astronomy chapter 23 - home - waynesboro high school€¦ · · 2016-02-04astronomy chapter 23....
TRANSCRIPT
Most
sta
rs e
nd a
s w
hite d
warf
s o
r M
ost
sta
rs e
nd a
s w
hite d
warf
s o
r
neutr
on s
tars
.neutr
on s
tars
.
A m
assiv
e s
tar
how
ever
can c
olla
pse thru
A
massiv
e s
tar
how
ever
can c
olla
pse thru
neutr
on d
egenera
cy.
neutr
on d
egenera
cy.
If the m
ass o
f th
e c
ore
is g
reate
r th
an 3
If the m
ass o
f th
e c
ore
is g
reate
r th
an 3
sola
r m
asses w
ill c
olla
pse into
a b
lack
sola
r m
asses w
ill c
olla
pse into
a b
lack
hole
.hole
.
Ein
ste
in s
aid
gra
vity a
lters
space
Ein
ste
in s
aid
gra
vity a
lters
space
and t
ime
and t
ime
He p
ut th
is togeth
er
calli
ng it
He p
ut th
is togeth
er
calli
ng it
spacetim
espacetim
e..
He thought havin
g m
ass o
r gra
vity c
urv
es
He thought havin
g m
ass o
r gra
vity c
urv
es
the fabric o
f th
e fabric o
f spacetim
espacetim
e. .
Matter
tells
M
atter
tells
spacetim
espacetim
ehow
to c
urv
e a
nd
how
to c
urv
e a
nd
the c
urv
atu
re o
f th
e c
urv
atu
re o
f spacetim
espacetim
ete
lls o
ther
tells
oth
er
matter
how
to m
ove.
matter
how
to m
ove.
Spacetim
eS
pacetim
eputs
the u
niv
ers
e in
4
puts
the u
niv
ers
e in
4
dim
en
sio
ns.
dim
en
sio
ns.
It is s
ort
of lik
e the u
niv
ers
e is a
sheet of
rubber.
Anyth
ing e
ve
n lig
ht
thin
ks it
is
Anyth
ing e
ve
n lig
ht
thin
ks it
is
movin
g in a
str
aig
ht
line w
he
n it
is
movin
g in a
str
aig
ht
line w
he
n it
is
not.
not.
Ein
ste
in c
han
ged o
ur
perc
eption o
f E
inste
in c
han
ged o
ur
perc
eption o
f
gra
vity.
gra
vity.
He c
hanged it fr
om
a forc
e to a
change in
He c
hanged it fr
om
a forc
e to a
change in
the g
eom
etr
y o
f th
e g
eom
etr
y o
f spacetim
espacetim
e..
Gra
vity is just out perc
eption o
f G
ravity is just out perc
eption o
f spacetim
espacetim
e..
Ein
ste
in a
lso p
redic
ted lig
ht
goin
g
Ein
ste
in a
lso p
redic
ted lig
ht
goin
g
nea
r th
e s
un
would
follo
w a
curv
ed
nea
r th
e s
un
would
follo
w a
curv
ed
path
.path
.
Duri
ng
a t
ota
l eclip
se n
ea
r sta
rs
Duri
ng
a t
ota
l eclip
se n
ea
r sta
rs
app
ea
red s
lightly o
ut
of
pla
ce.
app
ea
red s
lightly o
ut
of
pla
ce.
Anoth
er
the
ory
is that
the
str
ong
er
Anoth
er
the
ory
is that
the
str
ong
er
the g
ravity the s
low
er
the p
ace
of
the g
ravity the s
low
er
the p
ace
of
tim
e.
tim
e.
Ein
ste
in thought a p
lanet w
ith d
iffe
rent
Ein
ste
in thought a p
lanet w
ith d
iffe
rent
gra
vitie
s w
ould
have d
iffe
rent paces o
f gra
vitie
s w
ould
have d
iffe
rent paces o
f tim
e.
tim
e.
This
was late
r te
ste
d a
gain
on
This
was late
r te
ste
d a
gain
on g
em
ini
gem
ini
space flig
hts
with the s
am
e r
esult.
space flig
hts
with the s
am
e r
esult.
The m
ore
gra
vity y
ou h
ave w
avele
ngth
s
The m
ore
gra
vity y
ou h
ave w
avele
ngth
s
becom
e less fre
quent. W
avele
ngth
s g
row
becom
e less fre
quent. W
avele
ngth
s g
row
lo
nger.
longer.
This
is a
noth
er
way
This
is a
noth
er
way R
edshift
Redshift
occurs
.occurs
.
Gen
era
l R
ela
tivity is o
ur
best
Gen
era
l R
ela
tivity is o
ur
best
descri
ption o
f gra
vity.
descri
ption o
f gra
vity.
Escape V
elo
citie
sE
scape V
elo
citie
s
Eart
h 11km
/sE
art
h 11km
/s
Sun 618km
/sS
un 618km
/s
This
is d
ependant not ju
st on m
ass b
ut th
e
This
is d
ependant not ju
st on m
ass b
ut th
e
dis
tance to the c
ente
r of m
ass.
dis
tance to the c
ente
r of m
ass.
If t
he s
un s
hru
nk t
he p
ull
of
gra
vity
If t
he s
un s
hru
nk t
he p
ull
of
gra
vity
would
get
str
ong
er.
would
get
str
ong
er.
if o
ur
sun s
hru
nk to the s
ize o
f a n
eutr
on
if o
ur
sun s
hru
nk to the s
ize o
f a n
eutr
on
sta
r th
e e
scape v
elo
city w
ould
be h
alf the
sta
r th
e e
scape v
elo
city w
ould
be h
alf the
speed o
f lig
ht.
speed o
f lig
ht.
If y
ou h
ave s
o m
uch g
ravity t
hat th
e
If y
ou h
ave s
o m
uch g
ravity t
hat th
e
escap
e v
elo
city is g
reate
r th
an t
he
escap
e v
elo
city is g
reate
r th
an t
he
speed o
f lig
ht
then n
oth
ing c
an
speed o
f lig
ht
then n
oth
ing c
an
escap
e n
ot
even lig
ht.
escap
e n
ot
even lig
ht.
What you h
ave is a
Bla
ck h
ole
.W
hat you h
ave is a
Bla
ck h
ole
.
The n
am
e w
as s
tart
ed b
y J
ohn
The n
am
e w
as s
tart
ed b
y J
ohn
Whe
ele
r in
1969
Whe
ele
r in
1969
John M
itchell
1783
John M
itchell
1783
Pie
rre S
imon the M
arq
uis
de
Pie
rre S
imon the M
arq
uis
de L
apla
ce
Lapla
ce
had
had
sim
ilar
ideas w
ith N
ew
ton
sim
ilar
ideas w
ith N
ew
ton
’’ s g
ravity
s g
ravity
theories. H
e c
alle
d it D
ark
bodie
s.
theories. H
e c
alle
d it D
ark
bodie
s.
Genera
l re
lativity s
ays thin
gs m
ovin
g in
Genera
l re
lativity s
ays thin
gs m
ovin
g in
str
aig
ht lin
es w
ould
now
be tra
pped in a
str
aig
ht lin
es w
ould
now
be tra
pped in a
pocket of
pocket of
spacetim
espacetim
e..
Whe
n a
sta
r shrinks t
o t
he p
oin
t W
he
n a
sta
r shrinks t
o t
he p
oin
t
whe
re t
he e
scape v
elo
city e
quals
w
he
re t
he e
scape v
elo
city e
quals
the s
peed o
f lig
ht
the s
urf
ace h
as
the s
peed o
f lig
ht
the s
urf
ace h
as
reach
ed E
vent
Hori
zon.
reach
ed E
vent
Hori
zon.
Every
thin
g in
sid
e t
he e
ven
t horizon
Every
thin
g in
sid
e t
he e
ven
t horizon
cannot
escape.
cannot
escape.
The r
adiu
s o
f th
e e
vent
ho
rizon is
The r
adiu
s o
f th
e e
vent
ho
rizon is
calle
d t
he
calle
d t
he S
chw
arz
child
Schw
arz
child
radiu
s.
radiu
s.
Nam
ed a
fter
Germ
an K
arl
Nam
ed a
fter
Germ
an K
arl S
chw
arz
child
Schw
arz
child
..
The e
vent
ho
rizon is t
he b
oun
da
ry
The e
vent
ho
rizon is t
he b
oun
da
ry
of
a b
lack h
ole
.of
a b
lack h
ole
.
For
the
For
the e
art
heart
hto
becom
e a
bla
ck h
ole
it
to b
ecom
e a
bla
ck h
ole
it
would
have to s
hrink to a
radiu
s o
f 1 c
m.
would
have to s
hrink to a
radiu
s o
f 1 c
m.
Bla
ck h
ole
s o
nly
suck s
tuff in if it g
ets
to
Bla
ck h
ole
s o
nly
suck s
tuff in if it g
ets
to
clo
se.
clo
se.
Insid
e a
bla
ck h
ole
is a
ll th
eory
.In
sid
e a
bla
ck h
ole
is a
ll th
eory
.
Mate
rial get
Mate
rial get
squozen
squozen
colla
psin
g inw
ard
to
colla
psin
g inw
ard
to
infinity to a
poin
t of zero
volu
me a
nd
infinity to a
poin
t of zero
volu
me a
nd
infinite d
ensity.
infinite d
ensity.
This
is the s
ingula
rity
.T
his
is the s
ingula
rity
.
These d
iffe
rent perc
eptions o
f w
hat w
e
These d
iffe
rent perc
eptions o
f w
hat w
e
see is w
hy E
inste
in's
theory
of re
lativity is
see is w
hy E
inste
in's
theory
of re
lativity is
rela
tive to y
our
positio
n.
rela
tive to y
our
positio
n.
Goin
g in y
ou w
ould
be p
ulle
d a
t diffe
rent
Goin
g in y
ou w
ould
be p
ulle
d a
t diffe
rent
am
ounts
.
am
ounts
. S
pagetification
Spagetification
We c
annot
see a
Bla
ck h
ole
unle
ss
We c
annot
see a
Bla
ck h
ole
unle
ss
it is p
art
of
a B
inary
syste
m.
it is p
art
of
a B
inary
syste
m.
If the m
ass is m
ore
than 3
sola
r m
asses
If the m
ass is m
ore
than 3
sola
r m
asses
you c
an h
ave a
bla
ck h
ole
.you c
an h
ave a
bla
ck h
ole
.
Mate
rial tr
avels
aro
und o
uts
ide the e
vent
Mate
rial tr
avels
aro
und o
uts
ide the e
vent
horizon b
efo
re g
oin
g in its
part
icle
s r
ub
horizon b
efo
re g
oin
g in its
part
icle
s r
ub
again
st each o
ther
and h
eat up to 1
00
again
st each o
ther
and h
eat up to 1
00
mill
ion d
egre
es.
mill
ion d
egre
es.
At
this
hig
h a
tem
p
At
this
hig
h a
tem
p x
rays
xra
ys
are
giv
en
are
giv
en
off
. W
e s
ee t
his
fro
m e
art
h a
s a
off
. W
e s
ee t
his
fro
m e
art
h a
s a
ring o
f ring o
f xra
ys
xra
ys
calle
d a
n A
ccre
tion
calle
d a
n A
ccre
tion
dis
k.
dis
k.
The f
irst
bla
ck h
ole
bin
ary
syste
m
The f
irst
bla
ck h
ole
bin
ary
syste
m
was C
ygnus X
was C
ygnus X
-- 11
This
syste
m is a
n O
sta
r.T
his
syste
m is a
n O
sta
r.
It g
ives o
ff flic
kering
It g
ives o
ff flic
kering x
rays
xra
ys
and the u
nseen
and the u
nseen
com
panio
n h
as the m
ass o
f 6 s
uns.
com
panio
n h
as the m
ass o
f 6 s
uns.
Bla
ck h
ole
s o
n t
he e
dg
es o
f th
e
Bla
ck h
ole
s o
n t
he e
dg
es o
f th
e
Milk
y w
ay d
o n
ot
gro
w m
uch.
Milk
y w
ay d
o n
ot
gro
w m
uch.
But in
the c
ente
r of our
Gala
xy they c
an
But in
the c
ente
r of our
Gala
xy they c
an
feed a
nd incre
ase in s
ize.
feed a
nd incre
ase in s
ize.
Recent evid
ence s
how
s that m
assiv
e
Recent evid
ence s
how
s that m
assiv
e
bla
ck h
ole
s a
re in the c
ente
r of gala
xie
s
bla
ck h
ole
s a
re in the c
ente
r of gala
xie
s
with m
asses o
f a b
illio
n s
ola
r m
asses.
with m
asses o
f a b
illio
n s
ola
r m
asses.
Whe
never
there
is a
chan
ge in
Whe
never
there
is a
chan
ge in
matt
er
like b
lack h
ole
it
cre
ate
s a
m
att
er
like b
lack h
ole
it
cre
ate
s a
dis
turb
ance in s
pace t
ime.
dis
turb
ance in s
pace t
ime.
This
dis
turb
ance is c
alle
d a
Gra
vity w
ave.
This
dis
turb
ance is c
alle
d a
Gra
vity w
ave.
Pro
of of th
ese o
ccurr
ed in 1
974 b
y J
oseph
Pro
of of th
ese o
ccurr
ed in 1
974 b
y J
oseph
Taylo
r and R
ussell
Taylo
r and R
ussell
Huls
eH
uls
e..
To w
itness g
ravity w
aves y
ou h
ave to
To w
itness g
ravity w
aves y
ou h
ave to
make lots
of th
em
.m
ake lots
of th
em
.
Here
are
ways t
hey c
an b
e m
ade.
Here
are
ways t
hey c
an b
e m
ade.
Merg
ing n
eutr
on s
tars
.M
erg
ing n
eutr
on s
tars
.
Bla
ck h
ole
s e
ating n
eutr
on s
tars
.B
lack h
ole
s e
ating n
eutr
on s
tars
.
Tw
o m
erg
ing b
lack h
ole
s.
Tw
o m
erg
ing b
lack h
ole
s.
Implo
din
g s
tar
that cre
ate
s a
neutr
on s
tar
Implo
din
g s
tar
that cre
ate
s a
neutr
on s
tar
or
bla
ck h
ole
.or
bla
ck h
ole
.
LIG
OLIG
O
Laser
Laser
Inte
rfe
om
ete
rIn
terf
eo
mete
rG
ravitationa
l G
ravitationa
l
Wave O
bserv
ato
ry.
Wave O
bserv
ato
ry.
It o
pened in 2
002.
It o
pened in 2
002.
Lig
oLig
ois
ma
de o
f tw
o 4
km
lo
ng 4
fo
ot
is m
ade o
f tw
o 4
km
lo
ng 4
fo
ot
dia
mete
r vacuu
m p
ipe a
n a
L
dia
mete
r vacuu
m p
ipe a
n a
L
shape.
shape.
Ultra
sta
ble
laser
beam
s g
o thru
the p
ipes.
Ultra
sta
ble
laser
beam
s g
o thru
the p
ipes.
At all
four
ends a
re m
asses w
ith m
irro
rs o
n
At all
four
ends a
re m
asses w
ith m
irro
rs o
n
them
. T
hey m
easure
the c
hange in the
them
. T
hey m
easure
the c
hange in the
dis
tance b
etw
een the m
irro
rs.
dis
tance b
etw
een the m
irro
rs.
LIS
A Laser
inte
rfe
rom
ete
r S
pace
LIS
A Laser
inte
rfe
rom
ete
r S
pace
ante
nn
ae w
ill d
o t
he s
am
e.
ante
nn
ae w
ill d
o t
he s
am
e.
It is thre
e s
pace c
raft that fly in form
ation
It is thre
e s
pace c
raft that fly in form
ation
keepin
g a
n e
quila
tera
l shape.
keepin
g a
n e
quila
tera
l shape.