AVF 113 - Meteorology AVF 113 - Meteorology Course IntroductionCourse Introduction

INSTRUCTORINSTRUCTOR• Mr. Joe MacDougall Mr. Joe MacDougall

• Diploma in Aviation Mount Royal Diploma in Aviation Mount Royal College/University (Calgary, AB)College/University (Calgary, AB)

• Bachelors of Science in Aeronautics from the Bachelors of Science in Aeronautics from the University of North DakotaUniversity of North Dakota

• St. Louis University/Parks CollegeSt. Louis University/Parks College

• Owner AvCanada Owner AvCanada www.avcanada.ca

• Weather Modification PilotWeather Modification Pilot

• Canadian Airline TransportCanadian Airline Transport

• FAA Commercial Multi-Instrument & SES, CFI, FAA Commercial Multi-Instrument & SES, CFI, CFII, MEICFII, MEI

• BBCC Assistant Chief Flight InstructorBBCC Assistant Chief Flight Instructor

MOST CHALLENGING MOST CHALLENGING CROSS COUNTRYCROSS COUNTRY

• CYYC-SAME (MENDOZE ARGENTINA CYYC-SAME (MENDOZE ARGENTINA MDZ) MDZ)

• Via Fargo ND (KFAR), Albany Georgia Via Fargo ND (KFAR), Albany Georgia (KABY), St. Petersburg Florida (KSPG), (KABY), St. Petersburg Florida (KSPG), Lakeland Florida (KLAL), Fort Pierce Lakeland Florida (KLAL), Fort Pierce Florida (KFPR), then over Cuba to Florida (KFPR), then over Cuba to Montego Bay Jamaica (MBJ MKJS), Bogotá Montego Bay Jamaica (MBJ MKJS), Bogotá Columbia (SKBO), Rio Bronco Brazil Columbia (SKBO), Rio Bronco Brazil (SBRB), Cuiaba Brazil (SBCY), Iguazzu (SBRB), Cuiaba Brazil (SBCY), Iguazzu Brazil (SBFI), Mendoza Argentina (SAME)Brazil (SBFI), Mendoza Argentina (SAME)

• Route between Route between CYYC (Calgary, (Calgary, Alberta, Canada) and Alberta, Canada) and SAME (Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina):(Mendoza, Mendoza, Argentina):

• Distance along great circle: Distance along great circle: 6414.5 statute miles, 5574.1 6414.5 statute miles, 5574.1 nautical miles, 10323.1 nautical miles, 10323.1 kilometerskilometers

TEXTSTEXTS

• You will be using two texts this You will be using two texts this quarter: quarter:

• Aviation Weather Aviation Weather AC 00-6A andAC 00-6A and

• Aviation Weather Services Aviation Weather Services AC00-45GAC00-45G

COURSE OUTLINE AND COURSE OUTLINE AND GRADING POLICYGRADING POLICY

•Please read the course Please read the course outline. In this document outline. In this document you will find the grading you will find the grading policy for this course.policy for this course.

Course Objectives:Course Objectives:• Understanding of basic weather theoryUnderstanding of basic weather theory

• Cause and effect relationshipsCause and effect relationships

• Recognize critical weather situations Recognize critical weather situations

• Be able to identify typical weather Be able to identify typical weather phenomenon phenomenon

• Be able to obtainBe able to obtain weather informationweather information

• Prepared for FAA oral exam for topics Prepared for FAA oral exam for topics relating to meteorologyrelating to meteorology

AOPA & Duat/sAOPA & Duat/s• Throughout the course there will be Throughout the course there will be

several homework assignments that you several homework assignments that you will be required to complete from the will be required to complete from the AOPA website.AOPA website.

• You will need to prove to me that you You will need to prove to me that you can login to can login to www.duat.com or or www.duats.com before January 24 before January 24thth, , 2013 if you are in the flight program.2013 if you are in the flight program.

• Students who are not in the flight Students who are not in the flight program or who have not completed AVF program or who have not completed AVF 112 please raise your hand.112 please raise your hand.

IntroductionIntroductionWhy study the Weather?Why study the Weather?

• It effects everyone

• Your knowledge may save your life at one point or another in your aviation career

• Go-No go decision (most important thing you can learn)

• After your airborne it’s a terrible feeling wishing that you were on the ground.

• Therefore it can not be purely academic, we have to relate it to flight safety.

• For your safety and the safety of those with you, learn to recognize potential trouble and make sound preflight and flight decisions before it is to late. This is the real purpose of the first half of this course.

CLASS CONTENTCLASS CONTENT

• EARTH FACTSEARTH FACTS

• Review of METAR’s, TAF’s, FA, FD, Review of METAR’s, TAF’s, FA, FD, PIREPSPIREPS

EARTHEARTH

• What do you think the What do you think the dimensions of the Earth are?dimensions of the Earth are?

• RadiusRadius

• CircumferenceCircumference

• Distance from the Pole to Distance from the Pole to EquatorEquator

EARTHEARTH

• What do you think the What do you think the dimensions of the Earth are?dimensions of the Earth are?

• Radius = 3,438 n.m.Radius = 3,438 n.m.

• Circumference = 21,625 n.m.Circumference = 21,625 n.m.

• Distance from the Pole to Distance from the Pole to Equator = 5,397 n.m.Equator = 5,397 n.m.

ATMOSHERIC LAYERSATMOSHERIC LAYERS

• 99.9% of the total atmospheric mass is 99.9% of the total atmospheric mass is below below 164,000 ft 164,000 ft (about 27 n.m.). At this (about 27 n.m.). At this altitude the density is about one-altitude the density is about one-thousandth of sea levels density. Very thousandth of sea levels density. Very close to the top but there is no well-close to the top but there is no well-defined upper surface to the atmosphere.defined upper surface to the atmosphere.

• 90% of mass is below 53,000 ft90% of mass is below 53,000 ft

• 50% of mass is below 18,000 ft50% of mass is below 18,000 ft

Earth FactsEarth Facts• If the earth were a beach ball If the earth were a beach ball

the atmosphere would be as the atmosphere would be as thin as a piece of paperthin as a piece of paper

• If the Earth was an apple the If the Earth was an apple the atmosphere would be similar atmosphere would be similar to the skin of the apple.to the skin of the apple.

• It took approx. 4.6 Billion It took approx. 4.6 Billion years for the atmosphere to years for the atmosphere to form.form.

Meteorological HistoryMeteorological History• The term goes back to Greek The term goes back to Greek

Philosopher Aristotle 340 BCPhilosopher Aristotle 340 BC

• He wrote a book called Meteorlogica He wrote a book called Meteorlogica which was referenced for 2000 years.which was referenced for 2000 years.

• Thermometer was invented late Thermometer was invented late 1500’s1500’s

• Barometer invented in 1643Barometer invented in 1643

• The 1800’s saw a scientific approach The 1800’s saw a scientific approach being developed and the use of being developed and the use of weather maps introducedweather maps introduced

Meteorological HistoryMeteorological History

• 1920’s saw Airmasses and 1920’s saw Airmasses and FrontsFronts

• 1940’s Balloon wx 1940’s Balloon wx observations gave a more 3 observations gave a more 3 dimensional viewdimensional view

• 1950’s computer aided wx1950’s computer aided wx

• 1960’s Tiros I wx satellite1960’s Tiros I wx satellite

Meteorological TodayMeteorological Today• Today, complex computer models Today, complex computer models

tied with satellite data improve tied with satellite data improve accuracyaccuracy

• A large part of this data is available A large part of this data is available from a FSS (1-800-WX-Brief) or on from a FSS (1-800-WX-Brief) or on the internetthe internet

• In the second half of this course and In the second half of this course and today we are going to cover weather today we are going to cover weather reports, forecasts etc. from AC00-45Freports, forecasts etc. from AC00-45F

METAR METAR HistoryHistory• The METAR format was introduced 1 January The METAR format was introduced 1 January

1968 internationally and has been modified 1968 internationally and has been modified several times since. North American countries several times since. North American countries continued to use a Surface Aviation Observation continued to use a Surface Aviation Observation (SAO) for current weather conditions until 1 June (SAO) for current weather conditions until 1 June 1996 when this report was replaced with an 1996 when this report was replaced with an approved variant of the METAR agreed upon in a approved variant of the METAR agreed upon in a 1989 Geneva agreement. 1989 Geneva agreement.

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAR#History http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METAR#History

METAR METAR NamingNaming• The word METAR originated from the French, The word METAR originated from the French,

"message d’observation météorologique régulière "message d’observation météorologique régulière pour l’aviation," and is thought to be a contraction pour l’aviation," and is thought to be a contraction from the french words, from the french words, MÉTéorologiqueMÉTéorologique ("Weather") ("Weather") Aviation RégulièreAviation Régulière ("Routine") ("Routine"). The . The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) defines a METAR as an METAR as an aviation routine weather reportaviation routine weather report in the in the Aeronautical Informational Manual and may Aeronautical Informational Manual and may therefore consider it erroneous to attempt to therefore consider it erroneous to attempt to redefine METAR with incorrect terminology such as redefine METAR with incorrect terminology such as METeorological Aerodrome Report.[2] The FAA and METeorological Aerodrome Report.[2] The FAA and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) specifically define a METAR as an (NOAA) specifically define a METAR as an aviation aviation routine weather reportroutine weather report, which is an approximate , which is an approximate translation of the historical French description.translation of the historical French description.

METARMETAR• METAR= METAR= Aviation Routine Weather ReportAviation Routine Weather Report

• In 1996 US converted to the ICAO and the In 1996 US converted to the ICAO and the World Meterological Organization form of World Meterological Organization form of aviation weather reporting.aviation weather reporting.

• Each country is allowed to make modifications Each country is allowed to make modifications to the code to use in that particular country to the code to use in that particular country

• In the U.S. visibility is in statute miles, runway In the U.S. visibility is in statute miles, runway visual range in feet, wind speed in knots, and visual range in feet, wind speed in knots, and altimeter setting in inches of mercuryaltimeter setting in inches of mercury

METARMETAR• Elements of a Elements of a

METARMETAR

• 1. Type of 1. Type of ReportReport

• 2. ICAO station 2. ICAO station identifieridentifier

• 3. Date and time 3. Date and time of reportof report

• 4. Modifier (as 4. Modifier (as required)required)

• 5. Wind5. Wind

• 6. Visibility6. Visibility

• 7. RVR7. RVR

• 8. Weather8. Weather

• 9. Sky conditions9. Sky conditions

• 10. Temp/DPT10. Temp/DPT

• 11. Altimeter11. Altimeter

• 12. Remarks12. Remarks

METAR (Section 3 AC 00-METAR (Section 3 AC 00-45F)45F)

• METAR KGNV 201933Z COR 24015KT METAR KGNV 201933Z COR 24015KT 3/4SM R28/2400FT +TSRA BKN008 3/4SM R28/2400FT +TSRA BKN008 OVC015CB 26/25 A2985 RMK OVC015CB 26/25 A2985 RMK TSB32RAB32TSB32RAB32

• METAR KPIT 091955Z COR METAR KPIT 091955Z COR 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28L/2600FT 22015G25KT 3/4SM R28L/2600FT TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992 RMK TSRA OVC010CB 18/16 A2992 RMK SLP045 T01820159SLP045 T01820159

METAR AND TAFMETAR AND TAF

• KMWH 042152Z 00000KT 1/2SM KMWH 042152Z 00000KT 1/2SM R32R/6000VP6000FT UP FG BKN004 OVC020 R32R/6000VP6000FT UP FG BKN004 OVC020 01/01 A3009 RMK AO2 RAE49UPB49 SLP202 01/01 A3009 RMK AO2 RAE49UPB49 SLP202 P0007 T00110011P0007 T00110011

• KMWH 042202Z 0422/0518 01004KT 3SM -KMWH 042202Z 0422/0518 01004KT 3SM -RA BR OVC015 TEMPO 0422/0424 1SM RA RA BR OVC015 TEMPO 0422/0424 1SM RA BR BKN005 OVC030 FM050000 35004KT BR BKN005 OVC030 FM050000 35004KT 5SM RA BR OVC015 FM050200 VRB04KT 5SM RA BR OVC015 FM050200 VRB04KT P6SM BKN006 OVC010 P6SM BKN006 OVC010

• KEPH 042153Z AUTO 01006KT 3SM -SN BR KEPH 042153Z AUTO 01006KT 3SM -SN BR FEW004 BKN021 OVC031 00/00 A3008 RMK FEW004 BKN021 OVC031 00/00 A3008 RMK AO2 SLP197 P0004 T00000000AO2 SLP197 P0004 T00000000

METAR (226 & 200AFD)METAR (226 & 200AFD)• METAR’s are issued normally 5-METAR’s are issued normally 5-

10minutes before the hour every hour10minutes before the hour every hour

• CeilingCeiling is defined as the lowest is defined as the lowest broken or overcast layer or vertical broken or overcast layer or vertical visibility into a surface based visibility into a surface based obstructionobstruction

• Indefinite ceiling VV006Indefinite ceiling VV006

• Temperature below zero prefixed with Temperature below zero prefixed with a Ma M

METAR (226 & 200AFD)METAR (226 & 200AFD)

•A01-Automated station with out A01-Automated station with out precipitation discriminationprecipitation discrimination

•A02- with precip discriminationA02- with precip discrimination

•VC in vicinity of airport 5-10 SMVC in vicinity of airport 5-10 SM

•METAR’s are reports (a moment METAR’s are reports (a moment of time) not a forecastof time) not a forecast

TAF (AC 00-45F 7.2)TAF (AC 00-45F 7.2)

• Used to be called a FT now called Used to be called a FT now called a a Terminal Aerodrome ForecastsTerminal Aerodrome Forecasts

• Is a forecast of the expected Is a forecast of the expected weather conditions at an airport weather conditions at an airport during a specific period (usually during a specific period (usually 24hrs 24hrs NOW some are 30hrsNOW some are 30hrs))

• Issued four times a day for 24 hrs Issued four times a day for 24 hrs periods (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z)periods (00Z, 06Z, 12Z, 18Z)

• http://aviationweather.gov/notice/taf30.php http://aviationweather.gov/notice/taf30.php

TAFTAF

• Example Example old formatold format: :

• TAF KOKC 051130Z 051212 14008KT TAF KOKC 051130Z 051212 14008KT 5SM BR BKN030 WS018/32030KT 5SM BR BKN030 WS018/32030KT TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR FM1600 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR FM1600 16010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 16010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVC020 PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CBPROB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVC008CB ==

NEW TAF FORMATNEW TAF FORMAT

TAF NEW FORMATTAF NEW FORMAT• KMWH 020338Z KMWH 020338Z 0204/02240204/0224 01005KT 01005KT

P6SM OVC110 P6SM OVC110 FM020600FM020600 23006KT 5SM 23006KT 5SM -RA BR BKN008 -RA BR BKN008 FM020800FM020800 18005KT 18005KT 2SM -RASN BR OVC007 2SM -RASN BR OVC007 FM021000FM021000 30007KT 1SM BR BKN007 OVC025 30007KT 1SM BR BKN007 OVC025 FM021800FM021800 27012G22KT P6SM SCT020 27012G22KT P6SM SCT020 BKN150 =BKN150 =

• KMWH 042202Z 0422/0518 01004KT KMWH 042202Z 0422/0518 01004KT 3SM -RA BR OVC015 TEMPO 0422/0424 3SM -RA BR OVC015 TEMPO 0422/0424 1SM RA BR BKN005 OVC030 FM050000 1SM RA BR BKN005 OVC030 FM050000 35004KT 5SM RA BR OVC015 FM050200 35004KT 5SM RA BR OVC015 FM050200 VRB04KT P6SM BKN006 OVC010VRB04KT P6SM BKN006 OVC010

TAF (DECEMBER 2ND TAF (DECEMBER 2ND 2009)2009)

• Example SPOKANE: Example SPOKANE:

• KGEG 020335Z 0204/0224 23010KT KGEG 020335Z 0204/0224 23010KT 6SM -SN BR BKN005 OVC010 6SM -SN BR BKN005 OVC010 FM020600 20009KT 3/4SM -RASN BR FM020600 20009KT 3/4SM -RASN BR BKN009 OVC015 FM021300 23013KT BKN009 OVC015 FM021300 23013KT 3SM -SHSN SCT008 BKN015 3SM -SHSN SCT008 BKN015 FM021500 23015G25KT P6SM VCSH FM021500 23015G25KT P6SM VCSH SCT020 BKN150 FM021700 NSW SCT020 BKN150 FM021700 NSW SKC =SKC =

FA AVIATION AREA FA AVIATION AREA FORECAST (Section 7)FORECAST (Section 7)

• FA is a forecast of general weather FA is a forecast of general weather conditions over an area the size of several conditions over an area the size of several states.states.

• It is used to determine forecast en route It is used to determine forecast en route weather and to interpolate conditions at weather and to interpolate conditions at airports that do not have TAF’s issued.airports that do not have TAF’s issued.

• FA’s are issued 3 times a day for 6 different FA’s are issued 3 times a day for 6 different areas in the U.S. areas in the U.S.

FA AVIATION AREA FA AVIATION AREA FORECAST (269)FORECAST (269)

• FA is comprised of four sections:FA is comprised of four sections:

• 1 Communication and product 1 Communication and product header sectionheader section

• 2. A precautionary statement section2. A precautionary statement section

• 3. Synopsis section3. Synopsis section

• 4. VFR Clouds/WX section4. VFR Clouds/WX section

FA AVIATION AREA FA AVIATION AREA FORECASTFORECAST

• The area we are in is the SFO San The area we are in is the SFO San Francisco area Francisco area

• 1. Communication and Product header1. Communication and Product header

• Identifies the office for which the FA is Identifies the office for which the FA is issued, the date and time of issue, the issued, the date and time of issue, the product name, the valid times, and the product name, the valid times, and the states and/or areas covered by the FAstates and/or areas covered by the FA

• 2. Precautionary statements. Three 2. Precautionary statements. Three statements are in all FA’sstatements are in all FA’s

FA AVIATION AREA FA AVIATION AREA FORECAST (269)FORECAST (269)

• See airmet sierra for IFR conds and See airmet sierra for IFR conds and mtn obscn.mtn obscn.

• TSTMS IMPLY PSPL SVR OR GTR TSTMS IMPLY PSPL SVR OR GTR TURBC SVR ICG LLWS AND IFR TURBC SVR ICG LLWS AND IFR CONDS.CONDS.

• NON MSL HGTS ARE NENOTED BY NON MSL HGTS ARE NENOTED BY AGL OR CIG.AGL OR CIG.

FA AVIATION AREA FA AVIATION AREA FORECASTFORECAST

• Synopsis - brief summary of the Synopsis - brief summary of the location and movement of fronts, location and movement of fronts, pressure systems, and circulation pressure systems, and circulation patterns for an 18-hr. periodpatterns for an 18-hr. period

• VFR Clouds and Weather - contains a VFR Clouds and Weather - contains a 12 hr. specific forecast, followed by a 12 hr. specific forecast, followed by a 6 -hr outlook giving a total forecast of 6 -hr outlook giving a total forecast of 18hr18hr

• (duat)(duat)

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories

• Are forecasts that advise en route Are forecasts that advise en route aircraft of the development of aircraft of the development of potentially hazardous weatherpotentially hazardous weather

• Three different kinds of in-flight wx Three different kinds of in-flight wx advisoriesadvisories

• 1. Convective SIGMET (WST)1. Convective SIGMET (WST)

• 2. SIGMET (WS)2. SIGMET (WS)

• 3. AIRMET (WA)3. AIRMET (WA)

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories• All heights are MSL unless stated CIGAll heights are MSL unless stated CIG

• Convective SIGMETConvective SIGMET (WST) - Are issued for (WST) - Are issued for any of the followingany of the following

• A severe thunderstorm due to 1. Surface A severe thunderstorm due to 1. Surface winds greater than or equal to 50kt, 2. winds greater than or equal to 50kt, 2. Hail at the surface greater than or equal Hail at the surface greater than or equal to 3/4 in. in diameter, 3. Tornadoes, 4. to 3/4 in. in diameter, 3. Tornadoes, 4. Embedded thunderstorms, 5. Line of Embedded thunderstorms, 5. Line of thunderstorms, or 6. TS greater or = to thunderstorms, or 6. TS greater or = to VIP intensity level 4 affecting 40% or VIP intensity level 4 affecting 40% or more of an area 3000 square miles.more of an area 3000 square miles.

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories• Convective SIGMETConvective SIGMET (WST) - implies severe (WST) - implies severe

or greater turbulence, severe icing, and or greater turbulence, severe icing, and low-level wind shearlow-level wind shear

• Issued for eastern (E), central (C), and Issued for eastern (E), central (C), and western (W) United States.western (W) United States.

• Bulletins are issued hourly at H+55Bulletins are issued hourly at H+55

• Each new bulletin is identified with a Each new bulletin is identified with a numbernumber

• The text of the bulletin’s forecast is valid The text of the bulletin’s forecast is valid for up to 2 hours. (Pg 281)for up to 2 hours. (Pg 281)

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories• SIGMET (WS)- SIGMET (WS)- advises of nonconvective advises of nonconvective

weather that is potentially hazardous to weather that is potentially hazardous to all aircraftall aircraft

• 1. Severe icing, 2. Severe or extreme 1. Severe icing, 2. Severe or extreme turbulence or clear air turbulence not turbulence or clear air turbulence not associated with a TSassociated with a TS

• 3. Dustorms, sandstorms, or volcanic ash 3. Dustorms, sandstorms, or volcanic ash lowering surface visibilities to below 3SMlowering surface visibilities to below 3SM

• 4. Volcanic eruption4. Volcanic eruption

• The maximum forecast period is 6 hrs.The maximum forecast period is 6 hrs.

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories

• Identified by alphabetic designators Identified by alphabetic designators which inlude November through Yankee which inlude November through Yankee but exlude Sierra and Tangobut exlude Sierra and Tango

• First issuance of a SIGMET with be labeled First issuance of a SIGMET with be labeled UWS (urgent weather SIGMET)UWS (urgent weather SIGMET)

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories

• ExampleExample

• UWS 051710UWS 051710

• SIGMET PAPA 1 VALID UNTIL 052110SIGMET PAPA 1 VALID UNTIL 052110

• AR LA MSAR LA MS

• FROM STL TO 30N MEI TO BTW TO MLU TO FROM STL TO 30N MEI TO BTW TO MLU TO STL OCNL SVR ICING 90 TO 130 EXPCE.STL OCNL SVR ICING 90 TO 130 EXPCE.

• FRZLVL 80 E TO 120 W. CONDS CONTG FRZLVL 80 E TO 120 W. CONDS CONTG BYD 2100ZBYD 2100Z

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories

• AIRMET (WA)-AIRMET (WA)- are advisories of significant are advisories of significant weather phenomena but describe weather phenomena but describe conditions at intensities lower than those conditions at intensities lower than those which trigger SIGMETs.which trigger SIGMETs.

• Are bulletins issued on a scheduled basis Are bulletins issued on a scheduled basis every 6 hrs. every 6 hrs. Issued for:Issued for: moderate icing, moderate icing, Moderate turbulence, sustained surface Moderate turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 kt. Or more, IFR clouds and winds of 30 kt. Or more, IFR clouds and visibilites affecting over 50% of the area at visibilites affecting over 50% of the area at one time, extensive mountain obscurementone time, extensive mountain obscurement

In-Flight WX advisoriesIn-Flight WX advisories

• AIRMET - have fixed alphanumeric AIRMET - have fixed alphanumeric designators of:designators of:

• ZULU for moderate icing & Freezing ZULU for moderate icing & Freezing LevelLevel

• TANGO for moderate turbulence, LLWS, TANGO for moderate turbulence, LLWS, strong windsstrong winds

• SIERRA for IFR and mountain obscurationSIERRA for IFR and mountain obscuration

• Pg 284 examplePg 284 example

WINDS ALOFT FORECAST WINDS ALOFT FORECAST FD/FBFD/FB

• Forecasts are made twice a day based on 00Z Forecasts are made twice a day based on 00Z and 12Z data for use during specific time and 12Z data for use during specific time intervalsintervals

• Can be both an observation or a forecast.Can be both an observation or a forecast.

• Valid for a specific time Valid for a specific time

• Gives winds at 3000ft, 6000ft, 9000ft, 12,000ft, Gives winds at 3000ft, 6000ft, 9000ft, 12,000ft, 18,000ft, 24,000ft, 30,000ft, 34,000ft etc.18,000ft, 24,000ft, 30,000ft, 34,000ft etc.

• example winds and temperature at 9,000ft are example winds and temperature at 9,000ft are written aswritten as

• 2725+00 = winds 270 degrees true and 25 knots 2725+00 = winds 270 degrees true and 25 knots temperature 0 degrees Ctemperature 0 degrees C

WINDS ALOFT FORECAST WINDS ALOFT FORECAST FDFD

• No winds are forecast within 1500ft of station No winds are forecast within 1500ft of station elevation, also no temperature are forecast for elevation, also no temperature are forecast for the 3,000ft level or for any level within 2,500 ft the 3,000ft level or for any level within 2,500 ft of station elevation. Above 24000 no negative Cof station elevation. Above 24000 no negative C

• If wind speed is over 100 knots (or from 100-If wind speed is over 100 knots (or from 100-199knots) the wind speed will have 50 added to 199knots) the wind speed will have 50 added to the directionthe direction

• Example wind 230 degrees T at 150 knots Example wind 230 degrees T at 150 knots =7350=7350

• Wind less than 5 kt codedas 9900 light and Wind less than 5 kt codedas 9900 light and variablevariable

PIREPS UAPIREPS UA• PIREPS (UA) - observations from pilots in PIREPS (UA) - observations from pilots in

the cockpit. Provide the only means of the cockpit. Provide the only means of directly observing cloud tops, icing, and directly observing cloud tops, icing, and turbulence.turbulence.

• Transmitted in a prescribed formatTransmitted in a prescribed format

PIREPS UAPIREPS UA• /OV = LOCATION, /OV = LOCATION,

• /TM = TIME, /TM = TIME,

• /FL = ALTITUDE/FLIGHT LEVEL, /FL = ALTITUDE/FLIGHT LEVEL,

• /TP = AIRCRAFT TYPE, /TP = AIRCRAFT TYPE,

• /SK = SKY COVER, /SK = SKY COVER,

• /WX = FLIGHT VISIBILITY AND WEATHER,/WX = FLIGHT VISIBILITY AND WEATHER,

• /TA = TEMPERATURE, /TA = TEMPERATURE,

• /WV = WIND, /WV = WIND,

• /TB = TURBULENCE, /TB = TURBULENCE,

• /IC = ICING, /IC = ICING,

• /RM = REMARK/RM = REMARK

PIREPS UAPIREPS UA

• The letter “UUA” identify an urgent PIREPThe letter “UUA” identify an urgent PIREP

• ExampleExample

• SEA UA /OV SEA105045/TM SEA UA /OV SEA105045/TM 0245/FL170/TP B738/TB MOD 0245/FL170/TP B738/TB MOD 170-120/RM DURGD170-120/RM DURGD

• SFF UA /OV SFF045008 /TM 0336 SFF UA /OV SFF045008 /TM 0336 /FL050 /TP BE20 /TA M04 /IC MOD RIME/FL050 /TP BE20 /TA M04 /IC MOD RIME

WX 1/5/2003WX 1/5/2003• KMWH 052252Z 02005KT 10SM OVC009 05/03 A3057 RMK KMWH 052252Z 02005KT 10SM OVC009 05/03 A3057 RMK

AO2 SLP363 T00500028 $ AO2 SLP363 T00500028 $

• KPSC 052253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 11/03 A3056 RMK KPSC 052253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 11/03 A3056 RMK AO2 SLP351 T01110033 AO2 SLP351 T01110033

• KGEG 052256Z 16003KT 10SM FEW012 BKN017 OVC200 04/01 KGEG 052256Z 16003KT 10SM FEW012 BKN017 OVC200 04/01 A3054 RMK AO2 SLP358 T00390011 A3054 RMK AO2 SLP358 T00390011

• KEAT 052311Z AUTO 07005KT 3SM BR OVC001 01/00 A3057 KEAT 052311Z AUTO 07005KT 3SM BR OVC001 01/00 A3057 RMK AO2 RMK AO2

• KELN 052253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 01/M01 A3052 RMK KELN 052253Z AUTO 00000KT 10SM CLR 01/M01 A3052 RMK AO2 SLP351 T00061011 AO2 SLP351 T00061011

• KSEA 052256Z 36003KT 10SM SCT130 BKN150 10/06 A3045 KSEA 052256Z 36003KT 10SM SCT130 BKN150 10/06 A3045 RMK AO2 SLP313 T01000061 RMK AO2 SLP313 T01000061

1/5/20041/5/2004

• METAR KMWH 052152Z 36010KT METAR KMWH 052152Z 36010KT 10SM CLR M14/M19 A3073 RMK 10SM CLR M14/M19 A3073 RMK AO2 SLP442 T11391194 AO2 SLP442 T11391194

• METAR KEPH 052153Z AUTO METAR KEPH 052153Z AUTO 36006KT 10SM CLR M13/M20 A3071 36006KT 10SM CLR M13/M20 A3071 RMK AO2 SLP438 T11331200 $ RMK AO2 SLP438 T11331200 $

NOTAMSNOTAMS

• MWH 01/022 MWH RWY 36 BOW MU MWH 01/022 MWH RWY 36 BOW MU 27/25/28 WEF 090105040527/25/28 WEF 0901050405

• BOW = BOW = Bowmonk Decelerometer Bowmonk Decelerometer (Bowmonk Sales)(Bowmonk Sales)

• MU = Prononced “Mew”, MU is a MU = Prononced “Mew”, MU is a measurement of runway friction as measurement of runway friction as reported by airport managament.reported by airport managament.

NOTAM NOTAM • !MWH 01/041 MWH RWY 36 BOW MU 43/32/39 WEF !MWH 01/041 MWH RWY 36 BOW MU 43/32/39 WEF

10010420221001042022

• BOW MU 27/25/28 WEF 0901050405BOW MU 27/25/28 WEF 0901050405

• 11STST THIRD VALUE 27 THIRD VALUE 27

• 22NDND THIRD 25 THIRD 25

• LAST 3LAST 3RDRD 28 28

• Went in effect 09 = 2009Went in effect 09 = 2009

• 01 = 101 = 1stst month month

• 05= 505= 5thth day day

• 0405 = 0405z0405 = 0405z

• http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/http://www.faa.gov/airports_airtraffic/airports/resources/advisory_circulars/media/150-5200-28D/resources/advisory_circulars/media/150-5200-28D/150_5200_28d.pdf 150_5200_28d.pdf

BRAKING ACTIONBRAKING ACTION

TAF 1/5/2009TAF 1/5/2009

• TAF KMWH 051734Z 0518/0618 TAF KMWH 051734Z 0518/0618 26004KT P6SM SCT020 SCT250 26004KT P6SM SCT020 SCT250 FM052000 22004KT P6SM SCT030 FM052000 22004KT P6SM SCT030 SCT250 FM060500 21005KT 5SM BR SCT250 FM060500 21005KT 5SM BR FEW002 BKN250 FM060900 FEW002 BKN250 FM060900 23004KT 3SM BR VCSH OVC00823004KT 3SM BR VCSH OVC008