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AstraGinTM PRODUCT DOSSIERA Clinically Validated Natural Ingredient that Transports Significantly Greater Amount of

Nutrients in Blood Stream into Cells for Truly Improved Bioavailability

AstraGinTM’s Nutrients Absorption Model

CONTENTS

1. What Is AstraGinTM 22. How AstraGinTM Works 23. The Specific Health Benefits of AstraGinTM 24. AstraGinTM’S Applications in Foods and Supplements 25. Research Summary 26. In Vitro Studies 3

6.1 Cell Culture 36.2 Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Transporter Transcripts 36.3 Glucose uptake Assay 46.4 Western Blot Analysis 46.5 Amino Acid Uptake Assay 56.6 Vitamin Uptake Assay 66.7 Glucosamine Uptake Assay 66.8 ATP Assay 7

7. In Vivo Studies 71

U.S. HEADQUARTERS ASIA HEADQUARTERS MFG. & QA DIVISION4000 VALLEY BLVD., UNIT 102 6F, 131, Sec. 3, Nanjing E. Road A111,518 BIBO ROADWALNUT, CA 91789-0937 USA TAIPEI, TAIWAN, R.O.C. 104 PUDONG, SHANGHAI, CHINA 201203TEL: (1-909) 594-3188 TEL: (886-2) 8712-1302 TEL: (86-21) 5080-2352FAX: (1-909) 594-3184 FAX: (886-2) 2715-1086 FAX: (86-21) 5080-2353

7.1 Animal Subjects 77.2 Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT) 77.3 Insulin Assay 8

8. Human Study 88.1 Human subjects 88.2 Biopsy 9

9. Discussion 910. COA (Certificate of Analysis) 1011. Nutrition Facts 1012. Safety Data 1113. Dosage and Indications 1114. Conclusion 11

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1. What Is AstraGinTM?

AstraGinTM is a proprietary all natural plant derived compound extracted from highly fractionated Panax notoginseng and Astragalus membranaceus using a proprietary pharmaceutical extraction and processing technology. AstraGinTM is the first and only natural compound that has been demonstrated in vitro, in vivo, and in human to significantly promote and improve the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins at the cellular level, i.e., greater amount of these nutrients are transported from blood stream into cells, rather than floating in blood stream, for truly improved bioavailability.

2. How AstraGinTM Works

The basic mode of action for AstraGinTM to increase the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins is through the regulation and paralleled alteration on both the protein and mRNA expression levels of the nutrient transporter genes. (Sections 6, 7, and 8)

3. The Specific Health Benefits of AstraGinTM

NuLiv’s in vitro, in vivo, and human studies have demonstrated that AstraGinTM can significant increase (up-regulate) or decrease (down-regulate) the following specific bio markers (Sections 6, 7, and 8):

Increases amino acids absorption by 62% (6.5, section 6) Increases vitamins absorption by 50% (6.6, section 6) Increases glucose absorption by 57% (6.3, section 6) Increases ATP production by 18% (6.8, section 6) Decreases blood sugar level by 19% (7.2, section 7) Increase insulin sensitivity by 38% (7.3, section 7) Increase glycogen in muscle (24 hours after strenuous exercise) by 60% (8.2, section 8)

4. AstraGinTM’s Applications in Foods and Supplements

AstraGinTM is a perfect nutraceutical ingredient to be included in many foods and dietary supplements to greatly enhance the effectiveness of these products:

Blood Sugar HealthBody BuildingDigestive EnzymesFitness & EnergyFunctional Foods

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General Health & WellnessMeal Replacement ProductsMultiple Vitamins & MineralsPet ProductsProtein Shakes, Powders, and BarsSports NutritionAnd countless other health categories

5. Research Summary

In an in vitro study (section 6), AstraGinTM increased the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins by 62%, 57%, and 50%, and elevated the cellular ATP level by 18% when compared to a control group. The in vitro study on AstraGinTM is similar to the in vitro study published in J. Agric. Food Chem., Vol. 55, No. 5, 2007 by T.C. Chang, etc. that was sponsored and funded by NuLiv Science.

In an in vivo study (section 7), AstraGinTM demonstrated to decrease the blood glucose level by 19% and increase the insulin sensitivity by 38% in the AstraGinTM treated animals for 1-month as measured by oral glucose tolerance test when compared to the control group.

In a human study (section 8), AstraGinTM demonstrated to enhance the post-exercise muscle glycogen storage by as much as 18% and 60% in a 3 hr and 24 hr period in the treated subjects and improve recovery time and endurance threshold when compared to the control group as measured by muscle biopsy.

6. In Vitro Studies

6.1 Cell Culture

The established human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, MD). Cells were routinely grown in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (DMEM) containing glucose, glutamine, fetal bovine serum, sodium bicarbonate, penicillin, streptomycin, and non-essential amino acids. The medium was changed every 2 days and the cells were inspected daily. For transport experiments, the cells were seeded into polycarbonate filter cell culture chamber inserts (Transwell, 24-mm diameter, 3 μm; Costar, Corning Inc., Corning, NY) .The cells were left to differentiate for 15-17 days after confluency; the medium was regularly changed three times a week. The integrity of the Caco-2 cell monolayers and the full development of the tight junctions were monitored before every experiment by determining the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) of filter-grown cell monolayers by use of a commercial apparatus (Millicell ERS; Millipore, Bedford, MA). Only cell monolayers with TEER values of 400-600 Ωcm2 were used for experiments.

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6.2 Quantitative Analysis of Nutrient Transporter Transcripts

Materials and Methods

Relative levels of glucose transporters expressed in human Caco-2 cells were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (Q-PCR). Total RNAs were isolated from the cultured human cells by use of TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Irvine, CA). RNA was reverse-transcribed at 37°c for 60 min in transcription mixture containing dNTP, oligo-dT, RNasin, 1x PCR buffer, and Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen). Q-PCR was performed on Applied Biosystems 7500 system with predeveloped Taqman gene expression assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The reaction mixtures contained of serially diluted cDNA, Taqman universal PCR master mix (Applied Biosystems), and primer mix of either SGLT1, FR, or GAPDH (Applied Biosystems). Two independent triplicate experiments were performed for the selected genes, and the obtained threshold cycle (Ct) values were averaged. According to the comparative Ct method described in the ABI manual, gene expression was normalized to the expression of the housekeeping gene GAPDH, yielding the ΔCt value.

Results

6.3 Glucose Uptake Assay

Materials and Methods

In the glucose uptake test, the cell monolayer was preincubated in the incubation buffer at 37°c for 1 h and replaced with fresh incubation medium right before transport experiment. The transport experiment was started by replacing the incubation solution with solution containing D-glucose in which D-[14C] glucose (60 mCi/mmol, American Radiolabeled Chemicals, ARC, St.

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Louis, MO) was added. At designated time intervals, the cells were washed twice with cold PBS and then lysed in 200 L of 2% SDS. Cell lysates were centrifuged at 15000 g for 15 min. Intracellular uptake of glucose was determined by transferring 10 μL of the cell lysate to filter-bottomed UniFilter plates (Perkim-Elmer) and counting. The samples were measured for their protein concentration using the BCA protein assay kit. The amount of glucose accumulated in the cells was calculated and normalized to protein concentration and uptake rate was expressed as counts per minute per microgram of cell protein (nmol / mg of protein). The uptake of L-[14C]-glucose was measured simultaneously to correct for D-glucose taken up passively. All samples were analyzed by use of a liquid scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard BioSciences, Meriden, CT). Results are expressed as the steady-state rate of glucose transport (nanomoles per minute) across the Caco-2 monolayers in mean ± SD (n = 3-5). Differences between means of groups were assessed by the t-test.

Results

6.4 Western Blot Analysis

Materials and Methods

Human Caco-2 cells were plated on culture dishes (6 cm diameter) at a density of 1×105 cells/dish and designated as day 0. The cells were left to undergo differentiation for 8 days prior to treatment with AstraGinTM for another 24 h. The cells were then washed and lysed of lysis. Protein concentrations of the samples were measured by the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Pierce, Rockford, IL). Equal amount of protein samples of cell lysate were separated by SDS- PAGEl electrophoresis and transblotted onto PVDF membrane. Immunoblotting was performed with anti-human antibodies for SGLT1, FR and α-tubulin (Abcam, Cambridge, MA). Signals were visualized with an enhanced chemoluminescence kit (ECL, Amersham, U.K.) followed by exposure to X-ray films.

Results

Group Dosage(μg/mL)

Accumulated glucoseIn Caco-2 cell monolayers（nmol / mg of protein at 10 min）

Control 133.9 ± 10.8

AstraGinTM

1.0 187.0 ± 29.8

0.10 208.1 ± 22.6

0.01 210.2 ± 15.3

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6.5 Amino Acids Uptake Assay

Materials and Methods

In measuring the transport of arginine or tryptophan across the Caco-2 cell monolayer, both sides of the transwells were washed with incubation buffer. Then, the cell monolayer was preincubated in the incubation buffer at 37ºC for 1 h and replaced with fresh incubation medium right before transport experiment. The transport experiment was initiated by replacing the incubation solution on the apical side with solution containing 10 mM of L-arginine or L-tryptophan in which 0.125 μCi/mL of L-[3H]-arginine or L-[3H]-tryptophan was included. At designated time intervals, 10 μL-solution samples were removed from the basolateral side and radioactivity of each sample was counted using a microplate liquid scintillation counter (TopCount, Packard NXT). The uptake of [3H]-mannitol was used to correct for nonspecific transport of molecules across the monolayer membrane. Results are expressed as the steady-state rate of arginine or tryptophan transport across (nanomoles per minute) across the Caco-2 monolayers in mean ± SD (n = 3-5). Differences between means of groups were assessed by the t-test.

Radiolabelling method was used to determine the amount of arginine and tryptophan absorbed/transported from outside into the Caco-2 cell membrane. Therefore, more radioactivity across the Caco-2 cell membrane from apical side to the basal side indicates that more arginine or tryptophan was absorbed and transported.

Relative absorption rate is calculated based on total amount of arginine or tryptophan absorbed and transported in the first 10 minutes, the most efficient time period.

Results

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Control: 11.34±0.943 nmol/min Control: 8.66±0.3 nmol/minAstraGinTM: 16.79±1.516 nmol/min AstraGinTM: 14.15±0.29 nmol/min

Relative Absorption Rate of Arginine and Tryptophan for the Control and 3 AstraGinTM Groups

GroupDosage

(μg/mL)

Accumulated tryptophan

In basolateral side

（nmols at 10 min）Accumulated arginine

In basolateral side

（nmols at 10 min）Control 98.47 ± 10.20 97.29 ± 10.33

AstraGinTM

1.0 152.02 ± 18.86 145.24 ± 24.24

0.10 150.17 ± 9.51 162.25 ± 17.6

0.01 148.63 ± 19.83 136.89 ± 18.95

6.6 Vitamin Uptake Assay

Materials and Methods

In the folate uptake test, the Caco-2 cells were cultured in a folate uptake buffer (Hank’s balanced salt solution, supplemented with 0.14 g/L CaCl2, 0.1 g/L MgCl2, and 0.1 g/L MgSO4, pH6.0) for 1 hour. The buffer was then aspirated, and uptake was initiated by adding 0.2 ml of fresh folate uptake buffer containing 2 Ci / mL radioactive folate (3,5,7,9-3H-folic acid, 25 mCi / mmol, ARC) and cold, unlabeled folate giving a final folate concentration of 5 M. Folate uptake was terminated by removing the uptake buffer at designated time intervals. The cells were then washed three times with ice-cold PBS and lysed by adding 0.2 mL of 0.2N NaOH, followed by incubating at 65°C for 20 min. Intracellular uptake of 3H-folate was determined by transferring 20 μL of the cell lysate to the filter-bottomed UniFilter plates (Perkim-Elmer) and counting as described previously in Example 1. The amount of folate accumulated in the cells was calculated and normalized to protein concentration, and uptake rate was expressed as picomoles of folate per minutes per milligram of cell protein (pmol/min/mg). Protein concentration was determined by a standard Bicinchoninic acid (BCA) protein assay.

Results

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Relative Absorption Rate of Folate for the Control and AstraGinTM Group

GroupDosage

(μg/mL)

Accumulated folate in Caco-2 cell monolayers

（pmol/mg of protein at 1 min）Control 53.140 ± 3.544

AstraGinTM 0.10 79.899 ± 1.883

6.7 Glucosamine Uptake Assay

Materials and methods

In glucosamine uptake test, Caco-2 cells were seeded into 24-well plate at a density of 3 x 104 cells/well and cultured for 24 h. The cells were then treated in the absence (solvent control) or presence of the ingredients at various doses for another 24 h. The treated cells were then washed twice with PBS and incubated in glucose and serum free medium (GSFM). After 2 h, the cells were replaced with fresh GSFM containing 0.2 μCi of [14C]-Glucosamine (American Radiolabelled Chemicals Inc, ARC, St. Louis, MO, USA). At the designated time interval, the cells were washed twice with GSFM containing cold glucosamine and then lysed in 200 L of 2% SDS. Cell lysates were centrifuged at 15000 g for 15 min. Intracellular uptake of glucosamine was determined by transferring 10 μL of the cell lysate to filter-bottomed UniFilter plates (Perkim-Elmer) and counting. The samples were measured for their protein concentration using the BCA protein assay kit as described above. The amount of glucosamine accumulated in the cells was calculated and normalized to protein concentration and uptake rate was expressed as counts per minute per microgram of cell protein (mmol / mg of protein).

Results

Group Dosage

Accumulated glucosamine

In Caco-2 cell monolayers

（mmol / mg of protein at 10 min）Control 1.165 ± 0.145

AstraGinTM 1.0 μg/mL 1.437 ± 0.184

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0.10 μg/mL 1.660 ± 0.471

0.01 μg/mL 1.181 ± 0.066

6.8 ATP Assay

Materials and Methods

The ATP assay was performed using CellTiter-GloTM Luminescent Cell Viability Assay according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Promega, USA).

Results

7. In Vivo Studies

7.1 Animal Subjects

Materials and Methods

16 Male Sprague-Dawley rats from the National Animal Laboratory of the NSC (National Science Council, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC) weighing 180 g each, were housed 3 per cage and were provided normal rat chow (PMI Nutrition International, Brentwood, MO, USA) and water ad libitum. Temperature in the animal room was maintained at 23oC, with a 12-h light-dark cycle. After 1 week of familiarization, the rats were weight-matched and divided.

7.2 Oral Glucose Tolerance Tests (OGTT)

Materials and Methods

An acute and a chronic oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed at day 1 and day 31 of an Oral Glucose Tolerance experiment. The baseline blood sample analysis on blood sugar level indicated no statistical difference between the control and the treatment groups before intubation (at day 0). The rats in the treatment group received from 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/Kg AstraGinTM daily continuously for 30 Days (n=8). A 75-gram of glucose (Roquette Italia S.p.A.,

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Cassano Spinola, Alessandria, Italy) was orally delivered with 500 ml of pure water at the 31st day. Blood samples were collected from the tail at -40, 0 (fasting value), 30, 60, and 90 min before and after the glucose administration. A Lifescan glucose analyzer (Los Angeles, CA, USA) was utilized for glucose concentration determination.

Results

Acute & Chronic Effect of AstraGinTM on Glucose Tolerance

The baseline blood sugar level indicated no statistical difference between the control and the AstraGinTM treated groups before intubation (at day 0). The optimal concentration of AstraGinTM

in the acute study is 0.01mg/Kg, while the optimal concentration of AstraGinTM in the chronic study is 0.1mg/Kg.

7.3 Insulin Assay

Materials and Methods

Plasma samples were collected from rats’ tail blood at day 1 for an acute insulin study and at day 30 for a chronic insulin study. The baseline blood sample analysis on insulin concentration level indicated no statistical difference between the control and the treatment groups before fasting (at day 0). The rats in the treatment group received from 0.01 mg/kg to 10 mg/Kg AstraGinTM daily continuously for 30 Day. A 75-gram glucose (Roquette Italia S.p.A., Cassano Spinola, Alessandria, Italy) was orally delivered with 500 ml of pure water at the 31st day to the rats in both the control and the treatment groups. Blood samples were collected from the rats’ tails at -40, 0 (fasting value), 30, 60, and 90 min before and after the glucose administration. Insulin levels were determined on an ELISA analyzer (Tecan Genios, Salzburg, Australia) with the use of commercially available ELISA kits (Diagnostic Systems Laboratories, Inc. Webster, TX, USA), by a manner in accordance to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Results

Acute & Chronic Effect of AstraGinTM on Insulin Sensitivity

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The optimal concentration of AstraGinTM in Acute study is 0.01mg/Kg, while the optimal concentration of AstraGinTM in chronic study is 0.1mg/Kg.

8. Human Study

8.1 Human Subjects

Materials and Methods

Eighteen Physical Education college students (age 21.2 ± 0.3 years) were randomly selected from the student body of few hundreds at Taipei Physical Education College after screening for their personal and family medical history on diabetes, hypertension, or other metabolic disorders. Maximum oxygen uptakes (VO2 max) and maximum heart rates were measured by using expired-gas analyzers and Polar heart monitor at least 7 days before the beginning of the study. Resting quadriceps glycogen concentration level of the 18 students were measured and determined. The study conformed to the guidelines in the Declaration of Helsinki and under approval by the Changhua Christian Hospital Ethics Committee.

8.2 Biopsy

Materials and Methods

Before maximal oxygen consumption test, vastus lateralis biopsies (about 50 mg) from the right quadriceps femoris muscle of the 18 students were obtained using the percutaneous biopsy technique of Bergstrom. 7 days after maximal oxygen consumption test, the 18 students were fasted for 12 h before performing a cycling exercise at 75% VO2max for 60 min while drinking water was supplied as needed. Immediately following exercise, drink containing AstraGinTM or placebo (n = 9) for subjects were given. 40 min later, 75g glucose solution were given to the 18 students. Drink containing AstraGinTM or placebo was given 40 min before each meal and before sleep during the recovery period. The diet given to the 18 students consisted of 60% carbohydrate. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and immediately after exercise, 3h,

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and 24h later.

Results

Glycogen is the form in which carbohydrate is stored in the body. It is the main energy source during exercise. Glycogen stored in the muscle is only available for muscle cells while liver glycogen can be converted to glucose and then be released into the blood to be used by other organs.

Sports competition, exercise, training, long hours of work and stress all use up our energy reserve and resulted in physical, emotional and mental fatigue. The best way to restore their balances is to quickly stimulate glycogen synthesis and replenishment.

9. Discussion

Sustainability of human life requires the availability of essential and none essential macro and micro nutrients, such as amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, glucose, to the trillion cells in human body. Good health requires that all these essential nutrients are constantly available at more than minimum levels to these trillion cells. This relies on eating balanced diet that contains all these essential nutrients, effectively digesting and breaking down the macro and micro nutrients in the diet to more assimilable forms, and finally transporting and actually absorbing them by the villi and other cells.

Improving digestion using digestive enzymes and creating a balanced eco-system in the digestive tract through the use of beneficial bacteria for improved absorption have been widely studied. Many natural and synthetic products to aid in better digestion and in the colonization of these beneficial bacteria are available for quite sometime.

But the most critical phase in the long and complicated nutrient uptake processes in human body occurs at the final transportation and absorption phase, which will truly decide how much of these nutrients will be available to the trillion cells in human body. Best nutritious, balanced diet, and complete digestion do not guarantee that these nutrients will be totally absorbed.

NuLiv Science has studied the effect of several plant compounds on human metabolic functions

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in the past 8 years. AstraGinTM is a nutraceutical ingredient consisting of several of these plant compounds that has shown in NuLiv Science’s in vitro, in vivo, and human studies to increase the transport and absorption of amino acids, vitamins, and glucose in CaCo-2 cells, in animals, and finally in humans.

AstraGinTM can be and should be used as an ingredient in supplements and functional foods where enhanced protein, glucose, vitamins absorption are desired and/or required, such as children growing up, seniors, and physically demanding and health-compromised individuals.

10. COA (Certificate of Analysis)

AstraGinTM

Product Name AstraGinTM Manufacturing Date 2009.05.09

Batch No. General lot Sampling Date 2009.05.09

Batch Quantity 5 kg Expiration Date 2012.05.08

Item Specification Result Method

Marker Compounds

Total saponins ≧1.5% Conform NLS-HQI-01 (UV)

Organoleptic Data

Appearance Powder Conform NLS-QCS-1008

Color Beige Conform NLS-QCS-1008

Odor Characteristic Conform NLS-QCS-1008

Taste Characteristic Conform NLS-QCS-1008

Process Data

Plant Name & Part UsedAstragalus membranaceus (root)

Panax notoginseng (leaf)Conform

Method of Processing Extraction/Ethanol & Water Conform

Carrier None Conform

Drying Method Spray dry Conform

Excipient Corn starch Conform

Physical Characteristics

Particle Size (65 mesh) ≧80% Conform GB/T 5507-2008

Loss on Drying ≦8.0% Conform GB/T 14769-1993

Ash Content ≦5.0% Conform AOAC 942.05, 16 th

Heavy Metals

Total Heavy Metals ≦20 ppm Conform USP <231>, Meth. II

Arsenic ≦1.0 pm Conform AOAC 986.15, 16 th

Lead ≦1.0 ppm Conform AOAC 986.15, 16 th

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Mercury ≦0.5 ppm Conform AOAC 971.21, 16th

Microbiological Tests

Total Plate Count ≦1000 cfu/g Conform AOAC 990.12, 16th

Total Yeast & Mold ≦100 cfu/g ConformFDA (BAM) Chapter 18, 8th

Ed.

E. Coli Negative Conform AOAC 997.11, 16th

Salmonella Negative Conform FDA (BAM) Chapter 5, 8th Ed.

Tested by：Kate Huang Date：2009.05.09

Approved by：Thomas Yang, Ph.D. Date：2009.05.09

11, Nutrition Facts

%

Protein 0.2%

Fat 0.27%

Fiber 0.07%

Total carbohydrate 82.1%

Moisture 4.9%

Ph 5.29

12. Safety Data

Ingredient Safety Study Outcome Ref.

Astragalus

membranaceu

s

Acute toxicity (mice) LD50: 79.98 g/Kg 1

Embryotoxicity (rats, rabbits) Positive (dosage >1.0 mg/Kg) 2

Panax ginseng

Acute toxicity (mice, rats) LD50 >21.5 g/ Kg (mice, rats) 3

Mutagenicity (mice) Negative (dosage: 2.15, 4.3, 8.6 g/Kg) 3

Chronic toxicity (rats)Negative (dosage: 0.625, 1.25, 2.5

g/Kg, 6 months)4

Embryotoxicity (embryonic stem cell

from mouse)

ID50D3:114±8.21 μg/ml (Rb1)

ID50D3: 80±5.75 μg/ml (Rg1)5

Reference

1. M. Du, etc. Study on acute toxicity of hairy root cultures of Astragalus membranaceus in mice.

Chinese Herbal Medicine. 1999, Vol.30, No.6, P.444.

2. Y.P. Zhu, etc. Evaluation on developmental toxicity of Astragalosides in rats and rabbits. Journal

of Toxicology. 2007, Vol.21, No.4, P.317.

3. X.P. Xu, etc. Study on toxicity of Ginseng and ginsenosides. Pharmaco-toxicity journal. 1988, Vol.

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2, No.1, P. 54.

4. M.Y. Zeng, etc. Study on toxicity of Ginseng. Traditional Chinese Drug Research & Clinical

Pharmacology. 1997, Vol. 8, No.1, P. 52.

5. Z. Yu, etc. Embryonic stem cell test for the study of the developmental toxicities of ginsenoside

Rb1、Rg1. Journal of Toxicology. 2008, Vol. 22, No.3, P. 173.

13. Dosage and Indications

Dosage

Percent increase in amino acid absorption at 5 mg, 10 mg, and 25 mg are estimations based on available data as of the date of this publication. 50 mg per day is the dosage used in NuLiv Science in vitro study that demonstrated the results given in the “Indication” section.

NuLiv considers these estimations to be reasonably correct. But only actual assays on these different dosages can finally determine their respective actual percent increase. This table is given for the benefit of those users who are interested in knowing the relative levels of efficacy at this time and realize that they are still best estimations based on limited available data.

Dosage 5 mg 10 mg 25 mg 50 mg% Increase in Amino Acid

Absorption37.2% 41.8% 52.3% 62%

Indications

Based on the result of NuLiv Science in vitro study, at 50 mg per day, AstraGinTM will help increase the absorption of amino acids, glucose, and vitamins at the cellular level by 62%, 57%, and 50%.

14. Conclusion

Absorption determines the amount of nutrients available for maintaining the normal activities as well as repairing and rebuilding the health of cells, tissues, and organs in human body. Consequently absorption plays a very critical role in maintaining and promoting human and animal health.

AstraGinTM is a perfect ingredient for companies to include in their foods and supplements and will greatly improve their competitive edges.

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The contents of this publication have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. They

are not presented here to provide information and advice that in any way is intended to diagnose, treat,

cure or prevent disease.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any other information storage

and retrieval system, without the written permission of NuLiv Science.

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