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Complementation

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Explorations in Linguistic Typology

GENERA L EDITO RS

Alexandra Y. Aikhcnvald and R. M. W. Dixon Research Centre for Lillguistic Typology, La Trobe University

This st'ries foclises on aspects of language that are of cllrrent theoretical interest and for which there has not previously or recently been any full-scale cross­linguistic study. Its books are for typologists, fiddworkers, and theory devdop­ers, and designed fo r usc in advanced seminars and courses.

PUBLISHED

Adjective Classes edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald

2 Serial Verb Constructions edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon

3 Complementation edited by R. M. W. Dixon and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald

FORTHCOMING

4 Grammars in Contact edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M . W. Dixon

PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION W ITH THE SERIES

Areal Diffusion and Genetic Inheritance Problems in Comparative Linguistics edited by Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon

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Complementation

A Cross-Linguistic Typology

Edited by

R . M. W. DIXON

and

ALEXANDRA Y. AIKHENVALD

Resea rch Centre for Linguistic Typology

La Trobe University

OXFORD UNIV ER S ITY PR ESS

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OXFORD UNIVERS IT Y PRESS

Great Clarendon Sireet, Oxford OX2 601'

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the Un iversity's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and ed ucation by pu blish ing worldwide in

Oxford New York Allckl:mn r.:l pC Town O:lT cs Sa b <lm I-long Kong Kar:lchi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Ddhi Shanghai Tai pei Toronto

With offices in

Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portuga l Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam

Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain olher countries

Published in the Un ited States by Oxford Uni versi ty Press Inc., New York

© Editorial matter and organization R. M. W. Dixon and Alexand ra Y. Aikhenvald 2006 © The chapters their various authors 2006

The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford Un iversity Press (maker)

First published 2006

All rights reserved. No part of this p ublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any fo rm or by any means, without the prior permission in writ ing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly perm itted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprograph ics rights organization. Enqu iries concerning reproduction outsid e the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this book in any other bi nd ing or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Typeset by SPI publisher Services, Pond icherry, India Pri nted in Great Bri tai n on acid- free paper by Biddies Ltd ., King's Lynn Norfo lk.

ISBN 0-19-929787,8 978-0-19-929787+0

13579 \0 864 2

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Contents

Preface IX

Notes 011 contributors x

Abbreviations Xlll

1. Complement Clauses and Complementation Strategies in Typological Perspective 1

R. M. W Dixon

1 Introduction 1

2 Types of complex sentences 2

3 Core arguments 7 4 Semantic types of verbs 8 5 Complement clauses 15 6 Semantic types of verbs and types of complement clauses 27

7 Complementation strategies 33 8 The individual studies in this volume 40 9 Conclusion 42

Appendix: notes on terminology 44

References 46

2 Complement Clause Types in Pennsylvania German 49 Kate Burridge

1 Setting the scene 49 2 Introduction 51

3 Verb types and complementatjon 58 4 Concluding remarks: the ri se of FER complement clauses 68

References 70

3 Complem ent Clause Types in Israeli 72

Ghil'ad Zuckermann

I Basic information 72

2 Grammatical profile 73 3 The difference between she- complement clauses and

relative clauses 76 4 Structural types of complement clauses 78 5 Complement-taking verbs 87

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VI Contents

6 Secondary concepts 91 7 Concluding remarks 91

References 92

4 Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategy in Jarawara 93 R. M. W Dixon

1 Basic information 94 2 Grammatical profile 94 3 Structure of a complement clause 98 4 Complement-taking verbs 110

5 A complementation strategy fo r indirect speech 112

6 Conclusion 113 References 114

5 Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategy in White Hmong 115 Nedda Jarkey

I Vital statistics 11 5

2 Typological profile 116 3 Further grammatical preliminaries 117

4 Complement clauses 119 5 The complementation strategy 129

6 Verbs and verb types 131 7 Comparison of use of different complementizers with the

same verb 131

8 Conclusion 135 References 135

6 Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategy in Dolakha Newar 137 Carol Genetli

1 The language 137 2 Basic grammatical facts 137 3 Complement clauses 141

4 Complementation strategy: infinitive verb plus grammatical auxiliary 152

5 Complement-taking verbs 153 6 Secondary concepts 156 7 Conclusions ]57

References 157

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Contents VII

7 Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Akkadian 159 Guy Deutscher

I Basic information 159

2 Typological profile 160

3 Complement clauses 161

4 Complementation strategies 170

5 Complement-taking verbs 173

6 Secondary concepts 175

7 Historical development 176 8 Conclusion 176

References 177

Abbreviations of text editions 177

8 Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Tariana 178 Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald

I Background 178

2 Typological profile and clause types 179

3 Complement clauses 183 4 Complementation strategies 195

5 Conclusions 201

References 203

9 Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategies in Goemai 204

Birgit Hellwig

1 Typological background 205

2 Complementation 208

3 Complementation strategies 215

4 Conclusion 221

References 222

10 Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategies in Matses 224

David W. Fleck

1 Introduction 224

2 Typological profile of Matses 225

3 The desiderative complement clause: the only complement clause in Matses 227

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VlIl Contents

4 Complementation strategies 233 5 Conclusions 243

References 244

11 Complement Clause Type and Complementation Strategy in Kambera 245 Marian Klamer

1 Introduction 245

2 Grammatical overview 246 3 Major clause types 248 4 Major word classes 249 5 Multi-clausal sentences 249 6 Nominal clauses 252

7 Complementation strategy: controlled clauses 8 Perception verbs and the quotative construction 9 Summary and conclusions 261

References 262

12 Complementation Strategies in Dyirbal 263 R, M, W. Dixon

1 Introduction 263

2 Background information 264 3 Basic grammar 267 4 Complementation strategies 269 5 Discussion 277

References 278

Author index 281 Language and language family index 283 Subject index 285

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Preface

This volume includes a typological introductio n, plus revised versions o f ten of the sixteen presentations at the International Workshop on 'Complement clauses and complementation strategies', held at the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, 16 - 21 August 2004. Chapter 12, on Dyirbal, has been added in order to include an account of a language which lacks complement clauses and rel ies entirely on complementation strategies. An earlier version of Chapter 1 had been circula ted to contributors, to ensure that the detailed studies of complementation clauses and complementation stra tegies in individual languages were cast in terms o f th e same typo logical parameters. This is the third monograph in the series Explorations iniinguis{'ic typology, which is devoted to volumes from workshops spo nsored by RCLT.

The week of the workshop was an exhilarating experience, with the parti ­cipants assisting each other in understanding and explaining how individual languages work, and with the group as a whole coming to grips with the general nature of and mechanisms for complementation. All of the authors have pursued intensive investigations oflanguages, some of them little known in the literature. They were asked to write in terms of basic linguistic theory­the cumulative framework in which most descriptive grammars are cast- and to avoid fo rmalisms (which come and go with such frequency that any statement made in terms of them will soon become dated and inaccess ible) .

We owe a special debt of gratitude to Siew Peng Condon, Executive Officer of RC LT, for organizing the workshop in a most effici ent and caring manner.

This volume owes its existence to the vision and care o f Professor Michael Osborne, Vice-Chancellor and President of La Trobe University. He sponsored the establishment o f RC LT within La Trobe's Institute for Ad vanced Study, and specified that its activities should include International Workshops with stringent quality control. Professor Osborne opens each workshop, launches ou r volumes, and every year hosts a convivial dinner fo r the participants.

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Notes on the contributors

A LEXANDRA Y. AI KHENVALD is Professor and Associate Director of the Research

Centre for Li nguistic Typology at La Trobe University. She has worked on descriptive and historical aspects of Berber languages and has publi shed, in Russian, a grammar of Modern Hebrew (1990), She is a major authority on languages of the Arawak fam ily, (To m northern Amazonia, and has wri tten gram mars of Bare (1995, based on work with the last speaker who has since died) and Warekena (1998), plus A gramnJar

of Tariana, from northwest Amazonia (Cambridge University Press, 2003), in addition

to essays on various typological and areal features of South American languages. Her monographs, Classifiers: a typology of noun categorization devices (2000, paperback reissue 2003), Language contact in Amazollia (2002), and Evidentiality (2004) were p ublished by Oxford University Press. She is cu rrently working on a reference grammar of Manambu, from the Sepik area of New Guinea.

Address: Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe Uni versity, Victoria 3086, Australia; e-mail: a.aikhenvald@latrobe.edu.au

KA TE B UR RID GE stud ied linguistics and German at the University of Western Aus­tra lia and then did her Ph .D. at the University of London, on syntactic change in medieval Dutch. She taught at La Trobe Universi ty before taki ng up the Chair of Linguistics at Monash University in 2003. Her main areas of research are gram ma tical changes in Germanic languages; the Pen nsylvan ia German spoken by Anabapti st communities in Canada; euphemism and language taboos; and the struct ure and history of English. She is a regular contributor to AI3C Radio on language issues and the author of two highly successful volumes: Blooming English: observations on lhe roots, CIIftivat-ion and hybrids of the English language (2002), and Weeds in tlte garden of words: further observatioll5 all the tallgled history of tile EugUsh language (2004), both published by ABC books and Cambridge University Press. She is also the co-author of Forbidden Words (Cambridge University Press, 2006).

Address: Department of Linguistics, Monash University, Victoria 3168, Australia; e-mail: kate.burridge@ar ts. monash.edu.au

GUY D EUTSCH ER studied mathematics before ga ining a Ph.D, from Cambridge in lingu istics. He was a Research Fellow in Historical Linguistics at St John's College Cambridge and is now in the Department of Ancient Near Eastern Languages at the University of Leiden. He has published two books: Syntactic change in Akkadian: the evoilltion of sentential complementatiorl (Oxford University Press, 2000) and The unfolding of language: an evolutionary tOllr of mankind's greatest invention (Wi lliam Heinemann, 2005).

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Notes on the contributors Xl

Address: TeMO, Leiden University, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Nether­lands; e-mail: G.Deutscher@let. leidenuniv.nl

R. M. W. DIXO N is Professor and Director of the Research Centre for Linguisti c Typology. He has publ ished gram mars of a number of Australian languages (including Dyi rbal and Yidi n), in addition to A grammar of BoU/naa Fijian (University of Chicago Press, 1988), The /arawara language of southern Amazonia (Oxford University Press, 2004 ), and A semantic approach to English grammar (Oxford University Press, 2005) . His works on typological theory include Where have all the adjectives gone? and other essays in semantics and symax (Mouton, 1982) and Ergativity (Cambridge University Press, 1994). The rise and fall of languages (Cambridge Uni versity Press, 1997) expounded a punctua ted equilibrium model for language development; th is is the basis for his deta iled case study Australian languages: their nature and development

(Cambridge University Press, 2(02).

Address: Research Centre for Li nguisti c Typology, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; no e-mail.

D A V I D W. F LEC K was born in Peru and began by studying zoology, taking bachelor's and master's degrees from the Ohio State University and publishing on Amazonian marsupial ecology, rainforest mammalian biodiversity, and Matses ethnobiological class ifi cation. He then completed a doctoral dissertation from Rice University in Houston: a comprehensive gram mar of Matses, a Panoan language from weste rn Amazonia. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the Resea rch Cent re fo r Linguist ic Typology, pursuing further work on Panoan languages and on a language contact situation involving women who were captured by the Matses and incorporated into their society.

Address: Research Centre for Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; e-mail: d.lleck@latrobe.ed u.au

CAROL G ENETTI studied li nguistics at the University of Oregon and is currently both Associate Professor at the University of Ca li fo rn ia, Santa Barbara, and Adjunct Professor in the Research Centre for Linguist ic Typology. Her primary theoretical in terests are in the fields of morphosyntax, phonology, historical li nguistics, and in tonation, with expertise in Himalayan linguistics, especially languages of Nepal. She published A descriptive and historical accoullt of t/u: DolaklTa Newar dialect (Tokyo, 1994) and has just completed a comprehensive reference grammar of Dolakha Newar. In addition, she has publi shed studies on dialec ts of Newar as well as typological investigations of languages of the Himalayan region.

Address: Department of Linguisti cs, Un iversi ty of Cali fo rnia, Santa Barbara, CA 93016-3100, USA; e-mail: cgenetti@linguistics.ucsb.edu

BIRGIT H EL L W IG studied African Languages and anth ropology at the Universities of Bayreuth and Hamburg and then completed her Ph.D. at the Max Planck Insti tute for Psycholinguisti cs and the University of Nijmegen on 'The grammatical coding of postural semantics in Goemai: She was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the

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Xll Notes on the contributors

Endangered Languages Documentation programme, at the School of Oriental and Afri can Studies (Univers ity of London ) and is now a Postdoctoral Fellow in the Research Centre fo r Linguistic Typology. She had published on va rious aspects of Goemai and is currently completing a comprehensive grammar of the language, as well as preparing a dictionary and an annotated tex t corpus.

Address: Research Cent re for Li nguistic Typology, La Trobe Uni versity, Victoria, 3086, Australia; e-mail: b.hellwig@latrobe.cdu.au NERIDA JARK EY studicd linguistics and Japanesc at the Aust ralian National Univer­sity and then completed her Ph. D. at the University of Sydney, on 'Se ri al verb in White Hrnong: a fu nctional approach'. She has a particular interest in the semantics of grammar, the focus of her work being on multi-verb constructions, and on semant ic t ransitivity in both Japanese and Hmong. She is currently Director of Learning and Teaching in the College of Humanities and Social Sciences and Director of First Year Teaching and Learning in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Sydney. Her research inte rests related to these positions include teach ing and learning in the multicultural classroom, and first year transition to university.

Address: Japanese and Korean Studies (AI8), University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia; e-mail: nerida.jarkey@arts.usyd.edu.au

MARIAN KLAMER completed her Ph.D. at the Free Universit y, Amsterdam; a revision of th is was published as A grammar of Kambera (Mouton de Gruyter, 1998). She has undertaken fieldwork on a number of Austronesian and Papuan languages from Sumba, East Timor, Alor, and Pan tar. She previously held a Research Fellowship of the Royal Dutch Academy, and is currcntly a Senior Researcher at Leiden Universit y, where she directs 'Language variation in Eastern Indonesia: the Aloe and Pan tar project' with a five-year ' Innovative Research' grant from the Netherlands Organiza­tion fo r Scientific Research. For further information see www.let.leidenuniv.nllaapp/.

Address: Languages and Cultures of South-East Asia and Oceania, Leiden Univer­sity, Postbus 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands; e-mail: M.A.F.K1amer@let. leidenuniv. nl

GHTL'AD ZUCKE RMA NN studicd linguistics at Tel Aviv University and then obtai ned his doctorate from the University of Oxford. He was a Gulbenkian Research Fellow at Churchill College (University of Cambridge), has held research positions in the USA, Italy, and Japan, and also taught in Singapore and Israel. He is currently a La Trobe University Postdoctoral Fellow in the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology. Besides articles on various issues in historical linguistics and Jewish languages, he is the au tho r of two books: Language contact and lexical enrichment in Israeli Hebrew (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) and Hebrew as myth (in Hebrew, Am Oved, 2005). For further information see www.zuckermann.org.

Address: Research Centre fo r Linguistic Typology, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia; e-mail: gZ208@cam.ac.uk

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Abbreviations

/ < ... > >

2

3 A ABS Ac ACC ACT ACTN AGT ANAPH ANIM APASS APPLIC ART ASSUM AUG AUX BEN BV CAUS CC CERT CL COLLCL COMIT COMP COMPL.STRAT COMPZR CON) CONSTR COP COUNTER CS CTR

intonation break encloses complement clause argument tracking (subordinatc> matrix), in Chapter 10

1St person 2nd person 3rd person transitive subject absolutive A-construction

accusative

active

action

agent

anaphora

animate antipassive appiicative article assumed augmentative

auxiliary benefactive borrowed verb

causative copula complement certain classifier collective classifier comitativc complement clause, complementizer complementation strategy complementizer conjunction construct state

copula counter-expectation

copula subject controlled clause

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XIV Abbreviations

DAT dative

DEC declarative

DEF definite DEM demonstrative DEP dependent DESID desiderative DIM diminutive DIR directional DIST distal DlSTNT distant DISTR distributive

DS di fferent subject du dual E extension to core e eyewitness EMPH emphasis ERG ergative

EVID evidential exc exclusive

EXCES excessive

EXIST existential FEM, F, f feminine FOC focus FP far past tense FRUST frust rative

FUT future GEN genitive

HAB habitual HON honorific IMP imperat ive IMPERS impersonal INCEP inceptive INCH inchoative INDEF indefinite INDEP independent

INDIC indicative

INFER inferred INFIN infinitive INST instru mental INTENS intensifier INTER interrogative INTR intrans iti ve IP immed iate past tense

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IPART IRR ITER LOC log. ad log.sp MANR MASC, M, m

MOD n

NARR NCL NEG nf NOM NOM .ACT NOMN NOM.RES NOM.SVC NOMZ NP NPAST NR nsg NVIS o OBLIG Oc

p PART PARTIC PASS PAST PAST.CLOSE PAST.YEST PAT PER PERV PG pi, PL PNAME PO POSS

illocutionary particle irrealis iterative locative

Abbreviations xv

logophoricity (coreference with addressee) logophoricity (core ference with speaker) manner masculine modal non-eyewitness narrative noun class negation non-feminine nominative action nominali zation nominalization result nominalization nominalized seria l verb construction

nominalizer noun phrase non-past nominalizer/relativizer non-singular non-visual transitive object obligative O-construction

person particle participle passive past (no abbrev) past (earlier today) past (yesterday)

patient perfect perfective Pennsylvania Gennan plural personal name prepositional object possessive, possessor

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d U

nive

rsit

y P

ress

, 200

6. p

17.

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ite.

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ry.c

om/l

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XVI Abbreviations

paTEN PP PREP PRES PROG PROX PURP PURP.CL R RECIP REDUP REFL REL REM REP RES RP S

s" SEQ SEQ.CL sg So SS SUB SUB.CL SUB) SUBORD SVC TAM TOP TR U V VCC VCS VIS VZR WCPG

potential prepositional phrase preposition present progressive proximal demonstrati ve purposive purposive clause restricted set of verbs which take complements reciprocal reduplicated reflexive relative remote reported resultative recent past tense intransitive subject 'active' S, marked like A

sequential sequential clause singular 'stative' S, marked like 0

same subject subordinator

subordinate clause subjunctive

subordinate seria l verb construction tense-aspect -mood topic transitive unrestricted set of verbs which can occur in complement clauses verb verbless clause complement verbless clause subject visual verbalizer Waterloo County Pennsylvania German