Atoms & the Periodic Table

• The alphabet of the universe!

Elements

• Element- Any material made up of only one kind of atom. Ex. nickel, gold, zinc, iron

• Brass?Brass is a mixture of copper and zinc

Does an element have to be solid? An element can be a gas-

nitrogen (N) or hydrogen (H)Or a liquid like mercury (Hg), bromine (Br)

Atomic structure of a Diamond- carbon

Group- Vertical Column

Period- Horizontal Row

Orbitals in the Periodic Table

Metals/Nonmetals/Metalloid Properties

Metals-Shiny; opaque; good conductors of heat and electricity;Malleable- can be hammered and shaped; Ductile-made into wire; generally solid

Nonmetals- Transparent, poor conductors of heat and electricity; not malleable or ductile; very brittle and shatter; solid, liquid or gas (Halogen gases)

Metalloids- Border metals and nonmetals; Weak conductors of electricity; Properties between the metals and nonmetals

Periodic Table of Elements

Inner shell compared to Valence Shell

Noble Gas Configuration• Group elements are called• “Main Group Elements” or “Representative

Elements”• Valence electrons-end with s & p orbitals• Valence electrons control chemical behavior

He 1s2 Ne 1s22s22p6 or Ne [He] 2s22p6

Ar [Ne] 3s23p6 Kr [Ar] 3d104s24p6 Xe [Kr] 4d105s25p6

Rn [Xe] 4f145d106s26p6 118 [Rn] 5f146d107s27p6

Can you find the valence electrons?

Ions- Group/Families

Metals always lose electrons to form positive ions or cations.

Electron Configuration of IonsIon Configuration

H+

HeLi+1 [He]Be+2 [He]B+3 [He]CNO-2 [He]2s22p6

F-1 [He]2s22p6

NeNa+1 [Ne]Mg+2 [Ne]Al+3 [Ne]SiPS-2 [Ne]3s23p6

Cl-1 [Ne]3s23p6

Ar

Periodic Trends- Size of Radius

Characteristics of Periodic Trends

• Atomic Radius- One half of the distance between the two nuclei of two atoms

• Ionization Energy- Energy required to remove an electron from an atom

• Ionic Size- Size of the ion• Electronegativity- Ability• of an atom of an element • to attract electrons when • the atom is in a compound

Periodic Table- Ionization Energy

Periodic Trends- Combined

Properties of Alkali Metals• Obj: To investigate & identify properties of the alkali metals• Background: Read & summarize Alkali Metals

• __ Li (s) + __ H20 (l) -> __ LiOH (aq) + __ H2 (g)• Law of Conservation of Mass-

Balance equation: Reactant Product 2 1 Li 1 2 4 2 H 3 4

2 1 O 1 2Li Li+1

3 protons 3 protons3 electrons 2 electrons

pH = -log [H+][ ] means concentration of H+

H2O(l) -> H+ + OH-

H+ + OH- -> H2O(l)

If acid pH < 7If base pH > 7If neutral pH = 7

Concentration: moles H+ Molarity or Molar liter of solution

pH=7 [10-7]= [H+]= [OH-] [10-7][10-7] =10-14

pH=5 [H+]= 10-5 [0H-]= 10-9 M