tertiary ro membranes final combined...

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Tertiary Reverse Osmosis MembranesTertiary Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Tuesday, August 11, 2009 *1:00pm – 3:00pm Eastern Time

Webcast SpeakersWebcast Speakers

Tom Seacord, P.E., Tom Seacord, P.E., CarolloCarollo EngineersEngineersR. Bruce Chalmers, P.E., CDMR. Bruce Chalmers, P.E., CDMAlex Wesner, P.E., SPIAlex Wesner, P.E., SPIModerator: Paul J Schuler P E GE Water &Moderator: Paul J Schuler P E GE Water &Moderator: Paul J. Schuler, P.E., GE Water & Moderator: Paul J. Schuler, P.E., GE Water & Process TechnologiesProcess Technologies

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T i TTertiary TreatmentReverse Osmosis 101

Tom Seacord, P.E.

Topics to be Discussed

Drivers for using RO in tertiary treatmentFundamentalsRO system componentsMeasuring RO performance

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Drivers for Using RO in Tertiary Applications

Health and SafetyWater Quality

• TDS, Trace Organics, etc.Regulatory

• Effluent Guidelines• California Title 22 (or similar)

Osmosis is a Natural Process Occurring in Living Cells

Two solutions of

Solution A Solution B(L S li it )

different salinity separated by a semipermeable membrane

SemipermeableMembrane

(High Salinity) (Lower Salinity)

4

During Osmosis, Water Flows From the Solution of Low Concentration to the Solution of

Higher ConcentrationWater flows from

Solution A

OsmoticPressure

Solution B (lower salinity) to Solution A until salinity is balanced – equilibrium reached


Solution ASolution B

In Reverse Osmosis (RO), Pressure is Applied to the High Salinity Solution to Create Movement in the Reverse Direction

Pressure applied to high salinity solution to overcome osmotic pressure and force water to diffuse in opposite direction

Pressure

Solution A Solution B


Solution A

5

RO Membranes Do Not Have Pores - Salt Rejection is Based Upon Diffusion

Diffusion of Salt Through an RO M b I i il i fl d bMembrane Is primarily influenced by:

Temperature, TDS, foulingIf water quality is constant, (e.g., groundwater quality), diffusion occurs at a constant rate and permeate quality will notconstant rate and permeate quality will not change. Therefore, for a groundwater RO system:

If flux ↑ permeate TDS ↓If flux ↓ permeate TDS ↑

Flat Sheets of Membrane Material and Spacers are Combined into a “Spiral Wound” Membrane

Element for Commercial Use

6

Membrane Elements are Housed in Pressure Vessels so that Pressurized Feed Water can be

Applied to the Membrane

Concentrate

Permeate/ProductFeed

Membrane Element

Membrane Operating Conditions Vary Within a Pressure Vessel

Concentrate

Permeate/ProductFeed

More Prone toMembrane Scaling

Lowest TDSHighest Pressure

Highest TDSLowest Pressure

Distance Along Vessel

Recovery (%)

Tail EndFront End

7

RO Vessels are Staged into an Array to Produce Desirable Hydraulics as Recovery

Increases1st Stage 2nd Stage Concentrate

Array Basics:1 t St t t b 2 d St f d

Feed

Permeate (typ.)

1st Stage concentrate becomes 2nd Stage feedArray is staged to maintain minimum/maximum flows into and out of membrane elements

Minimum flow: 12 gpm per elementMaximum flow: 65 gpm per element

Pressure Vessels are Groupedin an Array to Form an RO Train

8

A Tertiary RO System has Several Components

ReverseOsmosis

Brine To Treatment or Disposal

CartridgeFiltersUltra Filtration

WastewaterEffluent

Peroxide

Lime/CO2Corrosion Inhibitor

Ultraviolet Light

Disinfection

Mono-Chloramine

or Disposal

Horizontal Cartridge Filter Orientation Provides Easier

Access for Operators

9

Vertical Turbine High Pressure Feed Pumps are Commonly Used in RO Systems

This Tertiary RO Plant in Fountain Valley, CA, Treats 70

mgd

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UV/Peroxide Treatment is Used for Disinfection and Micro-pollutant Oxidation

Post-Treatment is Typically Required to Prevent Corrosion

Lime/CO2 and Corrosion Inhibitor are Typical Post Treatment

11

Rules to Live by –RO Guidelines

Following These Rules will Result in Less Work for

OperatorsRO membranes are designed to remove di l d t i t f t (dissolved contaminants from water (e.g., dissolved salt)

Not particlesNot biologyNot gasesg

Free chlorine exposure will destroy an RO membranes ability to remove salt

However, monochloramine is okay

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Measuring Reverse Osmosis Performance

We Monitor Performance to Determineif Fouling Has Occurred and What Corrective Measures are Required

T f F liTypes of FoulingParticle FoulingMineral ScalingBiological FoulingOrganic FoulingOrganic Fouling

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Performance is First Determined by Design Conditions and Then Measured Against “Standard”

Conditions to Determine Fouling

Design ConditionsRecoveryFlux

Performance MonitoringDiff ti l PDifferential PressureASTM Normalized Salt PassageASTM Normalized Permeate Flow

Concentrate

Different Types of Fouling Occur in Different Places and Present Different Symptoms

Feed

Particle & BiologicalFouling Occur on 1st Stage Lead Elements

Mineral ScalingOccurs on 2nd (or 3rd) Stage

Tail Element

Tail EndFront End

Recovery (%)

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We Monitor Performance to Identify Fouling and Help Identify Corrective Measures

Particle Fouling↑ 1st Stage DP↑ 1st Stage DP↓ 1st Stage Normalized Permeate Flow

Mineral ScalingGradual ↓ 2nd Stage Normalized Salt RejectionGradual ↓ 2nd Stage Normalized Permeate Flow

Biological Fouling↑Exponential ↑ 1st Stage DP

Exponential ↑ 1st Stage Normalized Salt RejectionOrganic Fouling

Gradual ↑ Overall Normalized Salt RejectionGradual ↓ Overall Normalized Permeate Flow

Product Recovery Measures the Percentage of the Feed Stream that Becomes Product

RO Membranes

Brine

Product or PermeateFeed

100 gpm

20 gpm

80 gpm

Brine

80

Recovery (%) = Product or Permeate FlowrateFeed Flowrate

X 100100

80 %= =

X 100

15

As Recovery Increases, the Brine Concentration Increases Exponentially – Concentration Factor

ConcentrationFactor

5

Recovery Controls the Mineral Scaling (Fouling) Potential

Recovery

2

50 80

Membrane Flux Measures the Product Yield per unit area of Membrane (gfd = gal/day ft2)

RO Membranes

Brine


100 gpm

20 gpm

80 gpm

Flux = Product or Permeate Flowrate (gal/day)Membrane Area (ft2)

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Fouling (Particle and Organic Fouling) Increase Exponentially at Higher Flux Rates

Industry Standards Flux Rates:

Fouling

Industry Standards Flux Rates:Groundwater: 14 to 16 gfd

Reclaimed Water: 12 to 14 gfd

Flux

Salt Rejection Measures the Percentage of TDS in the Feed Stream that is Removed

(Rejected) by the Membrane SystemRO Membranes

Brine

Product or Permeate TDS50 mg/L

Feed TDS1,000 mg/L

Brine

1,000 - 50

Salt Rejection (%) = Feed TDS - Product or Permeate TDS

Feed TDS

X 1001,000

95 %= =

X 100

(Approximation)

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The Salt Rejection Decreasesas Temperature Increases

Diffusion of Salt Occurs

Salt Rejection

Diffusion of Salt Occurs at a Faster Rate at

Higher Temperatures

Temperature

Feed Side Differential Pressure is a Measure of the Headloss Through a Membrane Element

(psig)RO Membranes

Brine


100 psig

85 psig

5 psig

Brine

ΔP = PFeed – PBrine

= 100 – 85

ΔP = 15 psig

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Normalized Salt Passage Measures the Amount of Salt that the Membrane Passes

Salt passage changes with recovery, flux, feed concentration and temperature and needs to beconcentration and temperature and needs to be normalized

SP SP

P PP C C

S A

FA BAPA

FA BAPA FBS FA

=

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟ −

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞2 2

Π ΠΠ

SP SP P PP C C

S AFS BS

PSFS BS

PS FBA FS

=+

−⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟ −

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟2 2

Π ΠΠ

Membrane Flux Must be Corrected for Temperature and Pressure – Normalized

Permeate Flow (ASTM)

Permeate flow changes with feedPermeate flow changes with feed pressure, feed concentration and temperatureThe Normalized Permeate flow is a calculated value of the membrane production under a standard set of conditions Q Q

P PP TCF

P PP TCF

PS PA

FS BSPS

FS BSPS S

FA BAPA

FA BAPA A

=

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟ −

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

⎡

⎣⎢⎤

⎦⎥

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟ −

+−

⎛⎝⎜

⎞⎠⎟

⎡

⎣⎢⎤

⎦⎥

2 2

2 2

Π ΠΠ

Π ΠΠ

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Actual vs. NormalizedPermeate Flow

ActualStandardized

600

700

800

Flow

(gpm

)

Chemical Clean

400

500

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Operational Time (hours)

T i TTertiary TreatmentReverse Osmosis 101

Tom Seacord, P.E.

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Questions?Questions?

RO Systems in RO Systems in Advanced RecycledAdvanced RecycledAdvanced Recycled Advanced Recycled

Water PlantsWater PlantsR. Bruce Chalmers P.E.R. Bruce Chalmers P.E.

Miami, FloridaMiami, Florida

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OutlineOutlineIndirect potable reuse (using RO)Indirect potable reuse (using RO)

Example ProjectsExample ProjectsExample ProjectsExample ProjectsRO System DesignRO System Design

Basic System DesignBasic System DesignAppurtenancesAppurtenancesWater Quality RequirementsWater Quality Requirementsy qy q

Pilot TestingPilot TestingLessons LearnedLessons LearnedAWT Facility CostsAWT Facility Costs

Indirect Potable Reuse ProjectsIndirect Potable Reuse ProjectsOther Similar FacilitiesOther Similar Facilities

Vander Lans WTP Vander Lans WTP (Water Replenishment District)(Water Replenishment District)

El Segundo (West Basin MWD)

Others Similar Facilities

Singapore AustraliaKuwaitChina

South District Water South District Water Reclamation Plant Reclamation Plant

(WASD)(WASD)

Groundwater Groundwater Replenishment Replenishment System (OCWD)System (OCWD)

Scottsdale Water Campus (City of Scottsdale)

China

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Indirect Potable Reuse ProjectsIndirect Potable Reuse Projects

Project FeaturesProject FeaturesOrange Orange

County GWRCounty GWRWRD Vander WRD Vander

Lans WTPLans WTPMDWASD MDWASD SDWRFSDWRF

New reliable sourceNew, reliable source

Local, sustainable resource

Lower groundwater salinity

Seawater intrusion barrier

Maintain high basin production

Use less energy than imported

Defer construction of outfall

Reduce discharges to ocean

Orange County Water DistrictOrange County Water DistrictGroundwater Replenishment SystemGroundwater Replenishment System

Capacity: 70/130 mgdCapacity: 70/130 mgdP S tP S tProcess Systems:Process Systems:

Microfiltration/RO/UVMicrofiltration/RO/UVPump StationsPump StationsChemicalsChemicals13 mile pipeline13 mile pipeline13 mile pipeline13 mile pipeline16 Injection Wells16 Injection WellsKraemer Spreading Kraemer Spreading BasinBasin

Cost: $485 MillionCost: $485 MillionCourtesy of Larny Photography

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Orange County Water DistrictOrange County Water DistrictGroundwater Replenishment SystemGroundwater Replenishment System

Microfiltration Transfer PS

Pump Station

Reverse Osmosis UV

Recharge Pipeline Percolation Basin

Chemicals Injection Wells

Water Replenishment DistrictWater Replenishment DistrictLeo J. Vander Lans WTPLeo J. Vander Lans WTP

Size: 3 mgd / (8 mgd)Size: 3 mgd / (8 mgd)PPProcess: Process:

T22 (tertiary filtered water)T22 (tertiary filtered water)Microfiltration/RO/UVMicrofiltration/RO/UV50% Alamitos Barrier 50% Alamitos Barrier supplysupplypp ypp y

Cost: $18 MillionCost: $18 MillionStatus: Operational 10/05Status: Operational 10/05Partners: WRD of S. CAPartners: WRD of S. CA

LA County Sanitation LA County Sanitation

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Water Replenishment DistrictWater Replenishment DistrictLeo J. Vander Lans WTPLeo J. Vander Lans WTP

Microfiltration Transfer PS Reverse Osmosis

UV Chemicals Pump Station

MD Water & Sewer DepartmentMD Water & Sewer DepartmentSouth District Water Reclamation PlantSouth District Water Reclamation Plant

Size: 21 mgdSize: 21 mgdPPProcess:Process:

Tertiary filtered wastewaterTertiary filtered wastewaterMicrofiltration/RO/UVMicrofiltration/RO/UV--AA6 mile pipeline6 mile pipelineRecharge at Metro ZooRecharge at Metro ZooRecharge at Metro ZooRecharge at Metro Zoo

Cost: Est. $200 MillionCost: Est. $200 MillionStatus: Status:

Preliminary Design/Pilot TestPreliminary Design/Pilot TestOperational by Dec. 2013Operational by Dec. 2013

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MD Water & Sewer DepartmentMD Water & Sewer DepartmentSouth District Water Reclamation PlantSouth District Water Reclamation Plant

Source of Aerial s:Google Earth Pro


E l P j tE l P j tExample ProjectsExample ProjectsRO System DesignRO System Design

Basic System DesignBasic System DesignAppurtenancesAppurtenancesWater Quality RequirementsWater Quality RequirementsWater Quality RequirementsWater Quality Requirements


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RO System DesignRO System DesignBasic System DesignBasic System Design

Membrane Module

Particulate Removal (MF/UF) Decarbonation

Permeate

Post TreatmentPre-treatmentPump

Reject

Product

Acidification (CaCO3 control)Antiscalant (Reduce Scaling)Cartridge Filtration

DisinfectionMicroconstituentspH AdjustmentCorrosion control


Is the AWTF a critical Is the AWTF a critical facility?facility?

Large ROF Pumps

facility?facility?Capacity Capacity –– ROP capacityROP capacityTrain size Train size –– to 5+ mgdto 5+ mgdMotor Hp Motor Hp –– to 1,000 Hpto 1,000 HpR d dR d d “N” d t + 1“N” d t + 1Redundancy Redundancy –– “N” duty + 1 “N” duty + 1 standbystandby8” 8” vsvs large dia. membraneslarge dia. membranesFlux rates: 9.5 Flux rates: 9.5 –– 12.5 12.5 gfdgfdHeight of RO unitsHeight of RO units

Multiple, high capacity RO trains

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Recovery RatesRecovery RatesT picall 75% to 87%T picall 75% to 87%Typically 75% to 87%Typically 75% to 87%Two stage Two stage vsvs three stagethree stageRecovery dictates feed flow and upstream costsRecovery dictates feed flow and upstream costsRecovery limited by: solubility, equipment/energy Recovery limited by: solubility, equipment/energy costs, water qualitycosts, water qualityLower recovery can equate to higher concentrate Lower recovery can equate to higher concentrate disposal costsdisposal costs

Concentrate DisposalConcentrate DisposalOcean outfall, deep wells, sewer, blending, zero Ocean outfall, deep wells, sewer, blending, zero dischargedischarge


Semi- PermeateSemi-permeablemembrane

RO Feed (Product)

Concentrate(Reject or Brine)

RO Feed PumpSemi-

permeablemembrane

Two Stage RO System

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Semi- PermeateSemi-permeablemembrane

RO Feed (Product)

RO Feed PumpSemi-

permeablemembrane

Semi-permeablemembrane

Concentrate(Reject or Brine)

Three Stage RO System


Multiple RO manufacturersMultiple RO manufacturersAll membranes are not theAll membranes are not theAll membranes are not the All membranes are not the samesameFoulingFoulingRejection of microconstituentsRejection of microconstituents

Rejection of ConstituentsRejection of ConstituentsTOCTOCNitrogen (TN, ammonia, Nitrogen (TN, ammonia, nitrates/nitrites)nitrates/nitrites)SDWRP SDWRP –– ammonia and ammonia and phosphorusphosphorus

Courtesy of OCWD

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RO System DesignRO System DesignTypical Typical AWTF Process Flow DiagramAWTF Process Flow Diagram

SodiumSodiumHypochloriteHypochlorite

MF CleaningMF CleaningSystemSystem

CompressedCompressedAirAir

FeedFeed

To Waste/To Waste/RecycleRecycle

AutomaticAutomaticStrainersStrainers

Microfiltration/Microfiltration/UltrafiltrationUltrafiltration

BreakBreakTankTank SulfuricSulfuric

AcidAcidThresholdThresholdInhibitorInhibitor

RO FlushRO FlushSystemSystemReverse OsmosisReverse Osmosis

To UseTo Use

yy

To WasteTo Waste

SysteSyste

RO CleaningRO CleaningSystemSystem

CartridgeCartridgeFiltersFilters

DecarbonatorDecarbonatorFinal ProductFinal ProductClearwell andClearwell andPump StationPump Station

LimeLimeSodium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide

UVUVReactorReactor


GWR (70 mgd)GWR (70 mgd)5 Trains w/ 3 units each5 Trains w/ 3 units each> 15,000 RO elements> 15,000 RO elements

Vander Lans WTP (3 Vander Lans WTP (3 mgd)mgd)

1 Train1 Train1 Train1 Train>750 RO elements>750 RO elements

SDWRP (21 mgd)SDWRP (21 mgd)5 Trains w/ 1 unit each5 Trains w/ 1 unit each>5,000 RO elements (TBD)>5,000 RO elements (TBD)

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RO System DesignRO System DesignAppurtenancesAppurtenances

PretreatmentPretreatmentMicrofiltration/UltrafiltratioMicrofiltration/UltrafiltratioMicrofiltration/UltrafiltratioMicrofiltration/UltrafiltrationnBreak tank/Transfer PSBreak tank/Transfer PSChemical additionChemical addition

•• SHC, sulfuric acid, TISHC, sulfuric acid, TIC t id filtC t id filt

GWRS Cartridge Filters & Chemical Systems

GWR RO Flush Tank and Decarbonators

Cartridge filtersCartridge filtersPost treatmentPost treatment

DecarbonatorsDecarbonatorsDisinfection/AOPDisinfection/AOPStabilization (limeStabilization (lime

RO System DesignRO System DesignAppurtenancesAppurtenances

Clean in Place SystemsClean in Place SystemsMembrane CleaningMembrane Cleaning –– 66

VLWTP RO CIP System

Membrane Cleaning Membrane Cleaning –– 6 6 months to 1 yearmonths to 1 yearTwo tanks/pumpsTwo tanks/pumps

Flush tank (ROP)Flush tank (ROP)Membrane flushMembrane flush GWRS Lime Stabilization System

Lime saturatorLime saturatorCIP solutions (MF/RO)CIP solutions (MF/RO)

RO waste systemRO waste systemElectrical room (MCC, Electrical room (MCC, VFD)VFD)

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RO System DesignRO System DesignWater Quality RequirementsWater Quality Requirements

Operating permit from State Operating permit from State regulator:regulator:regulator:regulator:

Regional Water Quality Control BoardRegional Water Quality Control BoardFlorida Dept. of Florida Dept. of EnvEnv. Protection. Protection

Input from other agenciesInput from other agenciesCDPH sets major project CDPH sets major project j p jj p jrequirementsrequirementsLocal agency input (DERM)Local agency input (DERM)

Different agencies interpret Different agencies interpret regulations differentlyregulations differentlyA tiA ti d d ti lid d ti li

Environmental Resources


Parameter

SDWRP

GWRVander Lans

FDEPPart IV

FDEPPart V

DERM WQ Stds

DERM CTLs GWR

(mg/L)Lans

(mg/L)Part IV(mg/L)

Part V(mg/L)

WQ Stds(mg/L)

CTLs (mg/L)

CBOD5 20 20 30 N.R. (20) (15)

TOC N.R. 3 N.R. N.R. 0.5/RWC 0.5/RWC

TSS 5 (cont) 5 (cont) 40 N.R. (20) (15)

TDS 500 500 500 500 500

Total Nitrogen N.R.-10 10 N.R. N.R. 5 5

Total Nitrite + 10 N R N R N R 3 N RTotal Nitrite + nitrate

10 N.R. N.R. N.R. 3 N.R.

Nitrate 10 10 N.R. 10 3 N.R.

Nitrite 1 1 N.R. N.R. 1 1

Ammonia N.R. N.R. 0.5 2.8 (3) N.R.

Phosphorus N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R. N.R.

NDMA (ppt) N.R. N.R. N.R. <2 10 10

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ConstituentOCWD GWRS Feed

OCWD GWRS

Product

SDWRF Feed

ProjectedSDWRP ProductFeed Product Product

Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 750-1860 60-75 340-450 50-65

Total Organic Carbon (mg/l) 7-16.5 <0.5 5-25 <0.5

Turbidity (NTU) 2-20 <1 0-5 <1

Alkalinity (as CaCO3) 187-350 42-44 184-284 25-50

Hardness (as CaCO3) 225-367 42-43 <60 25

Total Nitrogen (mg/l) 3.8-26.7 <5.0 25.4 <0.5

Ammonia Nitrogen (mg/l) 8.1-28.9 0.3 – 2.4 28+ 1.8

Phosphorus 0.6-2.7 0.01 – 0.4 2.2 <0.010

BOD (mg/l) 9.6-15.2 N.D. 2-9 N.D.





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Pilot TestingPilot TestingSDWRP Study Goals and Information SDWRP Study Goals and Information Alternative water supply source for future Alternative water supply source for future d dd ddemandsdemandsAdvanced treatment of SDWWTP effluent Advanced treatment of SDWWTP effluent for groundwater replenishment (21 mgd)for groundwater replenishment (21 mgd)11stst AWTF on east coast for indirect potable AWTF on east coast for indirect potable reuse using MF/RO/UVreuse using MF/RO/UVreuse using MF/RO/UVreuse using MF/RO/UVBest Available Technology (BAT)Best Available Technology (BAT)

Based on Orange County, CA GWRS FacilityBased on Orange County, CA GWRS Facility

Pilot TestingPilot TestingSDWRP Goals and Information SDWRP Goals and Information

Meet FAC 62Meet FAC 62--610.564 610.564 il t t t i til t t t i tpilot test requirementspilot test requirements

Performance validationPerformance validationProcess optimizationProcess optimizationDesign criteria Design criteria developmentdevelopmentdevelopmentdevelopmentQualification of MF and Qualification of MF and UVUV--A equipment A equipment manufacturersmanufacturersQualification ROQualification RO

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Pilot TestingPilot TestingSDWRP SDWRP Goals and InformationGoals and Information

Regulatory demonstrationRegulatory demonstration SDWRP 3 Stage RO Pilot Test Unit

Key information from dataKey information from dataComparable first stage Comparable first stage rejection of key constituents rejection of key constituents (qualification)(qualification)Limit of recovery due to Limit of recovery due to yysolubilitiessolubilities

•• Other parameters: pH, TIOther parameters: pH, TIDetermine overall nutrient Determine overall nutrient rejection (NH3rejection (NH3--N and P)N and P) SDWRP 1 Stage RO Pilot Test Unit

Pilot TestingPilot TestingSDWRP Process Flow DiagramSDWRP Process Flow Diagram

ConcentrateConcentrate

HH22SOSO44Tank and Tank and

Feed PumpFeed PumpBlow OffBlow Off

PlantPlantEffluentEffluent

SodiumSodiumHypochloriteHypochlorite

Tank and FeedTank and FeedPumpPump

totoPlant DrainPlant Drain

OverflowOverflowtoto

PlantPlantDrainDrain

ConcentrateConcentratetoto


totoPlant DrainPlant Drain

OverflowOverflowtoto


UVUV

ReclaimedReclaimedWater toWater to

Plant DrainPlant Drain

PilotPilotPlantPlantFeedFeedTankTank

FeedFeedPumpsPumps

forforPilotPilot

FiltrationFiltrationFeedFeedTankTank

ROROFeedFeedTankTank

Five RO and two UV system tested.Five RO and two UV system tested.

BreakBreakTankTank

ROROFeedFeedPumpPump

35

Pilot TestingPilot TestingSDWRP Site LayoutSDWRP Site Layout

SDWRP Pilot TestingSDWRP Pilot TestingUF MF

UF UV

UV

UF RO SystemUF

36

SDWRP Pilot Test ResultsSDWRP Pilot Test ResultsDeep Bed Filter Deep Bed Filter –– TSS Removal DataTSS Removal Data

18.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

12.0

14.0

16.0

TSS

(mg/

L)TS

S (m

g/L)

TSS Limit = 5.0 mg/L

0.0

2.0

4.0

2/16/09 2/26/09 3/8/09 3/18/09 3/28/09 4/7/09 4/17/09 4/27/09 5/7/09 5/17/09 5/27/09 6/6/09

Sample DatesSample DatesTSS - Influent TSS - Effluent TSS Limit

SDWRP Pilot Test ResultsSDWRP Pilot Test ResultsMicrofiltration Microfiltration –– Silt Density Index DataSilt Density Index Data

5.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

Den

sity

Inde

x (S

DI)

Den

sity

Inde

x (S

DI)

SDI Limit = 2.0 SDI Units

0.0

1.0

2/16/09 2/26/09 3/8/09 3/18/09 3/28/09 4/7/09 4/17/09 4/27/09 5/7/09 5/17/09 5/27/09 6/6/09

Silt

DSi

lt D

Sample DatesSample Dates

MF1 MF2 MF3 MF4 MF5

37

SDWRP Pilot Test Results SDWRP Pilot Test Results TDS Removal DataTDS Removal Data

450

150

200

250

300

350

400

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

Con

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

0

50

100

2/16/09 2/26/09 3/8/09 3/18/09 3/28/09 4/7/09 4/17/09 4/27/09 5/7/09 5/17/09 5/27/09 6/6/09

TDS

CTD

S C

Sample DatesSample DatesTDS - Feed TDS - Permeate

TDS Limit = 50 mg/L

SDWRP Pilot Test ResultsSDWRP Pilot Test ResultsAmmonia Removal DataAmmonia Removal Data

35.0

L)L)

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

a C

once

ntra

tion

a C

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L(m

g/L

0.0

5.0

2/16/09 2/26/09 3/8/09 3/18/09 3/28/09 4/7/09 4/17/09 4/27/09 5/7/09 5/17/09 5/27/09 6/6/09

Am

mon

iaA

mm

onia

Sample DatesSample DatesAmmonia - Feed Ammonia - Permeate

Ammonia Limit = 0.5 mg/L

38

SDWRP Pilot Test Results SDWRP Pilot Test Results Total Phosphorus Removal DataTotal Phosphorus Removal Data

40.04.00

L)L)FDEP Proposed Goal = 50.0 mg/L

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

3.50

t Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/L

t Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/L

once

ntra

tion

(mg/

L)on

cent

ratio

n (m

g/L)

0.0

5.0

10.0

0.00

0.50

1.00

2/16/09 2/26/09 3/8/09 3/18/09 3/28/09 4/7/09 4/17/09 4/27/09 5/7/09 5/17/09 5/27/09 6/6/09

Efflu

enEf

fluen

TP

TP C

oC

o

Sample DatesSample DatesTP - Feed TP - Permeate

DERM Proposed Goal = 0.002 mg/L

SDWRP Pilot Test ResultsSDWRP Pilot Test ResultsTotal Phosphorus Removal DataTotal Phosphorus Removal Data

35 0

40.0

10 0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/L)

Con

cent

ratio

n (u

g/L)

0.0

5.0

10.0

2/16/09 2/26/09 3/8/09 3/18/09 3/28/09 4/7/09 4/17/09 4/27/09 5/7/09 5/17/09 5/27/09 6/6/09

TP C

TP C

Sample DatesSample DatesTP - Permeate

TP MDL = 2.0 ug/L

39





Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedImpacts to Existing FacilitiesImpacts to Existing Facilities

Planning Impacts Planning Impacts ––pumping collection areaspumping collection areas

OCSD Source Control Program

pumping, collection areas, pumping, collection areas, diversionsdiversionsOperational Impacts Operational Impacts ––recycle streams, polymers, recycle streams, polymers, deep wellsdeep wellsppSource Control Program Source Control Program ––WQ, permits, discharges, WQ, permits, discharges, monitoringmonitoringFacility Impacts Facility Impacts –– new PS, new PS,

ti t i tti t i tCourtesy of OCSD

40

Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedNDMA FormationNDMA Formation

Concern with NDMA productionConcern with NDMA productionJar testing to determine NDMA forming potential Jar testing to determine NDMA forming potential

Test Scenario NDMA (ng/L)

Expected Limit (ng/L)

1: Background Testing: Secondary Effluent 6.6 N.A.

2: HLD: Cl- point upstream of filtration/coagulant addition 23 2.0

g g pg g pRO credit for NDMA removal?RO credit for NDMA removal?

3: HLD: Cl- point downstream of filtration/coagulant addition 89 2.0

4: HLD: Cl- point downstream of filtration A 92 2.0

5: HLD: Cl- point downstream of filtration B 81 2.0

6: Secondary Effluent: Cl - addition for maintenance purposes/coagulant addition 17 2.0

Lessons LearnedLessons LearnedLime System OperationLime System Operation

120

45

50

FPW CharacteristicsFPW Characteristics

40

60

80

100

15

20

25

30

35

40

PW F

low

/Lim

e D

osag

ePW

Flo

w/L

ime

Dos

age

ue (M

FI/S

DI/T

urbi

dity

)ue

(MFI

/SD

I/Tur

bidi

ty)

FPW MFIFPW SDI5Turbidity (NTU)Lime Dose (mg/L)pH EC (uS)

0

20

0

5

10

10-A

pr-0

8

17-A

pr-0

8

24-A

pr-0

8

1-M

ay-0

8

8-M

ay-0

8

15-M

ay-0

8

22-M

ay-0

8

29-M

ay-0

8

5-Ju

n-08

12-J

un-0

8

19-J

un-0

8

26-J

un-0

8

3-Ju

l-08

10-J

ul-0

8

17-J

ul-0

8

24-J

ul-0

8

31-J

ul-0

8

7-A

ug-0

8

14-A

ug-0

8

21-A

ug-0

8

28-A

ug-0

8

4-Se

p-08

11-S

ep-0

8

18-S

ep-0

8

25-S

ep-0

8

2-O

ct-0

8

9-O

ct-0

8

16-O

ct-0

8

FPFPVal

Val

DateDate

41





RO System DesignRO System DesignCost ImpactsCost Impacts

RO System CostsRO System CostsCapitalCapital vsvs O&MO&MCapital Capital vsvs O&MO&MEnergy costs Energy costs –– Power is the highest costPower is the highest cost

•• Energy recoveryEnergy recoveryChemical costs Chemical costs –– the next highest costthe next highest cost

•• Threshold inhibitor, pH (acid)Threshold inhibitor, pH (acid)C blC bl b lb lConsumables Consumables –– membranes, lampsmembranes, lampsMaintenanceMaintenanceLaborLabor

42

AWT Facility CostsAWT Facility Costs

Treatment Plant Capacity Bid Date Bid Price$/gpd(6/12)(6/12)

Bedok (NEWater) 2.6 6/99 $11.5 $7.3

Vander Lans WTP (WRD) 3 8/01 $13.7 $7.2

Scottsdale (Phase 2) 4 12/97 $23.4 $10.0

West Basin MWD (Ph 3) 4.6 1/00 $16M $5.7

West Basin MWD (Carson) 5 11/98 $19M $6.4

GWR (OCWD) 70 6/02 $300M $6.6

Average $7.2

21 mgd SDWRP 21 mgd SDWRP -- 10/2010 Bid 10/2010 Bid -- Est. Cost: $150 Est. Cost: $150 -- $200 million dollars$200 million dollars

Typical AWTF Cost BreakdownTypical AWTF Cost BreakdownCapital CostsCapital Costs

MF 9% RO

12% UV3%

Misc. Mech.19%

Sitework13%

Buildings 23%

Elec/Inst15%

OH&P6%

MF

RO

UV

Mechanical

Sitework

Buildings

Elect/Inst13% /

OH&P

43

Typical AWTF Cost BreakdownTypical AWTF Cost BreakdownO&M CostsO&M Costs

MAINTENANCE COSTS9%

STAFFING13%

MISCELLANEOUS CONTRACT COST

5%

MEMBRANE AND LAMP

REPLACEMENT10%

CHEMICALS22%

MAINTENANCE COSTS

STAFFING (Phase 1)

MISCELLANEOUS CONTRACT COST

POWER

POWER41%

MEMBRANE AND LAMP REPLACEMENT

CHEMICALS

SummarySummary

RO has been successfully implemented as a RO has been successfully implemented as a f i di t t blf i di t t blsource for indirect potable reusesource for indirect potable reuse

New projects can be patterned after these New projects can be patterned after these successful facilitiessuccessful facilitiesThere are differences between reuse and There are differences between reuse and potable RO systemspotable RO systemspotable RO systemspotable RO systemsPilot testing is recommended to qualify RO Pilot testing is recommended to qualify RO membrane manufacturersmembrane manufacturersThe water quality requirements are criticalThe water quality requirements are criticalWhile the costs are high they may be lowerWhile the costs are high they may be lower

44

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Miami Dade Water and Sewer Department Miami Dade Water and Sewer Department (SDWRP)(SDWRP)(SDWRP)(SDWRP)Orange County Water District (GWR Orange County Water District (GWR System)System)Orange County Sanitation District (GWR Orange County Sanitation District (GWR System)System)System)System)Water Replenishment District (VLWTP)Water Replenishment District (VLWTP)SDWRP Project Team (CDM, HS, SPI, BC)SDWRP Project Team (CDM, HS, SPI, BC)GWR Project Team (CDM, TT, SPI, BC)GWR Project Team (CDM, TT, SPI, BC)

Courtesy of Larny Photography


45

Startup of TertiaryStartup of TertiaryStartup of Tertiary Startup of Tertiary Reverse Osmosis PlantsReverse Osmosis Plants

Alex Wesner, P.E.Alex Wesner, P.E.Separation Processes Inc.Separation Processes Inc.

TopicsPlanningConstruction CompletionConstruction CompletionSystems CheckoutChemical DeliveriesOrifice TestingMembrane LoadingI iti l St tInitial StartupFollow-Up MonitoringCase Study – West Basin Chevron RO Train 5

46

Planning

Develop a startup plan/scheduleC id h t t ill b d fConsider what water will be used for testingAre there any issues with disposal of water during testing (discharge of off-spec treated water, storage solutions)?Arrange for required water quality testsConfirm availability or procure test equipment

Planning

Recommended Test E i tEquipment

Silt Density Index (SDI) test kitHand held conductivity analyzer

OptionalIndividual vessel flow test apparatus

47

Construction Completion

All systems interfacing with the RO system should be substantially complete:should be substantially complete:

Pretreatment SystemTransfer PumpingChemical Feed (pre- and post-treatment)Process InstrumentationC t l P l (l l d SCADA)Control Panels (local and SCADA)

Get manufacturers’ certificates of proper installation

Systems Checkout

Complete functional and performance t ti ll RO t d l t dtesting on all RO system and related equipment:

Pipeline pressure testingChemical feed systemsPumpspValve actuators

48

Systems Checkout

Perform initial commissioning of control tsystem

Instrument calibrationLoop/alarm checksRemote control of devicesProcess graphics completeProcess graphics completeBase code complete and ready to test

Systems CheckoutComplete performance testing/commissioning of the RO pretreatment system (most likely MF orthe RO pretreatment system (most likely MF or UF)Verify quality of the pretreatment filtrate/RO feed:

Silt Density Index (SDI)TurbidityTTemperaturepHFree Chlorine/ORPComplete mineral analysis

49

Chemical DeliveriesRecommend testing all chemical feed systems (especially pretreatment chemicals) prior to RO ( p y p ) pmembrane loading

AntiscalantAcidCausticDechlorination systems

Consider pre-ordering RO cleaning or storage h i l d di it fichemicals depending on site specfic

requirementsOrder glycerine for membrane loading (gallons)

Orifice Testing

Test RO trains (together or(together or individually) prior to membrane loadingVerify all controls and proper operation of alloperation of all controlled equipment and systems

50

Orifice TestingOrifice plugs are placed in the permeate ports of the pressure vessel end caps (both ends)p p ( )

Permeate End – Drilled PlugOpposite End – Plain Plug

Undrilled plugs are available from the pressure vessel manufacturerCalculate orifice size to mimic train permeate flow rate at anticipated startup pressure p p pconditionsOrder extra plain plugs in case orifices are too large

Orifice Testing

TestAutomated Startup Shutdown Emergency Stop andAutomated Startup, Shutdown, Emergency Stop, and Flushing SequencesPump speed and modulating valve controls (pressurization on startup < 10 psi/sec)Confirm calibration and proper operation of system instrumentsChemical feed pump controlsShutdown alarms

Duration (per train) 48-hrs cumulative

51

Membrane Loading

Prior to loading:Open vessels removeOpen vessels, remove orifices and plugsClean/swab pressure vesselsInsure cartridge filters (if used) are loadedSchedule manufacturer’s representatives

Membrane LoadingPrepare a loading schedule to record element serial numbers and position within train and pressure vesselLubricate element interconnector and product tube o-rings with silicone (supplied by mfgr.)Install brine seal on feed endInstall brine seal on feed end of element; lubricate with glycerine or silicone

52

Membrane Loading

Install all b i thmembranes in the

direction of vessel feed flowInstall shims on product tube ofproduct tube of lead element

Membrane LoadingRow Vessel LocColumn Column

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R1 Lead #1 A968227 A997122 A995517 A992145 A965903 A995244 A995755 A997619 A974331 A829970 A987389 A987732 A995537 A997617 A995912 A987716 A991126 A995748

#2 A967191 A997126 A961031 A992716 A967147 A992761 A996121 A996532 A972031 A878746 A990700 A991127 A995562 A997134 A995261 A990770 A987753 A995708#3 A966191 A996584 A996114 A990772 A968726 A994748 A995235 A995904 A994730 A992742 A990746 A986885 A995287 A997195 A995217 A991144 A991134 A995727#4 A966153 A986877 A995598 A990739 A968720 A996177 A995596 A997665 A967104 A987795 A986887 A990761 A995280 A997176 A996134 A990786 A829966 A996108#5 A966142 A996127 A997856 A992759 A965998 A996551 A995741 A995734 A974233 A992138 A986891 A987731 A995565 A997612 A992791 A987736 A987792 A995792#6 A995509 A997123 A997632 A992116 A968719 A962869 A997802 A996161 A974329 A992760 A986893 A986897 A995281 A997634 A996187 A987761 A829987 A995922Tail #7 A966126 A996164 A997606 A992101 A995285 A992141 A995700 A997631 A974297 A991141 A990789 A990712 A995536 A996570 A995787 A990790 A987755 A995921

2 Lead #1 #N/A A997850 A962600 A878767 A996543 A995795 A996566 A997615 A994759 A992131 A990719 A991118 A995576 A997194 A997643 A997100 A995283 A996103#2 A967159 A995729 A996529 A878736 A995590 A987786 A997661 A969257 A969236 A987757 A991128 A987707 A995584 A996569 A995241 A996143 A995711 A996141#3 A965995 A997116 A995906 A991153 A996144 A991139 A996588 A995717 A974354 A992748 A986898 A996513 A995290 A997605 A996550 A996113 A995528 A996100#4 A995756 A997130 A997836 A878763 A992139 A992114 A995298 A974312 #N/A A878769 A990707 A990740 A996147 A997603 A996512 A995515 A995750 A995519#5 #N/A A997125 A997647 A992741 A996528 A996592 A961098 A974347 A974272 A987746 A990763 A990766 A995510 A997146 A996116 A987799 A995203 A995927#6 A962831 A995569 A997675 A878709 A995585 A996160 A961055 A974355 A974291 A878743 A987728 A987713 A995578 A997623 A997639 A987779 A995533 A995770Tail #7 A968206 A997139 A994746 A992102 A995589 A995586 A997614 A972035 A969254 A829981 A987726 A991129 A995289 A996571 A996119 A987739 A990796 A995920

3 Lead #1 A997165 A961166 A961027 A878733 A996516 A965981 A997600 A986805 A972060 A997140 A987776 A990745 A878719 A968222 A995736 A997645 A995581 A996110#2 A996523 A996112 A961018 A992782 A995916 A878731 A996521 A987334 A995256 A987717 A991132 A990721 A992725 A966128 A996193 A996125 A995591 A878738#3 A943898 A997608 A960213 A987712 A995742 A992171 A997613 A986815 #N/A A829989 A986889 A968717 A878782 A967172 A995737 A996567 A995561 A992709#4 A959545 A994767 A997680 A990762 A996198 A992718 A997669 A986825 A878710 A990781 A987729 A968252 A992194 A968212 A996500 A997662 A995599 A992753#5 A959560 A997695 A961065 A992146 A996122 A995768 A997611 A974398 #N/A A995240 A991120 A968725 A990771 A968712 A997163 A996591 A995521 A992143#6 A943895 A995744 A962803 A990773 A995530 A996142 A995902 A969270 A994702 A878754 A990756 A968246 A992119 A966193 A994781 A997635 A995749 A995725Tail #7 A996179 A997859 A961064 A990776 A995555 A996537 A995707 A974317 A994712 A987760 A986886 A966175 A878715 A968243 A997664 A997674 A995559 A995923

4 Lead #1 A995740 A997852 A961033 A991137 A996518 A995513 #N/A A987337 A994720 A987764 A990731 A992756 A991152 A987720 A996534 A966193 A995588 A992135#2 A995779 A997115 A997120 A987725 A995548 A992764 #N/A A972073 #N/A A987765 A990703 A968279 A878737 A990706 A990783 A968240 A996105 A992723#3 A996124 A967125 A962620 A990791 A995762 A995793 #N/A A987327 A974341 A991149 A990722 A968702 A992144 A990753 A996130 A965989 A995295 A992153#4 A995769 A996599 A962647 A990765 A996157 A992184 #N/A A987396 A994715 A829985 A991131 A968255 A992717 A968229 A996170 A967196 A995775 A990792#5 A995774 A967128 A959585 A987780 A995558 A992163 #N/A A968250 A994718 A991136 A990735 A968701 A986804 A966163 A996135 A967183 A995721 A878762#6 A996525 A968218 A962603 A987719 A996506 A992737 #N/A A987352 A995534 A990787 A987778 A992196 A986849 A966145 A996541 A968713 A996106 A992747Tail #7 A996559 A997825 #N/A A991113 A996501 A992170 #N/A A986882 A969283 A990798 A991124 A968272 A990769 A966199 A996535 A966138 A995728 A878775Tail #7 A996559 A997825 #N/A A991113 A996501 A992170 #N/A A986882 A969283 A990798 A991124 A968272 A990769 A966199 A996535 A966138 A995728 A878775

5 Lead #1 A996102 A995531 A996556 A997604 A987790 A996548 #N/A A987392 A995227 A987773 A987715 A968276 A995796 A990709 A991109 A966169 A992732 A992721#2 A995767 A967108 A996536 A997811 A991138 A992739 #N/A A987321 A995582 A991117 A990728 A968276 A992172 A987787 A987747 A966170 A995209 A992745#3 A996510 A967177 A997114 A991122 A990767 A992152 #N/A A972090 A995296 A990724 A990743 A968273 A991135 A986892 A990768 A968230 A995556 A878776#4 A959515 A967103 A992137 A987724 A991112 A829983 #N/A A972098 A992795 A987738 A991133 A992162 A992197 A878721 A987710 A966144 A995573 A992711#5 A961003 A996582 A997178 A997847 A994785 A992164 #N/A A986841 A995577 A987762 A990717 A992730 A992108 A990777 A991130 A965985 A995557 A992123#6 A959513 A997658 A960288 A996527 A990705 A992158 #N/A A987315 A995215 A987709 A990704 A968701 A992103 A990784 A987745 A966184 A995579 A878726Tail #7 A995246 A997118 A997168 A996504 A990742 A992750 #N/A A987397 A995535 A829990 A987723 A992726 A992743 A990758 A987794 A966160 A995560 A992758

6 Lead #1 A996597 A967111 A997124 A997108 A994768 A878778 #N/A A987316 A994760 A992786 A997141 A968274 A995702 A995911 A990747 A829961 A992122 A829998#2 A996120 A965982 A997138 A995759 A997186 A878759 #N/A A987330 A974255 A878756 A996117 A878730 A995924 A995710 A990774 A990723 A987308 A992724#3 A996118 A968223 A996156 A995722 A997145 A995258 #N/A A986843 A974319 A995200 A997107 A992700 A995716 A995753 A987763 A987777 A992112 A878714#4 A994796 A996180 A996184 A997842 A995243 A995511 #N/A A986833 A994797 A987718 A995527 A967145 A995739 A995505 A829986 A878720 A878732 A969961#5 A996546 A966151 A995786 A997670 A996503 A992797 #N/A A972076 A994706 A997121 A995272 A968245 A996101 A992109 A990732 A990702 A992746 A992193#6 A968226 A995761 A997136 A995563 A997129 A997189 #N/A A986801 A994739 A997177 A997684 A992156 A995764 A995524 A987740 A991121 A995282 A878745Tail #7 A996517 A967117 A995926 A996178 A997173 A994780 #N/A A972097 A994789 A996159 #N/A A968244 A995925 A995575 A829994 A991104 A995284 A878773

#N/As indicate elements that were installed but not shipped directly for Train 9

53

Initial StartupFollow lockout/tagout proceduresCheck all valve alignments for proper startupCheck all valve alignments for proper startup positionPlan to waste product for first hour of operationConfirm initial operating setpoints (permeate flow, recovery)Monitor initial pressurization for gross leaksMonitor initial pressurization for gross leaksOnce train is online, begin taking vessel conductivity profilesIdentify minor leaks

TRAIN PROFILE FORM

LJVDWTP RO Array 1

System Analytical DataTurbidity (NTU) ________________Temperature (ºC) ________________pH (units) ______________________Conductivity (umhos/cm): Feed _________________Permeate ______________Concentrate ____________

System PressuresFeed (psig) ________________________1st Bank DP (psi) ___________________2nd Bank DP (psi) __________________Permeate (psig) ____________________

System FlowsFeed (gpm) ______________________Permeate (gpm) ___________________Concentrate (gpm) ________________

1-24

1-23

1-22

1-18

1-17

1-16

1-66

1-65

1-64

1-12

1-11

1-10

1-6

1-5

1-4

1-36

1-35

1-34

1-30

1-29

1-28

1-48

1-47

1-46

1-42

1-41

1-40

1-60

1-59

1-58

1-54

1-53

1-52

1-72

1-71

1-70

1-21

1-19

1-20

1-15

1-13

1-14

1-63

1-61

1-62

1-9

1-7

1-8

1-3

1-1

1-2

1-33

1-31

1-32

1-27

1-25

1-26

1-45

1-43

1-44

1-39

1-37

1-38

1-57

1-55

1-56

1-51

1-49

1-50

1-69

1-67

1-68

54

Initial Startup

Train performance should stabilize after one hourone hourRecord operating data to establish baseline performance and take a vessel conductivity profileRecord individual vessel flow rates (if

d)used)Identify vessels >15% higher than stage average; open and investigate

Follow-Up Monitoring

Normalize train operating data to gauge fperformance:

Specific Flux (gfd/psi)Normalized Permeate ConductivityNormalized Differential Pressure

55

Case StudyWest Basin RO Train 5Train 5

Located at Edward C. Little WRFTreats tertiary MF effluent to produce low pressure boiler feed water and feed to second pass RO trains 6, 7 and 8Startup Spring 20012.3 mgd capacity

Case StudyStartup Issues

Vapor-locked tank overflowpSuspect concentrate flow meterHigh conductivity on two vessels; one that did not resolve

56

Specific Flux

0.1

0.12

0.04

0.06

0.08

Spec

ific

Flux

(gfd

/psi

)

0

0.02

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Days in Operation

Normalized Differential Pressure

50

60

si)

20

30

40

Nor

mal

ized

Diff

eren

tial P

ress

ure

(ps

0

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Days in Operation

N

57

Normalized Permeate Conductivity

50

60S/

cm)

20

30

40

mal

ized

Per

mea

te C

ondu

ctiv

ity (u

S

0

10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Days in Operation

Nor


58

Q & A Session Q & A Session

Tom Seacord, P.E., Tom Seacord, P.E., CarolloCarollo EngineersEngineersR. Bruce Chalmers, P.E., CDMR. Bruce Chalmers, P.E., CDMAlex Wesner, P.E., SPIAlex Wesner, P.E., SPIModerator: Paul J Schuler P E GE Water &Moderator: Paul J Schuler P E GE Water &Moderator: Paul J. Schuler, P.E., GE Water & Moderator: Paul J. Schuler, P.E., GE Water & Process TechnologiesProcess Technologies

Tertiary Reverse Osmosis MembranesTertiary Reverse Osmosis Membranes

Tuesday, August 11, 2009 *1:00pm – 3:00pm Eastern Time

tertiary ro membranes final combined...

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