chapter 4 atoms and the periodic table design of the periodic table
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 4
Atoms and the Periodic Table
Design of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
Designed the Periodic Table
GROUPS
ERIODS
Elements in the SAME GROUP have SIMILAR PROPERTIES
Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Fluorine (F)?
ClBrIAt
Important Groups on the Periodic Table
Groups 3-12
Transition Metals
Group 17
Halogens
Group 18
Noble Gases
Do NOT react
Elements are made up of atoms
Basic Atomic Structure
3 particles 1. Protons2. Electrons3. Neutrons
Protons
(p+) PositiveFound in the Nucleus
Electrons
(e–) NegativeFound in the electron cloud
Neutrons
(n0) Neutral Found in the Nucleus
Basic Atomic Model
Nucleus
Protons = p+
Neutrons = n0
Protons = p+ Electrons = e-
Electrons = e-
Electrons = e-
Electrons = e-
Overall charge of an Atom?
Neutralprotons always equal electrons
Atomic NumberIdentifies the element
Indicates the number of protons
Atomic Mass
The decimal point number (28.09)
Mass Number Rounded whole number (28.09 = 28)
Rounding Rules
Look at the tenths position
1 4 8.0 2 6
Hun
dred
ste
nson
este
nth
shu
ndre
dth
sth
ousa
ndth
s
5 and UP Round UP
4 or lower STAYS THE SAME
Rounding4.017.4211.7422.80
471223
Determining P E N
Protons (p+)
the Atomic number
Electrons (e-)The SAME Number as PROTONS
p+ = e-
Neutrons (n0) FIRST ROUND the Decimal Number then SUBTRACT the Whole Number
Example
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Mass Number
18
39.95
40
P
E
N
18 (Atomic Number)
18 (p+ = e-)
40 22 - 18 22
Atomic # = 1Atomic Mass = 1.007Mass # = 1
1
H 1.oo7
P = 1E = 1N= 0 1 -1 0
2
He
4.002
•P = 2
•E= 2
•N= 2 4
-2
2
Atomic # = 2Atomic Mass = 4.002Mass # = 4
Atomic # = 3Atomic Mass = 6.94Mass # = 7
3
Li
6.94
P= 3E= 3N= 4 7 -3 4
Atomic # = 4Atomic Mass = 9.01Mass # = 9
4
Be
9.01
P = 4
E = 4
N = 5 9
-4
5
Atomic # = 5Atomic Mass = 10.81Mass # = 11
5
B
10.81
P = 5E = 5N = 6 11 -5 6
Atomic # = 6Atomic Mass = 12.01Mass # = 12
6
C
12.01
P =6E= 6N= 6 12 -6 6
Atomic # = 7Atomic Mass = 14.06Mass # = 14
7
N
14.06
P = 7E = 7N = 7 14 -7 7
Atomic # = 8Atomic Mass = 15.99Mass # = 16
8
O
15.99
P= 8E= 8N= 8 16 - 8 8
Atomic # = 9Atomic Mass = 18.99Mass # = 19
9
F
18.99
P= 9E= 9N= 10 19 - 9 10
Atomic # = 10Atomic Mass = 20.17Mass # = 20
10
Ne
20.17
P= 10E= 10N= 10 20 - 10 10
Drawing an Atom
Electrons exist in energy levels (orbitals) the cloud
Energy Level Number of Electrons it Holds
FIRST 2 SECOND 8
THIRD 18
How many Levels?
PERIOD = Energy Level
Atomic # = 1Atomic Mass = 1.007Mass # = 1
1
H 1.oo7
P = 1E = 1N= 0 1 -1 0
)
1 HNucleus
P=1
N=0
2
He
4.002
•P = 2
•E= 2
•N= 2 4
-2
2
Atomic # = 2Atomic Mass = 4.002Mass # = 4
)
2 HeNucleus
P=2
N=2
Atomic # = 3Atomic Mass = 6.94Mass # = 7
3
Li
6.94
P= 3E= 3N= 4 7 -3 4
) )
2 1 LiNucleus
P=3
N=4
Atomic # = 4Atomic Mass = 9.0122Mass # = 9
4
Be
9.0122
P = 4
E = 4
N = 5 9
-4
5
) )
2 2 BeNucleus
P=4
N=5
Atomic # = 5Atomic Mass = 10.81Mass # = 11
5
B
10.81
P = 5E = 5N = 6 11 -5 6
) )
2 3 BNucleus
P=5
N=6
Atomic # = 6Atomic Mass = 12.01Mass # = 12
6
C
12.01
P =6E= 6N= 6 12 -6 6
) )
2 4 CNucleus
P=6
N=6
Atomic # = 7Atomic Mass = 14.007Mass # = 14
7
N
14.007
P = 7E = 7N = 7 14 -7 7
) )
2 5 NNucleus
P=7
N=7
Atomic # = 8Atomic Mass = 15.99Mass # = 16
8
O
15.99
P= 8E= 8N= 8 16 - 8 8
) )
2 6 O
Nucleus
P=8
N=8
Atomic # = 9Atomic Mass = 18.99Mass # = 19
9
F
18.99
P= 9E= 9N= 10 19 - 9 10
) )
2 7 F
Nucleus
P=9
N=10
Atomic # = 10Atomic Mass = 20.17Mass # = 20
10
Ne
20.17
P= 10E= 10N= 10 20 - 10 10
) )
2 8 Ne
Nucleus
P=10
N=10
Atomic # = 13Atomic Mass = 26.982Mass # = 27
13
Al
26.982
P= 13E= 13N= 14 27 - 13 14
) ) )
2 8 3 Al
Nucleus
P=13
N=14
Atomic # = 16Atomic Mass = 32.06Mass # = 32
16
S
32.06
P= 16E= 16N= 16 32 - 16 16
) ) )
2 8 6 S
Nucleus
P=16
N=16
Atomic # = 17Atomic Mass = 35.45Mass # = 17
17
Cl
35.45
P= 17E= 17N= 18 35 - 17 18
) ) )
2 8 7 Cl
Nucleus
P=17
N=18
Design of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev
Designed the Periodic Table
GROUPS
ERIODS
Elements in the SAME GROUP have SIMILAR PROPERTIES
Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Fluorine (F)?
ChlorineBromineIodineAstatine
Nonmetal
Metal
Metalloid
Metals
Located to the LEFT of the Zig-zag line
Nonmetals
Located to the right of the zig-zag line
Metalloids
Located along both sides of the zig-zag
properties of both metals and nonmetals
The farther away an element is from the zig-zag line the MORE REACTIVE the element
Zinc or Sodium
Chlorine or Aluminum Magnesium or Iron
Group 18 (Noble Gases)
DO NOT REACT
IsotopesAtoms of the SAME element with different numbers of NEUTRONS
Ex: 35Cl 37Cl
Isotope P+ n0Mass #
35 Cl 17 1835
37 Cl 17 2037
E -
17
17
The most common isotope of an element is the mass number on the periodic table
12C13C14C
12C is the most common isotope
1H2H3H
1H is the most common isotope
4 Energy Levels
(8/2 Jump Rule)
Fill energy levels one and two to their max.
Fill the 3rd energy level with 8 Electrons
Fill the 4th with 2 electrons
Jump back down to the 3rd level and continuing filling until it is maxed out
5th energy level…
Max out all the energy levels up to the last two energy levels and do the 8/2 jump rule
When doing the 8/2 jump rule the energy level that receives 8 will never hold above 18
6th and 7th Energy Levels
18/8/2 Rule
Max out all energy levels except the last three
Do the 18/8/2 rule
18/8/2Jump down to 18 and fill up to 32 electrons
Jump up to the 8 and fill up to 18
Jump up to the 2 and put in the leftovers
Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Sodium (Na)?
Lithium (Li)Potassium (K)Rubidium (Rb)Cesium (Cs)Francium (Fr)
Name 2 elements that have properties similar to those of Calcium (Ca)?
Beryllium (Be)Magnesium (Mg)Strontium (Sr)Barium (Ba)Radium (Ra)
Physical Properties of metals
Luster (shininess)Conductors of heat and electricity
Ductile (can be made into thin wires)
Malleable (can be hammered into sheets)
Physical Properties of nonmetalsDull (no luster)Do not conduct heat and electricity
Not ductileNot malleable
Group 1 (Alkali Metals)
The MOST REACTIVE group
Group 2
Alkaline Earth Metals
Groups 3 -12
Transition Metals
Group 17The Halogens
