-e question or

it forms a(n)on.tral ion.

configuration?and Ar "and Ar

_. atoms share

: bond.i snt bond.

: oair of3(n)

,,'C1mbromide is::2·.3~.

5:Cl4 is:- chlorine.: - tetrachloride.

-=-::alesis

-:-e best

: ~,t compound+ stal element

Interactive Textbook with (~-""r.!t:-'.•)assessment at PHSchool.com ~

tide

11. What is a stable electron configuration?

12. What does each dot in an electron dotdiagram represent?

13. What process changes atoms into ions?

14. What keeps the ions in their fixed positionswithin a crystal lattice?

15. What are subscripts used for in chemical formulas?

16. Explain why a melted ionic compound is a goodconductor of electric current, but a solid ioniccompound is a poor conductor of electric current.~

17. What distinguishes single, double, and triplecovalent bonds?

18. Explain why the covalent bonds in molecules of -Il;\.{elements are always nonpolar. -5/i-vW

19. Explain why, in a covalent bond between oxygenand hydrogen, the hydrogen atom has a partialpositive charge and the oxygen atom has apartial negative charge.

20. What is the name of the binary compoundformed from potassium and iodine?

21. Write the formulas for the compounds calledcopper(l) chloride and copper(lI) chloride.

22. Name the compounds represented by the space-filling models labeled A, B, and C.

::: Sulfur • Oxygen • Carbon 0 Nitrogen

23. In general, what determines the strength ofmetallic bonds?

24. What properties of copper and tin change whenthese metals are mixed together to form bronze?

25. What advantage of magnesium is retained inmagnesium alloys? What disadvantage is reduced?

Chemical Bonds 187

roons-- -16,26,30,333. 7-19,27,34-35,39-40,42::-22, 28-29, 31-32, 36-38

: 2.3-25, 41

Assessment..

~ If your class subscribesto the Interactive Textbook, your stu-dents can go online to access an inter-active version of the Student Editionand a self-test.

"Reviewing Content1. b4. d7. d

10. a

2. c5. c8. b

3. a6. b9. c

·'Understanding Concepts11. In a stable electron configuration,the highest occupied energy level isfilled with electrons.12. Each dot represents a valenceelectron.13. The transfer of electrons14. Attractions between n~eighboringcations and anions keep the ions in fixedpositions within the lattice.15. A subscript is used to show thenumber of atoms of an element in amolecule or the ratio of ions in a crystallattice .16. When an ionic compound melts,ions can move away from their fixedlocations in the crystal lattice.17. Two atoms share two electrons in asingle bond, four in a double bond, andsix in a triple bond.18. The covalent bonds in moleculesof elements are always nonpolarbecause the atoms have the sameattraction for electrons.19. The oxygen atom has a greaterattraction for electrons than thehydrogen atom does.20. Potassium iodide21. CuCI and CUCI222. A is sulfur trioxide, B is carbonmonoxide, and C is nitrogen dioxide23. In general, the more valenceelectrons a metal has, the strongerthe metal bonds are.24. A mixture of copper and tin isharder and stronger than either metalin its pure form.25. The advantage that is retained isthat magnesium is a lightweight metal.The disadvantage that is reduced is thatmagnesium is a soft metal.

26. All three have the same electronconfiguration.27. Molecules and polyatomic ions bothcontain covalent bonds.28. Sulfur trioxide: polar covalentbonds; calcium oxide: ionic bonds;iodine: nonpolar covalent bonds29. Sulfur dichloride, silver(1) sulfate,lithium fluoride, carbon disulfide,calcium hydroxide30. Q is a metal. X and Z are nonmetals.31. QX and Q2Z32. Cr2Z333.:·F: i .F':34. Nonpolar covalent bond

35.836. The ratio is two to one anions tocations.37. BaF2, Na20, FeS04, and (NH4)zS04

38. The correct formula is B.39. Molecules of carbon dioxide arenonpolar. Molecules of water are polar.The attractive forces are much greaterbetween polar molecules than betweennonpolar molecules.40. The carbonate ion is a polyatomicion, which contains covalent bonds.41. Phosphorus has five valence electronscompared to four valence electrons insilicon. The extra electrons are not neededto bond the atoms together and are freeto move and carry the current.42. Ideally, students should note that inboth cases the electron will be sharingspace with a second electron in orbitalsthat overlap. In the bond betweenhydrogen atoms, the electron will beequally attracted to both nuclei. In thebond between hydrogen and oxygen,the electron will have a greaterattraction to the oxygen nucleus.

As s e t (continued)

26. Classifying What does a fluoride ion have incommon with a neon atom and a sodium ion?

27. Comparing and Contrasting How aremolecules and polyatomic ions similar?

28. Classifying Classifythe bonds in each of thesecompounds as ionic, polar covalent, or nonpolarcovalent: S03, CaO, and 12.

29. Applying Concepts Write the names for thecompounds with these chemical formulas: SCI2,Ag2S04, LiF,CS2, and Ca(OHh.

Use these diagrams ta answer Questions 30-34.

m m [!J!

e G

I 1.0

:X c Q0 o Z "i !" " •• 0

30. Using Models Which of the three elements aremetals and which are nonmetals?

31. Applying Concepts Element Q formscompounds with element X and with element Z.Write the formulas for these two compounds.

32. Calculating What would the formula be for acompound containing chromium(1I1)ions andions of element Z?

33. Applying Concepts Draw an electron dotstructure for a compound of fluorine and Z.

34. Predicting Ifan atom of X reacts with an atomof X, what kind of bond forms?

35. Calculating What is the total number of sharedelectrons in a carbon dioxide molecule?

36. Making Generalizations What is the ratio ofanions to cations in a compound formed by aGroup 2A metal and a Group 7A nonmetal?

37. Applying Concepts Write the formulas forbarium fluoride, sodium oxide, iron(lI) sulfate,and ammonium sulfate.

188 Chapter6

The ad could include properties of bronze, suchas hardness and durability. The ad should stressthe sound produced by a bronze bell. (Haveexamples of ads in a local directory of businessesfor students to look at. Students may want toresearch the cost of a quarter-page ad in thedirectory.)

38. Using Models A solution of h(H202) and water is sometimesa cut. Which of the followingfccorrect structural formula for h:,

Your students can independentlytest their knowledge of the chapterand print out their test results foryour files.

188 Chapter6

tl1

Ij

o'H-H"0

H"0-0

"H

39. Relating Cause and Effect :beverage, the main ingredientscarbon dioxide. Carbon dioxidewhen the bottle is opened. Wr,:but carbon dioxide a gas at roo:

40. Classifying The shells shown:contain the compound calcium(CaC03)' Explainhow this corncontain both ionic and covalent

41. Relating Cause and Effectsome phosphorus to silicon rna-conductor of electric current?

42. Writing in Science Comparethe valence electron in a hydro;the atom bonds with another h'.and when the atom bonds witt

Designing an Advertisement Ycthat sells bronze bells. Design a qua:your store to be published in your tobusinesses. Write copy for your ad. _photograph to use in the ad. Also5L

showing how you want the copy an:photograph to be laid out on the pa,

rGo . nline",. PHSchooJ.com

For: Self-qradinq assessmentVisit: PHSchool.comWeb Code: cca-l Oeu

-dlzed Test Prep

sstion:l thenrectIII the, cor-rever,'OS for

ula

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Use the table to answer Questions 4 and 5.

~~~,,:~;RSaJna;16~~r!dfTi\ejr~Symb~ist..'f"'~;i Ion Symbol I !

Ion Name Ion Name I Ion Symbol;

Copper(l) 1 Cu+ INitrate ! N03-! i

Copper(II)! Cu2+ ! Sulfate j S042-____ -i----

Iron(lI) I Fe2+ I Carbonate ! C032-

I!

Iron(1I1) FeH Phosphate! P043-

4. What is the formula for copper(lI) nitrate?(A) CuN03(B) CU2(N03)z(C) CU(N03h(D) CU2N03(E) CuN02

5. In the compound iron(lI) carbonate, the ratio ofiron(lI) ions to carbonate ions will be(A) one to one.(B) two to one.(C) three to one.(D) one to two.(E) one to three.

6. All steels contain(A) copper and zinc.(B) copper and tin.(C) iron and chromium.(D) chromium and carbon.(E) iron and carbon.

7. What is the reason that water has a higherboiling point than expected?(A) Attractions among nonpolar water

molecules are strong.(B) Water molecules have a linear shape.(C) Water molecules are not very massive.(D) There are strong attractions among polar

water molecules.(E) There are "no attractions among

water molecules.

Chemical Bonds 189

Standardized Test Prep1. B 2. B4. C 5. A7.0

3.06. E