auminium sulphate
TRANSCRIPT
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SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
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SPECIFICATION FOR ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
GENERAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE NUMBER
1 Ambient Conditions 6as - 2
2 Suitability for Potable Water 6as - 2
3 Definitions 6as - 2
4 Inspection and Testing 6as - 2
5 Marking 6as - 3
6 Protection during Delivery 6as - 3
7 Storing handling and hauling of Materials 6as - 3
8 Manufacturer's Certificate 6as - 3
9 Quality and workmanship 6as - 4
10 Technical Specification for Aluminium Sulphate 6as - 5 6as – 15
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GENERAL
1 Ambient Conditions
All materials shall be in every respect suitable for storage, use and operation in the
conditions of temperature and humidity appertaining in Sri Lanka.
The annual average temperature is 35 C while the relative humidity varies generallyfrom 70% during the day to 95% at night.
2 Suitability for Potable Water
Aluminium Sulphate will come into contact with potable water shall not constitute a
toxic hazard, shall not support microbial growth,
3 Definitions
The definitions given in the relevant standards which are referred to in the
specification shall apply for the terms used in this specification.
4 Inspection and Testing
The Manufacturer shall supply, furnish and prepare the necessary test samples of
materials and supply the labour facilities and appliances for such testing as may be
required to be carried out on his premises according to this specification. If there are
no facilities at his own works for making the prescribed tests the Contractor shall bear
the cost of carrying out the tests elsewhere.
The Engineer and nominated Inspection Authority shall have full access to all parts
of the plant that are concerned with the testing, furnishing or preparation of materials
for the performance and testing of work under this Specification.
The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with reasonable facilities and space
(without charge) for the inspection, testing and obtaining of such information, as he
desires regarding the character of material in use and the progress and manner of thework.
Further all materials shall be tested to the appropriate tests at the manufacturer’s
premises and shall be supported by a test certificate from the manufacturer.
The format for test certificate shall be in accordance with the format given in the
schedule of particulars.
Contractor is held responsibility for the assuring quality of the goods supplied by him
until the final delivery point. Aluminium Sulphate is tested at the Employer’s final
delivery point by the Employer and goods shall conform to the standard for the
acceptance
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5 Marking
All markings shall be legible and durable unless otherwise specified and shall be as
specified in this specification.
6. Protection During Delivery
The contractor shall provide protection to the approval of the Engineer, prior to the
materials leaving the place of manufacture and shall maintain such protection until
the items reach their destination in order to guard effectively against damage during
transit and storage and the ingress of foreign matter inside the packages.
All details of the proposed method of providing such protection shall be submitted at
the time of tendering.
The cost of providing protection shall be included in the unit prices tendered in theBills of Quantities.
7. Storing, Handling and Hauling of Materials.
All materials shall be stored in an approved location and in such a manner as to
preserve their quality and condition.
Storage shall be in accordance with the manufacturers recommendation and shall be
stored in a dry place with a proper packing.
Materials and components shall be handled in such a manner as to avoid any damage
or contamination and in accordance with all applicable recommendations of the
manufacturers.
The contractor shall give instructions to the shipper on precautions to be taken in the
handling of materials during loading, towage delivery and unloading and shall give
particulars of these instructions to the purchaser.
8. Manufacturer’s Certificate
The Manufacturer shall supply to the Engineer a certificate stating that each item
supplied has been subjected to the tests laid down herein and conforms in all respects
to this Specification or such other Specification which has been submitted to and
approved by the Engineer. In addition to this, contractor shall provide certificate for
the conformity to the Standards (SLS 701: 1985) from the independent testing
agencies mentioned in General condition of contract.
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9. Quality and Workmanship
Aluminium Sulphate which are intended to supply shall be manufactured in a factory
which in compliance with the ISO 9001 : 2008 Quality Management System
Standards. Any certificate regarding product conformity and quality management
should be from an organization accredited to issue such certification and themanufacturer shall have this certification valid during the period of supply and
delivery of the materials. Document evidence regarding accredition together with the
scope of certification should be provided.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENT
All materials to be supplied under this contract shall conform to Sri Lanka Standard(SLS) 701 : 1985 – Specification for Aluminium Sulphate (Technical Grade).
1. Aluminium Sulphate shall be either in the form of Lumps or Powder
2. Colour – White to Greyish – White
3. Other Requirements
Table 1 A
CharacteristicsRequirements
Iron as Fe2O3 percent by mass, maximum allowable 0.7
Water soluble Aluminium Sulphate as Al2O3 percent by mass, min 16.0
Water insoluble matter, percent by mass, max 0.5
PH at 27 2 C, min 2.8
Arsenic as AS2O3 percent by mass, max 0.01
Heavy metals as Pb, percent by mass, max 0.02
Ammoniacal Nitrogen, percent by mass, max 0.03
Lump Size :-Lumps passing through 40.0 mm sieve, percent by mass, min
100
Age of Aluminium Sulphate from the date of manufacture when
shipping.
Not more than
02 months
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1.2. PACKING REQUIREMENTS
This material shall be supplied in 50 Kg. (or smaller) polisack bags with polythene
inner lining packing.
1.3 MARKING
Each package shall be marked legibly & indelibly with the following information :
(letter height shall be 50mm)
a) Name of the product
b) Name and address of the manufacturer and local agent
c) Trade mark,
d) Net mass, in kg.
e)
Type and Grade
(f)
Employer’s Name as ‘NWSDB’
(g) Conformity to standard as “SLS 701: 1985”
2.0 SAMPLING
2.1 LOT
The quantity of material belonging to one batch of manufacture or supply and
ordered for inspection at one time shall constitute a lot.. Weight of a lot shall be
50 kg or less.
2.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS OF SAMPLING
In drawing, handling and preparing samples, the following precautions shall be
observed.
2.2.1 The samples shall not be taken from broken packages.
2.2.2 The sampling instrument shall be clean and dry when used.
2.2.3 The samples shall be placed in clean, dry and air-tight glass or
Suitable containers.2.2.4. The material being sampled, the instruments
and the containers for samples shall be protected from adventitious
contamination.
2.2.4 The sample containers shall be air-tight after filling and marked with
necessary details of sampling. Samples shall be stored in the shade.
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2.3 SAMPLING INSTRUMENTS
2.3.1 Sampling tube of sufficient length
2.3.2 Shovel
2.4 SCALE OF SAMPLING
2.4.1. Each lot shall be tested separately for ascertaining its conformity to the
requirement of this specification.
2.4.2 Sampling from Bulk
shovel shall be used to draw material from a heap or lorry or wagon.
At least 10 shovel full of material shall be drawn from a heap or a lorryor a wagon to represent the average of all parts of mass being sampled
and the material so obtained shall be thoroughly mixed and reduced by
coning and quartering to obtain a test sample.
2.4.2.1 Powder Material
Either a sampling tube of sufficient length shall be inserted or a
hole shall be dug to get material from top to the bottom of the
mass being sampled. The material so obtained shall be
thoroughly mixed and reduced by coning and quartering to
obtain a test sample.
2.4.3 Sampling from packages
2.4.3.1 The number of packages to be selected from a lot shall be in
accordance with table 2.
2.4.3.2 The packages shall be selected at random. In order to ensure
randomness of selection random number tables as given in SLS
428 shall be used.
2.4.3.3
In case of lump material, each bag selected as in 1.4.3.1 shall be emptied and sufficient quantity of material shall be drawn
from various parts of the mass being sampled.
2.4.3.4 The material obtained from each package shall be thoroughly
mixed and reduced by coning and quartering to obtain a test
sample.
2.4.3.5 Five sets of such samples shall be obtained from each package
for testing. Three of them shall be analyzed to take the average
value. The remaining two samples shall be sealed and kept for
future references.
Table 2 – Scale of Sampling
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Number of Packages in the lot Number of Packages to be selected
Up to 09
09 to 27
28 to 64
65 to 100
101 to 300
301 to 500
501 to 800
801 to 1300
1301 to above
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2.5 NUMBER OF TESTS
2.5.1 Each package selected as in 2.4.3 shall be inspected for marking
requirements. (This shall be done in case of sampling from packages
and may be done at the place of sampling.)
2.5.2 The test sample prepared as in 2.4.3.1 or 2.4.3.2 or 2.4.3.3 as the case
may be, shall be tested for all the requirements of this specification.
3.0 METHOD OF TEST
3.1 During the analysis, unless otherwise stated, use only reagents of
recognized analytical grade and only distilled water or water of
equivalent purity.
3.2 Tests for the requirements laid down shall be carried out as prescribedin SLS 312 and in SLS 701 : 1985.
APPENDIX B
DETERMINATION OF IRON
B.1 REAGENTS
B.1.1 Concentrated sulfuric acid, relative density = 1.84
B.1.2 Phosphoric acid, 25 per cent (V/V ) solution, prepared by using concentrated
phosphoric acid (relative density = 1.69)
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B.1.3 Sodium diphenylamine sulfonate indicator , 2 g/l
B.1.4 Potassium dichromate, standard volumetric solution,
c(K 2Cr 2O7) = 0.017 mol/l.
B.2 PROCEDURE
B.2.1 Weigh, to the nearest milligram, about 10 g of the sample and dissolve in
100 ml of hot water. After stirring for a few minutes, digest on a hotplate for
30 minutes just below the boiling point. Filter through a Whatman No. 42
filter paper (or equivalent). Wash with hot water until a washing is free of
sulfate (approximately 10 separate washings). Collect the filtrate and washings
into a 250-ml Erlenmeyer flask and close with a stopper fitted with a Bunsenvalve. Add appromixately 3 g of granulated zinc and 8-ml to 10-ml of
concentrated sulfuric acid, (B.1.1). After the zinc has dissolved, boil the
solution for 2 to 3 minutes. Cool under running tap water.
B.2.1 Add 40 ml of phosphoric acid (B.1.2) and 4 drops of sodium diphenylamine
sulfonate indicator (B.1.3). Titrate slowly with potassium dichromate solution
(B.1.4), while stirring constantly, until the colour of the solution changes from
green to grey-green. Continue the titration until the first tinge of purple or
violet-blue appears. Run a blank determination.
B.3 CALCULATION
Iron, as Fe2O3, per cent by mass =
Where,
c is concentration, in mol/l, of the potassium dichromate solution
used;
V1 is volume, in ml, of potassium dichromate solution required for
the sample;
V2 is volume, in ml, of potassium dichromate solution required for
the blank; and
m is mass, in g of the sample.
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APPENDIX C
DETERMINATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE ALUMINIUM SULFATE
C.1 REAGENTS
C.1.1 Concentrated hydrochloric acid , relative density = 1.18
C.1.2 Concentrated nitric acid , relative density = 1.42
C.1.3 Methyl red indicator , Dissolve, 1 g of methyl red in 500 ml of 95 per cent
ethanol.
C.1.4 Concentrated ammonium hydroxide, relative density = 0.88
C.1.5 Ammonium nitrate, Dissolve, 2 g in 100 ml of water.
C.2 PROCEDURE
C.2.1 Weigh, to the nearest 0.1g, about 5 g of sample and dissolve in 100 ml of
water. Digest on a stream bath for 5 minutes. Stir and filter hot through a tared
sintered glass crucible. Wash with hot water until a washing is free of sulfate
(approximately 10 separate washings). Retain the residue for the water
insoluble matter determination in Appendix D. Transfer the filtrate andwashings into a 500-ml volumetric flask, cool to room temperature, and make
up to the volume with water. Transfer a 50-ml aliquot to a 400-ml beaker and
dilute with 150 ml of water. Add 10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid
(C.1.1) and a few drops of concentrated nitric acid (C.1.2) and heat to boiling.
C.2.2 Add 3 drops of methyl red indicator (C.1.3) and a small amount of ashless
filter paper pulp. Neutralize with concentrated ammonium hydroxide solution
(C.1.4) and add 3 droops in excess. Boil for 2 minutes. Allow the precipitate to
settle and filter quantitatively through Whatman No. 41 filter paper
(or equivalent). Return the filter paper and contents to the 400-ml beaker, add
10 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and macerate the paper to a pulp with
the aid of a stirring rod. Add 150 ml of hot water and 3 drops of the methyl red
indicator. Heat to boiling. Neutralizer with concentrated ammonium hydroxide
solution and add 3 drops in excess. Boil for 2 minutes. Allow the precipitate to
settle and quantitatively filter through Whatman No. 41 filter paper (or
equivalent). Wash the filter six times with hot ammonium nitrate solution
(C.1.5). Ignite the filter paper and precipitate in a tared curcible at 1200ºC.
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APPENDIX E
DETERMINATION OF pH
E.1 PROCEDURE
Weigh 5.0 + 0.1 g of the material and dissolve in 100 ml of freshly boiled and
cooled distilled water. Determine the pH of the solution at 27 + 2 ºC by means
of a suitable pH meter, using a glass electrode.
APPENDIX F
DETERMINATION OF HEAVY METALS
F.1 REAGENTS
F.1.1 Standard lead solution. Dissolve 0.40 g of lead nitrate (Pb (No3) 2) in water
containing 2 ml or 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid and make up the volume to
1 000 ml with water. Transfer 10 ml of this solution to a volumetric flask, add
2 ml or 3 ml of concentrated nitric acid and dilute with water to 1000 ml. One
milliliter of this solution contains 2.5 µg of lead (as Pb). The diluted solution
shall be freshly prepared.
F.1.2 Reagent A. Dissolve 25 g of triammonium citrate or 22 g of citric acid and 4 gof hydroxylamine hydrochloride in about 200 ml of water. Add dilute
ammonium hydroxide to bring the pH to 8.5. Dilute the solution to 500 ml.
Purify this solution by extracting with 15-ml portions of 0.01 per cent
dithizone solution until the final color of the dithizone extract is green. Wash
the aqueous reminder portion three times with 25-ml portions of chloroform
and finally with one 25-ml portion of carbon tetrachloride.
F.1.3 Thymol blue indicator solution, 1 per cent (m/V) solution in rectified spirit.
F.1.4 Ammonium hydroxide, 7 per cent (V/V) solution, prepared by using
concentrated ammonium hydroxide (relative density = 0.88).
F.1.5 Dithizone (Diphenyl thiocarbazone or Phenylazothionoformic acid) solution.
Dissolve 0.01 g of dithizone in 100 ml of carbon tetrachloride, (see Note 1)
shaking intermittently for 1 hour. Allow to stand overnight and shake once
again before using. This shall be kept in a cool and dark place. This gives a
0.01 per cenet solution. Filter, if necessary (see Note 2). Dilute 10 ml of this
solution to 100 ml with carbon tetrachloride in a 100-ml volumetric flask. This
shall be prepared fresh before determination. This gives a solution of 0.001 per
cent.
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NOTES
1. Carbon tetrachloride used should be further purified. One litre of carbon
tetrachloride is extracted with two portions of 25 ml of dilute ammonium
hydroxide and then kept over 100 g of activated carbon. Before use, it is
decanted and distilled at about 80ºC over a little fresh lime.
2. Sometimes dithizone solid and its 0.01-per cent solutions deteriorate on
storage. The 0.01-per cent solution should, therefore, be tested before further
dilution, by shaking 2 ml of the solution with 5 ml of 1-per cent ammonium
hydroxide. If the organic layer is only faintly yellow under these conditions,
the solution may be used. If it is deeply coloured it shall be discarded and
fresh solution be prepared. The solution as well as the reagent should be
stored in a refrigerator and exposure to sunlight should be avoided during
analytical work. To increase the stability of 0.01 per cent solution, it should be
covered with a thin aqueous layer saturated with sulfur dioxide.
F.2 PROCEDURE
F.2.1 Take several aliquots of standard lead solution (F.1.1) into a series of
separating funnels, add 5 ml of water and 10 ml of the Reagent A(F.1.2). Then
add 2 drops of thymol blue indicator (F.1.3) and bring the pH of the solution
to 8.5 by addition of dilute.
ammonium hydroxide (F.1.4). Add 5 ml of the dithizone solution (F.1.2) and
shake well for about 10 seconds. Drain the organic layers into stoppered
Nessler cylinders.
F.2.2 Weigh, to the nearest 0.1 g ,5 g of the sample and dissolve in 100 ml of water.
Take a suitable aliquot of the prepared solution, and transfer to a separating
funnel. Develop the colour as prescribed in F.2.1 Drain the organic layer into a
stoppered Nessler cylinder, add 10 ml of dilute ammonium hydroxide, and
shake for about 10 seconds. Note the volume of the standared with which the
colour of the test solution matches.
F.3. CALCULATION
Heavy metals, as lead, per cent by mass =
Where
is volume , in ml, of standard lead solution matching with the
test solution,
m1 is mass, in g, of heavy metals (as lead) equivalent to 1 ml of
standard lead solution, and
m2 is mass, in g, of the material in the aliquot taken for the test.
APPENDIX G
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DETERMINATION OF AMMONIACAL NITROGEN
G.1 REAGENTS
G.1.1. Sodium carbonate, 3 per cent solution.
G.1.2 Ammoniacal nitrogen standard solution. Dissolve 0.382 g of ammonium
chloride in small amount of water. Transfer the solution to a 1 – litre
volumetric flask and dilute with water to the mark. Pipette 50 ml of the
solution into another 1-litre volumetric flask and dilute with water to the mark;
1 ml of this solution contains 0.005 mg of ammoniacal nitrogen (N).
G.1.3 Potasium sodium tartrate solution. Dissolve 100 g of potasium sodium tartrate
in 200ml of water. Filter the solution through a glass filter S G 4 and add 10
ml 0f Nessler’s solution.
G.1.4. Nessler’s solution. Add 35g of mercuric iodide to 50 ml to 70 ml of water,
grind well in a mortar. Then add 25 g of potassium iodide. After it has
dissolved add gently a solution which is prepared by dissolving 200 g of
sodium hydroxide in about 800 ml of water and cooled. Dilute the solution
with water to 1 litre. Store this solution in a brown bottle and use the
supernatant liquid.
G.2 PROCEDURE
G.2.1. Weigh, to the nearest 0.1 g, about 5 g of the sample and dissolve in about 100
ml of water. Transfer the solution to a 500 ml volumetric flask and dilute with
water to the mark. Pipette 25 ml of the solution into a 100-ml flat bottomed
test tube. Add 5ml of sodium carbonate solution (G.1.1) and dilute with water
to 100 ml. Gently shake the test tube and stand to precipitate aluminium
hydroxide. Take 50 ml of the supernatant liquid into a 50-ml flat bottomed test
tube. This solution shall be used as the sample solution. In parallel take several
aliquots of ammoniacal nitrogen standard solution (G.1.2) varying from 0 ml
to 5 ml into separate 50-ml flat bottomed test tubes and dilute with water to 50
ml, to prepare the reference solution.
G.2.2. To each tube containing the sample solution and the reference solutions, add
2ml of potasium sodium tartrate solution (G.1.3) and 1 ml of Nessler’s
solution (G.1.4) mix well and stand for 10 minutes to develop colour.
Compare the colour of the sample solution with those of the reference
solutions and find the volume of the ammoniacal nitrogen standard solution in
reference solution, the colour of which matches best that of the sample
solution.
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G.2 CALCULATION
Ammoniacal nitrogen, per cent by mass =
Where,
is volume , in ml, of the ammoniacal nitrogen standard solution
and
is mass, in g, of the sample
4.0 AGE OF ALUMINIUM SULPHATE
Aluminium Sulphate shall be new and age from the date of the manufacture
shall be not more than two months when shipping.
5.0 CONFORMITY TO SPECIFICATIONS
A lot shall be declared as conforming to the requirements of this specification,
if the following conditions are satisfied.
5.1 Each package examined as in 2.5.1 satisfies the relevant packaging and
marking requirements.
5.2 The test results on test sample when tested as in 2.5.2 satisfy the
relevant requirements.
5.3 Samples do not satisfy relevant requirements will be rejected.
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