04/07/2023 1

PRESENTATION ON VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT N.P.C.I.L., RAWATBHATA (RAJ.)

BY:- ABHINAV GODARA 2008UEE102 BATCH- E-1 B.Tech. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PRESENTATION ON VOCATIONAL TRAINING AT N.P.C.I.L., RAWATBHATA (RAJ.)

04/07/2023 2

OBJECTIVE OF TRAINING

To know about-

1. NUCLEAR ENERGY 2. FUNCTIONING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

04/07/2023 3

WHY NUCLEAR POWER ???

04/07/2023 4

NUCLEAR POWER IN INDIA

•3310 MW (2.1% of total installed base)

04/07/2023 5

04/07/2023 6

UNIT DATE OF FIRSTSYNCHRONIZATION

DATE OF COMMERCIAL OPERATION

TAPS-1 01.04.1969 28.10.1969

TAPS-2 05.05.1969 28.10.1969

RAPS-1 30.11.1972 16.12.1973

RAPS-2 01.11.1980 01.04.1981

MAPS-1 23.07.1983 27.01.1984

MAPS-2 14.09.1985 21.03.1986

NAPS-1 29.07.1989 01.01.1991

NAPS-2 05.01.1992 01.07.1992

KAPS-1 24.11.1992 06.05.1993

KAPS-2 04.03.1995 01.09.1995

KAIGA-2 02.12.1999 16.03.2000

RAPS-3 10.03.2000 01.06.2000

KAIGA-1 12.10.2000 16.11.2000

RAPS-4 17.11.2000 23.12.2000

TAPS-4 04.06.2005 12.09.2005

INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

04/07/2023 7

NUCLEAR POWER

E=MC2

04/07/2023 8

04/07/2023 9

Typical fission reaction:

92U235 + 0n

1 → 38Sr90 + 54Xe144 +2 0n1+ r + 200 MeV

Reactor poisoning reaction:

52Te135 → 53I135 → 54Xe144 → 55Cs135 → 56Ba135……………

This energy is divided in the following way: 1. K.E. of the fission fragments: 167 MeV 2. K.E. of neutrons: 5 MeV 3. Energy of gamma rays released at fission: 5 MeV 4. Energy of gamma rays released on n-capture: 10 MeV 5. Gamma decay energy: 7 MeV 6. Beta decay energy 5 MeV

________ 199 MeV

04/07/2023 10

MAIN PARTS OF N.P.P.

1.Nuclear Reactor 2.Turbine 3.Steam generator 4.Coolant assembly 5.End shield 6.Cooling Tower 7.Moderator pump & auxiliaries 8.PHT pumps 9.Fuel 10.Fuel design 11.Fuel handling 12.Moderator system 13.PHT system 14.Reactivity control mechanism 15.Calandria

04/07/2023 11 POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

04/07/2023

1. NUCLEAR REACTOR

A device in which the energy released by the fission of nuclei of uranium or another element is used to produce steam to run an electrical generator or other device.

04/07/2023 13

FUEL

NATURAL URENIUM IS USED AS FUEL

U238:U235=198:1

04/07/2023 14

FUEL DESIGNING

04/07/2023 15

Why Zircaloy?

04/07/2023 16

The overall PHYSICS aspect of nuclear fuel management is to devise the initial fuel

pattern , its movement and refueling strategies, such that the optimal flux shape in the reactor can be obtained in the initial core and maintained , throughout the operating

life of reactor.

Physics aspect of Nuclear fuel management

04/07/2023 17

Why of Flux Flattening?

• Total Power Output is Proportional to Average Flux• Increasing the Average flux without increasing the

maximum flux has enormous economical benefits.–Extract more power output without

exceeding Channel and Bundle power limits.

04/07/2023 18

3-D DISTRIBUTION OF UNFLATTENED FLUX ON THE TRANSVERSE PLANE OF THE CYLINDRICAL REACTOR

0 200 400 600

X axis

0

200400600

Y axis

0

1

2

Flux

0 200 400 600

X axis

0

200400600

Y axis

04/07/2023 19

3-D DISTRIBUTION OF FLATTENED FLUX ON THE TRANSVERSE PLANE OF THE CYLINDRICAL REACTOR

0 200 400 600

X axis

0

200400600

Y axis

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

Flux

0 200 400 600

X axis

0

200400600

Y axis

04/07/2023 20

CALANDRIA

It is the heart of reactor and contains fuel and moderator

Contains 306 horizontal calandria tubes made of Zircalloy

Horizontal cylindrical vessel

04/07/2023 21

MODERATOR SYSTEM

•Heavy water is used as moderator.

•For neutron absorption

04/07/2023 22

PHT SYSTEM

PHT ---Primary Heat Transport system

Major components of PHT System-

1. Reactor Fuel Channels

2. Two Inlet Headers

3. Two Reactor outlet Headers

The coolant circulation is mentioned at all times during reactor operation, shutdown & maintenance.

I-131 is fuel performance indicator.

04/07/2023 23

Why Iodine-131 concentration in PHT is mentioned as an indicator of fuel performance?Fission produce no of gaseous fission products namely isotopes of noble gases(Cs, Kr , Xe etc) and Iodine etc. If fuel fails, these fission product come out in coolant surrounding the fuel. The noble gases are volatile products and hence does not remain in coolant. and isotopes of Iodine are non volatile hence they remain dissolved .

Out of all Iodine isotopes I-131 is having enough half-life and fission yield. So that it can survive it’s passage from fuel-clad gap to coolant to detection system and reach the detection system in enough amount to be detected.

Hence if I-131 concentration in PHT is found more than a certain value (Usually 2 micro curie) and found to have a increasing trend in subsequent reading ,it is the indication of the presence of failed fuel in core.

04/07/2023 24

REACTIVITY CONTROL MECHANISM

Regulating rods

Shim rods

Adjuster rods for xenon override

Natural boron addition in the moderator to compensate for the excess reactivity in a fresh core & for absence of xenon after a long shutdown

04/07/2023 25

IMPORTANT PARTS OF RAPP•Environment Survey Lab (ESL)

•Industrial Safety Section

•Waste Management Facility

•Water Treatment Plant

•Estate Management (EM)

•Fire Station

•RAPP Cobalt Operating Facility (RAPPCOF)

04/07/2023 26

WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITY

Solid waste management:

1.Earth trench(<2R)

2.RCC trench(<200R, >2R)

3.Tie hole(>200R)

Liquid waste management

Gaseous waste management

04/07/2023 27

FIRE STATION

What is Fire?

Heat Oxygen

Fuel

Types Of Fire-I. Class AII. Class BIII. Class CIV. Class D

04/07/2023 28

Cobalt Facility

Co-59(used in adjuster rods) is converted into Co-60.

Cobalt - 60 is used in many fields. These are:-

1) Food irradiation

2) Treatment of cancer through radiation

3) Sterilization of medical products

4) Vulcanization of rubber latex

04/07/2023 29

What I learnt

Instead of technical knowledge what I learnt was how hard a job is..

1. Get ready at 10 am

2. Catch your bus

2. Get your lunch at canteen

3. Get your bus on time

4. After full day of work 10am -5am, this seems my day was something worth for.

04/07/2023 30

ANY Queries!!!

OR

Doubts?????