ayur-research avenues

Avenues for

Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://www.technoayurveda.com/

& Updates in Ayurveda

Abhijna

2012 . . . A journey towards Anweshana

on 8th

March 2012

at Govt. Ayurvedic Medical College, Bangalore

““Develop something what people want Develop something what people want and NOT What you can do.and NOT What you can do.””

Avenues for research & Updates in Ayurveda




Dedicated to the Ayurveda Scientist –Who followed “Doing Nothing” in his Life time



May be the distance obstruct my visionMay be the scene is limited to my MindMay be it is realized or not to my HeartWhat I see is the only Ayurveda . . .. . . . . through my window

An Ayurvedist perception

•

Ayurveda Research Updates are many –

but to narrate

them becomes difficult -•

As many of them are not published in any media or known to any body

•

Today we (try to) deal with Research -

Researcher –

Research Typology – Avenues –

Updates Examples

–

Future Research proposals



•

India has a vast history of Human, Animal & Plants healing techniques as –

Ayurveda,

Vrukshayurveda, Pashu

Ayurveda, Hastyayurveda, etc.

•

The healing techniques are based on fundamentals and principles -

that are derived

after a long term research and observation. •

Basement and Roots are neglected and the Beauty of Tree or Building is prized

•

In Ayurveda Siddhanta, Dravyaguna, Rasashastra, etc. are Basement departments

•

We try to open “Nut principles”

and “Products” that are kept for the validation with the present

day philosophy



Research . . . •

The research is defined as -

systematic

investigation and study of materials, sources, etc., in order to establish facts and reach conclusions or a search for knowledge.

•

Research is not just a method, it is a system of organised knowledge

•

Research is a social activity carried out by groups of competing / co-operating / communicating scientists (persons)



Research: Increasing Options in Ayurveda•

Dissolving Boundaries between Sciences !–

‘Interdisciplinary / Trans-disciplinary’

approach

•

Dept of AYUSH / CCRAS–

Require Research Officers / Project staff

•

ICMR institutes–

Requires trained in clinical research

•

CSIR: Council for Scientific and Industrial Research: www.csir.res.in–

JRF / SRF program, Project staff



http://www.csir.res.in/

Research Related Courses available for Ayur-Graduate

•

MD./MS•

Ph.D.

•

M.Sc. –

Health Sciences

–

Dietetics–

Bioinformatics

–

Clinical Research (www.icriindia.com)•

Clinical Toxicology–

Directorate of Forensic Laboratory, Mumbai

•

Short Courses in various institutes•

M.Tech

(Bio-geosciences) atTamilnadu



http://www.icriindia.com/

Teaching levels for PGs

1.

Concept & principles2.

Clinical uses

3.

Research insights 4.

Innovative ideas, Newer applications

5.

Development of technologies, products6.

Value addition to scientific knowledge

UG level

PG level



A Post-graduate is . . .

A Graduate

•

In-depth knowledge of subject•

Good clinical experience & application•

Research Methodology & Biostatistics •

Update information•

Soft skills•

Innovative approach+

= A Post-graduate



Research : Key issues

•

Methodology

is important•

Standard Design

developed as per research

question raised –

Each situation demand different methodology

•

Availability of Opportunities

in Ayur-research

Eye can see when brain knows ! Eye can see when brain knows ! --

Dr Dr AbhayAbhay

BangBang



Lacunae at Ayurveda Research• Choosing a topic and a

supervisor• Reviewing the literature• Stating the hypothesis• Project outline• Record keeping and note

making• Registering your research

project

• Research protocol• Ethical approval• Funding• Data collection• Interpretation of data• Writing the report• Presenting a paper• Writing a paper for

publication



Checklist for Success (Do I Have?)•

Impressive Background

•

Sound Language (Sanskrit, Hindi, English)

•

Communication skills•

Attitude & Experience

•

Passion / Strong desire•

Knowledge of Current Medical / Scientific Affairs

•

Knowledge of Computers



What counts as research?•

Analysis of data from a patient’s medical notes (includes use of medical notes to identify potential participants re eligibility criteria)

•

Observations•

Conducting surveys/ interviews

•

Using non-invasive imaging•

Using blood or tissue samples

•

Trials of “interventions”

(drugs, devices, surgical procedures or any other treatments / therapies)



Safeguards & Vetting•

Scientific value–

Proper research question, methodology, sample size

•

Ethical aspects–

Recruitment

–

Sample size–

Informed consent

•

Monitoring of research:–

Quality control Maintenance

–

Adherence to protocol–

Avoiding Misconduct in Research

Vetting

Monitoring



Steps in the Research Process

1. Define your research needs2. Develop a research strategy3. Conduct searches for information4. Evaluate the resources that you

find5. Incorporate and cite the

information you use

Research is a process made up of many small steps.



Defining Your Research Needs

•

Make sure that you understand your assignment.

•

The next step in the process is defining

what you need.

•

Then distinguish between different types of resources

to decide which to use.



Protocol of a clinical trial1.Definition2.Importance3.Format

(a) Title page(b) background and hypothesis(c) Study design(d) Materials and methodology(e) Data collection and handling(f) Statistical analysis(g) References(h) Summary



Researcher ResponsibilitiesThe researchers have day-to-day

responsibility for research conduct•

Need to ensure:

•

Adherence to agreed protocols•

Appropriate care of research participants (working with health care professionals)

•

Protection of the integrity and confidentiality of data

•

Reporting of adverse events or suspected misconduct



Researcher Misconduct•

Falsification, fabrication, Plagiarism (theft of data or samples)

•

Unauthorized use of privileged information

•

Abuse of authorship•

Significant failure to comply with federal, state, or University rules regarding research



Data Items in Clinical Trials Prone to Fraud

•

Eligibility criteria, Repeated measurements, Adverse events, Compliance & Subject diaries

1. Never discard original research data.2.

Missing data and outliers are very real phenomena in contemporary medical research.

3.

Have faith in the wondrously stochastic (Being or having a random

variable) and random nature of real human data, features most difficult to capture with fraud.

Care these sentences




Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.wordpress.com/

Research Misconduct- FFP•

As defined by Office of Research Integrity

•

Fabrication, Falsification, Plagiarism, or other practices that seriously deviate from those that are commonly accepted in the scientific community for proposing, conducting, or reporting research

•

Not honest error or differences in opinion


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.webs.com/

Fabrication•

Intentionally creating records that do not exist and for which there is no truth with the intent to mislead or deceive–

Interviewer completing a questionnaire for a fictitious subject that was never interviewed

–

Preparing records for follow-up calls or contacts to subjects who were really lost to follow-up

–

Creating notes for a subject visit that never took place•

Eric Poehlman, PhD -

UVM College of Medicine – fabricated data in 17 grant applications for

federal funding as well as in journal articles - Barred for life from receiving any federal funds

for research –

plead guilty to fraud –sentenced in 6/06 to a year and one day in prison (NY Times article “An Unwelcome Discovery”

-

10/22/06)



Falsification•

Alteration of data collected in the conduct of scientific investigation

•

Omission/deletion/suppression of conflicting data without scientific justification –

Back-dating interviews to fit within the timeline provided in protocol

–

Changing a subject’s age in data records by an unimportant amount to fit enrollment criteria

•

Joy Bryant and Diana Layman -

Falsified research in study by substituting their own blood for the 10-15 blood samples of child study participants as required by the protocol -

Entered into Voluntary Exclusion Agreement for 3 years



Plagiarism – “Self-plagiarism”•

Intentional use of someone else’s words, thoughts, or ideas, as though they are your own

•

Also includes “self-plagiarism”

–

author using his/her own published material in another work without citation

•

Ali Sultan, MD, PhD -From Harvard School of Public Health -

-

Plagiarized text and figures from

emails from his post-doctoral student -

-

Also falsified results of research, and fabricated parts of emails from the student to falsely implicate the student

•

For 3 years – debarred from contracting or subcontracting w/ any US Gov’t

agency



Consider…

•

Who developed the concept of the paper?•

Who conducted the actual research?

•

Who wrote and/or edited the draft?•

Who calculated the statistics?

Should these people be listed as authors?



Research Validation•

Validation / Understanding of Ayurveda Principles

•

Inventing / Discovery Newer techniques–

Computers in research

–

Pharmaceutical sciences–

Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Molecular Biology

•

Types & Designs–

Traditional and modern aspects

–

Relevance, utility and feasibility for Unani

/ Siddha

/ Homeopathy / Nature cure /Yoga research



Concerns for All Designs –

Choosing Subjects –

Target population –

Study sample –

Generalizing –

Inclusion/Exclusion •

Recruitment

•

Effect size •

Formulas

•

Software•

Data collection

•

Data cleaning •

Data analysis

•

Ethical Principles–

Measurements –

Continuous/Discrete/Categ

orical/Ordinal

–

Precision/Reproducible/Rel

iable

–

Accuracy –

Sensitivity/Specificity –

Objectivity–

Sample size/Power –

Hypothesis –

Errors (Type I, Type II)



Error Types• Type I error

– Occurs if the null hypothesis is rejected.

– False positive– The probability of making a

type I error is denoted as • Type II error

– A type II error occurs if the null hypothesis is accepted, i.e. an insignificant result is obtained, when the null hypothesis is in fact not true.

– The probability of making a type II error is denoted as β.

• Causes of measurement error 1. Observer error

(a) Inter-observer inaccuracies(b) Digit preference(c) Question variation

2. Subject inaccuracies(a) Natural variation(b) Unconscious bias(c) Recall and motivation(d) Compliance

3.Equipment inaccuracies (a) Zero errors(b) Gain errors(c) Precision



-The Ayurvedic field has a vast scope for research in variety of ways.

-

Inviting the Ethnic Knowledge or/and principle synchronizing knowledge in to Ayurveda -

All what is needed that, it should benefit Ayurveda

and the society at large.

Possible Ayurvedic Researches



A) Literary Research B) Fundamental Research C) Clinical Research D) Drug Research E) Inter Disciplinary Research

Discuss your research with a statistician

–

BEFORE you begin your research –

WHILE you are collecting data

–

WHEN you are ready to analyze –

WHEN you are writing your manuscript

• Stratified randomization should be used for factors that are believed to significantly influence the outcome.



Types of Research Designs•

Descriptive research

•

Correlational research -

Involves measuring whether there is a relationship between two or more variables

•

Experimental research -

Generally considered the most powerful tool for determining cause-and-effect relationships between variables–

Independent variable (IV)

–

Dependent variable (DV)



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Case studies are valuable for studying rare or unusual phenomena Case studies can also be helpful in determining the diagnosis, characteristics, course, and outcome of a disorder Case studies can also be helpful in helping clinicians formulate hypotheses that can be tested in later research Drawbacks: lack the control and objectivity of other research methods

Compare the methodAvenues for research & Updates in Ayurveda


LITERARY RESEARCH RESOURCES

AYURVEDIC LITERATURE

NON-AYURVEDIC LITERATURE

PublishedUnpublished

CataloguesNon catalogues

VedasUpanishadsPuranasArthashastra



Three dimensions of academic researchcommunity

person knowledge

‘meeting’

‘sincerity’ ‘theory’

‘publication’

‘controversy’‘authority’

‘experiment’



Observational

Longitudinal Cross-sectional

Prospective Retrospective Survey

Cohort studies Case control studies



Clinical research•

Research involving human

• Many types

1.

Preventive (Pollution and traffic police)2.

Diagnostic (AIDS, Ca on Unani

parameters)

3.

Treatment intervention (Sports and regimental therapies)

4.

Safety and efficacy (Kushta)5.

Newer applications (Massage for chronic fatigue syndrome)

6.

New scales, measurements, techniques



PHASES OF CLINICAL TRIALTRIAL PHASE NO. OF

SUBJECTSLENGTH PURPOSE

Phase I Clinical Pharmacology

20 – 50 Several months

Mainly safety in volunteers (healthy volunteers/ volunteer patients)

Phase II Clinical Investigation

50 – 300 Months to years

Short term safety, mainly effectiveness in patients

Phase III Formal Therapeutic Trials

250 – 1000+ 1 –4 years

Safety, effectiveness in large no. of patient population, multi-centric study

Phase IV Post-licensing studies

2000 – 10 000+ Post marketing surveillance to detect ADR etc.



Experimental Research•

Experimental group–

Group that is subjected to the independent variable•

Cognitive-behavioral treatment group or new anti-depressant group•

Control group–

Group that is similar in every way to the experimental group except for the manipulation of the independent variable

•

Random assignment makes control group to be similar in every way•

Untreated wait-list control group•

Placebo group–

Group that does NOT receive treatment including active ingredient (special type of control group)

–

Double-blind design is often used ( sugar pill )•

Or supportive group therapy



Basic skills for a laboratory scientist• Basic Computer skill, Paper reading & writing,

Understanding and use of the literature, Productivity• Scientific attitude: Desire to get the bottom of things

– NO premature conclusion – Spending time & effort to make things better and /or

more efficient– Not afraid of learning new things– Full understanding of instruments in the experiment– Not willing to leave any “mysteries” or poorly

understood phenomenon behind in Research– Low tolerance for “black box”

• Good citizenship in a laboratory– Willingness to help and collaborate with colleagues– Being a considerate colleague



150 AD. Galen begins systematic study of animal physiology, vivisection begins. What he learns is used in the practice of human medicine for the next 1000+ years.

Animals in Medicine started long back …



1726 Stephen Hales first measures blood pressure in a horse

1982 Treatment for leprosy developed using Armadillos

1901-1939Animal research advances our understanding of blood, making transfusions possible

1982 Prions are discovered in hamsters. Subsequent studies in mice have shown that these misshaped, disease-causing proteins can be inherited



Prions are an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic

acid;

2012???

Presenter

Presentation Notes

1796�Edward Jenner develops the world's first vaccine, against smallpox. Critics express skepticism, calling it ungodly to inoculate people with material from cows.

http://www.fbresearch.org/survivors/index2.htm

Number and kinds of animals used•

The Office of Technology Assessment estimates that 17-23 million animals

are used in the United States for research every

year.•

The vast majority of these –

about 95% –

are rats and mice

specifically bred for research.•

In 2000, there were 69,516 dogs and 25,560 cats used in research.

•

By comparison, wildlife biologists estimate that over

one million animals are killed every day by automobiles –

over 365 million

per year. •

Dogs, cats, and non-human primates combined account for less than 3/4 of a percent of the total and their numbers has been declining for nearly 30 years.

•

The number of dogs used in biomedical research has declined 67% since 1973, and the number of cats used in biomedical research has declined 63% since 1973.



TYPES OF ANIMALS USED IN ANIMAL RESEARCH

1. 84% Rats, mice and other rodents

2. 12% Fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds

3. 1.5% Small mammals,mostly rabbits

4. 2.1% Sheep, cows, pigs and other large mammals

5. 0.3% Dogs and cats.

6. 0.15% Monkeys, such as marmosets and macaques



How can research results derived from animal testing be extrapolated to humans?

•

There are striking similarities

between the physiological systems of humans and various species of animals.

•

Much of what we know about the immune

system has come from studies with mice,

•

Much of what we know about the cardiovascular

system has come from studies with dogs.

•

Research results from animals also provide the information necessary to design human trials that must be completed for legal approval of new devices, drugs or procedures.

•

It is important to be able to gauge how a new drug or procedure will affect a whole biological system before using it on humans.



Why is it important to conduct product safety tests on animals

when "cruelty-free" products are available?•

As recently as several decades ago, consumers were subjected to products that were not adequately tested prior to use, resulting in reports of permanent harm, including blindness.

•

Product safety

testing ensures that products are safe when used as directed.

•

Testing provides scientific data for poison control centers and emergency room physicians in the event a product is misused.

•

Adequate testing of products is a legal obligation to the public.

•

It is important to remember the circumstances that led to safety testing of all new consumer ingredients and products, particularly cosmetics.



•The use of animals in product safety testing provides a whole, living system that can reflect how certain substances will react in or on the body.

•The term "cruelty-free" is often misused and misunderstood.

•Companies that claim they conduct no animal testing either contract testing to an outside laboratory or use compounds known to be safe through previous animal testing.



Cohort Study –

A

cohort study or

panel study is a

form of

longitudinal study

(a type of

observational study) used

in

medicine Eg: Birth cohort–

It is an analysis of

risk factors

and

follows a group of people who do not have the disease, and uses correlations to determine the absolute risk of subject contraction.

–

It is one type of

clinical study design

and should be compared with

a

cross-sectional study. –

In medicine, a cohort study is often undertaken to obtain evidence to try to refute the existence of a suspected association between cause and effect; failure to refute a hypothesis strengthens confidence in it.



Cohort Study

–

Nested case-control study – eg: Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women,

–

Household panel survey – eg: These draw representative samples of households and survey them, following all individuals through time on a usually annual basis.



Who gets sick and who stays Healthy?

Healthy people with different experiences

Time Passes

Observed Healthy and sick people

Start with two similar groups of people. One Group has a disease and the other is healthy

Study Question:What happened in the past to give such different result.

Time Passes



Survey Study•

Researchers ask people about their habits ––

Do you have sweet tooth?–

Do you use condoms?–

Do you eat 5 vegetables a day?

•

Surveys give a snapshot of the present / past and tell us what people say they do / did–

Response bias?–

Cause vs. effect?



Ayurveda told in New Language – To look new Avenues

•

“Ayur-Veda”

= “Life-knowledge”, evolved in India long back focuses more on life style than symptoms, where the background is -

Three Doshas

viz. Vata, Pitta

& Kapha•

Are we able to tell all the words of Ayurveda conveniently in another language?



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Slide - What is Ayurvedic Meidcine? Ayus means life and Veda means knowledge. Thus literally, Ayurveda means knowledge of life. Evolved among the Brahmin sages in India about 3000-5000 years ago, and is one of the oldest and most holistic medical systems It focuses on life energies rather than individual symptoms. It also recognizes the differences among individuals when recommending treatments since the same symptoms can be produced by different energy imbalances. Although everyone has all three doshas, each person’s composition is different requiring the profile Sanjiv talked about last week. States the body is governed by three doshas including vata, pitta, and kapha. Each of these doshas is divided into five subdoshas

Vata•

“Vaa”

is Gati

and Gandhana

= to

move things & Perceive •

Most influential Dosha

•

Cell membrane transport, electrolyte balance, waste elimination, and cell division, etc are examples of its activity

•

Aggravated by dryness•

Reduced by foods with building blocks

Thought of Amit

Pahwa, MS-4, Tinsley Harrison Society, University of Alabama School of Medicine



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Slide – Vata From the Sanskrit word vaayu meaning that which move things Considered to be most influential dosha since it moves things along It is responsible for things like cell membrane transport, electrolyte balance, waste elimination, and cell division. Vata is aggravated by failure to consume enough water or consumption of excess dry food It is relieved by foods that contain molecules for energy, enzyme, and macromolecule synthesis. This requires less motion for the vata to find food. Examples are the juicy, sweet veggies (zucchini, asparagus, beets, carrots, cauliflower), sweet and sour fruits (grapes, grapefruit, lemons, limes, oranges)

Pitta•

Tap = to shine

•

Metabolism and molecules of energy are equated

•

Body temperature maintenance, optic nerve impulses, feelings of hunger and thirst are functions

•

Aggravated by heat•

Reduced by “cooling it”



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Slide – Pitta From the Sanskrit word pinj meaning to shine It encompasses anything that has to do with metabolism primarily the Kreb’s cycle. Pitta is often regarded as the “fire” within the body. Think of it as the energy stored in the chemical bonds of all the organic substances which make us up: it’s encoded in our hormones, enzymes, organic acids, and neurotransmitters. It regulates body temperature, allows us to see through the optic nerve, controls our appetite Aggravation occurs with heat or any foods that are hot as well as foods that increase rate of digestion Pacified by things that cool for instance the following spices: cardamom, coriander seed, cilantro leaves, fennel, fresh basil, dill, turmeric, small amounts of cumin and fresh ginger. Also pacified by sweet fruits

Kapha•

“Shlish”

= that which

holds things together & derived from “Klid”

–

the

water•

Provides structure and lubrication

•

Carbohydrates and polysaccharides, mucous, spinal fluid, and synovial fluid

•

Aggravated by sweet and fatty foods

•

Reduced by hot, dry, and light things



Presenter

Presentation Notes

Slide – Kapha From the Sanskrit word shlish meaning that which holds things together It provides the structure as well as lubrication that the body and mind need to function properly Includes carbohydrates and polysaccharides (which make up cell structure), mucous in the gut and lungs, spinal fluid, and synovial fluid Aggravated by sweet and fatty foods because those are the building blocks of the structure and lubricating material Pacified by hot, dry and light substances including many vegetables, spices, and lentils

Understanding Avenues at Basic Level

•

The Siddhanta, Kriya, Rachana

departments are running around either Clinical experiments or the preventive models

•

They have to pay attention on -•

Many concepts are duplicated or controversial at Ayurveda.-

they need cross

examination •

The Language used in many texts are critical and require explanation

•

Many manuscripts are in cold storage – require to focus and bring them in to lime

light •

The shift from “Principles”

to “Prabhava”

is

reduced with their guidelines



Understanding Avenues at Dravyaguna

•

Undergraduate syllabus has 240 drugs for study out of Plant Kingdom

•

We are loosing many out of them even – either with negligence or by Govt. order

•

As the “Ayurveda Acharyas”

say –

all herbs are of medicinal importance -

•

Why the Dravyaguna

department is not including the new herbs isolated, experimented in to the Ayurveda Glossary?

•

We require to add as many as Herbs possible in to Ayurveda Literature



Understanding Avenues at RT/BK

•

The Pharmacy in Ayurveda require us to give many answers

•

We often confused or unable to answer at scientific community about the Ayurveda Drug absorption –

Target –

action –

adversity –

reaction –

toxicity -

excretion –

etc.•

Step by step individual researches should guide us for these answers and included in the curriculum instead of lingering around established validations

•

Today we have new routes of administration of Drug –

eg: Inhalers, Patches, Injections, etc.



Injections in Ayurveda

•

In 1982 when I started my GP in Ayurveda there were around 5000 generic Ayurveda Medicines available in the Market

•

Along with Ayurveda Injections manufactured by Aravind

Pharma

of North

India and Imis

Pharma

of South India•

We fight for the introduction of Injections in to GAD for 116 days and included them in to AP-GADs

•

Now –

the scene is reversed and not even 500 generics are available in the market and no medicines in GADs



Understanding Avenues at Clinical Areas •

In these areas the public faith at Ayurveda is necessary to develop along with confidence in drug action

•

Adaptations of new technology is admissible but not to change the entire principle migration on which we are prescribing the medicine

•

A thorough adopted intervening investigation Interpretation required to clinical experiments to boost diagnostic techniques

•

Methodical but not Result oriented Research in need



Understanding Avenues at Swasthavritta

•

Swastavritta

is meant for prevention and Life style development.

•

Today we face lots of Lifestyle disorders and Occupational difficulties

•

The focus of Swastavritta

department should be on validating the Foods, Occupation, Lifestyle in respect with psychological and physical problems faced by either a child or an Adult



Understanding Avenues at Panchakarma •

The Panchakarma even though a part of Chikitsa –

is specialized with

its procedural method•

It require instrumentation development along with observational study of validating the principles and establishing new schedules in “Running World”.

•

Adaptations of Manipulation Medicine, Sowa-Rigpa

(Tibetan

Medicine), “Stone Massage”, “Kalupadaghat

Massage”, etc. in to

Panchakarma is required.



Understanding Avenues at Surgical areas •

An Engineer is the best who runs the machine without few of its parts –

A Surgeon

is also like an Engineer –

who runs the Body without few parts

•

Ayurveda Surgery imitating the Allopathic surgery

•

We have the Knowledge of Marma, Siravyadha, etc. in addition –

requires to

adopt the Marma

Anastasia & Pinhole Surgery on Ayurveda Measures



New Design Structure for Ayurveda Research

Need

Evaluation

InvestigationRealization

Brief

Proposition

Design

Designing



Steps to Good Design•

1. Identify and understand the problem -

“What

does this product need to do?”•

2. Conceptual Design -

“How will this product do

this?”•

3. Design Optimization -“

Is this the best way to do

this?”•

4. Detail Design -

“How will the product work?”

•

5. Build -

“Build the product.”•

6. Test and Evaluation -

“Does the product do what

we want?”•

7. Return to step 1 if evaluation is not positive -

“If

not, start over.”



•

Do not only see Observe•

Do not hear Listen

•

Do not just prescribe Document•

Do not just treat Follow them



ASU Drugs to be used in RCH Program

•

AYUSH developed 17 drugs for Anti-natal, Post-natal, Infant and Female Health management.

•

No drug is available in the CCIM curriculum of BAMS or market

•

Rasayana, Astikshaya, Sleepada, Manoroga

(Mental Retardation),

Sickle Cell Anemia, Improvement of quality of Life in Cancer patients –

projects are under processhttp://ccras.nic.in/Research_Actvities/20081103_NewDrug_Development.htm



http://ccras.nic.in/Research_Actvities/20081103_NewDrug_Development.htm

New dimensions of Market•

Many Ayurveda companies started launching their products as ––

OTC Commodity products like Toothpaste, Talks, Balms, etc.

–

Cosmeceuticals –

to improve beauty like Facial Creams, scrubs, etc.

–

Neutriceuticals –

Nutrition supplementations like Tonics, Paste, etc.

–

pharmaceuticals –

new drug combinations or patent medicines by combining two or more traditional drugs



Updates in Research

•

Ayurveda is dependent on the Pharmacy Department for updates rather than Ayurveda Research

•

Long ago Kirthikar

Basu, Nadkarni, etc. added few additions in to the Herbal science –

but

none of those materials are added for the curriculum

•

Real Update in Ayurveda is seen as shift from “Tridosha” to “Prabhava”



Namburi Spot Test

•

To identify & differentiate various Bhasma and Sindhoora which are chemically identical but therapeutically different by their specific names known in Ayurveda i.e.

•

To find out whether the contents of a given container are the same qualitatively and quantitatively as claimed on its labels i.e. to find out whether the product is a standard, sub-standard or spurious one.



-

To evolve suitable methods to lay standards relevant to concept of Rasashastra.-

To help ultimately in

implementing the drug act in its full sense of utility.

Few updates on Pumsavana•

Ayurvedic technique of genetic engineering to ensure healthy progeny and to determine the sex of the child is Pumsavana.

•

Pumsavana

is one of the 16 Karmas (Sixteen rituals) practiced in various stages of life in ancient India.

•

Ayurveda uses many Gender selection drugs such as –

Putramjeevi, Vatankura

(Ficus

Benghalensis),Apamarga” (Achyranthus

aspara), “Shahachara”

(Berleria

prionitis), Shivalingi

(Bryonia Laciniosa) and Majuphal

(Gtuercus

infectoria) etc. •

This should be done only during astrological constellation of “Pushya

nakshatram”



Pumsavana •

A total of 22 key informants were interviewed during the Shivalingi

(Bryonia

Laciniosa) and Majuphal

(Gtuercus

infectoria)

study period. Out of 50 subjects, 48 (96%) reported giving birth to male babies after taking SSDs. Failure in two cases was attributed to consumption of

SSD

after 3rd month of

gestation. All the male children were reportedly normal.

•

[S Bandyopadhyay, AJ Singh, Sex Selection Through Traditional Drugs in Rural North India, Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2007-01 -

2007-

03) ]



Shivalingi

(Bryonia

Laciniosa)

Majuphal

(Gtuercus

infectoria)

Updates on Herb -

Asparagus racemosus

•

Toxic effects - safe for long term use, even during pregnancy and lactation

•

Gastrointestinal effects - Decreased volume and increased pH of the secretions in drug treated rats suggest a reduced responsiveness of the gastric parietal cells to secretogogues and narcotizing agents.

•

Cytoprotective effect has been suggested to be due to increased output of mucus.

•

Galactogogue effect - A significant increase in milk yield has also been observed in guinea pigs and goats after feeding lactare which also increased growth of the mammary glands, alveolar tissues and acini in guinea pigs [23].

•

Effects on uterus - uterine sedative•

Immunomodulatory activities - reported to produce leucocytosis and predominant neutrophilia along with enhanced phagocytic activity of the macrophages and polymorphs.

•

Respiratory system - reported to cause dilatory effect on bronchial musculature of guinea pigs but failed to antagonise the histamine induced broncho-constriction.

•

CNS - Neither stimulant nor depressant action of lactare on central nervous system has been reported in albino mice



[Amit Chawla*, Payal Chawla, Mangalesh, R C Roy, Asparagus racemosus (Willd): Biological Activities & its Active Principles, Indo-Global Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, Vol 1., Issue 2: Page No. 113-120]

Updates on Herb - Asparagus racemosus

•

Antibacterial Activities - showed maximum inhibition against A. hydrophila, P. fluorescencs and K. pneumoniae. Chloroform extract of A.racemosus showed higher inhibition (1.9cm/200 μl) against. K.pneumoniae Methanol extract of A. racemosus showed considerable invitro antibacterial efficacy against E.coli, V. cholerae,B.subtilis and S.aureus, and it increases phagocytic activity of macrophages (Mandal, 2000). [1]

•

Anti-diarrhoeal activity - The ethanol and aqueous extract of A. racemosus exhibited significant anti-diarrhoeal activity against castor oil induced diarrhoea in rats. [2]

•

Phytoestrogen effect - A. racemosus root extract exerted a mammotropic and/or lactogenic influence on normal as well as on oestrogen primed animals thereby rendering the mammary epithelium refractory to the carcinogen. [3]



.[1] M.Sithi Jameela et.al, Antibacterial Activities of three medicinal plant extract against Fish Pathogens, International Journal of Biological Technology (2011) 2(2):57-60.] [2] N. Venkatesan et.al. Anti-diarrhoeal potential of asparagus racemosus wild root extracts in laboratory animals. J Pharm Pharmaceut Sci (www.cspscanada.org) 8(1):39-45, 2005 [3] V. Ashajyothi et.al. ASPARAGUS RACEMOSUS – A PHYTOESTROGEN, Int.Journal Of Pharmacy&Technology

Herb Update -

Periwinkle

•

Sadapushpa

/ Sadabahar

/ Vinca rosea

(Periwinkle) is an evergreen

common shrub seen all around us blooming in every season. Usually the plant is of 1 meter tall with oval to oblong leaves.

•

A clinical trial was conducted in 1998 with Vinca

rosea

on diabetes

as a part of M.D. Ayurveda Thesis under my supervision. The results were excellent. Each one ml of the oil prepared has a power of regulating the 125-250 mg of Blood Glucose.



Herb Update -

Periwinkle

•

A study was carried on alloxan

induced diabetic rats for 14 days. The methanolic

extracts showed improvement in parameters like body weight and lipid profile as well as regeneration of

beta-cells of pancreas in diabetic rats. Histopathological

studies reinforce the healing of pancreas, by methanolic

Vinca rosea extracts, as a possible mechanism of their antidiabetic

activity [1]

•

Aqueous extract of Piper nigrum

seeds and Vinca

rosea

flowers were administered orally to alloxan

induced diabetic rats once a day for 4 weeks. They are useful in controlling not only the glucose and lipid levels but these components may also be helpful in strengthening the antioxidants potential [2].



[1] Mohammed Fazil

Ahmed et. al., Antidiabetic

Activity of

Vinca rosea Extracts in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats, International Journal of Endocrinology, Volume 2010, Article ID 841090, 6 pages [2] M. KALEEM, SHEEMA, H. SARMAD AND B. BANO, “PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF PIPER NIGRUM AND VINCA ROSEA IN ALLOXAN INDUCED DIABETIC RATS, Indian J Physiol

Pharmacol

2005; 49 (1) : 65–71

Instrument Update – Januvasti

Yantra

•

Januvasti

is done either on the knee joint or at the back with a brim filled with oil

•

The drawback is –

entire knee joint is not exposed to treatment especially the ligaments

•

To cover the entire knee surface –

a tube is inserted with both ends closed tightly with Masha

paste cloth where on top opening for oil

management added with a Thermometer to standardize the procedure



Tridax procumbens

where do you see?

• Extracted - Isolation and identification of steroidal saponin, characterized as b-sitosterol 3- O-b-D-xylopyranoside, which has been isolated from the flowers of Tridax procumbens Linn. [1]

• Bioactivity studies –• The n-hexane extract of the flowers showed

activity against Escherichia coli. • A whole aerial part was active against

Mycobacterium smegmatis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella group C and Salmonella paratyphi.

• None of the tested extracts was active against the yeasts, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis and Rhodotorula rubra; or the fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Mucor sp. and Trichophyton rubrum.[2]



Vishalya

KaraniFamily:

AsteraceaeTribe:

HeliantheaeGenus:

TridaxSpecies:

T. procumbens

[1] V K SAXENA and SOSANNA ALBERT, J. Chem. Sci., Vol. 117, No. 3, May 2005, pp. 263–266. ©

Indian Academy of Sciences.[2] Taddei

A,

Rosas-Romero AJ. Bioactivity studies of extracts from Tridax

procumbens. Departamento

de Química, Universidad Simón

Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela. [email protected]

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Taddei%20A%22%5BAuthor%5D

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=%22Rosas-Romero%20AJ%22%5BAuthor%5D

Tridax procumbens

where do you see?

• Anti-Diabetic activity –• T.procumbens leaves (200 mg/kg) orally

administered for 7 days produced a significant decrease in the blood glucose level in the model of alloxan-induced diabetes in rats. Petroleum extract exhibits a very weak anti-diabetic activity[3]

• Antioxidants –• T. procumbens plants are rich sources of natural

antioxidant. T. procumbens has a percentage antioxidant activity (AA %) of 96.70 which was observed to be higher than those of gallic (92.92%) and ascorbic acids (94.81%) used as standards.



Vishalya

KaraniFamily:

AsteraceaeTribe:

HeliantheaeGenus:

TridaxSpecies:

T. procumbens

[3] Bhagwat DA, Killedar SG, Adnaik RS. Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract of Tridax procumbens. Int J Green Pharm 2008;2:126-8[4] J. D. Habila, et.al. Total phenolics and antioxidant activity of Tridax procumbens Linn. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Vol. 4(3), pp. 123-126, March 2010

Nadi Impulse Simulogram•

Nadi

Impulse Simulogram

is a unique

advanced Ayurvedic pulse diagnosis software, that monitors impulses of molecules and cells in pulse developed by Dr. N.D. Raju

of Hyderbad.

•

This program works on the basis of Nadi input values decoded in to Kurma

Nadi

and Vasuli

Nadi

outputs. It develops various graphs of Dosha Gati

index,

Sroto

pravrutti, krama

and dusti, Chakra activity, Dhatuparinama

Index, etc. in

graphical manner, where the

interpretation

is made simple.

•

Contact Dr. N. Dharmanandan

Raju

at [email protected]

or +9885040369.



Nadi Impulse Simulogram Output



•

The general practitioner in Ayurveda Provides personal, primary and continuing medical care to individuals and families and Specific responsibility for the health of the community

•

He Makes an initial decision on every problem presented by patient and Consults specialists when ever is appropriate

•

Intervenes to promote health and takes Clinical decisions influenced by prior probability of disease

•

Has an advocacy role for the patient•

Apart from all above –

is there any

responsibility of making RESEARCH at him?



General practitioner in Ayurveda

General Practice

•

Generalists and specialists require different knowledge, skills and attitudes but are complementary in their roles.

•

The GP is committed to the person rather than to a particular body of knowledge, a group of diseases or special techniques (McWhinney

1997)

•

A GP provides personal, primary and continuing care to individuals, families and a practice population.

•

The spectrum of problems presenting in general practice is very different from that seen in hospital.

•

The GP must combine the scientific and humanitarian approach to medical practice, providing holistic care to patients.



Characteristics of GP & PHC•

General practice

Focus is illness:Individuals and families-

First contact

Local and accessibleSmall scale efficiencyTolerates uncertaintyThe three Cs:Continuity,Coordination, Continuing care

•

Primary health careFocus is local communities:1. Local communities using

local knowledge2. Concerned about

determinants of health -

Socio-economic

-

Environmental3. Empowers communities to

control/influence-

determinants of health

4. Education and prevention are key pieces



Clinical CareGood clinical care•

Maintaining good medical practice

•

Relationships with patients

•

Working with colleagues•

Teaching and training

•

Probity•

Health

Models of health care•

Biomedical (biomechanical) and bio-

psychosocial•

Reductionist and holistic (integrative)

•

Disease-based

and illness-based

•

Patient-centered

and population-centered

•

Reactive and anticipatory•

doctor-centered &

•

Patient-centered



The six interactive

components of the patient-

centered process:

1.

Exploring both the disease and the illness experience –

understanding Differential

diagnosis and Dimensions of illness 2.

Understanding the whole person

3. Finding common ground regarding management Problems and priorities along with Goals of treatments

4. Incorporating prevention and health promotion in Health enhancement and Risk reduction

5. Enhancing the patient-doctor relationship by sharing and maintain the relation

6. Being realistic about Time and Resources





Conclusion•

Known is Scarce and the ignored are abundant

•

Knowledge is becoming capital for the Earning

•

Research of course a part of the Game always

•

Every time I see –

a Book or Net – I am getting a new Idea or thought

–

I don’t understand why the others are not initiated

•

If this narration offers any insight –

My effort is exercised

•

Thank You –

One and All who get Awareness



http://www.technoayurveda.com/


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.webs.com/apps/members/

http://technoayurveda.webs.com/apps/members/


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://ayurmitra.wordpress.com/ /

http://ayurmitra.wordpress.com/


Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad, at http://technoayurveda.blogspot.in/

http://technoayurveda.blogspot.in/

Special Thanks to:•

Ted Colton, ScD, Professor & Chair Emeritus, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

•

Amit Pahwa, MS-4, Tinsley Harrison Society, University of Alabama School of Medicine

•

Dr Girish Shrikrishna Tillu, Project Leader, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune, Consultant, Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, Pune, Consultant, Vishwanand Ayurveda Centre, Pune, Advisor, Global Herbs Pharmaceuticals, Pune - [email protected]

•

Lauren Solberg, CRC Research Skills Workshop, January 18, 2008, [email protected]

•

Dr. Gareth M. Forde, Bio Engineering Lab (BEL), Chemical Engineering

•

Dr. Jayashree B. Keshav, Technical Officer, Atrimed Herbals, Pvt. Ltd.

•

All the Images / Information collected from net for knowledge sharing – If any copyright exists – It goes to the respective individuals



mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

THANK [email protected]

It’sTechnoayurveda International

PresentationBy Dr. K. Shiva Rama PrasadOf . . . http://www.technoayurveda.com



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