Adams, N. E., 70 Adler, R., 15 Adler, Z., 263 Aldwin, C., 200 Alfert, E., II Algaze, B., 244 Allen, A., 207 Allen, R., 44 Allport, G. W., 234 Alston, W. j., 207 Alt, M., 123 Altrocchi, j., 215 Amthauer, R., 93, 123 Andrews, B., 257 Andrews, F. M., 260 Andrews, G., 203 Anton, W. D., 244 Apple, W., 160 Appley, M. H., 3, 5, 6,

11,13,14,21,53,75, 119,239,309,311

Arnold, M. B., 169 Arthur, R. j., 25 Asendorpf, j., 160, 162,

219 Askenasy, A. R., 290 Averill,j. R., 210, 211,

213, 214, 226, 242 Ax, A., 105

Baade, E., 110, 153 Baker, G. W., 6 Bamberg, E., 187, 188 Bandura, A., 70, 78, 236

Author Index

Baron, R., 55 Battman, W., 92 Bauer, H., 149, 150, 151 Baum, A., 12,56,57 Baum, D. 5., 12,57 Baumeister, R. F., 245 Beck, A. T., 68, 260 Beiglbock, W., 147, 152 Bern, D., j., 207 Berglas, 5., 238 Bergmann, G., 162 Berkman, L. F., 56 Bernard, C., 5 Bifulco, A., 265, 272 Biggs, S. j., 250 Bischof, B., 147 Bohlin, G., 113 Basel, R., 226 Bowlby, J., 273 Breznitz, 5., 89, 261,295,

296, 302 Brickenkamp, R., 123 Broadhead, W. E., 268 Brown, G. W., 70, 257,

258,259,260,261, 262, 263, 265, 269, 272, 286, 290

Butler, L., 248, 249 Byrne, D., 160,209,215,

216,268 Byrum, M., 219

Campbell, E. A., 261 Cannon, W. B., 5, 104

Caplan, G., 257 Caplan, R. D., .'16 Carnap, R., 65 Cassel, j., 55, 68, 257 Cassem, N. H., 297 Chabot, j. A., 219 Chalmers, B. E., 13 Chapman, D. W., 6 Chesney, M. A., 113 Christensson, T., 110 Cle:uy, P. j., 30 Cobb,S., 13,56,257 Cofer, C. N., 5, 14,239 Cohen, F., 210, 218 Cohen, j. B., 49, 236 Cohen,S., 51, 55, 64 Collins, D. L., 56 Comstock, G. W., 31 Contrada, R., 56 Cooper, B., 262 Coover, G. D., 106 Cope, S. j., 261 Costello, C. G., 261 Cousins, N., 297 Coyne, j. C., 63, 72, 78,

186, 200, 203, 286, 289 Cox, T., 13, 14 Craig, T. K. j., 262, 263 Crandall, V. j., 219 Credido, S. G., 42 Cronbach, L. j., 227 Crowne, D. P., 162

Dakof, G., 63, 186

329

330 AUTHOR INDEX

D'Amato, M. R., 214 Folkman,S., 63, 67, 70, Grunberg, N. E., 57 Davidson, L. M., 5, 47, 56 74,78, 185, 186, 188, Guillemin, R., 102 Davidson, M. j., 15 207,208,217,235,289 Guttman, G .. 141, 144, Davidson, R. j., 162, 219 Forsman, L., 108 149,151 Dean, A., 66 Forster, F., 167 Dean, c., 263 Foster,S., 297 Haan, N., 68, 184, 190. deChateau, P., 106 Frank, j. D., 285 198,210 Deese, j., II Frankenhaeuser, M., 56, Hacker, W., 118 DeLongis, A., 63, 67,71, 57,101,105,106,107, Hackett, T. P., 297, 303

186 108,110, III, 113 Hamburg, D. A., 102 DeWitt, G. W., 213 Franklin, j., 262 Handelsman, M. M .. 243 Dickenson, E., 296 Fredrikson, M., 106, 113 Hanes, C., 15, 26 Dimsdale, j. E., 102 French, j. R., 56, 81 Haney, T., 297 Dodson, M., 66, 67, 289 Frese, M., 183, 185, 187. Hardy, A. B., 70 Dahler, j., 123 195,202 Harris, T. 0., 70, 259, Dohrenwend, B. P., 9, 30, Freud, A., 184,209 260, 263, 272, 286

64,66,67,68283, 284, Friedman, L., 31, 82 Hartman, E. A., 38 285, 287, 288, 289, Friedman, M., 13 Hartung, R., 123 290, 291 Friessen, W. V., 160,249 Hay thorn, W. W., 6

Dohrenwend, B.S., 9, 30, Fuchs, E., 110 Heitzlhofer, K., 142. 145 64, 66, 67, 283, 284. Funder, D. C., 207 Helfrich. H., 166 285, 287, 289, 290, 291 Funkenstein, D. H., 105 Heller, K., 268

Dowrick, P. W., 250 Henderson, A. 5., 268 Dubos, R., 68 Gardell, B., 187 Henderson, H., 268 Duncan-Jones, P., 263, Gatchel, R. j., 56 Henry,j. P., 110

268 Gediga, G., 221, 222, 224 Henshaw, D., 209 Dunkel, H., 187 Gehlbach, S. H., 268 Herbst, A. L., 51 D'Zurilla, T. j., 209 Geller, V., 160 Hess, H., 123

Gellhorn, E., 158 Heyden,S .• 268 Easterbrook, j. A., 216 Gentry, W. D., 297 Hill, K. T., 219 Eckhardt, G., 130 Gilbert, P., 259 Himel, D., 209 Edhag, D., 110 Glanzmann, P., 243 Hirsch, j., 51 Ekman, P., 160, 167,249 Glass, D. C., 55, 56, 82, Hjemdahl, P., 113 Eliasson, K., 113 III, 211 Hobfall, S. E., 262 Elliott, G. R., 102 Goffman, E., 234 Hock, K., 123 Ellis, A., 68 Goldberg, E. L., 31 Hofer, 1., 161,209 Emery, G., 260 Goldfried, M. R., 209 Holahan, C. j., 44 Emms, E. M., 261 Goldman, L., 106 Holmes, T. H., 66 Endler, N. S., 235 Goldstein, M. j., 209 Holst, von D., 110 Ensel, W. M., 66 Gonzales, H. P., 244 Houston, B. K., 210 Epstein,S., 145,212,213, Gordon, j. E., 215 Howells, G. N., 70

226 Gore,S., 272 Hunt, j. MeV., 220 Evans, G. W., 51 Garlitz, D., 158 Hwang, K-H., 15 Eysenck, H. j., 207 Gorsuch, R. L., 244 Eysenck, M. W., 207, 211 Gotlib, 1. H., 68 Iker, H., 297

Gould, M.S., 284 Fahrenberg, j., 167, 188 Grawe, K., 249 Jacobson, L., 219 Farnham, L. j., 219 Greif,S., 187 James, S. A., 268 Fenz, W. D., 145,212 Grimson, R., 268 Janis, 1. L., 305 Finlay-Jones, R., 263 Grinker, R. R., 13 Jenkins, c. D., 12, 16,31 Fletcher, j., 261 Gruen, R., 67 Johansson, G., 110, 187

AUTHOR INDEX

Johnson, J. H., 72 Jones, E. E., 238 Julius, S. A., 51 Jurgens, U., 158 Justice, B., 44

Kagan, N., 250 Kahn, R. L., 81, 82 Kanner, A. D., 63. 66. 71.

286, 289 Kant, 1., 65 Kaplan, B. H .. 268 Kamarck, T., 64 Karasak. R. A .. I 10 Kasl, S. V .• 64 Kelly. G. A .. 241, 242.

250 Kelly. S .• 51 Kenny. D. A., 192 Kessler. R. C, 260. 268 Kiehl, G. E .. 220 Kihlstrom. J. F., 211 Klein, K., 113 Knittle, J. L., 51 Kobasa, S. C., 71 Korchin, S. J.. 5 Krantz, D. S .. 51, 56. I 10 Krasnoff, L., 290 Kratwohl. D. R., 250 Kraus. R .. 160 Krippendorff, K., 249 Krohne, H. W., 207, 208,

209,210,211,212, 214,215.216,217, 219, 220

Kubzansky, P. E., 5

Lackner, E., 142, 143 Lamendella. J. L., 158 Larson, D. W., 262 Lauber, W., 151 Launier, R., 54, 81, 208,

212, 235, 236, 237, 239, 241

Laux, L., 209. 210, 233. 235, 250

Laver, J., 158 Lazarus, R. S., 5, 10, II,

12, 13,48,49,52.54, 55, 63, 67, 68, 70, 72. 74, 78,81, 119, 144.

169, 184, 185, 186, 188, 190. 198, 200. 207. 208. 209, 210. 211, 212, 217, 218, 226. 235, 236, 237, 239.241,286.289

Leary, M. R .• 234, 236. 238, 239, 245

Leff. J. P .• 263 Lehman, E. C. Jr.. 12 Lehrman. D. S .. 65 Lei, H .. 30 Leiderman. P. H., 5 Leighton. A. H .. 284 Leventhal. H., 48 Levi. L.. 105. 120 Levine,S., 106. 110. 153 Lewinsohn, P. ~1.. 262 Licht. B. G .. 64 Liddle, C. 277 Lieberman. M. A .. 13.23.

31.259,286 Liebert, R. M .• 244 Lin. H .. 66 Lind. E., 110 Link. B .• 284 Lippa. R., 249 Loengew, A. N., 118 Loevinger, J., 68 Lumsden. D. P., 82 Lundberg, U., 57, 106,

107. 108, 110 Lushene, R. E., 244

Mackay, C .• 13 Macklin, D. B., 284 Magnussen, D., 235 Maier, S. F., 213 Malmo, R. B .• 158 Mangan, C. E., 211 Mann, G. V .. 56 Mann, S. A., 263 Manstead, A. S. R., 235 Marlowe, D., 162 Maslow, A. H., 119 Mason, J. W., 5, 48, 56,

lOS, 119, 136 McBee, G., 44 McGrath, J. E., 3, 5, 13,

81,118,119 McKay, G., 56

McLean, P., 63 McLeod,.J.. 268 Meehl. P. E., 227 Mehl. I., 123 Meichenbaum. D. T..

331

209. 248. 249 Menaghan. E. G .. 13.23.

31.259 Mendelson. J. H .. 5 Menninger. K., 68, 297 Mermelstein. R .. 64 Metcalf. J. T.. 242 Mikhail, A., 26 Miller. J. G .• 6. 7 Miller. N. E .• 56 Miller. R .• 250 Miller. S. M .• 42. 210.

211.213.217 Millham • .J..219 Milton. J.. 303 Mineka, S .. 211 Mischel. W., 207. 217 Modick. H. E .• 123 Mohr. G .• 187, 188 Monat. A .• 211 Monroe. S. M., 63. 66 Moos. R. H .• 44 Morris. L. W .• 244 Moss. J., 102 Mowrer. O. H .• 296 Mueller. D. P .• 272 Mullan. J. T .• 13, 23, 31.

259 Muller. S .• 160 Muller. W .• 167 Mundelein. H .• 87 Murphy. E .• 261, 263 Myrsten, A. L., 56. 105 Myrtek, M .• 167

Ndetei. D. M .• 259 Neufeld. R. W., 82 Neugebauer. R., 284 Newman. B. M .• 43 Nicholls, J. G .• 64 Nietzsche. F .• 301 Nirnberger. G .• 151 Nitsch. J. R .• 118 Nixon. J.. 263 Nordhedin. B .. 56. 105 Norman. N .• 245

332 AUTHOR INDEX

Notterman,j. M., 315 Rosenthal, R., 81 Seligman, M., 107, 110, Roskies, E., 237 304

O'Brien, L., 213 Rossler, K., 123 Sells, S. B., 5, 6, 11 O'Connor, P., 263, 269 Rotter, j. B., 304 Selye, H., 4, 6, 7, 21, 29, Olson, C., 160 Rudert, I., 158 31,36,47,48, 105, Opton, E. M., 226 Rudow, B., 117 119, 120, 168,310 Orne, M. T., 201 Ruebush, B. K., 219 Semmer, N., 187, 188 Orton, R., 78 Rueckert, D., 187 Shapiro, D. A., 261 Osler, S. F., 11 Ruff, G. E., 5 Shaw, B. F., 260 Otto. J.. 226 Rummel, M., 187 Shrout, P. E., 66, 67, 289

Rush, A. j., 260 Simon, H. A., 184 Parron, D. L., 102 Rutenfranz, j., 121 Singer, j. E., 5, 12,47, Parry, G., 261 Rutter, M., 277 55,57,82,211 Pascal, G. R., 11 Skinner, j. H., 30 Patkai, P., 105 Sabini, j., 185 Smith, T. W., 238, 240, Paykel, E. S., 261 Sachar, E. j., 106 243, 248 Peake, P. K., 207 Sanden, P.O., 110 Snoek, j. D., 81 Pearl, R A., 64 Sarason, I. G., 72, 219, Snyder, C. R., 238, 240, Peariin, L. I., 13,23,31, 244 243

63, 188, 201, 203, 209, Sashidharan, S. P., 263 Snyder, M., 246 259, 262, 286 Schachter, S., 55, 57 Solomon, P., 5

Pelz, D. C., 203 Schaefer, C., 63, 284 Spath, H., 123 Pervin, L. A., 235 Schaeffer, M. A., 56, 289 Spiegel, j. P., 13 Periman, B., 38 Schaffner, P., 24, 210, Spielberger, C. D., 226, Peterson, E. A., 51 211 243, 244 Phillips, D. C., 78 Schally, A. V., 102 Spinoza, B., 300 Pietruschka, W., 130 Scherer, K. R, 157, 158, Standke, R., 166 Poskanzer, D. c., 51 159, 160, 161, 162, Steinmetz, j. L., 262 Post, B., 56, 105 163, 165, 168, 169, Stephens, P. M., 110 Pratt, C. C., 64 170,176,209,219 Steptoe, A., 110 Price, R. H., 260, 268 Scherer, U., 166 Stohr, W., 110 Prudo, R, 261, 263 Scheuch, K., 117, 121, Stokols, D., 51 Prystav, G., 210, 211, 214 122, 124, 130, 136 Stotland, E., 296 Putnam, H., 65 Schlenker, B. R., 234, Stone, A., 15

236, 238, 239, 240, Streeter, L. A., 160 Quine, W. V. 0., 65 242, 245 Summerfield, A., 176 Quinn, R. P., 81 Schmale, A. H., 297 Sundin, 0., 106 Quinton, D., 277 Schoenbach, V. j., 268 Surtees, P. G., 263

Schooler, C., 188,201, Syme, S. L., 56, 68 Rahe, R. H., 25, 51, 66 203, 209 Rassaby, E. S., 261 SchOn pflug, W., 81,87, Tai Al Deen, H., 123 Redfield, j., 15 185, 202, 203, 208, 209 Taylor, C. j., 162, 244 Robbey, S. j., 51 Schreinicke, G., 117, 121, Teasdale,]. D., 261 Robinson, B. W., 158 124 Tedeschi, j. T., 234, 236, Rodin, j., 55 Schroder, H., 123, 124, 245 Rogosa, D., 192 127 Teichner, W. H., 12 Rogner, j., 208, 209, 210, Schulz, P., 82, 209 Tennant, C., 260

211,212,214,215, Schwartz, G. E., 162,219 Tetlock, P. E., 235 216,217,219 Schwarzinger, G., 147 Theorell, T., 110

Rose, R. M., 103, 106 Scully, R E., 51 Thoits, P. A., 63, 64, 67, Rosenman, R. H., 13 Seidel, W., 123 74

AUTHOR INDEX

Thomas, L., 319 Tibblin, G., 268 Tolkmitt, F., 162, 166 Trimmel, M., 149, 151 Trumbull, R., 3, 5, I I.

14,21,75, 119.309. 311.315

Ursin, H., 110, 153

Vadher, A .• 259 Vaillant. G. E., 68. 184,

190,198 Van Heck, G. L. M., Hi7 Veno, A., 15 Vossel, G., 235

Wagner, E. H., 268 Walfisch, S., 262 Wallbott, H. G., 161, 162,

176,209 Wallon, H., 169 Walschburger, P., 167 Weinberger, D. A., 162,

219 Weinstein,.J.,226 Weisman, A. D., 208 Weiss,.J. M., 110 Weitz,.J., II Welch, B. L., 51 Welford, A. T, 208 Wexler, D., 5 Wigand, A., 220

333

Wild, B. S., 15,26 Wilensky, R., 92 Winberg,.J., 106 Wing,.J. K., 263 Wishnie, H. A., 297 Wolfe, D. M., 81 Wolfram, H., 123 Worden,.J. W., 208 Wortman, C. B., 260 Wunsch-Hitzig, R., 284

Yablonsky, L., 242

Zap£, D., 187 Zedeck, S., 72, 184 Zuckerman, M., 54

Abandonment, 259 Achievement moti\'ation, 123-125, 136,

160-162, 167 Action theory, 18 Activation, 62, 94,147, 150-154, 174,

313,318. See also Arousal, Cortical negativity

Activity, need for, 119 Adaptation, 120-121, 176

diseases of, 5, 310 Adaptational outcome, 72, 78 "Additive burden," 255, 287-288 Adjustment, 22, 320, 324 Adrenal cortical trophic hormone

(ACTH), 103-104 Adrenal system/hormones, 33, 48,

102-108 Adrenaline. See Epinephrine Affect, 67, 73, 161 Affective disorders, 259, 277-278, 284,

288 Aggression, 105, III Alcoholism, 32, 50, 238 Ambiguity, 76 Ambulatory recording techniques. 102 Anergia, 264 Anger, 105, 169-176,237,299 Anticipation, 19.34.42. 106, 145 Anticipation phase, 181. 210-216, 295.

321 Anxiety, 33. 68, 92, 105-107, 110,

122-129.162-165.171-173. 208-212,216.218-227.233.237. 242-246, 248. 299

Subject Index

Appraisal, cognitive, 13-20,27,34,48. 52-57, 70-76, 81-83, 99-100, 101, 118, 167-169,219,236,243, 247-248,315-319,324-325

Approach/avoidance types, 144-147 Arousal, 147,212,244. See also

Activation Aspiration(s), 258-260 Attention, 4, 214, 237 Attitude(s), 12, 145,220 Attribution, 95, 100, 147,238 Autohypnosis, 23, 42 Autonomic arousal, 57,166,170. See

also Arousal Avoidance, 55,123,190-197,209,213,

216-217

Balance/imbalance, 5, 13,29,37,41-43, 176,208-209,236,318-319, 325

Behavior economics, 20, 81-84, 88. See also Cost-benefit analysis

Biochemical functions, 14,22-23 Biofeedback, 8, 42,151,315 Blood, 102-103, 131-136,320 Blood pressure, 112-113, 123-126,

130-136 "Blunting," 213 Boredom, 26, 107, 173 Brain, 103-104 Brain trigger design, 151, 320. See also

Cortical negativity Breath rate, 163 Brooding, 193, 197,264

335

336

Capability, perceived, 236 Capacity. See Carrying capacity Cardiovascular system, 15, 29, 49, 51,

57, 103, 110-111 Care (in childhood), lack of, 272-274,

277 Carrying capacity, 19, 31, 34-39, 209,

211-212,318-324 "Caseness", onset of, 263-267 Cate<:ho!<!mine., '\'\, '>7,99, 103-111 Certainty, 52 Challenge, 14,52-57, 103, 109,

236-237 Cholesterol, 124-125, 130-133 "Chronic burden," 255, 287-288 Chronic role strains, 63. See also Role Circadian rhythm, 19,22,44,57,311,

322 Circularity, 20, 63 Cognition, 70, 182,244-245 Cognitive bias, 273-277 Cognitive load. See Psychic load Cognitive processes, 8, 10, 22, 34, 54,

76, 149, 176, 209, 247-249, 296 Cognitive scripts, 236 Cognitive theory of stress, 20, 53, 63,

70,81-82,181,190,199-204, 317,324

Cold pressor test, 105 Commitment, 73 Compensation, 119-120 Competence, 14,93, 109,217 Competition, 111, 147-148 Complaints, 124-125 Concentration, 123, 264 Conductance, 19, 27 Conflict, 33. See also Role conflict Confrontation (phase), 181,210-212,

216 Consciousness, 303, 317 Constraints, environmental, 13-14, 73 Contempt, 172 Context/contextual, 258, 263, 290, 310,

313 Control, 20, 42-44, 73, 82, 85-88, 99,

107-111,123,128-129,166,246, 304

Controllability, 210-217, 288-290, 314 perceived, 12, 55, 106, 128-129, 170,

181,217,316,321,324 Coping, 8, 10, 12,22-24,30-31,41-44,

53,58,71,81-84,92,96,99, 101, 107, 120, 127, 142, 153-154, 160,

SUBJECT INDEX

Coping (Cont.) 166,171-172,176,181-186, 190-197,199,202,207-208,213, 233,237,247-248,290,295,311, 318

emotion-focused, 55, 74-76, 181, 184, 189-190,208,212,237,319. See also Palliative

intrapsychic vs. direct, 237, 239, 250 nondefensive. 215-217. 221-227 situation-related, 188, 215 unsuccessful, 215-217, 221, 319

Coping dispositions. See Coping styles Coping efficacy, 181, 188,210,213,215,

321 Coping inventory, 220 Coping mode(s), 215, 220, 297, 303 Coping process(es), 208, 226, 315 Coping strategies, 187-188,200-201,

204, 207-209, 314, 318, 322-326 Coping sty1e(s), 20-21, 55-57, 63, 76,

162,181,184,188-190,219,226, 324

Coronary heart disease (CHD), 56, 111, 130

Coronary-prone behavior, 124-126, 134

Cortical negativity, 100, 151. See also Activation

Corticosteroids, 99, 103-106 Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF),

103 Cortisol levels, 106-110, 126, 131,

135-136 Cost-benefit analysis, 20, 81-84, 93, 185,

240. See also Behavior economics Crisis support, 270-277. See also Social

support Crowding, 105 Culture, 23, 76, 311 Cumulation. See Stress cumulation Cyclic functions. See Circadian cycles;

Timing

Daily hassles, 49, 63, 186,201,286-289, 314, 326. See also Hassles Scale

Danger, 13,70,209,216 Decentering, 123 Deception, 114, 235. See also Self-

deception Defense(s), 183, 186, 190 Defense mechanisms, 208, 238 Defensiveness, 219-220, 238

SUBJECT INDEX

Dejection, 172 Demand(s), 34-35, 39, 81, 104, 118,

121-122, 136. 142,208-209,236 environmental. 13, 63, 73, 101

Demand characteristics. 19. 76, 113. 120,124, 127. 130,201-202. 311-312,319

Demoralization, 284 Denial, 55, 190-194.240.286.302 Dependence. 27 Depression, 68, 106-107.200-203.237.

255-278,291,311-312.321-323 onset of, 268. 276-278. 283

Desensitization, 174 Despair. 303 Desperation. 172 Determinism. reciprocal. 78. 236 Developmental histon. 19. 23-24. 41.

100.311.322-323.326 Disappointment, 83. 259-260. 265. 277 Discrepancy. stress as. 19, 34. 38. 100 Disequilibrium. See Balancelimbalance Disgust, 167, 172 Disparity (discrepancy) control, 319-325 Disparity model, 39 Displeasure, 172 Dispositional determinants. 13, 213.

217-218,255,286,288-291, 310-313,318-319,322,327. See also Traits

Dispositions, coping. See Coping styles Dissatisfaction, 107 Distortions, 272-273 Distress, 70, 107-110, 120,285 Diurnal sensitivities. See Circadian

rhythms Dominance-submission, 110 Drugs, 42, 237, 311 Duration (of stress), 306, 317 Dysregulation, 127

Efficiency, 83. 110 Effort, 84, 107, 208 Egocentrism, 29-31 Ego defensive processes, 14,68. 239,

312 Egopsychology, 210 Ego-threat situation, 220-221, 243, 325.

See also Self-esteem. threat to Elation, 105, 172 Electroencephalogram (EEG), 150,

154 Electromyogram (EMG), 163

337

Emergency function. 104. 176 Emotion. 7-9. 20. 22. 32. 67. 70. 80. 99,

101, 105, 108, 157-159. 166-167, 182. 190. 208. 237. 242-243. 246. 296,317

theory. 157, 168-170 Emotional deprivation. See

De\'e1opmental histon: Social support

Emotional schemata. latent. 266 Emotional stability. 68. 137.244-245 Endocrine markers. 10 I-I 02 Endocrine stress response patterns. 106 Enjoyment. 172 En\'ironment-{)q~anism transaction. See

person--enyironment transaction Environmental demands. See Demands Epinephrine. 57. 103-110 Equilibrium. See Balance/imbalance Ergometry, maximum. 122. 136,

143-144, 148 Ergopsychometry. 100. 141-144.

148-154, 320 Ergotropic dominance. 175 "Eustress," 120 Evaluation. See Self-evaluation "Event proneness," 255. 287. 312 Examination(s)/tests as load. 122-124.

132-134. See also Load Excitement, 83 Exhaustion threshold, 239 Expectancy, 27, 106, 217

Facial expression, 158-161, 168. 174 Failure, 85-86, 238, 256-259, 265, 277,

311, 321 Familiarity, 105-106 Familiarization, 42 Family, 23, 42, 258 Fatigue, 121-123,311-312,318 Fear, 69-70, 83, 105-106, 145,

171-173,299-301 Feedback, 14-15, 19.25,30,41-43,

211,235-236.243.312-316,319, 324

Feelings, 34, 76, 119-125, 128, 159-160, 17i, 249, 316

Field settings, 57, 87, 102-103, 141, 295, 325

Fight or flight, 104, 120 Formant frequency, 163-164 Fotopulsamplitude, 124-126,

135

338

Frustration, 121, 203, 239 . Fundamental frequency (Fo), 159-163

General Adaptation Syndrome, 5, 12, 15, 36, 48-49, 118

Genetic factors, 8, 286, 311 Goal-related coping acts, 208, 215-216,

319 Goals, 72,118,171-172,236,249 Grief, i72 Guilt,171-173

Habituation, 311 Happiness, 172 Harmfulness, perceived, 12,52 Harm-loss, 236 Hassles Scale, 66-75, 289, 320. See also

Daily hassles HDL, 130-135 Health, 63,71,87,90, 101. 110,

121-124,137,287,297,302, 311-312,321-324. See also Well­being

Heart disease. See Coronary heart disease

Heart rate, 94-96, 113, 123-124, 136 Helplessness, 105-107, 273, 286,

303-304, 322 learned, 213, 303

Hemograms, 123-125 Heterostasis, 7, 29, 32, 41-43 Homeostasis, 5, 41,119,174 Hope/hopefulness, 202, 261, 295-30 I,

311-312,321-325 Hopelessness, 255, 261, 264, 278, 297,

303, 321 Hoping process, 255-256, 296-305, 322 Hormones, 102-103, 107, 122-127, 130,

136, 153, 296, 320 "Host resistance," 69 Human factors, 4, 6, 58, 315 Husband events, 261, 267-269, 275-276 Hypertension, 112-113

Imagination, 123,300 Immobilization, 105 Immune system, 33, 123,324 Impression management. See Self-

presentational view Individual differences, 10-12, 19,53,

57,69,77,92, Ill, 137, 159-160,

SUBJECT INDEX

Individual differences (Cont.) 166, 170,213,234,245-247,257, 304,310

Inductance, 19, 27 Information control. See Predictability Information selection/avoidance, .

124-128, 136 Insecurity, tolerance of, 123-128 Instable behavior, 215 Instigdliull i;ut:~11ulJ, 239 Integrity, 239, 324 Intelligence, 93-96, 123, 129 Intention, 300 Interaction, negative, 269-270 Interaction vs. transaction, 235, 310 Interpretation-specific causes, 99, 120 Intimacy, lack of, 261, 278 Involvement, 94, 107,290 Irritation, 173 Isolation, 5

Laboratory studies, 8, 58, 87, 102, 141-142,176,295,325

LDL, 130-135 Learning capabilities, 150-151 Life cycle, 19,22,27,37,313 Life events, 9-10, 15, 24, 30, 34, 37, 43,

63,70,255-262,286-290,317, 326-327

severe, 265-267, 270, 274, 285-288, 312

Life Events Scale, 66, 262-263 Life situations. See Field settings Life stress processes, 285-291 Limbic system, 158 Lipid metabolism, 122, 125, 130, 133 Load, 4,13,20,31,39-41,53,84,89,

95, 100, 113, 122-124, 127, 141-145, 148-153

Load stable vs. load instable, 143-148 Load stress, 211, 312-314, 322 Locus of control, 286-289, 304 Loss (of someone close), 259-260, 265,

273, 277 Love, 278 Lymphocytes, 136

Machiavellianism, 246 Management (settings), 141, 210, 325 Marriage, 31, 38, 258, 269, 276-278 Masculinity-femininity, 286 Mastery, 73, 109, 273, 286, 304

SUBJECT INDEX

"Matching." 255. 265-268. 274-278. 312.316.319

"Meaning." 158.313 Mediating/mediators. 55. 72. 103.

181-187.194-196.203-204 Meditation. 42. 55. 324 Metabolism. 123. 127. 130. 134 Microstressors. 63 MMPI. 123. 126 Mobilization of cognitions. 306 Moderating/moderators. 55. 72.

181-187. 194-197.202-204 Monitoring. 211-216 Monotony. 108. 121 Mood (states). 176. 264. 322 Motivation. 13.41, 109. 128. 145-147.

158-159.247.311 Morale. 76. 255. 297. 302. 322 Muscle tone. 158. 174

Needs. 13.22.39.43.99. 118-121, 171-172.311

Neuroendocrine system. 56. 101-103. 109-110. See also Hormones

Neurological descriptors. 22. 36 Neurotic tendencies. 123. 126-127.284 Noise (as stressor). 51. 208 Nonspecificity.48-49. 119-120 Noradrenaline. See Norepinephrine Norepinephrine. 57, 103-106, 175 Norm compatibility, 171-172 Novelty, 52,105-106,171,174 Nutritional factors, 23, 311

Optimal activation, 119, 152. See also Activation

Optimism. See Positive outlook Orientation, 82, 87, 174,316 Orienteering, 147-149 Overload, 6, 12, 26, 105, 312 Overreporting, 181, 191-194, 197,

199-202

Pace, psychological, 23, 109, 112. See also Timing

Pain, 220, 291 Palliative (palliation), 81-82. 190,208.

211. See also Coping, emotion­focused

Parachute jumping, 104. 110. 147.212. 216

Passion. 243 Passivity. 107.243

339

Pathogen reaction stress model. 19. 4H. 53. 56

Perception. II, 22. 34-39 Perceptual/cognitive filter. 15 Perceptual space. 15 Performance (change). 4. 6. 92-96. 100.

137.141, 144. 149-152 Person--environment transaction. 13.

101-103.120-122. 20H. 23.'}-237. 24H. 310. 314. 317

Personal comfort. 96 Personal control. 110-113. See a/so

Control Personal dispositions. See Dispositional

determinants Personality (traits). 7-H. 72. 122-124.

127-129.136.160-161.218.234. 241.245.278-279.289-291.311. 315.327. See aLw Traits

Personality disorders. 2H4 Physical illness/injury. 287-28H. 311 Physiological system. 22-23. 29. 42. 55.

73. 76. Ill. 309 Pituitary hormones. 103-106. 110. See

also Hormones Planning/plans. 91-96. 258. 300 Pleasantness. 17 I, 174 Pleasure. 261 Positive outlook. 189. 195, 197, 200.

322 Postconfrontation phase. 181. 208 Precipitating factors. 33. 37 Predictability (information control). 52.

106.211,215.321 Predisposing factors, 13,23.37. See aLm

Dispositional determinants Prevention. 69, 120.325 Privation/deprivation. 261. 272-273 Problem-focused. See Coping. problem-

focused Problem generation. 86. 88. 91 Problem solving. 20, 82, 85 Proneness, 288. 315. See also "Event

proneness" Protectiveness. 276 Psychic load, 148-149.318.322. See also

Load Psychic satisfaction. 121 Psychoactive drugs. 166

340

Psychoanalytic theory, 181, 186, 190, 199, 268

Psychoendocrinology. See Neuroendocrine system

Psychoimmunology, 313, 323-325 Psychological diagnostic, 136 PsychologicaVpersonality profile, 127 Psychological readiness, 327. See also

Timing PsychologICal system, 25, 42 Psychopathology, 66, 255, 283-291,

321-323 Psychophysiological view, 100, 117,

122-127. See also Activation Psychosocial variables, 27, 75, 101, 165 Psychosomatic complaints, 124,

181-188, 193-196, 199-203,321 Psychosomatic processes, 8, 28, 75, 313 Pulse rate, 163

Questionnaire measures, 7, 58, 89, 123, 185, 199-204, 220, 262, 269, 278, 289-290,314,320,324

Rage, 169, 173 Ratings, 66, 258-259. See also Self-

ratings Reaction time, 148 Reactive model (of stress), 19, 48 Reciprocal determinism. See

Determinism Recovery time/refractory period, 36,

119,124,134-136,176,316 Rejection, 69, 174,272 Relaxation, 94, 152-153, 174,237,244 Repression, 184-186, 193-197,

199-200,207,221-223,298 Repression-sensitization, 215-219,

225-227 Repressors, 160-161, 195,217,220,

224-226 Resistance. See Carrying capacity Resource availability, 12-13,70-76,81,

85, 88. See also Cost-benefit Respiration, 124, 158, 175 Retention, 123 Rhythms, natural, 22, 41 Rigidity, 214, 219 Risk factors, 13,88-89, 111, 121,237,

265-266, 270, 275 Rock-climbing, 142-146

SUBJECT INDEX

Role, 14,76, 167, 182,234,242 Role conflict/stress, 64, 255, 265-266,

274-276, 286

Sadness, 172, 176 Satisfaction, 118, 265 Schizophrenia, 284, 291 Scorn, 172 Self-acceptance, 324

compatibility, 17! concept, 123, 136, 243 confidence, 25, 233, 241, 246 consciousness, 246 control, 128, 152-153 deception, 182, 239 depreciation, 264 development, 122 efficacy, 70 esteem, 73,167,171-172,255,258,

261-262,273,277,311-312,315, 321-323

esteem/ threat to, 233, 237-239,

244-245, 248,311,325

evaluation, 262-268, 274-277 extending, 182, 234, 240-241 handicapping, 182,234,238-247 image. 246-247, 258, 321 instruction, 153-154 monitoring, 246-247 presentation, 166, 181 presentational view, 233-238,

243-249,320-321, 324 protecting strategies, 239, 243 ratings, 145-147. See also Self­

evaluation regulatory systems, 217. See also

Systems relaxation, 42 report measures. See Questionnaires respect, 273 serving explanations, 182, 238-239

Selye, 21, 105 Selye model, 5--6, 47, 119 Sensation-seeking, 286 Sensitization, 174,207,217,221-223 Sensitizers, 160-161,215-217,220,

224-226 Sensory deprivation, 6-8 Sensory systems, 6, 23 Sex differences, 130, 162-163

SUBJECT INDEX

Shame. 173 Shock. 104 Situational {;lCtors. 210, 217 Skill, 209. 217 Skin resistance, 161-163 Sleep disorders, 74, 264 Social approval, :~ I, 246 Social desirability, 167,201-202,219 Social interactions, 27, 73, 76. 165,234,

247,278,286-288 Social psychological models, 283, 286 Social support, 12, 20, 43-44, 55.

72-76,255-258,262-264,268. 272-273,286-291.311-312,315, 321-325

Social system, 23-26, 42, 236, 311 Sociocultural. See Social system Socioeconomic status, 31, 76 Somatic activation, 128-129 Somato-specific causes, 99, 120-122 Spatial orientation, 148 Speaker states, 157-159 Sports, 141-144, 147-149, 154 State-Trait Anxiety II/tlm/ol) (STAJ),

244-245 Stimulus-evaluation checks (SEes),

169-171 Strain, 4.121-127, 136-137, 144. 153,

203-204 Stress

acute vs, chronic, 121 causal models of. 51 cognitive. See Cognitive theory of

stress environmental, 255. 285, 291 evaluative, 211. See IllIIJ Examinations "general impact" model of, 168 interactional view of, 118-120 leisure-time, 18H, 193, 197 mental, 99, 105 physical, 99, 119, I HH, 197 psychological/psychosocial, 3, 119,

188-197,200-202,244,255 social, 188, 193, 197,233 somatic. See Stress, physical su~jective, 127, 130, 136, 143, 186,

191-195 transfer of, 33, 41 vocal indicators of, 159

Stress concept, 3-4, 10, 19, 21, 121, 310, 318, 32:~

Stress control/management, 40 Stress cumulation. 313, 319 Stress dynamics. See Stress concept Stress effects, cumulative, 49-50 Stress feelings. See Stress, subjective "Stress ladder," 239 Stress measurement, 31 Stress mediation. See Mediation Stress moderation. See Moderation Stress perception, 186, 191 Stress proneness. See Vulnerability Stress research, 4, 47 Stress-seeking, 20, 54 Stress sensitivity, 137. See alm

Vulnerability

341

Stress susceptibility, 41. 311. See alia Vulnerability

Stress theory. 81,117,120, 168 Stress thresholds. 239 Stress vulnerability profiles, 13. See also

Vulnerability Stressors, 104-105, I H8, 278

cognitive vs. emotional, 160-164 potential, 19 provoking, 265

Subjective estimates, 82, 94, 305 Success, 85-86, 148-149,238.311 Suicidal ideas, 264 Support. See Social support Suppression, 199 Susceptibility. See Stress susceptibility Sympathetic adrenal-medullary system.

See Adrenal Symptoms, 29, 42. 66, 72, 289-290 System(s), 19, 22-23, 27, 41

Task requirements, 14. See a/so Demands

Tension, 32,123,126,158.175, 274-275

Terror, 173 Testing under load. See

Ergopsychometry Threat, 14,27,42,47,81, 103, Ill,

119,209,216,219-221,226, 236-237,241-243,256,259, 295-297, 304. 324

chronic, 49 Threat perception, 13,52.56-57, 106 Thyroid hormone, 132. See also

Hormones

342

Time (course)ltimingltimeliness, 15, 19, 27, 32, 36-38, 43, 55, 73-77, 85, 99, 124, 130, 136-137, 168, 186, 203,212,310-312,316-317, 324-327

Tolerance limits, 34 Trace elements, 122-123 Trade-offs, 93-94. See also Cost-benefit Training champions, 100, 147-154,314 Trait(s), 99, 207, 217-218, 245. See alw

Personality Trait-state anxiety model, 226, 243 Transaction. See Person-environment

transaction Transaction(al) model (of stress), 12, 19,

48,52,56,74,120,167,181 Trigger mechanisms. See Precipitating

factors Triglyceride, 126, 130-133 Triiodothyronine, 132 Trophotropic shift, 174 Trust, interpersonal, 73 "True prevalence," 283 Type A, 10, 111-113

Ulcers, 32 Uncertainty, 105-108, 188,316 Unconscious, 184

SUBJECT INDEX

Underload, 105 Unpredictability. See Uncertainty "Unwinding" after stress, III, 322

Values, 13,73,77 "Vanishing motivation type, " 145-147 Vasoconstriction, peripheral, 175 Vasopressin, 136 Victimization, 255, 287 Vigilance, 4, 108,214-217,221 Vocalization/voice, 99, 157-161, 174,

320 Vulnerability, II, 13, 19,24, L,4, 69,76,

255, 260-262, 265, 269-270, 273-278,286-289,310-312,317, 321-324

Well-being, 70, 73, 110, 122. See alm Health

Wishful thinking, 85-86 Withdrawal, 110 Work, 57,119,141,181,202 Work load/stress, 64, 107, 111-113, 183,

187, 190,201,209 Worry/worrying, 173, 244, 296, 299-30 I

Yerkes-Dodson Law, 153 Yoga, 42