bacterial meningitis 4

8/9/2019 Bacterial Meningitis 4

1/5

^zkk`q|

_dl~}jq C+R) _`zi Q) F`~}jha`zjq ^) Fejmji Z(

Nekpiln`}leh~ `hm }qj`}kjh} ed a`n}jqlì kjhlh+

bl}l~( ^ncrjlw @qnc Hjzqei _~|ncl`}q 1??>60:=7

04(

]cj pqebhe~l~ ed a`n}jqlì #pzqzijh}, kjhlhbl}l~

mjpjhm~ eh j`qi| ml`bhe~l~ `hm pqekp} lhl}l`}lehed `h}lale}ln }cjq`p|( Cerjtjq) mj~pl}j }cj lk+

pqetjkjh} ed h}lklnqealì }cjq`p| mzqlhb }cj i`~}

mjn`mj~) keq}ìl}| q`}j `hm ~jzji`j mzj }e a`n+

}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ qjk`lh zh`nnjp}ài| clbc( Deq

js`kpij) }cj keq} il}| q`}j ed kjhlhbl}l~ mzj }e

^}qjp}enennz~ phjzkehl`j) }cj eqb`hl~k ke~}

ed}jh qj~peh~laij deq a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ lh mzi}~)

c`~ qjk`lhjm qji`}ltji| zhnc`hbjm mzqlhb }cj

i`~} mjn`mj~ hm l~ ~}lii ~ clbc ~ 1?>?*( ]cj zh+

d`tezqàij nezq~j~ ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ `qj

ed}jh mzj }e lh}q`nq`hlì nekpiln`}leh~ lhnizmlhbaq`lh ejmjk ) njqjaqet`~nzi`q `q}jql i eq tjhez~

lhteitjkjh}) `hm c|mqenjpcìz~( ]cj~j nekpiln`+

}leh~ z~zìi| ij`m }e `h lhnqj`~jm lh}q`nq`hlì

pqj~~zqj( _`}ljh}~ rl}c a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ k`|

qjzlqj `mgzhn}ltj }cjq`p| lhnizmlhb `mklhl~}q`+

}leh ed c|pjqe~kei`q `bjh}~) c|pjqtjh}li`}leh eq

tjh}qlnzi`q mq`lh`bj( @h}lne`bzi`}leh rl}c me~j+

`mgz~}jm lh}q`tjhez~ cjp`qlh ~cezim aj neh~lmjqjm

lh p`}ljh}~ rl}c kjhlhbl}l~+`~~enl`}jm ~jp}ln tj+

hez~ ~lhz~ }cqekae~l~ pqetjh a| KQL) KQ hble+

bq`pc| eq njqjaqì `hblebq`pc|(

Qjnjh}i|) ` pqe~pjn}ltj) q`hmekl~jm) kzi}lnjh+}qj) mezaij+ailhm }qlì #pjqdeqkjm a| mj B`h~

`hm t`h mj Ajjf, lh `mzi}~ rl}c `nz}j a`n}jqlì

kjhlhbl}l~ ~cerjm ` ajhjdlnlì jddjn} ed mjs`+

kj}c`~ehj #0? kb r`~ `mklhl~}jqjm 0: }e 1?

klhz}j~ ajdeqj eq rl}c }cj dlq~} me~j ed `h}lale}ln

`hm r`~ bltjh jtjq| 4 cezq~ deq = m`|~, nekp`qjm

rl}c pi`njae( ]qj`}kjh} rl}c mjs`kj}c`~ehj r`~

`~~enl`}jm rl}c ` ~lbhldln`h} qjmzn}leh lh }cj ql~f

ed `h zhd`tezqàij ez}nekj) `hm ` ~lbhldln`h}

qjmzn}leh lh keq}ìl}|( @kehb }cj p`}ljh}~ rl}c

phjzkenennì kjhlhbl}l~) 0=* ed }cj mjs`kj}c`+

~ehj bqezp mljm) `~ nekp`qjm rl}c >=* ed }cj

pi`njae bqezp(B`~}qelh}j~}lhì aijjmlhb ennzqqjm

lh 1 p`}ljh}~ ed }cj mjs`kj}c`~ehj bqezp `hm lh: p`}ljh}~ ed }cj pi`njae bqezp( A`~jm eh }cj~j

m`}` }cj z~j ed mjs`kj}c`~ehj l~ qjnekkjhmjm lh

`mzi} p`}ljh}~ rl}c ~z~pjn}jm a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~)

l(j( lh p`}ljh}~ rl}c nilhlnì ~z~plnleh piz~ niezm|

njqjaqe~plhì dizlm) mj}jn}leh ed a`n}jql` lh

}cj njqjaqe~plhì dizlm #N^D, a| klnqe~nep| ed

` Bq`k~ ~}`lhjm ~kj`q eq ` N^D njii nezh} ed

keqj }c`h 0??? njii~%i(

Fj|reqm~7a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~6 mjs`kj}c`~ehj6

phjzkenennì kjhlhbl}l~6 aq`lh ejmjk`

Nilhlnì ~pjn}~ ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~

]cj ~pjn}qzk ed kjhlhbjì klnqeeqb`hl~k~ n`z~+

lhb a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ l~ k`lhi| mjpjhmjh} eh

}cj `bj ed }cj p`}ljh}) pqjml~pe~lhb d`n}eq~ `hm

zhmjqi|lhb ml~j`~j~( ]cj ke~} nekkeh `j}leie+

blnì `bjh}~ ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ lh `mzi}~ `hm

nclimqjh `qj Hjl~~jql` kjhlhbl}lml~ `hm ^}qjp}e+

nennz~ phjzkehl`j(Il~}jql` kehen|}ebjhj~ l~ ~jjh

j~pjnlìi| lh hjeh`}j~) }cj jimjqi| `hm lkkzhe+

nekpqekl~jm p`}ljh}~ rl}c a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~(Bq`k+hjb`}ltj Jh}jqea`n}jql`nj`j n`z~j 0?* ed

}cj etjqìi n`~j~ ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~6 cerjtjq)

}cj| `qj }cj `j}leiebln `bjh}~ lh 4? }e 2?* ed ìi

n`~j~ ed kjhlhbl}l~ deiierlhb ` hjzqe~zqblnì pqe+

njmzqj hm qj nekkeh n`z~j ed kjhlhbl}l~ lh }cj

jimjqi| `hm `mzi}~ mjalil}`}jm a| ncqehln liihj~~(

]cj ke~} nekkeh bjh}~ n`z~lhb a`n}jqlì kjhlh+

bl}l~ lh hjraeqh~ `qj bqezp A ~}qjp}enennl #^}qjp+

}enennz~ bì`n}l`j,(

A`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ l~ nilhlnìi| nc`q`n}jql~jm

a| ~}ldd hjnf) cj`m`ncj) djtjq) pce}epceal )kì l~j) tekl}lhb) ì}jq`}leh ed neh~nlez~hj~~)

~jlwzqj~) nehdz~leh) lqql}àlil}| `hm) q`qji|) `nz}j

^ N C R J L W J Q @ Q N C L T D Q H J Z Q E I E B L J Z H M _ ^ \ N C L @ ] Q L J 0 : = ~ = % 1 ? ? >0422 Kzhlnc

j+k`li7 _dl~}jqOhjde(kjm(zhl+kzjhncjh(mj

^H^ Qjtljr


2/5

p~|nce~l~( Denì hjzqeiebln ~lbh~ #j(b() cjkl+ eq

}j}q`p`qj~l~) `}`sl ) `pc`~l`) tl~zì dljim mjdjn}~,

`qj dezhm lh ppqeslk`}ji| 0?0:* ed }cj p`}ljh}~(Nq`hlì hjqtj pì~lj~) z~zìi| ed }cj >qm) 4}c) 2}c eq

3}c nq`hlì hjqtj) `qj mj}jn}àij lh `ppqeslk }ji|

0?* ed }cj p`}ljh}~( Cj`qlhb lkp`lqkjh}) ke~}

ed}jh mzj }e pzqzijh} ià|qlh}cl}l~) l~ ` rjii+fherh

~jzji` ed `nz}j a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~(

Ml`bhe~l~ ed `nz}j a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ l~ a`~jm

eh #`, lmjh}ldln`}leh ed }cj a`n}jqlì p`}cebjh

lh }cj njqjaqe~plhì dizlm #N^D,) klnqe~nep| ed `

Bq`k~ ~}`lhjm ~kj`q eq `h}lbjh mj}jn}leh z~lhb

i`}js p`q}lnij bbiz}lh`}leh }j~}) `hm%eq #a, jijt`}+

jm N^D njii nezh} ed keqj }c`h 0??? rcl}j aieemnjii~%i hm N^D neh~l~}lhb ed keqj }c`h 4?* pei|+

keqpcehznij`q ijzfen|}j~) `h jijt`}jm }e}ì pqe+

}jlh neh}jh} #801? kb%mi, `hm ` ier N^D bizne~j

nehnjh}q`}leh #z~zìi| ` q`}le ed N^D7 aieem biz+

ne~j ed ij~~ }c`h ?(>,(

Nq`hlì N] #eq KQL, k`| lmjh}ld| ~jtjqì à+

heqkìl}lj~ lh p`}ljh}~ rl}c a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~

#}àij 0,( Njqjaqet`~nzi`q lhteitjkjh} k`| aj

mj}jn}jm a| KQL #mlddz~leh lk`blhb,) KQ `hble+

bq`pc| `hm }q`h~nq`hlì Meppijq ~ehebq`pc|

#]NM,( ]NM k`| aj z~jdzi lh ml`bhe~lhb `hm

kehl}eqlhb }cj lhteitjkjh} ed bqj`} `q}jqlj~ `}

}cj a`~j ed }cj aq lh V0[( Lh `mml}leh) KQL k`|

qjtjì ~jp}ln ~lhz~ }cqekae~l~(

Njqjaqì `hm ~|~}jkln nekpiln`}leh~ `ql~lhb

mzqlhb }cj `nz}j pc`~j ed }cj ml~j`~j `qj qj~peh+

~laij ae}c deq }cj keq}ìl}| `hm }cj iehb+}jqk

~jzji`j n`z~jm a| a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ #}àij 1,

V1[(

Njqjaqet`~nzi`q lhteitjkjh}) ae}c ed `q}jqlj~

#`q}jqll}l~) t`~e~p`~k, `hm tjlh~ #~jp}ln ~lhz~ tj+

hez~ }cqekae~l~, k`| ij`m }e lhd`qn}leh rl}c ~j+tjqj lqqjtjq~laij njqjaqì m`k`bj `hm `h lhnqj`~j

lh lh}q`nq`hlì pqj~~zqj mzj }e n|}e}esln ejmjk`

V>[( Lh `mml}leh }e ejmjk`) lhnqj`~jm lh}q`nq`hlì

aieem teizkj mzj }e ml~}zqajm njqjaqet`~nzi`q

`z}eqjbzi`}leh eq ~jp}ln tjhez~ ~lhz~ }cqekae~l~

k`| ij`m }e ildj+}cqj`}jhlhb jijt`}leh ed lh}q`+

nq`hlì pqj~~zqj rl}c }cj ql~f ed cjqhl`}leh( ]cjqj

l~ ` ql~f ed neq}lnì hjnqe~l~ rcjh njqjaqì pjqdz+

~leh pqj~~zqj #mjdlhjm `~ }cj mlddjqjhnj aj}rjjh

~|~}jkln kj`h `q}jqlì aieem pqj~~zqj `hm lh}q`+

nq`hlì pqj~~zqj, mjnqj`~j~ `~ ` qj~zi} ed lhnqj`~jmlh}q`nq`hlì pqj~~zqj `hm ~|~}jkln c|pe}jh~leh(

Lh}jq~}l}lì ejmjk` k`| ennzq mzj }e }q`h~jpjh+

m|kì ketjkjh} ed N^D dqek }cj tjh}qlnzi`q ~|~+

}jk lh}e }cj ~zqqezhmlhb aq`lh p`qjhnc|k` `~ `

neh~jzjhnj ed ea~}qzn}ltj c|mqenjpcìz~(

K`h`bjkjh} ed `h `mzi} p`}ljh} rl}c a`n}jqlì

kjhlhbl}l~

Lh p`}ljh}~ rl}c nilhlnì ~lbh~ `hm ~|kp}ek~ ~zb+

bj~}lhb `nz}j a`n}jql i kjhlhbl}l~) ` izka`q pzhn+}zqj ~cezim aj pjqdeqkjm lkkjml`}ji| `d}jq }cj

lhl}lì nilhlnì js`klh`}leh( @d}jq mq`rlhb ~lhbij

aieem nzi}zqj) `h}lale}ln }cjq`p| l~ lkkjml`}ji|

~}`q}jm #mjs`kj}c`~ehj }qj`}kjh} ~jj ajier,( Lh

p`}ljh}~ rce qj zhneh~nlez~ hm c`tj denì hjzqe+

iebln mjdlnl}~ #j(b( cjklp`qj~l~,) ` N] ~n`h ~cezim

aj pjqdeqkjm pqleq }e izka`q pzhn}zqj( ]cj~j

p`}ljh}~ qjnjltj `h lhl}lì `h}lale}ln me~j lkkjml+

`}ji| `d}jq mq`rlhb ` ~lhbij aieem nzi}zqj) pqleq

}e `h| e}cjq ml`bhe~}ln pqenjmzqj( @d}jqr`qm~

N] ~n`hhlhb `hm N^D js`klh`}leh ~cezim ajpjqdeqkjm `~ ~eeh `~ pe~~laij( Neh}q`lhmln`}leh~

}e izka`q pzhn}zqj `qj nilhlnì ~lbh~ ed njqjaqì

^ N C R J L W J Q @ Q N C L T D Q H J Z Q E I E B L J Z H M _ ^ \ N C L @ ] Q L J 0 : = ~ = % 1 ? ? >02?

]àij 0 _e~~laij dlhmlhb~ eh N] #eq KQL, lh p`}ljh}~ rl}c a`n}jqlì

kjhlhbl}l~(

N] #eq KQL, dlhmlhb~

aq`lh ejmjk`

c|mqenjpcìz~

aq`lh lhd`qn}leh

~lbh~ ed tjhez~ ~lhz~ }cqekae~l~

p`q`kjhlhbjì lhdjn}lez~ denl #aehj rlhmer }jnchlzj,)

j(b( ~lhz~l}l~) k`~}elml}l~

lh}q`nq`hlì dqjj `lq mzj }e ` mzqì ij`f

kjhlhbjì hm tjh}qlnzi`q jpjhm|kì jhc`hnjkjh}

a`~ì pzqzijh} jszm`}j

aq`lh a~nj~~ eq ~zamzqì jkp|jk` #ij`mlhb ~jnehm`qli|

}e a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~,

]àij 1 Njqjaqì nekpiln`}leh~ lh mzi}~ rl}c a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~(

nekpiln`}leh dqjzjhn|

aq`lh ejmjk` rl}c }cj ql~f ed cjqhl`}leh 0?0:*

njqjaqet`~nzi`q lhteitjkjh} 0:1?*

njqjaqì `q}jqlì nekpiln`}leh~7 `q}jqll}l~)

t`~e~p`~k) denì neq }lnì c|pjqpjqdz~leh)

ml~}zqajm njqjaqì z}eqjbzi`}leh

~jp}ln ~lhz~ }cqekae~l~ #lh p`q} lnzi`q

ed }cj ~zpjqleq ~`bl}}ì ~lhz~, `hm neq}lnì

tjhez~ }cqekae~l~

c|mqenjpcìz~ 0?0:*

tj~}lazienencij`q lhteitjkjh} 0?1?*

#cj`qlhb lkp`lqkjh}) tj~}laziep }c|,

nq`hlì hjqtj pì~lj~ n` 0?*

njqjaql}l~ 90?*

~}jqlij ~zamzqì jddz~leh` n` 1*

q`qji| ~ neh~jzjhnj ed kjhlhbl}l~7

aq`lh à~nj~~) ~zamzqì jkp|jk`

` j~pjnlìi| lh lhd`h}~


3/5

cjqhl }leh #j(b( zhneh~nlez~hj~~) ` zhli }jqìi|mli`}jm `hm zhqj`n}ltj pzpli) mjnjqjaq`}j ketj+

kjh}~, eq ` denì k`~~ ij~leh #j(b( i`qbj) ~p`nj+

ennzp|lhb aq`lh à~nj~~, eh N](]cj pqj~jhnj ed `

p`q`kjhlhbjì lhdjn}lez~ denz~ ~znc `~ ~lhz~l}l~

eq k`~}elml}l~ ~cezim ì~e aj lhtj~}lb`}jm a| N])

lhnizmlhb }cj aehj rlhmer }jnchlzj #~jj }àij 0,(

Lh `mml}leh) nilhlnì js`klh`}leh a| `h e}ei`q|h+

beiebl~} ~cezim aj pjqdeqkjm( Ld ` p`q`kjhlhbjì

denz~ #j(b( e}l}l~) k`~}elml}l~) ~lhz~l}l~, l~ lmjh}ldljm

`~ pe~~laij eqlblh ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~)mq`lh`bj

l~ qjzlqjm ~ ~eeh ~ pe~~laij(Ld h}lale}ln }cjq`p|c`~ }e aj ~}`q}jm rl}cez} klnqealeiebln nehdlq+

k`}leh) jkplqln }cjq`p| l~ lhl}l`}jm zhmjq neh+

~lmjq`}leh ed }cj p`}ljh}~ bj)pqjml~pe~lhb d`n}eq~)

zhmjqi|lhb ml~j`~j~ `hm }cj ke~} pqeaàij kj+

hlhbjì p`}cebjh~ #}àij >,( Lkpeq} h}i|) }cj ~jh+

~l}ltl}| ed }cj n`z~`}ltj p`}cebjh `b`lh~} }cj `h}l+

ale}ln qjblkjh `mklhl~}jqjm kz~} aj nehdlqkjm a|

lh tl}qe }j~}lhb `hm `h}lale}ln netjq`bj kz~} aj

`mgz~}jm }e }cj ~jh~l}ltl}| qj~zi}~(

_`}ljh}~ rl}c nilhlnìi| ~z~pjn}jm kjhlhbenen+

nì kjhlhbl}l~ #j(b( pj}jnclì q`~c) bq`k+hjb }ltj

mlpienennl eh Bq`k~ ~}`lhjm ~kj`q ed }cj N^D,c`tj }e aj l~ei`}jm deq }cj dlq~} 1= cezq~ `d}jq

lhl}l`}leh ed `h}lale}ln }cjq`p|(

]qj`}kjh} ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ mzj }e ^}qjp+

}enennz~ phjzkehl`j) C( lhdizjhw`j) `hm bqezp A

~}qjp}enennl z~zìi| neh~l~}~ ed lh}q`tjhez~ `mkl+

hl~}q`}leh ed `h}lale}ln~ deq 0? }e 0= m`|~( êkj

nilhlnì ea~jqt`}leh~ c`tj ~zbbj~}jm }c`} ~ceq}jq

nezq~j~ ed 2 m`|~ k`| aj `mjz`}j deq zhnek+

piln`}jm kjhlhbenennì kjhlhbl}l~( Deq `h}lale}ln

}qj`}kjh} ed kjhlhbl}l~ mzj }e I( kehen|}ebjhj~

`hm bq`k+hjb`}ltj Jh}jqea`n}jql`nj`j) ` }qj`}kjh}mzq`}leh ed > }e = rjjf~ k`| aj qjzlqjm(

@mgzhn}ltj }cjq`p|

Qjnjh}i|)` kj}`+`hì|~l~ ed 00 q`hmekl~jm nilhlnì

}qlì~ ~lhnj 0 eq = m`|~ ed

mjs`kj}c`~ehj }cjq`p|( Lh neh}q`~}) ` pqe~pjn}ltj)

q`hmekl~jm) mezaij+ailhm ~}zm| lh :?0 `mzi}~ rl}c `nz}j

a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ r`~ pjqdeqkjm V4[( Mjs`+

kj}c`~ehj #0? kb, eq pi`njae r`~ `mklhl~}jqjm

0: }e 1? klhz}j~ ajdeqj eq rl}c }cj dlq~} me~j ed`h}lale}ln `hm r`~ bltjh jtjq| 4 cezq~ deq = m`|~(

]cj pqlk`q| ez}nekj kj`~zqj r`~ }cj ~neqj eh

}cj Bi`~ber Ez}nekj ^nìj `} 3 rjjf~ #` ~neqj ed

:) lhmln`}lhb ` d`tezqàij ez}nekj) ` ~neqj ed 0 }e

=)lhmln`}lhb `h zhd`tezqàij ez}nekj,(]qj`}kjh}

rl}c mjs`kj}c`~ehj r`~ `~~enl`}jm rl}c ` ~lbhldl+

n`h} qjmzn}leh lh }cj ql~f ed `h zhd`tezqàij ez}+

nekj `hm ì~e ` ~lbhldln`h} qjmzn}leh lh keq}ìl}|(

@kehb }cj p`}ljh}~ rl}c phjzkenennì kjhlh+

bl}l~) }cjqj rjqj zhd`tezqàij ez}nekj~ lh 14*

ed }cj mjs`kj}c`~ehj bqezp) `~ nekp`qjm rl}c:1* ed }cj pi`njae bqezp( B`~}qelh}j~}lhì aijjm+

lhb ennzqqjm lh 1 p`}ljh}~ ed }cj mjs`kj}c`~ehj

^ N C R J L W J Q @ Q N C L T D Q H J Z Q E I E B L J Z H M _ ^ \ N C L @ ] Q L J 0 : = ~ = % 1 ? ? >020

]àij > Lhl}lì jkplqln h}lale}ln }cjq`p| ed a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~ ed mzi}~(

nilhlnì ~j}}lhb }|plnì p`}cebjh qjnekkjhmjm h}lale}ln~

cjì}c|) lkkzhenekpj}jh}) ^( phjzkehl`j) H( kjhlhbl}lml~) >qm bjhjq`}leh njpcìe~peqlh`

nekkzhl}|+`nzlqjm I( kehen|}ebjhj~ piz~ `kplnliilha

he~eneklì #j(b( pe~}hjzqe~zqbjq| bq`k+hjb`}ltjJh}jqea`n}jql`nj`j) njd}`wlmlkj #eq kjqepjhjk,

eq pe~}}q`zk`}ln aq`lh lhgzq|, _( `jqzblhe~`) ~}`pc|ienennl piz~ t`hnek|nlhn

tjh}qlnzil}l~) ~czh}+lhdjn}leh ^}`pc( jplmjqklml~) }`pc( zqjz~) njd}`wlmlkj #eq kjqepjhjk,

bq`k+hjb`}ltj Jh}jqea`n}jql`nj`j) piz~ t`hnek|nlhn

_( `jqzblhe~`

lkkzhenekpqekl~jm eq eimjq p`}ljh}~ I( kehen|}ebjhj~) bq`k+hjb`}ltj >qm bjhjq`}leh njpcìe~peqlh piz~

#lkp`lqjm njiizi`q lkkzhl}|, Jh}jqea`n}jql`nj`j) _( `jqzblhe~`) `kplnliilh

phjzkenennl

` j(b( njd}ql`sehj emjq njde}`slkja Lh ~ekj qj`~ lhnqj`~lhb qj~l~}`hnj q`}j~ ed phjzkenennl b`lh~} pjhlnliilh c`tj ajjh qjpeq }jm lh }cj i`~} |j`q~)

lh p`q} lnzi`q lh Czhb`q|) ^p`lh) @z~}qìl`) êz}c+@dqln` `hm lh ~ekj `qj`~ ed }cj Z^( ]cj lhl}lì }qj`}kjh} lh }cj~j `qj`~

neh~l~}~ ed njd}ql`sehj piz~ t`hnek|nlh eq njd}ql`sehj piz~ qld`kplnlh(n @i}jqh`}ltj h}lale}ln~7 ilhjweilmj) de~dek|nlh) qld`kplnlh #`nneqmlhb }e ~z~njp}lalil}| }j~}~,(


4/5

bqezp hm lh : p`}ljh}~ ed }cj pi`njae bqezp(A`~jm

eh }cj~j m`}` }cj z~j ed mjs`kj}c`~ehj l~ qjnek+

kjhmjm lh `mzi} p`}ljh}~ rl}c ~z~pjn}jm a`n}jqlì

kjhlhbl}l~ #j(b( nilhlnì ~z~plnleh piz~ niezm| njqj+

aqe~plhì dizlm) mj}jn}leh ed a`n}jql` lh }cj njqj+

aqe~plhì dizlm a| klnqe~nep| ed ` Bq`k~ ~}`lhjm

~kj`q eq ` N^D njii nezh} ed keqj }c`h 0???

njii~%i,( ]cj ~zabqezp `hì|~j~ qjtjìjm }c`}mjs`kj}c`~ehj r`~ pqe}jn}ltj ehi| deq p`}ljh}~

rl}c phjzkenennì kjhlhbl}l~ az} he} deq e}cjq~)

j(b( rl}c kjhlhbenenn i ml~j`~j V4[( ]cj p`}ljh}~

ijtji ed neh~nlez~hj~~ klbc} aj h lkpeq}`h} bzlmj

}e mjnl~leh }e mklhl~}jq neq}lne~}jqelm~)~lhnj }cj

ajhjdlnlì jddjn} ed mjs`kj}c`~ehj r`~ ilkl}jm }e

}cj bqezp ed }cj keqj ~jtjqji| lii p`}ljh}~ #Bi`~+

ber Nek` ^neqj 901,( ]cj zj~}leh~ ed rcj}cjq

}e `mklhl~}jq `mgzhn}ltj mjs`kj}c`~ehj }e ij~~

~jtjqji| lii p`}ljh}~ eq p`}ljh}~ rce `qj ~}qehbi|

~z~pjn}jm }e ~zddjq dqek kjhlhbenennì kjhlhbl}l~

`qj lkpeq}`h}) ajn`z~j `hlkì ~}zmlj~ ed jspjql+kjh}ì kjhlhbl}l~ c`tj ~cerh }c`} `mgzt`h} mjs`+

kj}c`~ehj n`z~j~ `bbq`t`}leh ed clppen`kpì

hjzqehì pep}e~l~ hm ij`qhlhb mjdlnl}~ V2) 3[(]cl~

nehnjqh ~cezim }cjqjdeqj aj `mmqj~~jm a| hjzqe+

p~|nceieblnì }j~}lhb ed ~zqtlteq~ ed kjhlhbl}l~(

Rj me he} nzqqjh}i| fher rcj}cjq j`qi| mjs`+

kj}c`~ehj rlii aj àij }e pqjtjh} njqjaqet`~nzi`q

`q}jqlì nekpiln`}leh~(

Neq}lne~}jqelm~ `qj he} qjnekkjhmjm deq }cj

}cjq`p| ed kjhlhbl}l~ deiierlhb lhdjn}ltj jhme+

n`qml}l~ eq lh hjraeqh~ rl}c a`n}jqlì kjhlhbl}l~(Lhnqj`~jm lh}q`nq`hlì pqj~~zqj k`| aj k`h+

`bjm a| jijt`}leh ed }cj cj`m ed }cj ajm }e >?)

c|pjqtjh}li`}leh }e k`lh}`lh pNE1 nehnjh}q`}leh

aj}rjjh >1 `hm >: }eqq `hm }cj lh}q`tjhez~ `mkl+

hl~}q`}leh ed c|pjqe~kei`q bjh}~ #j(b( 1?* k`hhl+

}ei,( ^}zpeqez~ eq nek`}e~j p`}ljh}~ k`| ajhjdl}

dqek lh}q`nq`hlì pqj~~zqj kehl}eqlhb }e neh}qei

}cl~ }cjq`p| V021

]àij = Ncjkepqepc|i sl~ ed kjhlhbenennì kjhlhbl}l~(`

`h}lale}ln

`bj bqezp me~`bj

qld`kplh #Qld`,

`mzi}~ 4?? kb jtjq| 01 cezq~

deq 1 m`|~ pe

lhd`h}~ 0 keh}c 0? kb%fb jtjq| 01 cezq~

deq 1 m`|~ pe

lhd`h}~ 90 keh}c : kb%fb jtjq| 01 cezq~

deq 1 m`|~ pe

nlpqedies`nlh #Nlpqea`|,

`mzi}~ :?? kb ~ ~lhbij me~j pe

njd}ql`sehj #Qenjpclh,

`mzi}~ `hm nclimqjh 1:? kb `~ ~lhbij me~j lk #eq lt,

0: |j`q~

nclimqjh 90: |j q~ 01: kb `~ ~lhbij me~j lk #eq lt,

` Qld`kplh `hm nlpqefies`nlh ~cezim he} aj pqj~nqlajm mzqlhb

pqjbh`hn|( Dzq }cjqkeqj) }cj z~j ed nlpqedies`nlh l~ he}

qjnekkjhmjm deq nclimqjh hm `meij~njh}~ #903 |j`q~,(


5/5

Qjdjqjhnj~

0 C`qlhb C_) Q}wjq CF) Qjlhmi C) Ajqjf F) F`kpdi @)

_d`z~ijq A) j} ì( ]lkj nezq~j ed njqjaqì aieem dier

tjienl}| lh njh}qì hjqtez~ ~|~}jk lhdjn}leh~(

@qnc Hjzqei 0

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