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How are bacteria classified? Previously only based on structure & physiology (Kingdom Monera) Currently rRNA sequences used to distinguish two different kingdoms

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Page 1: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Page 2: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

BacteriaProkaryotes

Lack nucleus and membrane bound organellesEvolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion yearsExist in variety of environmentsFirst organisms

Page 3: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

How are bacteria classified?• Previously only based on structure

& physiology (Kingdom Monera)

• Currently rRNA sequences used to distinguish two different kingdoms

Page 4: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Two Kingdoms for bacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria – found in extreme environments

Kingdom Eubacteria- bacteria you come in contact with every day

Page 5: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaFound in extreme environments

Page 6: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Kingdom ArchaebacteriaMethanogens

Anaerobic (Can’t live in O2)Convert H2 and CO2 into MethaneSwamps, sewage, guts of cows, termites

Extreme Halophiles-salt loving salt beds

Thermoacidophiles-live in hot, acidic environments

Hydrothermal vents, hot springs

http://web.uvic.ca/sciweb/uvic-sci-photos.html#top

http://web.uvic.ca/sciweb/uvic-sci-photos.html

Page 7: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Kingdom Eubacteria

Three ShapesBacilliCocciSpirilla

Page 8: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

b Structure of Bacteria

Capsule Cell WallCell Membrane CytoplasmCapsulesRibosomesPiliDNAFlagella

Page 9: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Reproduction &Genetic Recombination

Reproduces by binary fission

Transformation-DNA from external environmentConjugation-Transfer of genetic info between 2 bacteria cells via the plasmidTransduction-virus carries DNA from one host bacterium to its next host

Page 10: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Useful BacteriaE. coli- lives in human intestinal tract

Aids in break down of food500-1000 different types of bacteria in your intestinal tract

Food production- Yogurt, buttermilk, sour creamStreptococcus sanfranciscusLactobacillus acidophilus

Environmental Cleanup-oil spills

Antibiotic production-Streptomycin

Page 11: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

How do bacteria make you sick?Produce exotoxins – secreted proteins - causes dehydration

Ex. Most bacterial infections

Some release endotoxins when they die as cell wall breaks down

Example typhoid fever and food poisoning

Page 12: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Bacteria and DiseasePathology is the study of disease

Necrotizing fasciitis

Staphylococcus infection

Page 13: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Antibiotics Antibiotics are drugs that combat bacteria by interfering with functions

Penicillin-interferes w/ cell wall synthesisTetracylcine-interferes with protein synthesisErythromyocine-prevents protein synthesis @ribosome

Antibiotic Resistance-increase with increased use of antibiotics

Steadily increasing since 1940’sDeveloped from some bacteria and molds, also chemically synthesized

Page 14: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Phylum Cyanobacteria Oldest bacteriaPhotosynthetic

Page 15: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Phylum Spirochetes

Spiral shapedAerobic bacteria = needs O2

Ex. Syphilis, Lyme Disease

Page 16: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Phylum Gram-Positive Bacteria

Source of some antibioticsPathogenic- Ex. Strep throat

Page 17: Bacteria Prokaryotes Lack nucleus and membrane bound organelles Evolving on Earth for last 2.5 billion years Exist in variety of environments First organisms

Phylum ProteobacteriaEscherichia coli (E. coli) Largest & Most

diverse groupSome bacteria can convert chemicals in minerals into energySome live in human intestinal tract

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