awareness raising workshop - cnpml · 2018-12-12 · reduced risk of bovine spongiform...
TRANSCRIPT
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Introduction:ChemicalsintheSociety
1CENTER for GREEN CHEMISTRYand GREEN ENGINEERING at YALE
AwarenessRaisingWorkshop
GLOBALGREENCHEMISTRYINITIATIVEProfessorPeterLicence,UniversityofNottingham
Dr.PhilipCoish,YaleUniversity
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EverythingisachemicalButwhatdoesthatmean?
• Nameeverythingintheroomthatisachemical• Nameeverythingintheroomthatisnotachemical
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Chemicalsarerelatedto:
• Food• Transportation• Communication• InformationTechnology• Economy
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ChemicalsandFood• Fertilizers
• Morefoodcanbegrownforthepopulation
• RevolutioncamewiththeHaberBoschprocess
• Pesticides• Mosquitoscarryingdeadlydiseasescanbecontrolled
• Algalbloomswhichleadtoeutrophication arecontrolled
• Foodpreservatives• Longershelflifeleadstopopulationspreadingtolessfavorableplaces
Imagesource:Wikipedia
Intheearly1900s,theHaber-BoschprocessallowedincorporationofNitrogenfromtheairandleadtopopulationgrowth.
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Over80%ofproducedureaisusedtofertilizecrops
H2N
O
NH2
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2NH3 +CO2 ⇌ H2N-COONH4H2N-COONH4 ⇌ (NH2)2CO+H2O
AETrost =76.9%
• Over190milliontonsofureaisproducedeachyear• Productionlocatednearcheapenergysources• Costandimpactoftransportation?
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LivestockFarming– ForFood/Leather/Milk18%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions
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60%lessenergy,10%ofwater,1%ofland,90%fewergreenhousegasemissions,
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£250,00060%lessenergy*
UniversityofMaastricht
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ReducedRiskofBovineSpongiformEncephalopathy (BSE),ReducedExposuretoAntibiotics– (AMR), e-coliBacterialLoad/Cleanliness- Growth,Processing….AnimalWelfare.
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ChemicalsinTransportation• Gasoline/Diesel
• Fastgroundtransportationwasenabled• JetFuel
• Airtransportationwasenabled• Globalizationandinternationaltradeispossible
• RocketFuel• SatellitesplacedontheEarth’sorbitallowcommunicationandnavigation
• VulcanizedRubber• Tires,shoesoles,hosesandconveyorbeltscanbemade
• Deicingofplanewings• Aviationinallconditionsismadepossible
Apollo15launching
Imagesource:Wikicommons 11
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Boeing787- Dreamliner
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PowerbytheHour
Source:RollsRoyce
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ChemicalsintheEconomy• Chemicalindustrysector
• Totalpharmaceuticalrevenuehadreached$1trillionin2014
• Petrochemicals• Globalmarketisestimatedtoreach$791billionby2018
• Consumerproducts• Mostproductsthatwesee,touch,andfeelarepetroleumbased
• Jobcreation• Robustselectionofconsumer/personalcareproductsleadstojobcreationandincreaseinGDP
• Approximately1milliondirectjobsfromchemicalsindustry• Approximately6millionindirectjobs
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ChemicalsandUnintendedConsequences
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Chemicalscanalsonegativelyimpactthesociety.
How?
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UnintendedConsequences
Biofuelsmadefromcornthatcompetewithfood,feed,andlanduse.
Imagesource:AdobeStock 19
Biofuelsmadefromcorn.
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UnintendedConsequences
Purifyingwaterwithacutelylethal
substances.
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ChlorinetransportedinWashingtonD.C.
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UnintendedConsequences
Renewableenergythroughtheuseofprecious,rare,toxic
metalsinphotovoltaics.
Imagesource:Wikipedia 21
Solarpanelinstalledontheroofofthebuilding
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OtherEnvironmentalChallenges
• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment
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PopulationTrends
Source: U.N. World Population Prospects, 2000 Revision
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Populationgrowthindevelopingcountriesispredictedtoreach7.8billionby2050.G-10countriesremainthesame.
010002000300040005000600070008000900010000
1950 2000 2015 2025 2050
Popu
latio
n(in
millions)
Years
Worldpopulationandprojections
World
G-10
G-77
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QualityofLifedilemma
• Empiricaldatashowsthatincreasedqualityoflifecorrelateswithsustainablepopulationcontrol
• Increasedqualityoflife,however,hashistoricallyresultedinincreaseddamagetothebiosphereandtheearth’s abilitytosustainlife
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ImpactofDevelopmentontheEnvironment
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Populationalchallenge
• Thechallenge: Howtoincreasequalityoflifewhileminimizingdetrimentaleffectstohumanhealth,theenvironment,andthebiosphere
• Thesolution: GreenChemistryandGreenEngineeringprovideamechanismtoaddressthischallengeinveryrealterms
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EfficiencythroughScienceandTechnology
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“Thegreatenemyofthetruthisveryoftennotthelie -- deliberate,contrivedanddishonest
butthemyth-- persistent,persuasiveandrealistic.”
JohnF.Kennedy
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• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment
OtherEnvironmentalChallenges
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EnergyThevastmajorityoftheenergygeneratedintheworldtodayisfromnon-renewablesourcesthatdamagetheenvironment:
• Carbondioxideandgreenhousegases• Depletionofresources
• Rareearthmetals,fossilfuels• Effectsofmining,drilling
• Contaminationofstreams,lakesandgroundwaterbyfrackingfluidorSulphurores
• Toxics• Separationagentslikebenzene,tolueneandxylene(BTX)whichareshowntobecarcinogenic.
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GrowingEnergyConsumptionEnergyusehasapproximatelydoubledinthepast30years
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Whattypeofenergyfuture?
Sources:DOE/EIA-Wordenergyprojectionsystem
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Energy
GreenChemistrywillbeessentialinboth:• Developingthealternativesforenergygeneration(photovoltaics,hydrogen,fuelcells,biobased fuels,etc.)
• Continuingthepathtowardenergyefficiencywithcatalysisandproductdesignattheforefront
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• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment
OtherEnvironmentalChallenges
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GlobalChange
Concernsforclimatechaos,oceanictemperature,stratosphericchemistry,andglobaldistillationcanbeaddressedthroughthedevelopmentandimplementationofgreenchemistrytechnologies
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Temperaturechange
36Source:http://www.sustainablescale.org/
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Carbondioxide,methaneandnitrousoxideconcentrationsoverthepast1,000years
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1928
2004
Upsala Glacier - Los Glaciares National ParkPatagonia, Argentina.
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ThecalvingoccurredsometimebetweenMonday10thJulyandWednesday12thJuly2017,whena5,800squarekmsectionofLarsenCbrokeaway.
Anticipatedtobeduetothermalchangesinbothseaandairtemperature.
Predictedtogiverisetoanincreaseinglobalsealeveloftheorderof2-3mm.(thisisminimalbecausetheicewasalreadyafloat)
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• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment
OtherEnvironmentalChallenges
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ResourceDepletion
Duetotheoverutilizationofnon-renewableresources,naturalresourcesarebeingdepletedatanunsustainablerate.
• Examplesofdepletingresources:preciousmetals,fossilfuels
• Theseareusedtosupportofourcurrentlifestyle,economy,etc
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ResourceDepletion
• Biomass• Algaeforfuel,ligninforplatformchemicals
• Nanoscience&technology• Transformationswithvisiblelight
• Lightratherthansolvents• Carbondioxideasfeedstock
• Inplastics• Chitinasfeedstock
• Inpackaging• Wasteutilization
• Bybiodegradation42
Renewableresourcescanbemadeincreasinglyviabletechnologicallyandeconomicallythroughgreenchemistry:
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ElementsinaMobilePhone?
Roughly40differentelementsH,Li,Be,C,N,O,F,Al,Si,S,Cl,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,As,Br,Sr,Y,Zr,Ru,Pd,Ag,Cd,In,Sn,Sb,Ba,Ta,W,Pt,Au,Hg,Pb,Bi,Nd.
mobilephoneweighing100grams,contains
13.7gofcopper0.189gofsilver0.028gofgold0.014gofpalladium
Source:BaselConvention,2006;Lindholm (Nokiareport),2003
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ChemicalsinCommunication
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Kalgoorlie goldmine,Australia
Au2mtonneswaste691,000litreswater141kgcyanide
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Kalgoorlie goldmine,Australia– GoogleEarth
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Newmanironoremine,Pilbara,Australia– GoogleEarth
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SecondaryMetalsSynergyofSupply
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OnetonofiPhoneswoulddeliver300timesmoregoldthanatonofgoldoreand6.5timesmoresilverthanatonofsilverore.
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• Nanotechnology• Creationofmanymaterialsanddeviceswithapplicationsinnanomedicine(drugdelivery),nanoelectronics(computerprocessors),biomaterials,andpersonalproducts(sunscreens)
• Displays• LCD(TV,watches,calculators)
CommunicationandInformationTechnology
Displaydevicemagnifiedshowinganano structure
50Imagesource:Wikicommons
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170kg
Cu
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• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment
OtherEnvironmentalChallenges
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FoodSupply
• Whilecurrentfoodlevelsaresufficient,distributionisinadequate
• Agriculturalmethodsareunsustainable• Advancesinfuturefoodproductionintensityisneeded
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IncreaseinGrainProduction
Source:FAO1989-2000
Thereisagrowingdemandingrainproductionindeveloping,industrializedandtransitioncountries.
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UseofPesticides
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FoodSupply
Greenchemistryisdeveloping:
• Pesticideswhichonlyeffecttargetorganismsanddegradetoinnocuousby-products
• Fertilizersandfertilizeradjutantsthataredesignedtominimizeusagewhilemaximizingeffectiveness
• Methodsofusingagriculturalwastesforbeneficialandprofitableuses
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• Population• Energy• GlobalChange• ResourceDepletion• FoodSupply• ToxicsintheEnvironment
OtherEnvironmentalChallenges
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Toxicsintheenvironment
Substancesthataretoxictohumans,thebiosphereandallthatsustainsit,arecurrentlystillbeingreleasedatacostoflife,healthandsustainability.
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BodyBurden• In2000-2001thestudyshowedthathumanbodyincludes148xenobiotic.
• Ofthechemicalsfound:• 76suspectcarcinogensinhumansoranimals,• 94areidentifiedneurotoxins,and• 79arelinkedtoreproductive/developmentaltoxicity.
• Thesynergisticeffectsofthesechemicalsincombinationhasnotbeenstudied.
One of Green Chemistry’s greatest strengths is the ability to design for reduced hazard.
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Paracelsus (1493-1541) - the “father of toxicology”
“the dose makes the poison”
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QUESTIONS?
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