BA 4/7

Under what circumstances do you think the US should enter a war?

World War IIChapter 24-25

SSUSH19 The student will identify the origins, major developments, and the domestic impact of World War II, especially the growth of the federal

government.

a. Explain A. Philip Randolph’s proposed march on Washington, D.C., and President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s response.

b. Explain the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the internment of Japanese- Americans, German-Americans, and Italian-Americans.

c. Explain major events; include the lend-lease program, the Battle of Midway, D-Day, and the fall of Berlin.

d. Describe war mobilization, as indicated by rationing, war-time conversion, and the role of women in war industries.

e. Describe the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos and the scientific, economic, and military implications of developing the atomic bomb.

f. Compare the geographic locations of the European Theater and the Pacific Theater and the difficulties the U.S. faced in delivering weapons, food, and medical

supplies to troops.

WWII Background 1930s: books come out stating US had been

dragged into WWI by greedy bankers and arms dealers Congressional committee records large bank and

industry profits Public calls them “merchants of death”

Americans more determined than ever to avoid war Continue with isolationism

Create Neutrality Acts

Neutrality Acts

Laws passed to keep US out of future wars by banning weapon sales or loans to warring nations

1937: Japan attacks China FDR finds it impossible to remain neutral

Sends weapons and supplies to China

End of Neutrality Acts 1939: Germany, Italy, & Japan sign a defense treaty

& become the Axis Powers Treaty states Axis Powers will defend each other if

attacked

Axis Powers’ treaty designed to keep US out of WWII If US declares war on Germany, Italy, or Japan; we will

have to fight 2 ocean war

FDR offers to give Allies “all aid short of war” in an effort to defeat Axis Powers Allies: Russia, England & France (eventually US)

End of Neutrality Acts Axis powers conquer France

England barely holding on

FDR warns US if England falls, Axis powers will try for world conquest US must defeat Axis powers by becoming “the great

arsenal of democracy”

England has no money to buy war supplies

Leads to lend-lease program

Lend-lease Program

Lend-lease: US will lend or loan weapons & supplies to any country whose defense is vital to US FDR compares plan to “lending a garden hose to

a neighbor whose house was on fire”

Result: ends isolationism in US

Lend-lease buying time

Attack on Pearl Harbor

1937: Japan attacks China Trying to unite all of SE Asia under Japanese

control

Japan using US oil to fight war

1937-1941: Japan taking over Pacific islands under European control Only US islands not under Japanese control

BA 3/31

1. What is the importance of the Wagner Act?

2. What is the goal of the TVA?

3. Why were the Axis Powers created?

4. Describe the lend-lease program.

5. What was the date of the attack on Pearl Harbor?

Attack on Pearl Harbor continued

US stops trading oil with Japan to protest Japanese attacks Without oil, Japan unable to continue war

Japan working a peace treaty with US Secretly planning attack on US

November 1941: US decodes Japanese message of impending attack on US FDR warns US military in Hawaii, Guam, and the

Philippines and waits for attack

Attack on Pearl Harbor continued

December 7, 1941 (8 am): Japan attacks Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Use 6 aircraft carriers & 180 bombers

Pearl Harbor: largest US naval base in Pacific Ocean

Attack lasts for 1 ½ hours

5 Results of Pearl Harbor

1. 2,403 US soldiers killed2. 1,178 US soldiers wounded3. 21 ships sunk or damaged

Nearly the entire Pacific fleet

4. 300 planes destroyed5. US declares war on Japan

FDR: “A day that will live in infamy”

3 days later: Germany & Italy declare war on US

John Garcia at Pearl Harbor

“It was a mess. I was working on the U.S.S. Shaw. It was a floating dry dock. It was in flames. I started to go down into the pipe fitter’s shop to get my toolbox when another wave of Japanese come in. I got under a set of concrete steps at the dry dock where the battleship Pennsylvania was. An officer came by and asked me to go into the Pennsylvania and try to get the fires out. A bomb had penetrated the marine deck, and …three decks below. Under that was the magazines: ammunition, powder, shells. I said “There ain’t no way I’m gonna go down there.” It could blow up any minute. I was young and 16, not stupid.”

Attack of Pearl Harbor

War Mobilization

Once Congress declares war, US begins building war supplies

February 1942: factories converted to build war products Use Ford’s mechanical assembly lines quickly gear

US up for war Car plants changed to make tanks, planes, boats, and

military vehicles Soft-drink companies converted from filling bottles with

liquid to filling shells with explosives

Mobilization continued

US Defense Department concerned not enough men to build war supplies

Creates job opportunities for women & African Americans Unable to work on military products before WWII

Women become 1/3 of labor force (6 million) AKA: Rosie the Riveter

Operate welding torches and rivet guns as well as men Only made 60% white male’s salary

Rosie the Riveter

A. Philip Randolph African American labor leader

Wants to protest discrimination in military & businesses Troops segregated & African Americans unable to work on

war supplies General manager for North American Aviation, “Negroes will be considered only

as janitors. It is the company policy not to employ them as mechanics and aircraft workers.”

July 1941: organizes march on Washington D.C. (est. 100,000 marchers) “We loyal colored Americans demand the right to work and

fight for our country”

A. Philip Randolph continued

FDR fears march will provoke racism or violence

FDR makes a deal with Randolph: cancel the march and FDR will push equality in defense positions

Importance: FDR orders defense employers & labor unions to ban discrimination & hire African Americans Hire without discrimination of race, creed, color, or

national origin

A. PhilipRandolph

Rationing

To prepare for war, US sending all natural resources to war industries

Leads to rationing of meat, shoes, sugar, coffee, rubber, and gasoline

Rationing: coupons for fixed portions of natural resources & goods for Americans

Most Americans saw rationing as a personal contribution to the war effort

Internment 1941: 120,000 Japanese living in US

Most on west coast

After Pearl Harbor, US fears attack by Japanese Americans Rumors they are sabotaging harbors and poisoning vegetables

US sets up internment camps Internment: removal & confinement of Japanese Americans

from California, Washington, Oregon, and Arizona

Result: 110,000 Japanese rounded up & shipped to “relocation centers” Forced to sell homes, businesses, & belongings

Executive Order 9066

Manhattan Project

1939: German scientists split uranium atom Releases massive amount of energy

Albert Einstein writes letter to FDR fearing Germans will make a highly destructive weapon

FDR creates Uranium Committee to study new discovery US starts program to create atomic bomb

Manhattan Project Committee based out of Columbia University in

Manhattan, NY Codename: Manhattan Project

More than 600,000 Americans involved in project around US Biggest laboratory in Los Alamos, NM

Los Alamos: secret research facility designed to develop first nuclear weapons Will coordinate research from other universities around US

Los Alamos creates atomic bombs that destroy Hiroshima & Nagasaki, Japan

First Nuclear Test in NM Desert

European Theater

European Theater: WWII battle in Europe against Germany & Italy

Start of US attack in WWII Made deal with Winston Churchill to help defeat

NazisBelieve Nazis are more of a threat than Japanese

Winston Churchill: British Prime Minister

Hitler starts Battle of the Atlantic

D-Day

Allies plan to invade France & push Nazis out of Western Europe

Leads to Operation Overlord led by US General Dwight Eisenhower

3 million British, American, & Canadian troops plan to attack Normandy Normandy: Northern France

June 6, 1944: D-Day First day of Allied invasion

Ike with Paratroopers before D-Day

D-Day continued

Midnight: 3 divisions parachute behind German lines Division: 10,000-30,000 soldiers

D-Day: largest land-sea-air operation in army history

Allies take heavy casualties

D-Day continued

After 7 days of fighting, Allies hold small part of France Within 1 month: 1,000,000 Allied troops pushing

through France

Importance: begins Germany’s downfall in WWII

US Survivors from sunken transport ship

Canadians at Juno Beach

UK troops at sword beach

US finds Panzer tank and dead German

June 6, 1944

Fall of Berlin

1944: US & Russians forcing Nazi retreat into Germany Soviet Union under rule of Joseph Stalin

April 1945: Soviet army storms Berlin Berlin: capital of Germany

City and Hitler panic

After 5 days of Soviet bombings, Hitler commits suicide April 29: Marries girlfriend Eva Braun

Shoots himself and Eva swallows poison

Churchill (UK), FDR, Stalin (USSR)

Hitler and Eva Braun

Fall of Berlin continued

Importance: 1 week later, Allies accept Germany’s unconditional surrender ending war in European Theater

May 8, 1945: Allies celebrate V-E Day Victory in Europe Day

Streets of Berlin

Anti-Aircraft Bunker

Soviet Rocket Launchers

Soviet Flag over Reichstag

Pacific Theater

US fighting in Europe & SE Asia at same time

Small amounts of US troops originally sent to Asia

Pacific Theater turns into grueling war of island hopping Massive casualties & heavy fighting on each island

Early WWII: Japan beating US & continues taking over SE Asia Conquers Philippines, Guam, Wake Island, and parts

of Alaska

Japanese territory

Battle of Midway

Midway: US island north of Hawaii used to refuel subs

Japan wants to take island & destroy US naval carriers

US cracks Japanese code & knows about attack

June 1942: US planes attack Japanese fleet Result: Japan loses 4 aircraft carriers, a cruiser, and 250

planes Japanese official: “Americans had avenged Pearl Harbor”

Importance of Midway

1. Turning point of Pacific War

2. US troops go on offensive Slowly start fighting way to Japan

US victory at Midway

1940's Aircraft Carrier In The Pacific - Rare color footage. This is 16mm color (not "colorized") footage that you may not have seen before of carrier action in the Pacific. Not many color shots in the '40's - extremely expensive then, with a complicated and exacting processing procedure

http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=9dR3h2HdnBQ

Atomic Bomb

After Battle of Midway, US slowly advancing on Japan

Brutal island to island fighting costing many US lives Ex: Battle of Iwo Jima: 6,000 Marines KIA

Estimate invasion of Japan will cost 250,000 US troops and 125,000 UK troops

Dropping Atomic Bomb

July 16, 1945: first atomic bomb test Successfully dropped in New Mexico desert

New President, Harry Truman hears news Unaware of Manhattan Project

Becomes President when FDR dies weeks before V-E Day during his 4th presidential term

July 1945: Truman orders dropping of 2 atomic bombs

Dropping Atomic Bomb August 6, 1945: atomic bomb (Little Boy) dropped on

Hiroshima Hiroshima: important military center

70,000 killed, 69,000 injured, 67% of city destroyed

Japan refuses to surrender

August 9, 1945: atomic bomb (Fat Man) dropped on Nagasaki 39,000 killed, 25,000 injured, 40% of city destroyed

September 2,1945: Japan surrenders, ending WWII

End of 1945: 200,000 people dead due to injuries and radiation poisoning

Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima

Ground temp: 7,000 degrees

Hurricane force winds: 980 mph

Energy released: 20,000 tons of TNT

62,000 buildings destroyed

70,000 immediately killed

140,000 killed by 1946

The Manhattan Project

Hiroshima

14 yr old boy

Nuremberg War Trials

Part of WWII peace treaty

Places Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes from the Holocaust 24 Nazi officials tried for crimes against humanity,

peace, and war crimes

Over 200 Nazis imprisoned or executed

Importance: shows individuals are responsible for own actions during war

Impact of WWII

Leads to great prosperity for US Lends money to rebuild Europe

Becomes the world’s superpower

Huge fallout between Soviet Union & US Stalin wants land to compensate USSR for losses

Creation of Atomic Bomb will lead to nuclear arms race between US & USSR

Disagreements between US democracy & USSR communism will lead to Cold War