AVAILABILITY AND UTILISATION OF BROADCAST MEDIA IN OPEN AND DISTANCE LEARNING

PROGRAMMES OF SELECTED TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN NIGERIA

Ph.D PRELIMINARY DEFENCE

BYADEBAYO, Matthew Sunday

85/9118

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE EDUCATION, FACULTY OF EDUCATION,UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN,

ILORIN, NIGERIA.

SUPERVISOR: DR. (MRS) M.V. ADEGBIJA

CHAPTER ONE

Background to the ProblemStatement of the ProblemPurpose of the StudyResearch QuestionsResearch HypothesesScope of the StudyClarification of the Major TermsSignificance of the Study

Background to the Problem Background to the Use of Technologies in Transmitting

Knowledge for Open and Distance Learning Open and Distance Learning via Institutional Systems to reach

many Learners at the same time, irrespective of geographical, social, and political boundaries.

Open access in learning to solve problems of time, space, age, costs, transport, inadequate opportunities of candidates designing higher education and for personal fulfillments of on the job developments.

Provision of Distance Learning by private and public institutions. The later includes single mode providers such as NOUN, and NTI, while dual or mixed are conventional institutions – Universities/Polytechnics/Colleges of Education.

Statement of the Problems Scholars have asserted that no meaningful teaching and

learning can take place in any ODL without the use of technological dances.

Studies by Adegbija (1993), Yusuf (2001), Abolade (2003) and many more stated the merits in the use of technological devices for ODL programmes.

However studies on the use of Broadcast media in ODL programmes of tertiary institutions in Nigeria are not abundant.

The problem of this study was an investigation into availability, extent of usage, personnel and constraints in the realm of usage and solutions that will make it a viable potent tool to achieve the goals of education for all.

Purpose of the Study- The general purpose of this thesis was to investigate

the availability and utilisation of Broadcast media in Open and Distance Learning institutions.

- The extent to which broadcast media have been used in ODL.

- The adequacy of human resources (technical personnel) selected ODL providers

- The problems that hinders effective use of broadcast media by ODL providers.

Research QuestionsThe underlisted will serve as the research questions for this study:

• Are Radio broadcast facilities available among the selected ODL providers?• Are TV broadcast facilities available among the selected ODL providers?• To what extent has radio broadcast media been utilised within the ODL

programmes of selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria?• To what extent has TV broadcast media been utilised within the ODL programmes

of selected tertiary institutions in Nigeria?• Are there specially trained radio broadcast personnel for the utilisation of radio

broadcast media among the selected ODL providers in Nigeria?• Are there specially trained TV broadcast personnel for the utilisation of TV

broadcast media among the selected ODL providers in Nigeria?• What are the problems militating against the use of radio broadcast media among

the selected ODL providers in Nigeria?• What are the problems militating against the use of TV broadcast media among the

selected ODL providers in Nigeria?• Are broadcast media facilities adequate among the selected ODL providers?• Are the broadcast media facilities available functional within the ODL providers?

Research Hypothesis

Two null hypothesis are generated for this study:• There is no significant difference in the utilisation

of Broadcast media within the single mode ODL providers and those of dual mode Open and Distance Learning providers.

• There is no significant difference in the problem militating against the use of Broadcast media between single mode and dual mode providers of Open and Distance Learning programmes.

Scope of the Study

The research was limited to the use of broadcast media as an instructional delivery mode in teaching and learning with particular reference to its application within Open and Distance Learning programmes of selected Nigeria Tertiary Institutions. It was carried out at National Open University of Nigeria (NOUN). National Teacher’s Institute (NTI) Kaduna, University of Ibadan Distance Learning Centre and Obafemi Awolowo University Distance Learning Centre.

Clarifications of Terms and VariableThe underlisted are terms and variables defined

in this study:- Availability, Asynchronous learning, Distance

learning, Open and Distance Learning, Open Learning, Synchronous learning, Broadcast Media.

Significance of the StudyFindings are expected to be useful to:

- Providers of ODL- Instructional material developers- Learners involved in ODL programmes- The National Universities Commission- The Federal/State Governments of Nigeria- The future educational researchers.

CHAPTER TWOREVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Literature has been reviewed under the following sub-headings:

- Theoretical framework - Historical foundations of educational media- Broadcast media and the National Policy of Education- Utilisation of technology in education- Educational broadcasting in Nigeria schools- Concept of Open learning, Distance learning, Open and

Distance learning,- Open and Distance learning in Nigeria - Emerging technologies for ODL - Rationale for adoption of ODL in Nigeria- Appraisal of literature review

CHAPTER THREERESEARCH METHODOLOGYThis chapter described the procedure followed

in the course of this research: Research type Sample and sampling technique Research instrument Validation of research instrument Procedure for data collection Data analysis techniques

Research Type

This research work is a descriptive research of the survey type. It focused on obtaining information on the availability and utilisation of broadcast media in ODL programmes of selected providers.

Sample and Sampling Technique

Population for the research involved all lecturers, management staff, and students in the selected ODL providers

NOUN, NTI, Unibadan Distance Learning and Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife were purposively selected.

Sample size was 902 respondents.

Research Instrument

Three researcher designed instruments were used for this research. The first was a set of questionnaire titled “Broadcast media BROMODL I, for students and the second was BROMODL II for staff.

The third was a checklist on availability of broadcast media in ODL programmes.

Instrument Validation

Experts from the Department of Science Education, University of Ilorin, Validated the instruments.

- The institutions were visited:

- Questionnaires were administered with the help of research

assistants in each of the institutions.

- Researcher personally visited the Directors/Representative

of each institutions/centres to fill the checklist

Procedure for Data Collection

Data Analysis Technique

- Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, frequency counts, means, and percentages

- The hypotheses were analysed using t-test.

Data Analysis and ResultsTable 5: Radio broadcast facilities available among selected ODL providers

S/N Radio Broadcast Facilities

Available

Not Available

1 Radio sets 100% -

2 Audio tapes 100% -

3 Microphones 100% -

4 Recording studio 75% 25%

5 Satellite receivers 100% -

6 Studio office complex 75% 25%

7 Satellite Antenna 75% 25%

8 Personal Broadcasting tools

50% 50%

9 Wireless Network (RP) 50% 50%

10 FM broadcasting Equipment

100% -

Table 6: TV Broadcast Facilities S/No TV Broadcast Facilities Available Not Available

1 TV sets 100% -

2 Video cameras 100% -

3 Video tapes 100% -

4 Microphones 100% -

5 Recording studio 75% 25%

6 Digital studio camera 100% -

7 VTR writers, Desks and Rec. 75% 25%

8 Satellite Receivers 100% -

9 Studio office complex - 100%

10 Satellite antennas 75% 25%

11 Camcorders 75% 25%

12 System camera 25% 75%

13 Production monitors 25% 75%

14 Lens-adds-ons and optical filters 25% 75%

15 Lightening-multi channel 25% 75%

16 Radiology-imaging, printers and X-ray - -

17 HD recorders and Play ers 50% 50%

18 Personal broadcasting tools 50% 50%

19 Mobile learning tools 25% 75%

20 Tele-conferencing equipment 25% 75%

Table 7: Extent of Radio Broadcast Media been Utilised among the Selected ODL Providers

S/No Radio Programmes

Very Fre-quently

Frequently Sometimes Not at all

1 Radio instruction 418 (46.3%)

208(23%)

205(22.7%)

81(8.1%)

2 Audio tape 350(38.8%)

190(21%)

212(23.5%)

152(16.8%)

3 Compact Disc (CD) 276(30.4%)

301(33.4%)

197(21,8%)

180(14.4%)

4 Mobile Phone 301(45.5%)

301(27.7%)

205(16.9%)

181(9.9%)

Table 8: Extent of Usage of TV broadcast media among selected ODL providers

S/N TV Programmes Very Frequentl

y

Frequently

Sometimes

Not at all

1 TV telecast 238(25.3%)

220(24.3%)

229 (25.3%)

217(24.9%)

2 Video tape 257(26.2%)

250 (28.7%)

218(24.2%)

190(21%)

3 Instruction motion films

138 (15.1%)

243(26.8%)

258(28.5%)

267(29.5%)

4 Compact Disc (CD) 276 (30.4%)

301(33.4$)

197 (21.8%)

130(14.4%)

5 Interaction (DCD) 232 (25. 3%)

291 (32.2%)

259 (28.7%)

124(13. 8%)

6 Teleconferencing 133(14.8%)

167(13.9%)

126 (18.5%)

478 (52.9%)

Table 9: Specially trained Radio broadcast Personnel utilising Radio broadcast among selected ODL providers

S/No Personnel Available Not Available

1 Studio managers 112(79.4%)

29(20.6%)

2 Instructional designers 67(47.5%)

74(52.5%)

3 Programme coordinators 103(73%)

38(27%)

4 Course coordinators 92(65.2%)

49(34.8%)

5 Technical crew 83(58.9%)

58(41.1%)

6 Radio teachers 27(19.1%)

114(80.9%)

7 Broadcasters 44(31.2%)

97(68.8%)

8 Script writers 65(46.1%)

76(53.9%)

9 Maintenance Engineers 68(48.2%)

73(51.8%)

10 Drivers 74(52.5%)

67 (97.5%)

11 Sound Recorders 49(34.8%)

92(65.2%)

Table 10: Specially trained TV Broadcast personnel among selected ODL providers

S/No Personnel Available Not Available

1 Studio managers 112(79.4%) 29 (20.6%)

2 Instructional designers 67 (47.5%) 74 (52.5%)

3 Programme coordinators 103 (73%) 38(27%)

4 Course coordinators 92(65.2%) 49(34.8%)

5 Video cameramen 81(57.4%) 60(42.6%)

6 Technical crew 83(58.9%) 58(41.1%)

7 TV Broadcasters 44(31.2%) 97(68.8%)

8 Design Artists 56(39.7%) 85(60.3%)

9 Script writers 65(46.1%) 76(53.9%)

10 Maintenance Engineers 68(48.2%) 73(51.8%)

11 Drivers 74(52.5%) 67(97.5%)

12 Sound Recorders 49(34.8%) 92(65.2%)

13 Make-up Artist 49(34.8%) 92(65.2%)

14 Lightening Cameramen 37(26.2%) 104(73.8%)

15 Stylist 32(22.7%) 109(77.3%)

Table 11: Table showing representation of 25 itemsised problems militating against the effective use of Radio broadcast media among selected ODL providers

Variables No SA A D SD

Respondents 902 33.07% 37.6% 11.7% 17.08%

Table 12: Table showing representation of 25 itemsised problems militating

against the effective use of TV broadcast media among selected

ODL providers

Variables No SA A D SD Respondents 902 35.07% 36.6% 14.7% 16.08%

Table 13: Table showing the adequacy and otherwise of broadcast facilities among ODL providers

S/No Items/Facilities Adequate Not Adequate

1 Television sets 75% 25%

2 Radio sets 75% 25%

3 Video cameras 50% 50%

4 Audio tapes 25% 75%

5 Video tapes 25% 75%

6 Microphones 50% 50%

7 Recording studios 50% 50%

8 Digital studio camera 50% 50%

9 VTR writers, Desks and Recorders 50% 50%

10 Satellite receivers 100% -

11 FM broadcasting equipment 100% -

12 Studio office complex 100% -

Table 13: Table showing the adequacy and otherwise of broadcast facilities among ODL providers (contd)

13 Satellite Antennas 50% 50%

14 Camcorders 50% 50%

15 System cameras 75% 25%

16 Production monitors 100% -

17 Lens-adds-on and optical filters 75% 25%

18 Lightening: multi-channel systems 100% -

19 Radiology: printers, imaging, monitors, and X-ray

- 100%

20 HD recorders and players 100% -

21 Personal broadcasting tools 75% 25%

22 Wireless network (RAD) 25% 75%

23 M.Learning tools 25% 75%

24 Tele-conferencing - 100%

Table 14: Table showing the Broadcast Facilities Available and Functional within the ODL Providers

S/No Items/Facilities Functional Not Functional

1 Television sets 50% 50%

2 Radio sets 50% 50%

3 Video cameras 25% 25%

4 Audio tapes 25% 75%

5 Video tapes - 100%

6 Microphones - 100%

7 Recording studios 25% 75%

8 Digital studio camera - 100%

9 VTR writers, Desks and Recorders - 100%

10 Satellite receivers 25% 75%

11 FM broadcasting equipment 75% 25%

12 Studio office complex 75% 25%

Table 14: Table showing the Broadcast Facilities Available and Functional within the ODL Providers (contd)

13 Satellite Antennas 100% -

14 Camcorders 100% -

15 System cameras 100% -

16 Production monitors 100% -

17 Lens-adds-on and optical filters 100% -

18 Lightening: multi-channel systems 100% -

19 Radiology: printers, imaging, monitors, and X-ray

100% -

20 HD recorders and players 75% 25%

21 Personal broadcasting tools 50% 50%

22 Wireless network (RAD) 75% 25%

23 Mobile Learning tools 100% -

24 Tele-conferencing - 100%

Table 15: The t-test Showing Difference in the Utilisation Mean Ratings of Single Mode ODL Providers and those of Dual Mode ODL Providers

Variables Frequency No

Mean SD df Cal. t-test

Sig. (2-failed)

Remark

Single Mode Providers

449 52.45881

12.02819

902 0.207 .836 NS

Dual Mode Providers

455 52.2948

11.84337

P < 0.05

Table 16: The t-test Analysis Showing Difference in the Mean Ratings of Problems

Militating Against the use of Broadcast Media between the Single and Dual

Mode Providers of ODL

Variables

Frequency No

Mean SD df Cal. t-

test

Sig. (2-failed)

Remark

Dual Mode

449 72.6440

13.74038

902 4.468 0.000 S

Single Mode

455 68.3252

15.29330

P < 0.05

Summary of Major Findings

Based on the data collected, analysed, and interpreted the following findings are obtained:

There were evidence of available but inadequate Broadcast facilities in all the selected ODL providers.The selected ODL providers seldomly use Broadcast facilities in the teaching of their programmes.There are inadequate trained personnel for the utilisation of Broadcast media in all the selected ODL providers.There exists enormous factors and or problems militating against the utilisation of Broadcast media for ODL programmes among the selected ODL providers.There is a significant diference in the mean ratings of staff and students in the utilisation of Broadcast media among the selected ODL providers. This is in favour of the staff.There is no significant difference in the mean ratings of single mode ODL providers and those of dual mode ODL provers as related to the utilisation of Broadcast media.There is no significant difference in factors militating against the effective use of Broadcast media between the staff and students involved in ODL programmes.There is significant difference in the mean ratings of problems militating against the use of Broadcast media between the single and dual mode ODL providers.

Recommendations

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made:All tertiary institutions involved in the provision of ODL should endeavour to put in place adequate broadcast media facilities to sustain their programmes.That broadcast media facilities such as the radio stations owned by such ODL providers should be given operational license to operate at short wave and medium wave frequencies as to enable them transmit their programmes beyond 80km radius of their Headquarters, as the case is presently on their FM radio stations.The Federal Government represented by the Federal Ministry of Education should work in conjunction with the various stakeholders in ODL to ensure the actualization of integrating Radio and TV educational broadcasting to form a feature in the educational support service system as postulated in the National Policy of Education (FRN, 2004).Providers of ODL at Tertiary Education level in Nigeria should liase adequately and appropriately with the Federal Government and various broadcasting agencies to allow for dedicated Radio and TV channels solely for the purpose of ODL programmes.Efforts should be intensified by all ODL providers to recruit specially trained personnel to handle their broadcast media related to ODL programmes for the benefit of all their students.The Federal Government should provide more funds to all ODL providers as to attend to the various problems hampering the availability and utilisation of Broadcast media by ODL providers in Nigeria.

Thanks for listening and God bless