|c nhau, trong c|ch ph bin nht

l{ phng ph|p thng bng electron.

Na S O + KMn

O + NaHSO Na S

O + Mn

SO + K SO + H O

5

| S

S

+ e

Mn

+ 5e Mn

Do ta thu c phng trnh phn ng vi y c|c h s nh sau:

5Na SO + KMnO + 6NaHSO 8Na SO + MnSO + K SO + H O

Ch : Trong phng trnh ny, NaHSO ng vai tr mi trng cung cp gc SO cho mui v{ bn

th}n n cng cn gi li gc SO to Na SO . M HSO

SO +H nn h s ca NaHSO gp i

s gc SO cn cung cp to mui (MnSO v K SO ). C|c bn cn lu iu n{y nhanh chng

c}n bng ng phng trnh.

Nhn xt: Phng trnh n{y c xp v{o nhm phn ng oxi ha kh kh c}n bng. Nhiu bn s gp

kh khn vi h s lin quan ti NaHSO . Trong trng hp khng tinh nh trn c}n bng phng

trnh, c|c bn khng nn lng tng m{ c th c}n bng phng trnh theo phng ph|p i s trn c s

bo to{n c|c nguyn t, tuy nhin vi phng trnh c nhiu nguyn t v{ sn phm th phng ph|p

n{y kh| mt thi gian.

Cch cn bng phng trnh ha hc bng phng ph|p i s (|p dng cho mi phng trnh, k c

khng phi phn ng oxi ha kh):

Dng x|c nh h s ph}n t ca cht tham gia v{ thu c sau phn ng ha hc, ta coi h s l{ c|c

n s v{ k hiu bng c|c ch c|i a, b, c, d ri da v{o mi tng quan gia c|c nguyn t ca c|c

nguyn t theo nh lut bo to{n nguyn t lp ra mt h phng trnh bc nht nhiu n s. Gii h

phng trnh n{y v{ chn c|c nghim l{ c|c s nguyn dng nh nht ta s x|c nh c h s ph}n

t ca c|c cht trong phng trnh phn ng ha hc.

V d: C}n bng phng trnh ha hc:

Na SO + KMnO + NaHSO Na SO +MnSO + K SO +H O

+ Bc : t n h s cho c|c cht thu c phng trnh:

aNa SO + bKMnO + cNaHSO dNa SO + eMnSO + fK SO + gH O

+ Bc : Da v{o mi tng quan gia c|c nguyn t ca c|c nguyn t theo nh lut bo to{n khi

lng lp ra mt h phng trnh bc nht nhiu n s:

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

25| LOVEBOOK.VN

p dng nh lut bo to{n nguyn t cho:

{

Na: a + c = d ( )S: a + c = d + e + f ( )

O: a + b + c = d + e + f + g ( )

K: b = f ( )Mn: b = e (5)H: c = g (6)

+ Bc : Gii h phng trnh v{ chn c|c nghim l{ c|c s nguyn dng nh nht x|c nh h s

c|c cht trong phng trnh phn ng:

T ( ) c a + c = a + d + e + f, kt hp vi ( ) c a + d + e + f = d a + e + f = d (7)

T ( ), (5)v{ (7)c a + b +

b = d a d =

b (8)

C ( ) a d =

c, kt hp vi (8) c

c =

b nn c = b g =

b (9)

T ( ), ( ), (5), (6) v{ (9) c a + b + b = d + b + b +

b a +

7

b = d ( 0)

T (8) v{ ( 0) c {a =5

b

d = b

Kt hp c|c phng trnh thu c kt qu

{

a =

5

b

c = bd = be = b

f =

b

g =

b

chn b = th

{

a = 5b = c = 6d = 8e = f = g =

Vy ta c phng trnh phn ng nh sau:

5Na SO + KMnO + 6NaHSO 8Na SO + MnSO + K SO + H O

C|c h s phng trnh thu c ho{n to{n ging vi c|c h s ca phng trnh khi s dng phng

ph|p thng bng electron.

Ngo{i c|ch biu din c|c bin cn li theo mi quan h vi bin b nh trn, c|c bn ho{n to{n c th lm

tng t vi c|c bin kh|c m{ kt qu thu c khng thay i.

Cu 22: |p |n C

Cc hp cht b{i a ra l{ Fe hoc hp cht ca st. Trong phn ng oxi ha kh, HN O ng vai

tr l{ cht oxi ha nn c|c cht tha m~n l{ cht kh. Do c|c cht tha m~n phi l{ c|c cht m{ Fe

cha t s oxi ha cc i + .

Cc cht tha mn l: Fe, FeO, Fe(OH) , Fe O , Fe(NO ) , FeSO v FeCO .

Fe + 6HNO

Fe

(NO ) + NO + H O

Fe

O + HNO

Fe

(NO ) + NO + H O

Fe

(OH) + HNO

Fe

(NO ) +NO + H O

Fe

O + 0HNO

Fe

(NO ) + NO + 5H O

Fe

(NO ) + HNO

Fe

(NO ) + NO + H O

Fe

SO + 6HNO

Fe

(SO ) + Fe

(NO ) + NO + H O

Fe

CO + HNO

Fe

(NO ) + NO + CO + H O

Cu 23: |p |n B


LOVEBOOK.VN | 26

Cc cht va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh cn phi c nguyn t cha s oxi ho trung bnh hoc

trong hp cht, c nguyn t th hin tnh oxi ha v nguyn t khc th hin tnh kh.

Cc cht v ion tha mn: S, FeO, SO , N , HCl.

Mt s phng trnh minh ha cho tnh oxi ha v{ tnh kh cho c|c cht trn:

S: {S + O

S O

Hg + S Hg S

( )

FeO: {Fe

O + CO

Fe + CO

Fe

O +

O

Fe

O

SO : {S O +

O S

O

S O + H S S

+ H O

N : {N

+ H N H

N

+ O N

O

HCl: {Mg + H

Cl MgCl + H

MnO + HCl

MnCl + Cl

+ H O

Zn v Cl ch c tnh kh.

Cu ch c tnh oxi ha.

Ch : Lu hunh t|c dng vi nhiu kim loi v{ hidro nhit cao, sn phm l{ mui sunfua hoc

hidro sunfua. Tuy nhin phn ng (*) xy ra nhit thng. ng dng ca phn ng n{y trong thc

t: Khi nhit k thy ng}n b v, ngi ta dng lu hunh rc nn thy ng}n trn s{n nh{ thu hi thy

ng}n (thy ng}n rt c).

Cu 24: |p |n A

HCl th hin tnh oxi ha c ngha l{ mt hoc mt s nguyn t trong HCl gim s oxi ha. Khi ta

c nguyn t gim s oxi ha l H xung H

.

C|c phn ng tha m~n: ( ) v{ ( ).

C|c phn ng ( ), ( ) v{ (5) th hin tnh kh ca HCl.

( ) H Cl + MnO MnCl + Cl + H

O

( ) H Cl + Fe FeCl +H

( ) H Cl + K Cr O KCl + CrCl + Cl + 7H

O

( ) 6H Cl + l lCl + H

(5) 6H Cl + KMnO KCl + MnCl + 5Cl + 8H

O

Tc phn ng C}n bng ha hc Cu 64: |p |n D

V cho dung dch xt (NaOH) vo dung dch ban u nn nng H trong dung dch gim do c s

trung ha:

H + OH H O

Khi c}n bng s chuyn dch theo chiu l{m tng nng H . Vy m{u ca dung dch s chuyn t da

cam sang v{ng ti.

Nhn xt: Vi nhng c}u hi lin quan n s thay i m{u dung dch c cha Cr O v CrO

, nhiu

bn thng hay nhm ln m{u ca hai ion n{y, tuy nhin c|c bn c th ghi nh theo mo sau: (lu :

}y ch l{ mo nh, khng phi l{ quy lut)

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

27| LOVEBOOK.VN

Ion Cr O c nguyn t Cr l{ s nhiu nn m{u ca n m hn (m{u da cam), cn ion CrO

c 1

nguyn t Cr l{ s t nn m{u nht hn (m{u v{ng).

Cu 65: |p |n C

Biu thc tnh vn tc phn ng: v = SO O .

Do khi nng ca SO tng ln ln th tc phn ng thun tng 9 ln.

Cu 66: |p |n B

Hng s cn bng K ch ph thuc v{o nhit , khi nhit thay i th l{m thay i K .

Cu 67: |p |n C

Mui NaHSO phn li: NaHSO Na + H + SO

Do khi thm mui NaHSO v{o dung dch th l{m tng nng H . Do c}n bng s chuyn dch

theo chiu l{m gim nng H l{ chiu nghch.

Cu 68: |p |n B

Khi tng |p sut ca h, cc cn bng b chuyn dch theo chiu thun l: (IV), (V) v (VI).

Ch : Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng th bao gi cn bng cng chuyn dch theo

chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut . (Trong trng hp n{y, khi tng |p sut

chung ca h, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu lm gim s mol kh)

Khi h cn bng c s mol kh hai v ca phng trnh ha hc bng nhau hoc trong h khng c cht

kh th vic tng hoc gim p sut chung khng lm cho cn bng chuyn dch.

Cu 69: |p |n D

A: Dung dch NaHCO tn ti hai c}n bng:

HCO CO

+H K = 0 ,

HCO + H O H CO + OH

K = 0 ,

V K K nn trong dung dch c OH H .

Do khi thm dung dch NaHCO th s l{m gim nng H ca dung dch ban u nn c}n bng s

chuyn dch theo chiu l{m tng nng H l{ chiu nghch.

B, C: Hai dung dch NaOH v{ CH COOK u c mi trng kim, khi cho v{o c}n bng s l{m gim nng

H nn c}n bng chuyn dch theo chiu l{m tng nng H l{ chiu nghch.

D: Dung dch NaHSO c mi trng axit, khi cho v{o c}n bng l{m tng nng H , c}n bng chuyn

dch theo chiu l{m gim nng H l{ chiu thun.

Ch : NaHCO l{ cht lng tnh; l{ mui axit nhng dung dch pH 7.

S in li. xit baz mui Cu 86: |p |n D

+ Mt s kim loi c kh nng t|c dng vi nc trong mi trng kim:

l + NaOH+ H O Na lO + H

+ Phn ng trao i to ra cht in li yu l{ H O:

NaHSO + NaOH Na SO + H O

+ Phn ng vi hidroxit lng tnh:

l(OH) +NaOH Na lO + H O

+ Vi CaCl th khng xy ra c phn ng oxi ha kh cng khng xy ra phn ng trao i ion v

khng to ra cht in li yu.

Nhn xt: }y l{ mt c}u hi d, tuy nhin c|c bn cn nm chc kin thc v phn in li cng nh iu

kin xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch.

Cu 87: |p |n B

C|c phn ng xy ra:

Ba(HCO ) + HNO Ba(NO ) + CO + H O

Ba(HCO ) + Ca(OH) BaCO +CaCO + H O

Ba(HCO ) + KHSO BaSO +K SO + CO + H O


LOVEBOOK.VN | 28

Ba(HCO ) + Na SO BaSO + NaHCO

Ch : C|c mui nh NaHSO v{ KHSO ng vai tr nh axit H SO .

Nhn xt: Ta c th loi tr c|c |p |n nh sau:

A v C: NaCl khng th phn ng vi Ba(HCO ) v khng th to th{nh cht in li yu nn khng xy ra

phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch.

D: Mg(NO ) khng th xy ra phn ng vi Ba(HCO ) v khng th to th{nh cht in li yu.

Cu 88: |p n D

C|c qu| trnh xy ra nh sau:

Na O + H O NaOH

NH Cl + NaOH NH +NaCl + H O

NaHCO + NaOH Na CO +H O

Na CO + BaCl BaCO + NaCl

Do dung dch thu c ch cha NaCl.

Nhn xt: tm ra |p |n ng, c|c bn ch cn vit y c|c phng trnh phn ng v{ cn thn

quan st.

Cu 89: |p |n C

A: {Na O + H O NaOH

l O + NaOH Na lO Ch to ra dung dch

B: Cu + FeCl FeCl + Cu Cn d Cu khng tan

C: BaCl + CuSO BaSO +CuCl C kt ta

D: {Ba + H O Ba(OH) + H

Ba(OH) + NaHCO BaCO +NaOH+ H O C kt ta

Cu 90: |p |n D

Mt s tnh cht ha hc ca dung dch HCl:

Dung dch axit HCl l{ mt axit mnh. Nhng tnh cht chung ca mt axit (l{m qu tm, t|c dng vi

baz, oxit baz, t|c dng vi mui, t|c dng vi kim loi) u th hin r nt dung dch HCl.

Trong ph}n t HCl, clo c s oxi ha . }y l{ trng th|i oxi ha thp nht ca clo. Do , HCl ( th kh

v{ trong dung dch) cn th hin tnh kh khi t|c dng vi cht oxi ha mnh.

Mg(HCO ) + HCl MgCl + CO + H O ( )

HCOONa + HCl NaCl + HCOOH ( )

CuO + HCl CuCl + H O ( )

Phn ng ( ) v{ ( ) th hin tnh axit ca HCl: xit mnh hn t|c dng vi mui ca axit yu hn to

th{nh mui ca axit mnh hn v{ axit yu hn.

Phn ng ( ) th hin tnh axit ca HCl: xit t|c dng vi baz.

: Loi KNO .

B: Loi BaSO .

C: Loi CuS.

Ch : HCl trong dung dch va l{ cht oxi ha (th hin s gim s oxi ha ca H, in hnh l{ phn

ng ca dung dch HCl vi c|c kim loi ng trc H trong d~y hot ng ha hc ca kim loi) va l{

cht kh (ca clo khi t|c dng vi c|c cht oxi ha mnh):

Fe + H

Cl Fe

Cl + H

K Cr

O + HCl

KCl + Cr Cl + Cl

+ 7H O

Vi nhng kim loi c nhiu s oxi ha trong hp cht nh Fe, Cr,... khi t|c dng vi dung dch HCl hoc

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

29| LOVEBOOK.VN

H SO th to th{nh mui c s oxi ha thp ca kim loi.

Phi kim v{ c|c vn lin quan Cu 141: |p |n B

Mt s tnh cht ha hc quan trng ca clo:

+ Clo oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi. Phn ng xy ra vi tc nhanh, ta nhiu nhit:

Fe + Cl FeCl

+ T|c dng vi hidro: nhit thng v{ trong bng ti, clo oxi ha chm hidro. Nhng nu c

chiu s|ng mnh hoc h nng, phn ng xy ra nhanh. Nu t l mol H : Cl = : th hn hp s n

mnh:

H + Cl HCl

+ Khi tan v{o nc, mt phn clo t|c dng chm vi nc theo phn ng thun nghch:

Cl + H O HCl + HClO

Vi dung dch kim, clo phn ng d d{ng hn to th{nh dung dch mui ca c|c axit HCl v{ HClO:

Cl + NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H O

Trong c|c phn ng trn, nguyn t clo va l{ cht oxi ha, va l{ cht kh. l{ nhng phn ng t oxi

ha kh.

+ Clo khng oxi ha c ion F trong c|c mui florua nhng oxi ha d d{ng ion Br trong dung dch

mui bromua v{ ion I trong dung dch mui iotua:

Cl + NaBr NaCl + Br

Cl + NaI NaCl + I

iu n{y chng minh trong nhm halogen, tnh oxi ha ca clo mnh hn brom v{ iot.

+ T|c dng vi c|c cht kh kh|c: Clo oxi ha c nhiu cht:

NH + Cl

N + 6HCl

CH + Cl CH Cl + HCl ( )

H S + Cl S+ HCl ( )

Chn |p |n:

A: Loi CuO v gNO .

C: Loi ZnO, Na SO v CaO.

D: Loi O v{ N .

Ch : Phn ng ( ) th hin phn ng th (clo ha) ca c|c ankan.

Phn ng ( ): Nu Cl phn ng vi H S trong dung dch th ta c phng trnh phn ng:

Cl + H S + H O 8HCl + H SO

Nhn xt: }y khng phi l{ mt c}u hi kh, mc ch chnh ch l{ gip c|c bn nh li c|c tnh cht ha

hc ca clo, vi nhng dng c}u hi nh vy, c|ch l{m l{ quan s|t c|c |p |n v{ loi c|c cht khng tha

m~n c|c |p |n tm ra |p |n ng.

Cu 142: |p |n D

Phng trnh phn ng xy ra nh sau:

NH NO

N + H O

Vy kh X l{ N .

Nhn xt: C}u hi n{y kh| d, mc ch chnh l{ kim tra kin thc ca c|c bn phn nit, tuy nhin

nhiu bn nh khng chc d nhm ln vi phn ng iu ch N O:

NH NO

N O+ H O

Cu 143: |p |n A

Cc tnh cht ha hc ca SO :

+ SO l{ oxit axit nn d t|c dng vi dung dch kim.


LOVEBOOK.VN | 30

+ Khi tham gian phn ng oxi ha kh: V s oxi ha ca lu hunh trong SO l{ + , }y l{ s oxi ha

trung gian nn SO va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh.

C|c phng trnh phn ng ca |p |n :

Br + SO + H O H SO + HBr

Cl + SO + H O H SO + HCl

SO + O SO

Ca(OH) + SO CaSO + H O hoc Ca(OH) + SO Ca(HSO )

Na SO + SO + H O NaHSO

5SO + KMnO + H O K SO + MnSO + H SO

K O+ SO K SO

B: Loi Cu(OH) , K SO , NaCl v BaCl .

C: Loi H , Na SO v{ KBr.

D: Loi H SO , NaCl v K SO .

Cu 144: |p |n B

NaNO ( ) +H SO ( )

HNO + NaHSO

Hi axit HNO tho|t ra c dn v{o bnh, c l{m lnh v{ ngng t . Phng ph|p n{y ch c

dng iu ch mt lng nh axit HNO bc khi.

Ch : Vi |p |n C ta c phng ph|p iu ch HNO trong cng nghip. Qu| trnh sn xut gm ba

giai on:

+) Oxi ha kh amoniac bng oxi khng kh nhit 850 - 900, c mt cht xc t|c Pt:

NH + 5O , NO+ 6H O; H = 907 kJ

Phn ng n{y ta nhit v{ xy ra gn nh ho{n to{n.

+) Oxi ha NO thnh NO . Hn hp cha NO c l{m ngui v{ cho ha hp vi oxi khng kh to th{nh

kh NO :

NO+ O NO

+) Chuyn ha NO th{nh HNO . Cho hn hp NO va to th{nh v{ O t|c dng vi nc, s thu c

dung dch HNO :

NO + H O+ O HNO

Dung dch HNO thu c thng c nng t 5 % n 68%. c dung dch HNO nng cao hn

68%, ngi ta chng ct dung dch HNO n{y vi H SO m c trong c|c thit b c bit.

Kim loi D~y in ha v{ c|c vn lin quan Cu 190: |p |n B

Kim loi tha mn l kim loi phn ng ng thi vi c Cl v{ HCl, trong trong c|c sn phm thu

c th kim loi c cng s oxi ha.

Axit HCl v H SO ch phn ng vi c|c kim loi ng trc H trong d~y hot ng ha hc ca kim loi.

Chn |p |n:

A: Fe + Cl

FeCl v{ Fe + HCl FeCl + H .

C v{ D: Cu v{ g khng phn ng vi HCl v ng sau H trong d~y hot ng ha hc ca kim loi.

Cu 191: |p |n D

Cc phn ng xy ra:

Cu + FeCl CuCl + FeCl

Cu + 8HNO Cu(NO ) + NO + H O

Cu + 8HCl + NaNO CuCl + NaCl + NO+ H O

Cp oxi ha kh Cu Cu ng sau cp c|c cp oxi ha kh Fe Fe v H H trong d~y in ha

nn Cu khng phn ng c vi dung dch FeCl v H SO long.

Nhn xt: Cu hi ny kh d, ngoi cch lm ln lt nh trn, c|c bn cn c th quan s|t c|c |p |n v{

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

31| LOVEBOOK.VN

tm ra |p |n ng nh sau:

C|c |p |n , B v{ C u xut hin cht th ( ) cn |p |n D th khng, ta nhn thy Cu khng tc dng

c vi cht th (3) l H SO lo~ng v dung dch axit H SO lo~ng ch t|c dng c vi c|c kim loi

ng trc H trong d~y hot ng ha hc ca kim loi.

Vy |p |n ng l{ D.

Cu 192: |p |n D

C|c phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi nung hn hp trn:

Fe(NO )

Fe O + NO +

O

Fe(OH)

Fe O + H O

FeCO +

O

Fe O + CO

Do cht rn thu c l{ Fe O . Tuy nhin, trong trng hp c|c bn khng vit c c|c phng

trnh phn ng th c th quan s|t c|c |p |n v{ nhn thy nh sau:

C|c |p |n a ra gm Fe v{ c|c oxit ca st, v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i v{

khng kh cha O nn sn phm cui cng ch c th l{ Fe O . (Nu l{ c|c sn phm kh|c th cng s c

phn ng vi oxi to th{nh Fe O :

Fe +

O

Fe O

FeO +

O

Fe O

Fe O +

O

Fe O )

Cu 195: |p |n A

Cc kim loi ng sau Al trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi c th iu ch bng phng ph|p

in phn dung dch mui ca chng.

Cc kim loi kim v kim th c th iu ch bng c|ch in phn nng chy mui clorua hoc hidroxit.

Kim loi l c iu ch bng c|ch in phn nng chy l O .

B: Loi Mg.

C: Loi Al.

D: Loi Ba.

Nhn bit T|ch cht Cu 266: |p |n A

Cc hin tng quan st v nhn bit:

+ Dung dch khng ha tan c Cu l HCl.

+ Dung dch ha tan Cu v gii phng kh mi hc l H SO c ngui.

Cu + H SO CuSO + SO + H O

+ Dung dch ha tan Cu v{ gii phng kh m{u n}u l{ HNO c ngui.

Cu + HNO Cu(NO ) + NO + H O

Ch : l, Cr v{ Fe th ng ha trong dung dch HNO c ngui v{ H SO c ngui nn khng tan

c trong hai dung dch axit n{y.

Nhn xt: C}u hi nhn bit n{y tng i d, khi nhn v{o c|c |p |n ta nhn thy loi ngay CuO v CuO

l oxit baz trong s oxi ha ~ t gi| tr cc i nn khi ha tan v{o c|c dung dch axit mnh nh

trn u thu c hin tng nh nhau: CuO tan v{ to dung dch m{u xanh lam.

Hai kim loi l v{ Fe b loi vi l do nh trn.

Cu 267: |p |n D

Cc hin tng v nhn bit:

+) Dung dch khng ha tan c BaCO l KOH.


LOVEBOOK.VN | 32

+) Dung dch ha tan c BaCO v{ gii phng kh khng m{u l{ HCl:

BaCO + HCl BaCl + CO +H O

+) Dung dch ha tan c BaCO , gii phng kh khng m{u ng thi xut hin kt ta trng khng

tan trong mu th d l{ dung dch H SO :

BaCO + H SO BaSO +CO +H O

Nhn xt: Loi tr c|c |p |n:

: S dng qu tm ta ch nhn bit c KOH do l{m qu tm ha xanh, hai mu th cn li l{ HCl v{

H SO lo~ng u l{m qu tm ha .

B: S dng Zn l{m thuc th th tt c c|c hin tng quan s|t c u l{: Zn tan trong mu th to

dung dch trong sut v{ gii phng kh khng m{u:

Zn + KOH K ZnO + H ( )

Zn + HCl ZnCl + H

Zn + H SO ZnSO + H

C|c phng trnh trn khng chng minh rng Zn l{ cht lng tnh, Zn l{ mt kim loi c kh nng

phn ng vi nc trong mi trng kim (phn ng ( )).

C: S dng l th c|c hin tng quan s|t c cng u l{ l tan trong c|c mu th to th{nh dung dch

trong sut v{ gii phng kh khng m{u:

l + KOH + H O K lO +

H

l + HCl lCl +

H

l + H SO l (SO ) + H

Tng hp v c Cu 302: |p |n C

C|c phng trnh ha hc vit ng l{ ( ), ( ), ( ), (7) v{ (8).

( ) Khng xy ra phn ng.

(5) Khi cho F v{o dung dch lp tc xy ra phn ng:

F + H O HF +

O

(6): Mui gF l{ mui tan nn khng xy ra phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch.

Ch : Vi phng trnh phn ng ( ) nhiu bn khng cho rng xy ra phn ng, tuy nhin, do Br c

}m in nh hn v{ c tnh kh ln hn clo nn ~ xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh, trong s oxi ha

ca clo gim t 0 xung v{ s oxi ha ca brom tng t 0 nn +5.

Khi , vi c}u hi l thuyt yu cu nu hin tng phn ng khi: Cho kh clo t t n d qua dung

dch NaBr th hin tng quan s|t c l{ g th hin tng ng l{:

+ u tin: Dung dch t khng m{u dn chuyn sang m{u v{ng (hoc da cam):

Cl + NaBr NaCl + Br

M{u ca brom nguyn cht l{ n}u nhng khi c cho v{o nc to th{nh dung dch, ty nng

dung dch ln hay nh m{ ta c m{u n}u s m nht kh|c nhau.

+ Sau m{u ca dung dch nht dn do c phn ng:

Br + 5Cl + 6H O HBrO + 0HCl

Cu 303: |p |n C

Cc th nghim xy ra phn ng ha hc: (I), (II), (III).

Fe + H SO FeSO +H

SO + H O + Br H SO + HBr

CO + NaClO + H O NaHCO + Cl +

O

BIN SON: GSTT GROUP

33| LOVEBOOK.VN

Hu c

Hidrocacbon

Cu 1: |p |n D

Trc ht, vi cu hi ny, chng ta cn c c cng thc cu to ca cht t tn gi ca n:

Metan: CH propan: CH CH CH

isobutan: CH CH(CH )CH 2,2- imetyl propan: CH C(CH ) CH

2,3- imetylpentan: CH CH(CH )CH(CH )CH CH .

Phn ng th monoclo ca ankan, tc l phn ng th mt (mono) nguyn t clo vo phn t

ankan. Do , s sn phm th c th c to ra tng ng vi s v tr c th thay th H bng

Cl, hay chnh l s gc ankyl c th to thnh (xem gii thch k hn di).

Cc sn phm th monoclo c th to thnh l:

Metan: CH Cl, 1 sn phm.

Propan: CH ClCH CH , CH CHClCH , 2 sn phm.

Isobutan: CH ClCH(CH )CH , CH C(Cl)(CH )CH , 2 sn phm.

2,2- imetyl propan: CH ClC(CH ) CH , 1 sn phm.

2,3- imetyl pentan: CH ClCH(CH )CH(CH )CH CH

CH C(Cl)(CH )CH(CH )CH CH CH CH(CH )C(Cl)(CH )CH CH

CH CH(CH )CH(CH Cl)CH CH CH CH(CH )CH(CH )CH(Cl)CH

CH CH(CH )CH(CH )CH CH Cl, 6 sn phm.

T c |p |n l{ cht (metan v 2,2- imetyl propan).

Ch :

Dng cu hi n{y, cng nh c|c dng cu hi nh: x|c nh s ng ph}n ancol, anehit, axit

cacboxylic u c chung bn cht l{ m c s gc ankyl ca cht n{o . Gc ankyl l gc

c to thnh khi ankan b mt i mt nguyn t H, v v tr ny trng, cn kt hp vi cc

nguyn t hay nhm nguyn t kh|c to thnh phn t hon chnh. Chng hn nh CH to

ra 1 gc ankyl l .

V d, c 4 cu hi vit ng ph}n nh sau: X|c nh s ng phn ca C H Cl, C H OH,

C H COOH, C H CHO, thc cht ta cn x|c nh xem gc ankyl C H c bao nhiu ng phn.

Ti sao vy? Hy ch rng, cc thnh phn to ra s khc bit gia 4 cht trn l Cl, OH,

COOH, CHO, v{ im chung l{ chng u gn vo v tr lin kt ang b trng ca gc ankyl.

C bao nhiu dng phn ankyl th c by nhiu v tr trng khc nhau, v mi v tr trng y khi

gn vi cc gc s to nn c|c ng ph}n tng ng.

C th, c 4 gc ankyl C H . Vic cn li l gn cc

gc Cl, OH v{o c|c v tr trng, ta s thu c c|c ng ph}n tng ng. Do , kt qu u

l 4.

Qua v d trn, c th rt ra cch lm chung cho cc bi ton vit ng phn c mt nhm th,

nhm chc nh sau:

1. Tch ring cc nhm th nhm chc v x l trn gc hidrocacbon cn li. (v d tch ring

C H v CHO)

. X|c nh s ng phn c th to ra t gc hidrocacbon y (v d C H c ng phn).


LOVEBOOK.VN | 34

S ng phn trn chnh l kt qu phi tm.

Lu , khi vit ng phn th tt nht ch vit mch C (nh v d), v b qua cc nguyn t H

tr|n

ban thao chinh thuc.thuvienvatly.com.2ced1.39397

Documents