automatic vehicle accient detection and ...automatic vehicle accient detection and rescue system...

AUTOMATIC VEHICLE ACCIENT DETECTION AND RESCUE SYSTEM

1.B.Sathyasri,

2.Priyanka PareeAlphons

1Assistant Professor .

2UG Student ,Electronics And Communication Engineering.

VEL TECH ,Avadi ,Chennai -6000 062,Tamil Nadu,India

[email protected].

Abstract:

Now a day, technology rapidly growth, but

also people do not survive his/her life after

road accident because there is no emergency

facilities available in our country. So we

design a technology which facilitates the

emergency facilities. This project inform about

an accident that is occurred to vehicle to

rescue team and the family members of the

travelling persons. This uses MEMS sensor

which can detect the abrupt vibration when an

accident is occurred and also used ultrasonic

sensor for distance calculation. More

advantages of this system the information send

to the rescue team by using IOT technology

and locate the position by GPS receiver

modems in the form of latitude and longitude.

Keywords:MEMS Sensor, IOT(internet of

things),emergency, GPS ,Microcontrollor.

Introduction

One of the most important research efforts in

IntelligentTransportation Systems (ITS) is the

development of systemsthat automatically

monitor the flow of traffic at

intersections.Such systems would be useful

both in reducing the workload of human

operators and in warning drivers of dangerous

situations. Not only would the systems

automatically monitorcurrent situations at

intersections but, if the systems could

reliablyassess those situations and predict

whether they might leadto accidents, they

might be able to warn drivers and thus

reducethe number of accidents.

Manuscript received March 7, 2000; revised

September 15, 2000. The GuestEditor for this

paper was Prof. Charles E. Thorpe.The authors

are with the Institute of Industrial Science,

University ofTokyo, 7-22-1 Roppongi,

Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8558Publisher Item

Identifier S 1524-9050(00)10461-2.Rather

than the current practice of performing a

global flowanalysis, the automatic monitoring

systems should be based onlocal analysis of

the behaviour of each vehicle at

intersections.The systems should be able to

identify each vehicle and track itsbehaviour,

and to recognize dangerous situations or

events that might result from a chain of such

behaviour. Tracking at intersectionsis often

impeded by the occlusion that occurs

amongvehicles in crowded situations. Also,

event recognition may becomplicated by the

large variations in a chain of events[6-9].

Literature survey:

TITLE1: GPS-GSM based Inland Vessel

Tracking System for Automatic Emergency

Detection and Position Notification

AUTHOR: ShadmanSakib, Mohammad

Sayem Bin Abdullah Department of Naval

Architecture and Marine Engineering

Bangladesh University of Engineering and

Technology Dhaka, Bangladesh.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, an upgraded

version of vehicle tracking system is

developed for inland vessels. In addition to the

features available in traditional VTS (Vehicle

Tracking System) for automobiles, it has the

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 15 2018, 181-195ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

181

capability of remote monitoring of the vessel‘s

motion and orientation. Furthermore, this

device can detect capsize events and other

accidents by motion tracking and instantly

notify the authority and/or the owner with

current coordinates of the vessel, which is

obtained using the Global Positioning System

(GPS). This can certainly boost up the rescue

process and minimize losses. We have used

GSM network for the communication between

the device installed in the ship and

The ground control. So, this can be

implemented only in the inland vessels. But

using iridium satellite communication instead

of GSM will enable the device to be used in

any sea-going ships. At last, a model of an

integrated inland waterway control system

(IIWCS) based on this device is discussed.

CONCLUTION: The proposed system is

capable of nullifying accidents in

The waterways.Inland ship accidents, being

one of the capacious Problems in Bangladesh,

demand much research works which has not

been done yet. Statistical works have been

done to some extents which is very helpful for

precautions and rout selections. These data

along with onboard intelligent systems, like

one we have developed here might become the

perfect remedy for preventing accidents in

inland waterways.

TITLE2: Design and Implementation of

Helmet to Track the Accident Zone and

Recovery using GPS and GSM

AUTHOR:Karthik P1, Muthu Kumar. B2,

Suresh K3, Sindhu I.M4, Gopalakrishna

Murthy C.R 1 Professor, Dept. of ECE,

KSSEM, Bengaluru, India 2 Professor, Dept.

of CSE, Syed Ammal Engineering College,

Ramanathapuram, TN, India 3,4,5Assistant

Professor, Dept. of ECE, KSSEM, Bengaluru,

India

ABSTRACT:As urban living environment is

becoming more and more complex; the road

condition is becoming worse because of heavy

traffic, increase of traffic accidents and high

ratio of empty vehicles. It increases the cost of

transportation and wastes time of vehicle

movement. In highly populated Countries like

India, during accidents, people lose their lives

due to unavailability of proper medical

facilities at the right time. This project senses

any accident in the vehicle and intimates pre-

programmed numbers like family members of

the rider, ambulance, police station and nearest

hospital etc. The GSM technology is used to

send the position of the vehicle as a SMS to

those numbers. And also the position of the

vehicle can be obtained. Most of the

companies want to keep track of their vehicles,

with this equipment we can keep track of the

vehicle by periodically sending SMS and the

position of the vehicle is sent by the GSM

modem as a SMS to the user.

CONCLUSION: This paper has described the

design and implementation of a vehicle

tracking module to give information about the

accident and tracing of the accident location in

real time. As in helmet the transmitter section

detects the accident and sends necessary

information to the receiver section. Then the

received signals will be decoded in the RF

decoder. Then the decoded signals will be

transmitted to microcontroller. Microcontroller

controls the incoming

Signals and performs necessary actions as

coded in it. If the rider meets with a normal

mishap then he can switch off the buzzer

otherwise after certain delay the information

about accident is send to ambulance (108),

police station and rider‘s relatives by using

GSM module along with GPS coordinates.

The system was able to experimentally

demonstrate its effective performance to track

the accident location anytime from anywhere.

Furthermore, our implementation is

Low-cost that is based on easily accessible off-

the-shelf electronic modules.

TITLE3: Path Planning for Rescue Vehicles

via Segmented Satellite Disaster

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

182

Images and GPS Road Map

AUTHOR: S. AytacKorkmaz, M. Poyraz,

Petres, Clement, A. Stentz, Ryan,

Schouwenaars, De Moor, B., Feron, E., &

How, Boor, Valérie, Mark H. Overmars, and

A. Frank van der Stappen

ABSTRACT:One of the most important

issues after so many disasters, besides

communication determines the damage caused

by the disaster areas to reach a moment ago.

The emergency rescue teams established for

this purpose by making plans to take action on

realistic maps are required. Not just as an

ambulance during rescue, vehicles in a variety

of business Machines correct route to take on

the road safely. In this study, the image taken

before and after the disaster has been

segmented. Each segment with one another

emerging feature based compared using

statistical methods and information theory.

Then we get a measure to path planning using

Kullback-leibler distance. Consequently,

create a new hazard map is obtained. This map

is compared with using the existing path in a

city map. In this way, the shortest and safest

route to the destination is obtained.

CONCLUSION: In this work, 280 segmented

training satellite images are investigated.

Undamaged, slightly damaged or damaged

probability values are obtained by exponential

kernel. Damage probabilities of segmented

satellite images are classified as undamaged

slightly damaged or damaged via decision-

making algorithm developed. After finding all

segments of the segmented images of disaster's

d test values, according to damage rate

compared with road map segmentation is most

convenient way. When disaster comes, reach

to the disaster place with faster and safer to

prevent loss of life and property was studied.

Thus, recovery experts identify the shortest

route to the safe and will help to facilitate the

work of professionals.

TITLE4: Vehicle Tracking Using Template

Matching based on Feature Points

AUTHOR: Jong-Ho Choi1, Kang-Ho Lee2,

Kuk-Chan Cha3, Jun-Sik Kwon4, Dong-Wook

Kim5, Ho-Keun Song61 Department of

Electronics Engineering, Kangnam University,

Korea2 Dept. Computer Information Security,

Korea National College of Rehabilitation and

Welfare, Korea3 Department of Computer

Science & Engineering, Konyang University,

Korea4 Department of Electrical Engineering,

Semyung University, Korea5 Department of

Information & Communication Engineering,

Jeonju University, Korea6 Department of

Computer & Information Science, Hanseo

University, Korea

ABSTRACT: We propose a new vehicle

tracking system which candetect and monitor

vehicles as they break traffic lanerules. Our

proposed tracking scheme is based

oncharacteristics of both traffic scene and

vehicle. Theseinclude: background

information, local position, and the size of a

moving vehicle. The initial size and position

ofthe vehicle are obtained using a 4-directional

contourtracking method. The object contour is

made lesssensitive to luminosity changes by

incorporating a framedifferencing operation.

Each vehicle can be describedwith four feature

points. The template region is estimatedby

means of a minimum distance approach with

respectto centre position. Our experimental

results confirm thatextraction of feature points

from each frame of the scene

Improves the efficiency of vehicle tracking

systems. Furthermore, adjustment of the

vehicle region with matched points of template

resolves the previous problem of occlusion.

CONCLUSION: We propose a new vehicle

tracking method, which uses an algorithm with

four feature points and template matching.

Both morphological and 4-directional contour

methods are used to estimate the location and

size of the vehicle, substantially improving

upon previous systems. Additionally, the


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algorithm is less sensitive to luminosity

changes than previously reported methods.

Simulations were carried out to analyze the

efficiency of the proposed

Tracking algorithm. Our results show that the

proposed algorithm is efficient and robust

when used to track vehicles in busy traffic

lanes. Furthermore, this method incorporates a

solution to the problem of image occlusion.

Thus, our proposed method is suitable for

surveillance applications. Future work in this

research includes consideration of shadow

effect and change in season. Our

next goal will be to develop an algorithm that

will be adaptable to these environmental

factors.

Existing System:

The Existing system only use the information

about the distance between the two vehicles

provided by the ultrasonic system and does not

need to explicitly knows the speed. The advent

of technology has also increased the traffic

hazards and the road accident take place

frequently which causes huge loss of life and

property because of the poor emergency

facilities. This drawback can be overcome by

our proposed system.

DISADVANTAGES:

It has low reliability

Poor control system

Proposed System:

Our project work on the principle of detection

and tracking of accident. The system is on

and initialization. If vehicle is normal, no

information sends to rescue team. Whenever

accident occurred, the vehicle changes its

direction randomly and vibrates with high

frequency. TheMEMS sensor detects the

happening with vehicle. the controller get the

input from sensor and send the accident alert

information to rescue team andfamily

member and location of accident place

through WIFI and GPS. It canfacilitate

connectivity to the nearest hospital and

provide medical assistance through IOT

technology.

ADVANTAGE

1.Sophisticated security.

2 .Monitors all hazards and threats.

3. Wireless monitoring and user friendly

Modules:

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

HARDWARE USED:

Microcontroller

MEMS Sensor

Ultrasonic sensor

Motor driver

Motor

Power supply

GPS

WIFI

SOFTWARE USED:

Embedded C

Arduino compiler

Proteus

SOFTWARE SECTION:

Hardware requirements:


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System :

Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.

Hard Disk

: 40 GB.

Floppy Drive :

1.44 Mb.

Monitor

: 15 VGA

Colour.

Mouse :

Logitech.

Ram

: 512 Mb.

Software requirements:

Operating system :

Windows XP/7.

Coding Language :

JAVA/J2EE

IDE :

Netbeans 7.4

Database :

MYSQL

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION:

MICROCONTROLLER:

It gets information from sensor and

process on it. It compares the received data

with the threshold level set and accordingly

output is generated. The LPC131/32/34//38

microcontrollers are based on a 16/32-bit

ARM7TDMI-S CPU with concurrent

emulation and entrenched outline holdup, that

unite the microcontroller with 32KB, 64KB,

128KB, 256KB and 512KB of entrenched.

WI-FI MODEM:

This unit is authoritative enough onboard

processing and storage capability that allows it

to be integrated with the sensors and other

application explicit devices through its GPIOs

with minimal development upfront and

minimal loading during runtime. Its high

degree of on-chip integration allows for

minimal external circuitry, including the

frontend module, is designed to occupy

minimal PCB area. The ESP8266 provisions

APSD for VoIP claims and Bluetooth co-

existence confines, it comprises a self-

calibrated RF leasing it to vocation beneath all

operational conditions, and involves no

peripheral RF parts. There is an approximately

immeasurable spray of in sequence accessible

for the ESP8266, all of which has been

provided by amazing community support.

MOTOR:

DEFINITION:

An electric motor is an electrical

machine that converts electrical energy

into mechanical energy. The reverse of this is

the conversion of mechanical energy into

electrical energy and is done by an electric

generator, which has much in common with a

motor Most electric motors operate through

the interaction between an electric

motor's magnetic field and winding currents to

generate force. In certain applications, such as

in regenerative braking with traction motors in

the transportation industry, electric motors can

also be used in reverse as generators to convert

mechanical energy into electric power.

Fig.1 Snap shot of motor

Working principle:

Working principle of DC Motor mainly

depends upon Fleming Left Handrule. In a

basic DC motor, an armature is placed in

between magnetic poles. If the armature

winding is supplied by an external DC source,

current starts flowing through the armature


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conductors. As the conductors are carrying

current inside a magnetic field, they will

experience a force which tends to rotate the

armature. Suppose armature conductors under

N poles of the field magnet, are carrying

current downwards (crosses) and those under S

poles are carrying current upwards (dots). By

applying Fleming‘s Left hand Rule, the

direction of force F, experienced by the

conductor under N poles and the force

experienced by the conductors under S-poles

can be determined. It is found that at any

instant the forces experienced by the

conductors are in such a direction that they

tend to rotate the armature.

Again, due this rotation the conductors

under N-poles come under S-pole and the

conductors under S-poles come under N-pole.

While the conductors go form N-poles to S-

pole and S-poles to N-pole, the direction of

current through them, is reversed by means of

commentator. Due to this reversal of current,

all the conductors come under N-poles carry

current in downward direction and all the

conductors come under S-poles carry current

in upward direction as shown in the figure.

Hence, every conductor comes under N-pole

experiences force in same direction and same

is true for the conductors come under S-poles.

This phenomenon helps to develop continuous

and unidirectional torque.

Application:

Robotics: A servo motor at every

"joint" of a robot is used to actuate

movements, giving the robot arm

its precise angle.

Conveyor Belts: Servo motors move,

stop, and start conveyor belts carrying

product along to various stages, for

example, in product

packaging/bottling, and labelling.

Camera Auto Focus: A highly precise

servo motor built into the camera

corrects a camera's lens to sharpen

out-of-focus images.

Robotic Vehicle: Commonly used in

military applications and bomb

detonation, servo motors control the

wheels of the robotic vehicle,

generating enough torque to move,

stop, and start the vehicle smoothly as

well as control its speed.

Solar Tracking System: Servo motors

adjust the angle of solar panels

throughout the day so that each panel

continues to face the sun, harnessing

maximum energy from sunup to

sundown.

Metal Cutting & Metal Forming

Machines: Servo motors provide

precise motion control for milling

machines, lathes, grinding, cantering,

punching, pressing, and bending in

metal fabrication for such items as jar

lids to automotive wheels.

Antenna Positioning: Servo motors are

used on both the azimuth and

elevation drive axis of antennas and

telescopes such as those used by the

National Radio Astronomy

Observatory (NRAO).

Woodworking/CNC: Servo motors

control woodturning mechanisms

(lathes) that shape table legs and stair

spindles, for example, as well as

auguring and drilling the holes

necessary for assembling those

products later in the process.

Textiles: Servo motors control

industrial spinning and weaving

machines, looms, and knitting

machines that produce textiles such as

carpeting and fabrics as well as

wearable items such as socks, caps,

gloves, and mittens.

Printing Presses/Printers: Servo

motors stop and start the print heads

precisely on the page as well as move

paper along to print multiple rows of

text or graphics in exact lines, whether


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it's a newspaper, a magazine, or an

annual report.

Automatic Door Openers:

Supermarkets and hospital entrances

are prime examples of automated door

openers controlled by servo motors,

whether the signal to open is via push

plate beside the door for handicapped

access or by radio transmitter

positioned overhead.

MOTOR DRIVER (l293d):

Definition:

A motor driveris a little current amplifier;

the function of motor drivers is to take a low-

current control signal and then turn it into a

higher-current signal that can drive a motor.

An H bridge is an electronic circuit that

enables a voltage to be applied across a load in

opposite direction. These circuits are often

used in robotics and other applications to

allow DC motors to run forwards or

backwards.(l293d).

The L293DNE is a quadruple high current

half-H driver. The L293DNE is designed to

provide bidirectional drive currents of up to

600mA at voltages from 4.5V to 36V.

Fig 2.block diagram of microcontroller L293D

Working:

The L293D has 4-half H-bridge drivers,

which can be used to drive 2-DC motors

bidirectional. Here we are demonstrating how

to drive a single DC motor using half bridges 1

& 2. The DC motor is connected between

OUT1 and OUT2 pins, and the pin IN1 is

connected to the Microcontroller PWM output

and pin IN2 is connected to a Microcontroller

I/O port.

Clockwise rotation: To rotate the motor in

clockwise direction the IN2 pin is made LOW

and a PWM signal is generated on IN1 pin.

Anti-Clockwise rotation: To rotate the motor

in clockwise direction the IN2 pin is made

HIGH and a PWM signal is generated on IN1

pin.

Note: The pulse durations for Clockwise and

anticlockwise rotations are opposite. i.e., if T

is the period of the PWM. FOR 100 RPM in

clockwise direction, Ton = 0.3T, & Toff =

0.7T & IN2 = LOW FOR 100 RPM in

anticlockwise direction, Ton = 0.7T, & Toff =

0.3T & IN2 = HIGH

Application:

Used to robotics function, car etc….

POWER SUPPLY

Definition:

If you are considering making your

own power supply then three components are

needed: · Transformer · Bridge rectifier ·

Smoothing capacitor. The transformer‘s

current rating a least 2/3rd ‗s of the stepper

drive boards capability, so for example: The

Rout Out CNC stepper drivers have a 2.5A

limit therefore (2.5 / 3) X 2 = 1.66A If you had

for example 3 boards (X,Y,Z) then this would

be 1.66 X 3 = 4.98 A Total Current. The DC

output voltage of the supply will be 1.4 times

the transformer‘s ac voltage when rectified.

For example: An 18 VAC secondary will

provide about 25 VDC at the output of the

smoothed supply. The bridge rectifier‘s

voltage and current ratings must exceed what

the supply will deliver. Finally the minimum

filter capacitor size must be calculated.


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Fig 3.power supply diagram

WORKING:

This article describes in (hopefully)

straightforward terms the operation of a basic

power supply unit of the type used with

telecommunications equipment (switchboards,

house exchange systems, plan sets etc).The

term power supply is more commonly

abbreviated to PSU; this will be used from

here on in. Telecommunications equipment is

designed to operate on voltages lower than the

domestic Mains voltage. In order to reduce this

voltage a PSU is used.

To provide a useable low voltage the PSU

needs to do a number of things:-

Reduce the Mains AC (Alternating

current) voltage to a lower level.

Convert this lower voltage from AC to

DC (Direct current)

Regulate the DC output to compensate

for varying load (current demand)

Provide protection against excessive

input/output voltages.

APPLICATION:

Computer power supply

A modern computer power supply is a switch-

mode power supply that converts AC power

from the mains supply, to several DC voltages.

Switch-mode supplies replaced linear supplies

due to cost, weight, and size improvement.

The diverse collection of output voltages also

has widely varying current draw requirements.

Electric Vehicle power supply

Vehicle is those which rely on energy

created through electricity generation. A

power supply unit is part of the necessary

design to convert high voltage vehicle battery

power.

Welding power supply

Uses electricity to melt the surfaces of the

metals in order to join them together through

coalescence. The electricity is provided by a

welding power supply, and can either be AC

or DC. Arc welding typically requires high

currents typically between 100 and 350

amperes. Some types of welding can use as

few as 10 amperes, while some applications of

spot welding employ currents as high as

60,000 amperes for an extremely short time.

Older welding power supplies consisted of

transformers or engines driving generators.

More recent supplies use semiconductors and

microprocessors reducing their size and

weight.

Aircraft power supply

Both commercial and military avionic

systems require either a DC-DC or AC/DC

power supply to convert energy into usable

voltage.

GPS:

Definition:

GPS or Global Positioning System is a

network of orbiting satellites that send precise

details of their position in space back to earth.

The signals are obtained by GPS receivers,

such as navigation devices and are used to

calculate the exact position, speed and time at

the vehicles location.


188

Fig 4.snap shot of GPS

A satellite-based positioning system available

24/24h everywhere on the globe with accuracy

better than 100 m. ƒ

Originally designed for navigation and real-

time positioning (meter-level accuracy):

navigation (airplanes, ships, car, missiles,

etc…)

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Broken down to the simplest terms, the

satellites orbiting above the Earth simply

broadcast their location and the current time.

The receivers listen to several satellites (how

many will be discussed below), and from the

broadcasts determine what time it is and where

the receivers are located. The principles, of

course, require much more detail, but this the

essence. Each satellite broadcasts two signals

consisting of carrier waves that undergo phase

changes that occur in a defined pattern at very

precise rates and at exact times (see Section III

below). A receiver generates a copy of the

phase-change pattern and moves it back and

forth in time, attempting to correlate it with

signals it receives. If the signal it is trying to

correlate with is being received, at some point

the received pattern and the internally

generated pattern will match. The correlator

circuit will then generate a large output. This

pattern match and associated correlator output

constitute lock-on to a satellite, and provides a

pattern generator in the receiver that is

working exactly in step with the received

signal. Knowing how much this generator was

shifted in time tells the receiver when the

signal arrived at the receiver with respect to its

own internal clock. If the receiver could

determine how its clock was adjusted with

respect to true GPS time, it would then know

exactly how long it took the signal from the

satellite to reach the receiver. When the

receiver multiplies this time by the speed of

light, it knows how far it is from the satellite.

APPLICATION:

A space shuttle that navigates by itself

using GPS

A tractor that plows fields by itself

using GPS

An airplane that lands itself using GPS

A football coach who tracks players

on the field using GPS

A hiker who loses her way and returns

to safety using GPS

Tracking a species of animal using

GPS

MEMS SENSOR:

Definition:

MEMS are constructed on one chip with

electrical circuitry for inputs and outputs

of the electromechanical components. MEMS

can consist of a combination of

components in various scales: nano, micro,

and milli. An example is the MEMS artificial

retina. This MEMS consists of an electrode

microarray (shown in picture) that is placed on

the retina inside the eye. This microarray

interfaces with external components (a camera

and microprocessor contain in the patient‘s

glasses) and the brain (via the optic nerve).

The camera image is converted into a series of

electrical pulses that are sent to the brain from

the microarray via the optic nerve. The brain

translates these pulses into flashes of light for

a low resolution image.

Features:

Wide supply voltage: 2.4 V to 3.6 V

±245 dps full scale

I 2C/SPI digital output interface

16-bit rate value data output


189

8-bit temperature data output

Two digital output lines (interrupt and

data ready)

Integrated low and high-pass filters

with userselectable bandwidth

Ultra-stable over temperature and

time

Low-voltage-compatible IOs (1.8 V)

Embedded power-down and sleep

mode

Embedded temperature sensor

Embedded FIFO

High shock survivability

Extended operating temperature range

(-40 °C to +85 °C)

ECOPACK® RoHS and ―Green‖

compliant

AEC-Q100 qualification Applications

In-dash car navigation

Telemastics, e-Tolling

Motion control with MMI (man-

machine interface)

Appliances and robotics

Working:

Polysilicon springs suspend the MEMS

structure above the substrate such that the

body of the sensor (also known as the proof

mass) can move in the X and Y axes.

Acceleration causes deflection of the proof

mass from its centre position. Around the four

sides of the square proof mass are 32 sets of

radial fingers.

These fingers are positioned between plates

that are fixed to the substrate. Each finger and

pair of fixed plates make up a differential

capacitor, and the deflection of the proof mass

is determined by measuring the differential

capacitance.

This sensing method has the ability of sensing

both dynamic acceleration (i.e. shock or

vibration) and static acceleration (i.e.

inclination or gravity).

The differential capacitance is measured using

synchronous modulation/demodulation

techniques. After amplification, the X and Y

axis acceleration signals each go through a

32KOhm resistor to an output pin (Cx and Cy)

and a duty cycle modulator (the overall

architecture can be seen in the block diagram

in Figure 3). The user may limit the

bandwidth, and thereby lower the noise floor,

by adding a capacitor at the Cx and Cy pin.

The output signals are voltage proportional to

acceleration and pulse-width-modulation

(PWM) proportional to acceleration.

Using the PWM outputs, the user can interface

the ADXL2O2 directly to the digital inputs of

a microcontroller using a counter to decode the

PWM.

Fig 5.Snapshot of MEMS Sensor.

Ultrasonic sensor:

An ultrasonic sensor transmit ultrasonic waves

into the air and detects reflected waves from

an object. There are many applications for

ultrasonic sensors, such as in intrusion alarm

systems, automatic door openers and backup

sensors for automobiles. Accompanied by the

rapid development of information processing

technology, new fields of application, such as

factory automation equipment and car

electronics, are increasing and should continue

to do so. Using its unique piezoelectric

ceramics manufacturing technology developed

over many years, Murata has developed

various types of ultrasonic sensors which are

compact and yet have very high performance.

The information contained in this catalog will

help you to make effective use of our

ultrasonic sensors.

When voltage is applied to piezoelectric

ceramics, mechanical distortion is generated

according to the voltage and frequency. On the


190

other hand, when vibration is applied to

piezoelectric ceramics, an electric charge is

produced. By applying this principle, when an

electric signal is added to a vibrator,

constructed of 2 sheets of piezoelectric

ceramics or a sheet of piezoelectric ceramics

and a metal sheet, an electric signal is radiated

by flexure vibration. As a reverse effect, when

an ultrasonic vibration is added to the vibrator,

an electric signal is produced. Because of these

effects, piezoelectric ceramics are utilized as

ultrasonic sensors. As shown in the diagram of

an ultrasonic sensor (Fig. 2), a multiple

vibrator is fixed elastically to the base. This

multiple vibrator is a combination of a

resonator and a vibrator which is composed of

a metal sheet and a piezoelectric ceramics

sheet. The resonator is conical in order to

efficiently radiate the ultrasonic waves

generated by the vibration and also in order to

effectively concentrate the ultrasonic waves at

the central part of the vibrator. Fig. 3 shows a

finite element method simulation of the

vibration of the multiple vibrators.

8 Features of Ultrasonic Distance Sensor:

Supply voltage: 5V (DC).

Supply current: 15mA.

Modulation frequency: 40Hz.

Output: 0 – 5V (Output high when

obstacle detected in range).

Beam Angle: Max 15 degree.

Distance: 2cm – 400cm.

Accuracy: 0.3cm.

Communication: Positive TTL pulse.

• Ultrasonic sensor is used in oil,

chemical, milk or water tanks for level

measurements or for liquid level control.

• This sensor is used in thru beam

detection for high speed counting.

• This sensor is used in robotic industry

for robot sensing.

• This sensor is used in car parking

system where car entry is controlled through

barrier system, the barrier must not be lowered

when there is beneath a vehicle. This whole

process is controlled through ultrasonic sensor.

• This sensor is used with bottle cutting

and drink filling machines, where bottle is

detecting at serval points and for this

continuous monitoring the ultrasonic sensor is

used.

• This sensor is used in transporting

printed circuit boards (PCBs) industry where

smart phones, computer mother boards and

home appliances circuit boards are designed

and print.

• This sensor is used in car

manufacturing industry for manufacturing or

assemble the car automatically.

• This sensor is used in car washing

system for detecting and washing the car

automatically.

• This sensor is used for detecting the

speed of motor or generator.

• This sensor is also used in presence

detection system.

Advantages of Ultrasonic sensor

• The ultrasonic sensor has high

frequency, high sensitivity and high

penetrating power therefore it can easily detect

the external or deep objects.

• These sensors easily interface with

microcontroller or any type of controller

• These sensors have greater accuracy

then other methods for measuring the

thickness and depth of parallel surface.

• These sensors could easily sense the

nature, shape and orientation of that specific

objects which is within the area of these

sensors.

• There sensors are easy to use, not

dangerous during operation for nearby objects,


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person, equipment or material

Fig 6.Snapshot of ultrasonic Sensor

Applications are developed where

miniaturization is beneficial:

Consumer products

Aerospace

Automotive

Biomedical

Chemical

Optical displays

Wireless and optical communications

Fluidics

Result Analysis:

The result analysis gives us the knowledge

about how the system works , this assumption

is done by actually fixing a device inside the

car to get the transmission of signals

MODULES

MODULE1

Fig .7.The Snapshot of module 1 as hardware

kit

MODULE 2

Fig .8.The Snapshot of sensor as a vehicle in

hardware

MODULE 3

Fig .9.Snapshot of GPS-GSM system in

hardware

MODULE 4

Fig.10 Snapshot of the digital screen when

activated .

MODULE 5

Fig 11 snapshot of the kit searching for the

GPS data .


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MODULE 6

Fig.12. Snapshot of the kit saying vehicle is

safe

MODULE 7

Fig.13. snapshot of the kit mentioning about

the accident .

The above images contains the details about

the hardware kit(fig 7) .The sensor resembles

as the vehicle ,which when turned upside

down denotes that it has met with an accident

and so the alert message is sent to those

contact people whom the vehicle owner has

selected .or may be that we fix ambulance and

police station also to notify them too when

accident occurred on the road .The message to

the contact would contain the latitude and

longitude structure with the location of the

person and the vehicle easily and may be could

be saved if huge accident.

CONCLUSION:

Generally, it is difficult to track multiple

vehicles without confusing them. In particular,

tracking is very difficult at intersections where

various kinds of occlusion and cluttered

situations occur. In order to achieve robust

tracking in occluded and cluttered situations,

we have derived an algorithm, which we refer

to as the Spatio-Temporal Markov Random

Field Model, and evaluated it on real traffic

images. We can successfully demonstrate the

ability to track multiple vehicles at

intersections with occlusion and clutter effects

at the success rate of 93%–96%. Although the

algorithm achieves such reliable tracking, it

requires only gray-scale images; it does not

assume any physical models, such as shape or

texture, of vehicles.

By using such a reliable tracking method, it

becomes possible to monitor and analyze

traffic events at intersections in detail.

Although this algorithm for accident detection

has been demonstrated only on a small number

of cases, due to the limitation of observed

accidents at these intersections during our

observation period—three cases during one-

year observation period— its performance is

excellent we can confidently predict its

promise. For our future work, we will collect

more accident data to evaluate the method‘s

effectiveness. We also plan to analyze other

activities such as traffic rule violations and

other dangerous behaviour.

REFERENCES

[1]Wang wei, fan hanbo, traffic accident

Automatic detection and remote alarm Device

[2]Zhaosheng yang. Study on the schemes of

Traffic signal timing for priority vehicles

Based on navigation system, 2000.

[3]Xiaolinlu, develop web gis based Intelligent

transportation application Systems with web

service technology.

[4] Katsunoritawara, naotomukai, traffic

Signal control by using traffic Congestion

prediction based on Pheromone model,


193

proceedings of 22nd International conference

on tools with Artificial intelligence, 2010.

[5] Malik Tubaishat, Qi Qi, Yi Shang,

Hongchi Shi ―Wireless Sensor-Based Traffic

Light Control‖ IEEE CCNC 2008 proceedings 1-4244-1457-1/08

6].Dr.AntoBennet, M , Thamilvalluvan B ,Ashokram S ,SankarnarayananS―Efficient

Energy Conservation Algorithm For Mobile

Sensor Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks‖, International Journal of Advanced Research in

Computer Engineering & Technology

(IJARCET), Volume 3 Issue 8,pp 2650-2655,

August 2014.

[7].Dr.AntoBennet, M , Sankaranarayanan S,

Ashokram S ,Dinesh Kumar T R,―Testing of Error Containment Capability in can

Network‖, International Journal of Applied

Engineering Research, Volume 9, Number 19 (2014) pp. 6045-6054.

[8]Dr.AntoBennet, M, Nehru V, ―An

Architectural- Model for Mobile Based E-Learning Algorithm‖, International Journal of

Computer Science & Mobile Applications

Volume 2,Issue 11, pg.41-48,Nov 2014.

[9].Dr.AntoBennet, M ,Sankaranarayanan S

,―Performance& Analysis of storage node in wireless networks‖, International Journal of

Computer & Modern Technology , Issue 02

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[10] Sensor node information available via

www at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_control_a

nd_coordination.


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