association between people and the natural world all resources for human survival come from the...
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Association Between People and the Natural World
• All resources for human survival come from the natural world.
• What if society fails to care for and sustain ecosystems?
• What if population increases beyond carrying capacity?
• Disparity between rich and poor widens - social strife- collapse.
Easter Island, Central Pacific Ocean (ca. 1600)
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Ecosystems: What are they? = 1) sustainable units of life; 2) all species of a biotic community living within a specified area and interacting among themselves and with abiotic factors; and 3) learning tools for creating a sustainable society and understanding the impact of our actions.
• Ecosystem connectivity and scale.• Major ecosystem principles.• Ecosystem structure:
– Limiting abiotic factors.– Feeding (trophic) relationships– Non-feeding relationships.
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Ecosystem types on land are defined by climate, plant association, and soil.
Adjacent ecosystems are connected by an ecotone.
High Diversity
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Some ecotones, like those between land and water, form unique transitional ecosystems.
Unique marsh species
Landscapes are groupings of connected and interacting ecosystems.
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All landscapes with common characteristics are grouped into biomes.
Aquatic ecosystems can be categorized into types based on light, depth, temperature, and salinity (Table 2.1).
Earth as a whole is the largest scale ecosystem, called the biosphere.
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Major Ecological Principles
Diversity * species (biodiversity)* habitat (“address”)* niches (“job”)
Interrelationships* with environmental factors* among populations
Cycles* nutrients get reused* nitrogen & phosphorous* organic to inorganic …
Energy* flows through ecosystems* conserved but transformed
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Environmental factors refer to conditions and resources.
• Environmental factors set limits on growth of a species and thereby its distribution.
• Organisms must live within the tolerance range of environmental conditions (abiotic factors of temperature, moisture, sunlight, pH, salinity).
• Resources (what an organism consumes) must be adequate for survival. Too much or too little may be harmful.
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Plant Growth:
Conditions?• temperature
• soil pH
• soil salinity (saltiness)
• sand-silt-clay
Resources?• light
• water
• inorganic nutrients
- nitrogen
- phosphorous
- potassium
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Climate Determines Biome Type
• Average temperature and precipitation characteristics of a region defines climate.
• Climate selects the type of plant association.
– Continuous high rainfall and mild temperature?
– Rare rainfall and hot temperature?
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Colder conditions slows evaporation from soil and plant water losses.
Greater precipitation favors forest development, except in tundra
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Climate changes with both latitude
and altitude
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Trophic (Feeding) Levels
Third-order Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Primary Consumer
Primary Producer
Decomposers and Detritus Feeders
Only 10% energy transfer to each higher trophic level! What are the implications?
Inorganic nutrients
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Match Organism with Trophic Level(s)
Trophic LevelsOrganisms Primary
ProducerPrimary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Third-Order Consumer
Grasses X
Rabbits X
Snakes X
Owls X X
Humans X X X
Bacteria X X X X
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Autotrophs:
Produce organic matter from inorganic nutrients, carbon dioxide, and light energy; called primary producers; most perform photosynthesis.
Heterotrophs:
Feed on organic matter for energy and growth.
Consumers eat the living.
Decomposers and detritus feeders eat dead organic matter, detritus.
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Consumer Types:
Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores
Consumer Relationships:
Predator-prey
Host-Parasite
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Decomposers & Detritus Feeders
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Biomass and Energy Pyramids
What is an energy efficient diet for humans?
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Complexity of Feeding Interactions:Food Webs
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Non-Feeding Relationships
• Mutualism: two organisms benefit each other’s survival; may live where they could not if alone.
• Competition: habitat and niche diversity reduces competition; favors greater biodiversity.