assessment on gender_related_international_and_ragional_instruments_01
TRANSCRIPT
THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Kigali, July 2011
ASSESSMENT OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR
IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
ASSESSMENT OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR
IMPLEMENTATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA
Kigali, July 2011
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This assessment aims at identifying gender related international instruments to which the Government of Rwanda is part, assessing the current status of implementation and reporting, and proposing a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system to efficiently track the implementation and reporting of regional and international gender related instruments.
A desk review of existing literature, different gender related treaties, multilateral declarations, UN resolutions, different national reports including national reports on treaties’ implementation and other relevant reports were assessed to establish the current status of ratification, implementation and reporting on gender related instruments.
At the 1993 world conference on human rights, governments reaffirmed in the Vienna declaration that human rights are the birthright of all human beings and that the protection of human beings is the first responsibility of governments. In this vein, the Government of Rwanda has ratified most of international and regional instruments relating to the prevention and elimination of discrimination against women and various conventions on gender equality and women’s empowerment.
A number of policies and legislations have been developed and adopted to promote gender equality and women’s rights, and prevent violations of women’s rights in different spheres. Splendid achievements have been realized by Rwanda and gender equality is a cross-cutting issue in Vision 2020, midterm Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS), and District Development Plans (DDPs).
Although Rwanda has done much to ensure ratification, and domestication of different important gender related international treaties, and their enforcement by domestic courts as well as other governmental bodies, there still remains a need to establish an implementation plan for each ratified treaty, by identifying clear obligations and responsibilities for all implementing actors (Government bodies at both central and decentralized levels, government’s partners (civil society, private sector and international organizations partners of the Government of Rwanda), and individuals.
The Government of Rwanda and its partners have also to ensure effective dissemination1 of the provisions of these different instruments to different institutions and individuals responsible for implementation, monitoring and reporting and to all the population, particularly women, so that they become of them while fighting for their rights. Also, gaps have been found in collection and recording of disaggregated data by sex and by specific gender related treaty in almost all sectors. This did not facilitate us distinguishing the rate of achievements in gender equality promotion across different programs from the overall achievements in general.
1 It was compiled ratified human rights treaties (in 3 official languages). 500 copies are being distributed
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A comprehensive monitoring plan was developed after identifying gender sensitive indicators of programs covered in different gender related instruments ratified by Rwanda that have been assessed during this work. The monitoring plan encompasses 14 programs covering recognized obligations in different gender related international instruments assessed in this work. The 14 programs as identified refer to the program on the collection of disaggregated data by sex on the population composition and change; human settlements and geographic distribution; households, families, marital status and fertility; learning in formal and non-formal education, health care, health services and nutrition; economic activity and labour force participation; access to land, equipment and credit; legal and human rights; participation in the political and decision-making process; violence against women; macroeconomic policy, defense, conflict resolution and peace-keeping; media and communication technologies; the girl child.
To conclude the findings of this assessment, it is recommended that, after ratification of a treaty, there should be clear mechanisms of dissemination and implementation, with clear responsibilities for the institutions to be involved in the implementation, monitoring and reporting process. Also highlighted is the need for capacity building for implementing institutions at both central and decentralized levels in order to have a good understanding of international mechanisms for gender equality and women’s rights towards increase of effectiveness in the implementation of their provisions, including in documentation of disaggregated data by sex and by instrument.
The study also suggests establishing an effective coordination mechanism for implementation, monitoring and reporting on gender related instruments by establishing a permanent treaty monitoring body at both national level and the level of implementing organs.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
% : Percent
9 YBE : Nine Years Basic Education
AGDI : Africa Gender and Development Index
ACHPR: African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights
APSA : Peace and Security Architecture
A/RES.: General Assembly Resolution
Art.: Article
AU: African Union
AUWC: African Union Women’s Committee
AWPS: African Women’s Progress Scoreboard
BCR: Banque Commerciale du Rwanda
BDPA: Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action
BK : Bank of Kigali
BNR : Banque Nationale du Rwanda
BPPF: Banque Populaire pour la Promotion de la Femme
BPR/BPPF: Banque Populaire du Rwanda, Branche Pour la Promotion de la Femme
CEDAW: Convention on Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women
CESCR: Convention of Economic Social and Cultural Rights
CEWS: Continental Early Warning System
CIDA: Canadian International Development Agency
CNF: Conseil National des Femmes
CNLS : Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le SIDA
COOPEDU: Coopérative d’Epargne et de Crédit Duterimbere
CRC: Convention on the Rights of the Child
CS: Cour Suprême
CSO: Civil Society Organisation
D&l: Dommages et Intérêts
DDP: District Development Plan
DHS: Demographic and Health Survey
DL: Decree Law
EALA: East African Legislative Assembly
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ECA: Economic Commission for Africa
EDPRS: Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy
e.g.: Example
EICV: Enquête Intégrale sur les Conditions de Vie
EWSA: Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority
F: Female
FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAWE: Forum for African Women Educationalists
FFRP: Forum des Femmes Rwandaises Parlementaires
GAD: Gender and Development
GBV: Gender-Based Violence
GDI: Gender‐related Development Index
GEI: Gender Equity Index
GEM: Gender Empowerment Measure
GGI: Gender Gap Index
GMO: Gender Monitoring Office
GSI: Gender Status Index
HDI: Human Development Index
HIV/AIDS: Human Immune-deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome
HPV: Human papillomavirus
ICT: Information Communication Technology
i.e.: id est (Latin locution meaning: “that is to say”)
IFAD: International Fund for Agricultural Development
ILO: International Labor Organization
Inconst.: Inconstitutionnalité
INES : Institut d’Enseignement Supérieur de Ruhengeri
INSR : Institut National des Statistiques du Rwanda
IPRC: Integrated Polytechnic Regional Centre
JAF: Joint Action Forum
JO: Journal Officiel
KCC: Kigali City Council
KIE: Kigali Institute of Education
M: Male
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MAJ: Maison d’Accès à la Justice
MAP: Multi Sector Aids Program
M&E: Monitoring and Evaluation
MDGs: Millennium Development Goals
MHC: Media High Council
MIFOTRA: Ministry of Public Service and Labour
MIGEPROF: Ministry of Family and Gender Promotion
MINADEF: Ministry of Defense
MINAFFET: Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation
MINAGRI: Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources
MINALOC: Ministry of Local Government
MINECOFIN: Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning
MINEDUC: Ministry of Education
MINELA: Ministry of Natural Resources
MINICOM: Ministry of Trade and Industry
MINIJUST: Ministry of Justice
MININFOR: Ministry of Information
MININFRA: Ministry of Infrastructure
MININTER: Ministry of Internal Security
MINISANTE: Ministry Of Health
MINISPOC: Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture
NCHR: National Commission for Human Rights
NEC: National Electoral Commission
NGO: Non-Government Organization
NISR: National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda
NPPA: National Public Prosecution Authority
NURC: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission
NWC: National Women’s Council
NYC: National Youth Council
OG: Official Gazette
OGRR: Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda
Org: Organization
PACFA: Protection and Care of Families Against HIV-AIDS
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PCRD: Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development
PD: Presidential Decree
Pén.: Pénal
PMTCT: Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission
PNLP: Programme National pour Lutter Contre le Paludisme
PO : Presidential Order
PPMER: Projet pour la promotion des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises au Rwanda
PRIMATURE : Prime Minister Office
PRSP : Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PSC: Peace and Security Council
PSF: Private Sector Federation
RCA: Rwanda Cooperative Agency
RCS: Rwanda Correctional Service
RDF : Rwanda Defence Forces
RDRC : Rwanda Demobilisation and Reintegration Commission
RECs: Regional Economic Communities
REMA: Rwanda Environment Management Authority
RNP: Rwanda National Police
RURA : Rwanda Utilities and Regulatory Agency
RWAMREC: Rwanda Men Resource Centre
Rwf: Rwandan franc
SACCO: Saving and Credit Cooperatives
SGBV: Sex and Gender-Based Violence
SSFR: Social Security Fund of Rwanda
TRAC : Treatment and Research for Aids Center
TV: Television
TVET: Technical and Vocational Education and Training System
U15 : Under fifteen
UDHR : Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UN: United Nations
UNAIDS: United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNDP: United Nations Development Program
UNECA: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
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UNSCR: United Nations Security Council Resolution
UPR: Universal Periodic Review
VTC: Vocational Training Courses
WCARRD: World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development
ZIGAMA CSS: ZIGAMA Credit and Saving Society
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: State of ratification and reporting by Rwanda on Gender related International Instruments ........................................................................................................... 19
Table 2: United Nations Gender related Resolutions which Rwanda is part to ....................... 24
Table 3: International and Regional Declarations on Gender Equality and Women’s Rights which Rwanda is part to .......................................................................................... 26
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................................................x
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background and rationale ...................................................................................................1
1.2. The purpose of the Assessment...........................................................................................2
1.3. Definition of Key Concepts related to international instruments used in this document ……………………………………………………………………………2
1.4. Methodology…………………………………………………………………………….6
1.4.1. Data collection .................................................................................................................6
1.4.2. Data processing, analysis and presentation ......................................................................7
1.4.2.1. Database ........................................................................................................................7
1.4.2.2. Analysis of identified documents and collected information/data ................................7
1.4.2.3. Presentation ...................................................................................................................8
II. OVERVIEW OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS………9
2.1. INTERNATIONAL GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS…………………………………………………………………….9
2.1.1. International/Universal Declarations ...............................................................................9
2.1.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) ...........................................................9
2.1.1.2. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) ..........................10
2.1.1.3. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) ..................................................10
2.1.2. International Conventions/Treaties ................................................................................10
2.1.2.1. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966) ...........................................................10
2.1.2.2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1979) .......................................................................................................10
2.1.2.3. United Nations General Assembly Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons especially Women and Children (2000) ................................11
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2.1.3. UN Resolutions ..............................................................................................................11
2.1.3.1. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/86 on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women (1998) ............................................................................................................11
2.1.3.2. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000) ....................................................................................................12
2.1.3.3. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 on Sexual Violence (2008) .........................................................................................................................12
2.1.3.4. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888 on Women, Peace and Security (2009) ...........................................................................................................12
2.1.3.5. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889 on Women, Peace and Security (2009) ....................................................................................................13
2.1.4. International mechanisms ..............................................................................................13
2.1.4.1. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000) .......................................................13
2.1.4.2. Universal Periodic Review (UPR) ..............................................................................13
2.1.4.3. Special Rapporteurs ....................................................................................................13
2.2. REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS…………………………………………………….…..14
2.2.1. Gender and Women’s Rights Instruments .....................................................................14
2.2.1.1. African Union Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003) .......................................14
2.2.1.2. African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (2004) .................14
2.2.1.3. African Union Gender Policy (2008) ..........................................................................14
2.2.2. Broad Peace and Security Instruments with a Focus on Gender and Women’s Issues .............................................................................................................……….15
2.2.2.1. Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (2002) .................................................................................................15
2.2.2.2. The Constitutive Act of the African Union (2001) .....................................................16
2.2.2.3. The Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defense and Security Policy (2004) .........................................................................................................................16
2.2.2.4. The Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Policy (2006) ...........................16
III.CURRENT STATUS OF RATIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS……………………………………………………………..…….18
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3.1. The current status of ratification and reporting on gender related international instruments……………………………………………………...…………………18
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/86 on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women ...........................................25
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 53/117 on Traditional or customary practices affecting the health of women and girls ......................................................25
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 54/135 on Improvement of the situation of women in rural areas ..................................................................................................25
3.2. The current status of the implementation of different Gender Related International and regional Instruments………………………………………………………..………….……28
3.2.1. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04 June 2003 ......................................28
3.2.2. Domestic laws ................................................................................................................28
3.2.3. Policies and Programmes ...............................................................................................29
3.2.3.1. Policies ........................................................................................................................29
3.2.3.2. Programmes and strategies .........................................................................................30
3.2.3.3. Eliminating discrimination against women in general ................................................32
3.2.3.4. Eliminating discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country ..............................................................................................................33
3.2.3.5. Ensuring equal right in the field of education and training ........................................36
3.2.3.6. Preventing and eliminating discrimination against women in the field of health care ...................................................................................................................38
3.2.3.7. Eliminating discrimination in areas of economic and social life ................................40
3.2.3.8. Equal rights in all matters relating to marriage and family relations ..........................42
3.2.3.9. Take all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women ......................................44
3.2.3.10. Protecting women in armed conflicts and post-conflict situations ...........................45
IV. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS…………………………………………………………………...46
4.1. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Indicators………………………….46
4.1.1. Definition and purposes .................................................................................................46
4.1.1.2. The purpose of gender-sensitive indicators ................................................................47
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4.1.1.3. Some existing international and regional tools for gender measurements .................47
4.1.2. International indicators ..................................................................................................47
4.1.2.1. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ...........................................................47
4.1.2.2. The Gender related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) ..........................................................................................................48
4.1.2.3. Complementary indices ..............................................................................................49
4.1.3. Regional indicators ........................................................................................................50
4.1.3.1. The Africa Gender and Development Index (AGDI) .................................................50
4.1.3.2. The Gender Status Index (GSI) ...................................................................................50
4.1.3.3. The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS) ................................................51
4.1.4. Country level Gender Indicators ....................................................................................51
4.2. Proposed Programs related to Gender Monitoring Indicators ..........................................52
4.2.1. Population Composition and Change (they requested to show the link with gender) ........................................................................................................................52
4.2.2. Human Settlements and Geographical Distribution ......................................................52
4.2.3. Households and Families, Marital Status, Fertility ........................................................52
4.2.4. Learning in Formal and Non-Formal Education ............................................................52
4.2.5. Health care, Health Services, Nutrition .........................................................................52
4.2.6. Economic Activity and Labour Force Participation ......................................................53
4.2.7. Access to Land, Equipment and Credit ..........................................................................53
4.2.8. Legal Rights and Political Power ...................................................................................53
4.2.9. Violence against Women ...............................................................................................53
4.2.10. Macroeconomic Policy and Gender .............................................................................53
4.2.11. Women and Environment ............................................................................................54
4.2.12. The girl child ................................................................................................................54
4.2.13. Media and communication technologies .....................................................................55
4.2.14. Defense, conflict resolution and peace- keeping .........................................................55
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4.3. GENDER EQUALITY AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT MONITORING PLAN – WITH REFERENCE TO THE INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS FOR WOMEN RIGHTS ..........................56
V. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES .........................................................................70
5.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of domestication ..............................70
5.1.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the implementation of provisions of international and regional gender related instruments................................................70
5.1.2. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of monitoring and reporting on gender related international and regional instruments................................................71
6.2. Recommendations .............................................................................................................73
6.2.1. In relation to the use of developed tools for monitoring and reporting process ........................................................................................................................73
6.2.2. Recommendations in relation to the need of coordination for a better and sustainable reporting system ......................................................................................73
6.2.3. Recommendations related to the need for capacity building .........................................73
6.2.4. Proposed roadmap for effective domestication, implementation, monitoring and evaluation .............................................................................................................74
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................75
ANNEXES ...............................................................................................................................77
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INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background and rationale Human rights are essential in any democratic and inclusive society that respects the rule of law, human dignity, equality, and freedom. All human rights derive from the dignity and worth inherent in the human person. The human person is the central subject of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and consequently should be the principle beneficiary and participate actively in the realization of these rights and freedoms.
The Universal Declaration of Human rights stipulates in its article 2 that “Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms, without distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”.
The Republic of Rwanda is part and parcel of international community and as such is committed to respecting ratified gender related international and regional instruments so as to reduce gender inequality and ensure effective women’s empowerment. In this regard, the Government of Rwanda has made significant efforts to ensure the respect of human rights under different legal instruments. First of all, in its article 11, the Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 4th June 2003 as amended to date stipulates that “all Rwandans are born free and equal in rights and duties. Discrimination of whatever kind based on, inter alia, ethnic origin, tribe, clan, colour, sex, region, social origin, religion or faith, opinion, economic status, culture, language, social status, physical or mental disability or any other form of discrimination is prohibited and punishable by law.
In addition, gender equality is considered as a cross-cutting issue in Vision 2020, and midterm Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS) as well as District Development Plans (DDPs).
Accurate and relevant data on the status of women, men and gender relations is needed in order to assess equality and equity levels between women and men. Such data helps make gender biases more visible and facilitates effective policy-making to bring about greater gender equality and equity.
The need for sex-disaggregated data has been highlighted in numerous international conventions and declarations, including the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the 1985 Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the 1995 Platform for Action of the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in Beijing, and the 1995 Commonwealth Plan of Action on Gender and Development.
Law n° 51/2007 of 20/09/2007, determining the responsibilities, organization and functioning of the Gender Monitoring Office in Rwanda in its article 6, determines specific responsibilities of Gender Monitoring Office (GMO) and creates, for GMO, the responsibility
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of “ensuring the implementation of the international agreements relating to the respect of the principles of gender”.
This study seeks to assess the status of implementation and reporting on different international and regional instruments promoting gender equality and women rights that are ratified by Rwanda. The study also proposes tools and mechanisms for strengthening capacities and monitoring systems.
1.2. The purpose of the Assessment The purpose of this assessment is threefold. It seeks to:
• Identify and document all gender related international and regional instruments ratified by Rwanda, and establish the current implementation and reporting status, localize the stakeholders/institutions involved in the process, and determine challenges and opportunities for accelerating the implementation
• Develop a roadmap and assess capacity needed to accelerate the implementation and reporting across sectors;
• Develop a comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system to efficiently track the implementation and reporting on all gender related treaties.
1.3. Definition of Key Concepts related to international instruments used in this document2
This section provides a guide for terminology relating to treaties that are most commonly used and which are employed in the practice of the Secretary General of the United Nations as depositary of multilateral treaties.
1. Treaties
The term "treaty" has regularly been used as a generic term embracing all instruments binding at international law concluded between international entities, regardless of their formal designation. Indeed both the 1969 Vienna Convention and the 1986 Vienna Convention confirm this generic use of the term "treaty". As a specific term, usually "treaty" is reserved for matters of some gravity that require more solemn agreements. Their signatures are usually sealed and the text normally requires ratification. The use of the term "treaty" for international instruments has considerably declined, and is quite applied for Peace Treaties, Border Treaties, Delimitation Treaties, Extradition Treaties and Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Cooperation.
2. Conventions
The term "convention" is generic when it refers to international agreements in the same way as the term “treaty” does. As a specific term, it is generally used for formal multilateral treaties with a broad number of parties. Conventions are normally open for participation by 2 References to relevant provisions of the Vienna Convention of 1969 as retrieved from the UN website “http://www.untreaty.un.org”.
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the international community as a whole, or by a large number of states. Usually the instruments negotiated under the auspices of an international organization are entitled conventions (e.g. Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982…)
3. Protocols
The term "protocol" is used for agreements less formal than treaties or conventions. It could be used to cover the following kinds of instruments:
A Protocol of Signature which is an instrument subsidiary to a treaty, and drawn up by the same parties. Such a Protocol deals with supplementary matters such as the interpretation of particular clauses of the treaty, those formal clauses not inserted in the treaty, or the regulation of technical matters. Ratification of the treaty will normally ipso facto involve ratification of such a Protocol. The Optional Protocol to a Treaty which establishes additional rights and obligations to a treaty. It is usually adopted on the same day, but is of independent character and subject to independent ratification. A Protocol to amend is an instrument that contains provisions that amend one or various former treaties. Generally, the protocol is used to amend, complete or interpret a multilateral treaty.
4. Declarations
Sometimes States make "declarations" as to their understanding of some matter or as to the interpretation of a particular provision. Unlike reservations, declarations merely clarify the States position and do not purport to exclude or modify the legal effect of a treaty. Usually, declarations are made at the time of the deposit of the corresponding instrument or at the time of signature.
5. Ratification
The terms « ratification », « acceptance » and « approval » mean, on a case by case basis, the international act named in this way and by which a state establishes its international consent to be bound by a treaty. The ratification, the acceptance and the approval are made in two steps: a. The execution of the instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval by the Head State, Head of Government or Minister for Foreign Affairs expressing the willingness of the state to be bound the treaty; and b. For multilateral treaties, the custody of the depositary; and for bilateral treaties, the exchange of instruments between parties.
6. Accession3
Accession is the act whereby a State which has not signed a treaty expresses its consent to become party to this Treaty by depositing an "Instrument of Accession". Accession has the
3 Refer to article 2, paragraph 1 (b) and Article 15 of the Vienna Convention of 1969.
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same legal effect as ratification, acceptance or approval. The conditions and the procedures under which accession may occur are provided for in the provisions of the Treaty. Accession is generally employed by States wishing to express their consent to be bound after the expiry of the deadline for signature. However, many of multilateral treaties provide that membership is also possible in the period to which the treaty was opened for signature.
7. Adoption4
The Adoption is the formal act by which negotiating parties establish the form and content of the text of a treaty. The treaty is adopted by a specific act expressing the consent of states and international organizations involved in negotiating this treaty, this means by voting, affixing a signature, signature, etc. Adoption may also be the mechanism used to establish the form and content of the text amending a treaty or the rules made under a treaty. Whenever Treaties are negotiated at the international level, they are usually to be approved by a resolution of the representative body of the organization. For example, treaties negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations or its agencies, are adopted by resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations. When an international conference is specifically convened for the adoption of a treaty, the adoption is done by two-thirds majority of States present and voting, unless these states determine, by the same majority, to apply a different rule.
8. Amendment5
Under the law of treaty, the term "amendment" means the formal alteration of treaty provisions by the parties. These modifications are carried out under the same terms as those that led to the formation of the treaty. Numbers of multilateral treaties specify conditions that must be satisfied for amendments to be adopted. In the absence of such provisions, adoption and entry into force of amendments require the consent of all parties.
9. Final clauses
The final clauses are provisions that are normally at the end of a treaty and that address issues of signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, accession, denunciation, amendment, reserve , entry into force, dispute settlement, deposit and authentication.
10. Consent to be bound6
A State expresses its consent to be bound under international law by a treaty by official means, that is to say, by signature, ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. The Treaty provides for official means by which a State may express its consent to be bound.
4 Refer to article 9 of the Vienna Convention of 1969. 5 Refer to articles 39 and 40 of the Vienna Convention of 1969. 6 See sections 11 to 18 of the Vienna Convention of 1969.
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11. Date of effect
The date of effect of a treaty action (such as signature, ratification, acceptance of an amendment, etc...) is when the action was taken with the depositary. For example, the date of effect of an instrument of ratification is the date on which the instrument is deposited with the Secretary-General.The date of effect of a treaty action made by state or an international organization is not necessarily the one on which the action enters into force for the same state or international organization. Multilateral agreements often provide that entry into force of an action for a state or international organization shall be considered at an expiry time after the date of the effect.
12. Deposit7
After a treaty has been concluded, the written instruments, which provide formal evidence of consent to be bound, and also reservations and declarations, are placed in the custody of a depositary. Unless the treaty provides otherwise, the deposit of the instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession establishes the consent of a State to be bound by the treaty. The depositary must accept all notifications and documents related to the treaty, examine whether all formal requirements are met, deposit them, register the treaty and notify all relevant acts to concerned parties.
13. Entry into Force8
Commonly, the provisions of the treaty determine the date on which the treaty enters into force. Where the treaty does not specify a date, there is a presumption that the treaty is intended to come into force as soon as all the negotiating States have consented to be bound by the treaty.
14. Reservation9
A reservation is a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that state. A reservation enables a state to accept a multilateral treaty as a whole by giving it the possibility not to apply certain provisions with which it does not want to comply. Reservations can be made when the treaty is signed, ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to. Reservations must not be incompatible with the object and the purpose of the treaty. Furthermore, a treaty might prohibit reservations or only allow for certain reservations to be made.
7 Arts: 16, 76 and 77, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969. 8 Art.24, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969 9 Arts.2 (1) (d) and 19-23, Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties 1969
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1.4. Methodology
The assessment of the implementation of gender related instruments is mainly based on qualitative and quantitative approaches. Qualitative approach makes it possible to identify and collect all the existing gender international and regional instruments: international treaties and agreements or conventions, resolutions and declarations. It helps to identify existing gender commitments and establish the current status of implementation and reporting by the Government of Rwanda, and evaluate challenges and opportunities to accelerate the implementation in order to enhance positive gender relations.
Quantitative approach was used to identify and collect disaggregated data on achievements realized in respect to the provisions of different instruments ratified/ signed by the Government of Rwanda.
The information collected enables us to develop and propose comprehensive monitoring mechanisms to easily and efficiently track the level of implementation and reporting on the international commitments/programs by the Government of Rwanda
1.4.1. Data collection
The Data collection consisted of the following techniques: 1) Documentary/Literature review through identifying different gender related international and regional instruments: international treaties and agreements or conventions, resolutions and declarations; different gender related international instruments signed and ratified by the Government of Rwanda; national policies and legal instruments reflecting different gender related international instruments ratified by Rwanda and national laws and policies (constitution, gender related laws, different implementing policies in place including National gender policy, EDPRS, Vision 2020, DDPs, EICV, DHS, Districts performance contracts, etc.) and different Government’s reports on the implementation of related instruments, as well as other relevant reports.
2) Interviews at central level: The interview was conducted at a centralized level with individuals, organs and institutions, both law makers, policy makers and implementers, commissions and national task forces whose work reflects the legal framework (elaboration, implementation and evaluation). The interview guide was established on the basis of the State obligations as stated in different international instruments to be assessed. The discussions reflected the questions around the mechanisms of implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the domesticated treaties and declarations, and their impacts on gender relations and enjoyment of rights, particularly in respect of women’s rights.
The interviews were also conducted with the representatives of the civil society organizations working in the field of gender and women rights promotion such as: HAGURUKA, AVEGA-AGAHOZO, Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe and Women for Women to discuss on their work and realizations towards achievement of gender equality and women’s empowerment.
7
7
3) Focus groups discussions: the focus group discussions consisted of bringing together,
at a decentralized and District levels all the concerned stakeholders from the administration, judicial systems and institutions, NGOs, women association representatives, private sectors, and religious institutions to discuss on the implementation of laws and policies reflecting the articles of gender related international instruments; how they refer to them while planning for the implementation of the national policies, what challenges they meet and how they evaluate the impact that these instruments have on the protection and respect of human rights in general and women’s rights and gender equality in particular.
4) Scope of the area to be covered by the study: the field study was done at both central and decentralized level as mentioned above.
At the central level, different individuals from Public Sector intervening in the area of Justice, Law making, Policy making , implementation and monitoring of gender related legislations and policies, UN and NGOs partners working in the sector of justice and Gender were interviewed. At the decentralized level, considering the scope of the work to be done as well as the limitation of the timeline, the scope of the work only covered two districts in each Province of Rwanda and Kigali City
1.4.2. Data processing, analysis and presentation
1.4.2.1. Database
The database includes Gender related international and regional instruments and declarations; Gender related international treaties ratified by the Government of Rwanda; National legislations and policies reflecting different international instruments and declarations; Other documentations on different strategies of implementation of international and regional instruments and declarations; Reports and other documentations so far developed in relation to the implementation of the domesticated international legislations and declarations.
1.4.2.2. Analysis of identified documents and collected information/data
After identification and documentation of the above mentioned documents, they were assessed and analyzed by specialists (legal, gender and policy analysts) in order to review and harmonize indicators/articles of these international legal instruments in line with existing national instruments and implementation strategies, with reference to the results from the interviews and focus groups discussions. The analysis has helped develop monitoring and reporting tools and propose a coordination mechanism.
88
1.4.2.3. Presentation
The final document was developed, reflecting all information and data gathered from the desk review of international and regional instruments and mechanisms for gender equality and women empowerment; the results from highly centralized key informants and focus group discussions, as well as analysis, interpretations and recommendations of legal, gender and policy analysts. The documentation is composed of five main parts:
The introduction which is comprised of the rationale and purposes of the assessment, and the methodology used; An overview of international and regional instruments and mechanisms for women’s rights, peace and security; The status of implementation and reporting on international and regional instruments for women’s rights and peace and security; Indicators and Monitoring framework for Gender equality and women empowerment; Conclusion and recommendations.
99
II. OVERVIEW OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS
Both prior to and following the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), a significant number of policies and legislative instruments were developed and adopted at international, continental, regional and national levels to prevent violations of women’s rights in different spheres.
In Africa, these instruments have evolved at two levels: within the framework of women’s advocacy and in the context of the broader peace and security agenda of the African Union and it’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs). As a result, there exist stand-alone women’s human rights instruments which establish links between women and their rights to health, agriculture, security, education, justice, human rights etc., on one hand; and peace and security instruments that incorporate issues relating to gender and/or women’s rights, on the other hand.
This section outlines the key instruments with the aim of highlighting how their respective enforcement mechanisms could be engaged in the campaign to end violence against women.
2.1. INTERNATIONAL GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS AND MECHANISMS
The following are the international instruments and mechanisms10 whose provisions emphasize on and reinforce the promotion of gender equality and women rights.
2.1.1. International/Universal Declarations
2.1.1.1. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is a global expression of the rights to which all human beings are entitled. It recognizes that the dignity of all people is the foundation of peace and justice; calls for the respect of human rights of all persons on the basis of the rule of law; and emphasizes the entitlement of all individuals to the enjoyment of their rights and freedoms “without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (art. 2 of UDHR). The articles 3 and 7 call for the “security of all persons” and the “right to protection without discrimination” respectively. In Article 21, the Declaration stresses people’s right to participate in the governance of their country and right of equal access to public service in their country.
10 International legal instruments are multi-lateral or bilateral instruments conventions, declarations signed by States Parties and different UN resolutions, whereas the mechanisms are defined as the process by which States Parties to international instruments are assessed (i.e.: UPR, Special Rapporteurs)
10
10
2.1.1.2. Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993)
The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women is based on the premise that violence against women is an impediment to peace, equality and development. It condemns violence against women and calls on states to prevent, investigate and punish such acts. It further calls on states to provide female victims of violence with access to mechanisms of redress; include resources for combating violence against women in government budgets; promote education aimed at eliminating gender prejudices and any customs which stem from unequal power relations; and collaborate with women’s groups. It also includes a specific focus on training and sensitization of law enforcement officers and public officials aimed at preventing, investigating and punishing violence against women.
2.1.1.3. Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995)
The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action declares that “women’s rights are human rights”. It is structured along 12 critical areas of concern and calls for the advancement and empowerment of women in all spheres. Among other things it addresses issues relating to violence against women, women and conflict, and women’s access to power and decision-making. It examines the impact of armed conflict on women, as well as the roles (both positive and negative) which women play in situations of conflict. It advocates a cooperative approach to peace and security which emphasizes the importance of empowering women both politically and economically; including in terms of their adequate representation decision making structures for conflict prevention, resolution and peace-building.
2.1.2. International Conventions/Treaties
2.1.2.1. Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights emphasizes on the equality of all persons before the law and their entitlement to equal protection and to civil and political liberties. The article 2, paragraph 1 calls States Parties to “undertake to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the Covenant, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status”.
2.1.2.2. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) (1979)
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) defines discrimination against women as any "distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of marital status, on the basis of equality between men and women, of human rights or fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil, or any other field". Articles 7 and 8 specifically call on states
11
11
to eliminate discrimination against women in all spheres of political and public life and to enable women to represent their governments on an equal basis with men11.
2.1.2.3. United Nations General Assembly Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons especially Women and Children (2000)
The Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons is a supplementary protocol to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed upon definition for trafficking in persons. The intention behind this definition is to facilitate convergence in national approaches with regard to the establishment of domestic criminal offences that would support efficient international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting trafficking in person’s cases. Additionally, the Protocol provides for protection and assistance of victims of trafficking in persons with full respect for their human rights. In its Section III Article 9, it calls for the prevention of trafficking in persons. The following are the linked resolutions:
Resolution A/RES/61/143 adopted by the General Assembly regarding the Intensification of efforts to eliminate all forms of violence against women: General Assembly 61st Session (2006)
Resolution A/RES/61/144 adopted by the General Assembly on Trafficking in women and girls: General Assembly 61st Session (2006)
Resolution A/RES/62/134 adopted by the General Assembly on Elimination of rape and other forms of sexual violence in all their manifestations, including in conflict and related situations (General Assembly 62 Session (2007)
2.1.3. UN Resolutions
2.1.3.1. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 52/86 on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Measures to Eliminate Violence against Women (1998)
This resolution makes concrete recommendations for action which states can undertake to monitor and combat violence against women and prevent crimes. Apart from emphasizing the protection of women, it further calls for the participation of women in peace and security structures, for instance the police, at the operational level. It calls on member States to develop crime surveys on the nature and extent of violence against women; gather
11 CEDAW, Article 7: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the political and public life of the country and, in particular, shall ensure to women, on equal terms with men, the right: (a) To vote in all elections and public referenda and to be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies; (b) To participate in the formulation of government policy and the implementation thereof and to hold public office and perform all public functions at all levels of government; (c) To participate in non-governmental organizations and associations concerned with the public and political life of the country.Article 8: States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure to women, on equal terms with men and without any discrimination, the opportunity to represent their Governments at the international level and to participate in the work of international organizations.
12
12
information on a gender-disaggregated basis for analysis and use in needs assessment, decision and policy-making, and monitor and issue annual reports on the incidence of violence against women.
2.1.3.2. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000)
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 specifically recognizes women’s different roles and needs in conflict and post-conflict environments. It calls for the full and active participation of women in all peace and security processes including conflict prevention, resolution, management, peacemaking, peacekeeping, peace-building, post-conflict rebuilding, etc. It also calls for the protection and promotion of the rights of women and girls, prevention of violence and discrimination against women, and for an end to impunity for, as well as the prosecution of, perpetrators of violence and discrimination against women and girls. In addition, the Resolution calls for increased women’s participation in decision-making at the community, national, regional and international levels, and for more institutions and mechanisms for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict.
2.1.3.3. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 on Sexual Violence (2008)
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1820 recognizes sexual violence as a tactic of war and links it with the maintenance of international peace and security. It classifies sexual violence as a war crime, a crime against humanity or a constitutive act with respect to genocide. It reinforces the provisions of UNSCR 1325 by stressing the need to increase women’s role in decision-making with regard to conflict prevention and resolution. In addition, the Resolution calls for the cessation by all parties to armed conflict of all acts of sexual violence against civilians, and for the exclusion of such acts from amnesty provisions. The Resolution calls on the UN Secretary-General to report on its implementation, including an analysis of the prevalence and trends, benchmarks or indicators for progress and on concrete plans for facilitating the timely collection of “objective, accurate and reliable information” on sexual violence.
2.1.3.4. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888 on Women, Peace and Security (2009)
The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1888 further complements both UNSCRs 1325 and 1820 and seeks to strengthen efforts to combat sexual violence in situations of armed conflict. It calls for the appointment of a special representative who will provide strategic leadership and coordinate efforts among different stakeholders to address sexual violence; for the identification of women protection advisers; for increased participation of women in conflict resolution and peace-building and for the strengthening mechanisms to monitor and report on sexual violence.
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13
2.1.3.5. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889 on Women, Peace and Security (2009)
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889 aims to strengthen the implementation and monitoring of UNSCR 1325. It reiterates the call for increased participation of women in all peace and security processes, from conflict prevention to post-conflict reconstruction; calls for the protection of women and girls during situations of conflict and for the prevention of violence and discrimination against women. In this regard, it emphasizes the responsibility of states to prosecute perpetrators of violence and requests the inclusion of, in all country reports to the Security Council, information on the impact of armed conflict on women and girls as well as their post-conflict needs. It further requests that the Secretary-General submit a set of indicators to track the implementation of UNSCR 1325.
2.1.4. International mechanisms
2.1.4.1. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) (2000)
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) adopt a human security approach to development. It contains eight development goals including the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women. The eight development goals; Goals 3 and 5 focus specifically on gender and women’s issues. The other six goals issues addressed by the MDGs, including poverty, hunger, disease, education, child mortality and environmental degradation, all have a specific feminine face because they exacerbate women’s vulnerabilities to conflict, violence and insecurities.
2.1.4.2. Universal Periodic Review (UPR)
The UPR is a unique process which involves a review of the human rights records of all 192 UN Member States once every four years. The UPR is a state-driven process, under the auspices of the Human Rights Council, which provides the opportunity for each state to declare what actions they have taken to improve the human rights situations in their countries and to fulfill their human rights obligations. The UPR is one of the key elements of the Council which reminds states of their responsibility to fully respect and implement all human rights and fundamental freedoms. It was created through the UN General Assembly on 15 March 2006 by Resolution 60/251.
2.1.4.3. Special Rapporteurs
Special rapporteurs have been vital to bringing to the attention of the United Nations the causes and consequences of violence against women. In 1994, it was the work of a special rapporteur that brought international attention to the plight of women in conflict situations. Since then, the work of other special rapporteurs or representatives has contributed to the growing understanding of the situation of women and girls during armed conflict.
1414
The Special Rapporteurs on Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as the Special Rapporteur on torture, have all highlighted gender-based and sexual violence against women and girls committed during armed conflicts.
2.2. REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
2.2.1. Gender and Women’s Rights Instruments
2.2.1.1. African Union Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (2003)
The African Union Protocol to the Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa is designed to promote and ensure respect for the rights of African women. It requires African governments to eliminate all forms of discrimination and violence against women and to promote equality. The Protocol also commits African governments to include in their national constitutions and other legislative instruments these fundamental principles and ensure their effective implementation. It obligates governments to integrate a gender perspective in their policy decisions, legislation, development plans and activities, and to ensure the overall well-being of women.
In Article 9, the Protocol calls for action to promote participative governance and the equal participation of women in political and decision-making processes. Article 10 calls for measures to ensure the increased participation of women in structures and processes for conflict prevention, management and resolution at local, national, regional, continental and international levels.
2.2.1.2. African Union Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa (2004)
The Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa is an instrument for promoting gender equality and women's empowerment. It strengthens African ownership of the gender equality agenda by placing gender mainstreaming at the highest political level in Africa. In order to ensure the effective monitoring of the Declaration, key issue areas encapsulated in the Declaration have been classified into six thematic clusters: governance, peace and security, human rights, health, education and economic empowerment.
The cluster on governance calls for the application of the gender parity principle to all the organs of the AU. On peace and security, the Declaration calls for the full and effective participation and representation of women in peace processes including the prevention and management of conflicts and post-conflict reconstruction. It specifically calls for the appointment of women as special envoys and representatives of the African Union.
2.2.1.3. African Union Gender Policy (2008)
The African Union Gender Policy is a document that summarizes all of the existing decisions and declarations of the AU and other global commitments on gender and women’s
15
15
empowerment as it relates to women in the African continent. In this regard, it is aligned to Article 4 (L) of the Constitutive Act of the African Union which enshrines the Parity Principle, the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and the Solemn Declaration on Gender Equality in Africa, among others. The Policy provides a mandate for the operationalization of the AU’s commitments to gender equality and women’s empowerment at the level of the AU Commission and all of its organs, regional economic commissions and member states.
It specifically calls for the promotion of good governance and rule of law, which guarantee human rights and rights of women through democratic and transparent institutions; the adherence to the principle of gender equality between men and women and boys and girls in enjoying their rights and sharing their opportunities, benefits and contributions; the strict observance of the principle of gender equity which guarantees fairness and equal treatment for all; the compliance to the Parity Principle as enshrined in the Constitutive Act of the African Union; the promotion of the principle of shared responsibility, accountability and ownership of the commitments made by the AU; the promotion of regional integration as a vehicle for the advancement of the African continent and its peoples; and the application of the principle of subsidiarity to ensure the efficient and effective implementation of the policy at all levels.
2.2.2. Broad Peace and Security Instruments with a Focus on Gender and Women’s Issues
2.2.2.1. Protocol Relating to the Establishment of the Peace and Security Council of the African Union (2002)
The AU Peace and Security Council is a standing decision-making organ for the prevention, management and resolution of conflict. As stated in Article 2 (1) of the PSC Protocol, the PSC is “a collective security and early-warning arrangement to facilitate timely and efficient response to conflict and crisis situations in Africa”. In this regard, the PSC is mandated to cooperate and collaborate with other structures/pillars of the AU Peace and Security Architecture (APSA), i.e. the Panel of the Wise, the African Stand-by Force, the African Peace Facility and the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS). The PSC Protocol and its attendant instruments, i.e. its rules of procedure and modalities for the election of its members, are highly progressive instruments for addressing issues relating to peace, security, stability and human development on the continent. On gender and women-related issues, the protocol in Article 13 (6) calls for training on the rights of women and children for civilian and military personnel of the national standby contingents at both operational and tactical levels. In Article 14 (3e) it calls for the PSC to assist Member States that have been adversely affected by violent conflict in providing assistance to vulnerable persons, including women. And in Article 20 it encourages civil society organizations, particularly women’s organizations, to participate actively in efforts aimed at promoting peace, security and stability in Africa.
16
16
2.2.2.2. The Constitutive Act of the African Union (2001)
The Constitutive Act of the AU symbolizes the statement of intent of African leaders to establish a continental union. The Act sets out the legal framework under which the AU conducts itself. As with most policy documents of the AU, the Act is quite gender-sensitive. First, the Act stresses the need to build partnerships between governments and civil society, and particularly with women. Second, Article 4 (l) lists the promotion of gender equality as one of the fundamental principles of the AU. Lastly, Article 13 (1l) calls for the formulation of social security policies, including the formulation of mother and child care policies, as well as policies relating to the disabled and the handicapped.
2.2.2.3. The Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defense and Security Policy (2004)
The Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defense and Security Policy directly complements the Peace and Security Council Protocol. It calls on Member States to provide a framework for the effective participation of women in conflict prevention, management and resolution activities (Section 13 [w]), and makes specific reference to existing instruments on the rights of women such as the Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Political Rights of Women, among others. Reference is also made to gender and the definition of security that is given in Section 6 includes the “right to protection against marginalization on the basis of gender”.
Section 11 (p) specifically calls for the “promotion of gender equality” as one of the principles and values underlying the Common African Defense and Security Policy; and Section 12 (iv) calls on African countries to refrain from actions which “amount to propaganda for war or advocate for hatred based on gender”.
On the operational level, however, the implementing organs and mechanisms of the Common African Defense and Security Policy, i.e. the Assembly of the AU, the PSC, the AU Commission and the Regional Economic Communities (RECs), have yet to fully initiate women-specific and gender-sensitive programmes that will particularly enhance the protection of women’s rights and their active participation in the implementation of the Solemn Declaration.
2.2.2.4. The Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development Policy (2006)
The AU Policy on Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development (PCRD) is the most progressive policy instrument within the PSC for advancing women’s issues. In recognition of the huge gender gap that exists within the field of peace and security and the urgent need to transform this, the PCRD policy adopts a two-pronged approach. It mainstreams gender and women’s issues across all its indicative elements and also addresses women and gender as a stand-alone element.
1717
With regard to women-specific and gender programming, the PCRD policy makes a number of pertinent suggestions. Generally, it is focused on human security, non-state grassroots involvement in post-conflict reconstruction and development, and on the importance of addressing the structural or root causes of conflict and violence. It is underpinned by five core principles which emphasize African leadership; national and local ownership; inclusiveness, equity and non-discrimination; cooperation and coherence; and capacity building for sustainability – all of which are critical for promoting women’s full and active participation.
It calls for: 1) gender analysis to inform the development of gender-sensitive policies, programmes,
budgets and impact assessment; 2) creation of legal frameworks that ensure the full enjoyment of family rights and
equitable access to, and control over, resources including land, property and inheritance, which are key especially for widows and women returnees;
3) full and active participation of women in conflict prevention, management and resolution;
4) creation of a gender focal point to ensure that gender is mainstreamed through all PCRD activities;
5) transformation of public institutions to make them more responsive to women’s needs;
6) focus on gender training and sensitization, especially for forces engaged in peace support operations in post-conflict reconstruction environments; and
7) ratification of, accession to, domestication and implementation of the relevant AU and international instruments relating to women’s rights such as UNSCR 1325, 1820, 1888 and 1889.
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III.CURRENT STATUS OF RATIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GENDER RELATED INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTRUMENTS
By ratification of gender related international instruments, the Government of Rwanda expresses it’s political will to promote gender equality and promote the full enjoyment of rights by women. Ratification expresses the Government’s will to be bound by the provisions of ratified international instruments and its commitment to assume legal obligation to implement the rights recognized in these instruments. However, signing and ratification of an international instrument is not enough, incurs additional obligations such as the obligation to incorporate into its domestic laws the provisions recognized in ratified instruments for their enforcement; implement underlying obligations, and submit regular reports to the monitoring committee set up under that treaty on how the rights are being implemented.
This chapter assesses the current status of implementation and reporting on all gender related international instruments bending the Government of Rwanda.
The obligations to comply with treaties’ provisions including reporting
By choosing to ratify and 'become party' to a human rights treaty, a State becomes obliged to ensure that its domestic legislation complies with the treaty's provisions. In the case of major human rights treaties, the obligations of State Parties include regular reporting to and scrutiny by, UN human rights bodies. If a State fails to comply with the terms of the treaty, then the State will be in breach of international law.
3.1. The current status of ratification and reporting on gender related international instruments
Countries that have ratified or acceded to the Conventions are legally bound to abide by their provisions. They also have the obligation to submit national reports on measures taken to comply with their treaty obligations. To meet their reporting obligation, States must submit an initial report usually one year after joining (two years in the case of the CRC) and then periodically in accordance with the provisions of the treaty (usually every four or five years). The table below shows the state of ratification of international instruments; including the date of accession/ ratification or signatory and the state of reporting according to guidelines defined by each convention.
The following table shows the state of ratification and reporting for the gender-related international instruments ratified/ signed by Rwanda.
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Tab
le 1
: Sta
te o
f rat
ifica
tion
and
repo
rtin
g by
Rw
anda
on
Gen
der
rela
ted
Inte
rnat
iona
l Ins
trum
ents
1.In
tern
atio
nal C
onve
ntio
ns
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of
crea
tion
Ent
ryin
to
forc
e
Rat
ifica
tion/ A
cces
sion
by R
wan
da
Ref
eren
ce
Tim
efra
me
Dat
e du
e D
ate
of
subm
issi
on
Inte
rnat
iona
l C
onve
ntio
n on
C
ivil
and
Polit
ical
R
ight
s
Ado
ptio
non 16
/12/
196
6 in
New
Y
ork
23/0
3/19
76A
:01
/03/
1975
D
-L. n
°. 8
/ 75
of
12/0
2/19
75 O
.G.
n° 5
of
01/0
3/19
75,
p.23
0.
Initi
al re
port
with
in
one
year
of t
he d
ate
of e
ntry
into
forc
e,
then
eve
ry ti
me
it is
re
ques
ted
23 M
arch
197
6, th
en
on d
eman
d 3r
d re
port
subm
itted
in 2
007
and
pres
ente
d in
M
arch
200
9
Con
vent
ion
on th
e el
imin
atio
n of
all
form
s of
disc
rimin
atio
ns
agai
nst w
omen
(C
EDA
W)
Ado
pted
by
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y re
solu
tion
34/1
80 o
f 18 D
ecem
ber
1979
3 Sept
.198
1
R12
:15
/02/
1981
P.O
. n° 4
31/1
6 of
10
/11/
1980
O.G
. n°
. 4 o
f 15
/02/
1981
,p.
132.
At l
east
eve
ry fo
ur
year
s or w
hene
ver
the
Com
mitt
ee
CED
AW
so re
ques
ts
(art.
18).
3/9
/198
2 (I
nitia
l re
port)
;3/
9/19
86
3/9/
1990
3/
9/19
94
3/9/
1998
3/
9/20
02
3/9/
2006
3/
9/20
10
3/9/
2013
(the
nex
t re
port)
-24
May
198
3
-7 M
arch
198
8
-18/
Jan
1991
-J
uly
2007
(Per
iod:
19
94-2
005
com
bini
ng th
e 4th
,5th
, 6th
and
7th
repo
rts).
It w
as
pres
ente
d in
200
9.
12
Rat
ifica
tion
2020
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of
crea
tion
Ent
ryin
to
forc
e
Rat
ifica
tion/ A
cces
sion
by R
wan
da
Ref
eren
ce
Tim
efra
me
Dat
e du
e D
ate
of
subm
issi
on
Opt
iona
l Pro
toco
l to
the
CED
AW
A
dopt
edby
GA
re
solu
tion
54/4
of 6
O
ctob
er
1999
and
op
ened
for
sign
atur
e,
ratif
icat
ion
and
acce
ssio
n on
10
Dec
embe
r 19
99
22/1
2/20
00A
:31
/08/
2009
P.
O. n
°. 34
/01
of
14/0
7/20
09O
.G.n
°. 35
of
31/0
8/20
09, p
.5.
Not
app
licab
le: t
here
is
no
repo
rt re
quire
d;
it is
onl
y ab
out t
he
reco
gniti
on o
f the
co
mpe
tenc
es o
f the
co
mm
ittee
on
CED
AW
in re
gard
to
the
rece
ptio
n an
d ex
amin
atio
n of
co
mm
unic
atio
ns.
Not
app
licab
le
Not
app
licab
le
Con
vent
ion
co
ncer
ning
Equ
al
Rem
uner
atio
ns
conc
erni
ng E
qual
R
emun
erat
ion
for
men
and
wom
en
wor
k fo
r wor
ker
Ado
ptio
non 29
/06/
195
1 in
the
34th
sess
ion
of
the
ILO
29/0
6/19
51R
:01
/11/
1980
P.
O. n
°. 35
0/06
of
10/
10/1
980
O.G
. n°.
21 o
f 01
/11/
1980
,p.
695.
Rep
ortin
g ed
thro
ugh
ILO
R
epor
ting
ed
thro
ugh
ILO
R
epor
ted
thro
ugh
ILO
2121
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of
crea
tion
Ent
ryin
to
forc
e
Rat
ifica
tion/ A
cces
sion
by R
wan
da
Ref
eren
ce
Tim
efra
me
Dat
e du
e D
ate
of
subm
issi
on
of e
qual
val
ue
Con
vent
ion
on th
e po
litic
al ri
ghts
of
wom
en
New
Yor
k, 3
1 M
arch
1953
07/0
7/19
54R
:15
/06/
2003
P.
O. n
° 160
/01
of
31/1
2/20
02 O
.G.
n° 1
2 te
r. of
15
/06/
2003
, p.2
5.
Rep
ortin
g w
hen
requ
este
d by
the
com
mitt
ee
Rep
ortin
g w
hen
requ
este
d by
the
com
mitt
ee
-
Con
vent
ion
on th
e N
atio
nalit
y of
M
arrie
d W
omen
New
Yor
k, 2
0 Fe
brua
ry
1957
07/0
7/19
5415
/06/
2003
P.
O. n
° 164
/01
of
31/1
2/20
02 O
.G.
n° 1
2 te
r. of
15
/06/
2003
, p.2
9.
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h C
EDA
W
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h C
EDA
W
Rep
orte
d th
roug
h C
EDA
W
Prot
ocol
to th
e A
CH
PR o
n th
e R
ight
s of W
omen
in
Afr
ica
11 Ju
ly
2003
, in
Map
uto
Moz
ambi
que
11 Ju
ly
2003
R:
24/6
/200
4
P.O
. n° 1
1/01
of
24/6
/200
4 O
.G.
Spec
.n° o
f 24
/6/2
004,
p.1
9.
The
repo
rt is
su
bmitt
ed in
co
nfor
mity
with
the
art.
62 o
f AC
HPR
: it
is in
corp
orat
ed in
the
repo
rt on
the
impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
e A
CH
PR
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h A
CH
PR (i
nitia
l re
port
with
in 1
yea
r af
ter e
ntry
into
fo
rce,
and
then
ev
ery
four
yea
rs
Rep
orte
d th
roug
h A
CH
PR
Con
vent
ion
on
Con
sent
to
Mar
riage
, M
inim
um A
ge fo
r
Ado
pted
on 10/1
2/19
62
09/1
2/19
64R
:15
/6/2
003
P.
O. n
° 16
0/01
of
31/
12/2
002.
O
.G. n
° 12
of
15/6
/200
3
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h C
EDA
W
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h C
EDA
W
Rep
orte
d th
roug
h C
EDA
W
2222
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of
crea
tion
Ent
ryin
to
forc
e
Rat
ifica
tion/ A
cces
sion
by R
wan
da
Ref
eren
ce
Tim
efra
me
Dat
e du
e D
ate
of
subm
issi
on
Mar
riage
and
R
egis
tratio
n of
M
arria
ges.
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
C
onve
ntio
n ag
ains
t Tr
ansn
atio
nal
Org
aniz
ed C
rime
Ado
pted
on 15/1
1/20
00
in N
ew
Entry
in
tofo
rce:
09
/200
3
15/0
6/20
03
P.O
. n° 1
58/0
1 of
31
/12/
2002
O.G
. n°
12
of
15/0
6/20
03, p
.23.
Rep
ortin
g w
hen
the
com
mitt
ee re
ques
t so
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
Prot
ocol
to
Prev
ent,
Supp
ress
an
d Pu
nish
Tr
affic
king
in
Pers
ons,
Espe
cial
ly W
omen
an
d C
hild
ren
Ado
pted
by th
e G
A
reso
lutio
n 55
/25
of
15 Nov
embe
r 20
00 (n
ot
in fo
rce)
Entry
in
tofo
rce:
12
/200
3
15/0
6/20
03
P.O
. n° 1
63/0
1 of
31
/12/
2002
O.G
. n°
12
of
15/0
6/20
03, p
.28.
No
repo
rting
tim
efra
me,
onl
y re
porte
d w
hen
requ
este
d by
the
com
mitt
ee
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h th
e C
onve
ntio
n ag
ains
t Tr
ansn
atio
nal
Org
aniz
ed C
rime
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
C89
Nig
ht w
ork
(wom
en)
conv
entio
n
Ado
pted
on 17/0
6/19
4
27/0
2/19
51R
:09
/07/
1962
Le
t. n°
22
2/27
8/77
2 of
09
/07/
1962
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h IL
O
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h IL
O
Rep
ortin
g w
as
done
thro
ugh
ILO
2323
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of
crea
tion
Ent
ryin
to
forc
e
Rat
ifica
tion/ A
cces
sion
by R
wan
da
Ref
eren
ce
Tim
efra
me
Dat
e du
e D
ate
of
subm
issi
on
(rev
ised
) 8
C10
0 Eq
ual
Rem
uner
atio
n C
onve
ntio
n
Ado
pted
on 29/0
6/19
51
Entry
in
to f
orce
23
/05/
1953
R:
01/
11/
198
0
P.D
. n°
350/
06 o
f 10
/10/
1980
, O
G
n°
21
of
01/1
1/19
80,
p.
695
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
hIL
O
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h IL
O
Rep
ortin
g w
as
done
thro
ugh
ILO
C11
1 D
iscr
imin
atio
n (E
mpl
oym
ent
and
Occ
upat
ion)
C
onve
ntio
n
Ado
pted
on 25/0
6/19
58
Entry
in
to f
orce
15
/06/
1960
A:
01/
01/
198
1
P.D
. n°
417/
06 o
f 07
/11/
1980
, O
G
n°
01
of
01/0
1/19
81, p
. 1
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h IL
O
Rep
ortin
g th
roug
h IL
O
Rep
ortin
g w
as
done
thro
ugh
ILO
2424
Tab
le 2
: Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Gen
der
rela
ted
Res
olut
ions
whi
ch R
wan
da is
par
ty to
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of c
reat
ion
Ent
ry in
to fo
rce
Dat
e of
su
bmis
sion
of
th
e re
port
UN
Res
olut
ion
1820
on
Wom
en, P
eace
and
Sec
urity
A
dopt
ed b
y th
e Se
curit
y C
ounc
il at
its
59
16th
mee
ting,
on
19 Ju
ne 2
008
19 Ju
ne 2
008
Not
yet
repo
rted
UN
Res
olut
ion
1325
on
wom
en, p
eace
and
secu
rity
Ado
pted
by
the
Secu
rity
Cou
ncil
at i
ts
4213
th m
eetin
g, o
n 31
Oct
ober
200
0 31
Oct
ober
200
0 O
ctob
er 2
010
UN
Res
olut
ion
61/1
43 o
n In
tens
ifica
tion
of e
ffor
ts
to e
limin
ate
all f
orm
s of v
iole
nce
agai
nst w
omen
A
dopt
ed b
y th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
on 1
9 D
ecem
ber 2
006
19 D
ecem
ber 2
006
July
200
9
UN
Res
olut
ion
61/1
44 o
n Tr
affic
king
in w
omen
and
gi
rlsA
dopt
ed b
y th
e G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
on 1
9 D
ecem
ber 2
006
19 D
ecem
ber 2
006
July
200
9
UN
Res
olut
ion
62/1
34 o
n El
imin
atin
g ra
pe a
nd
othe
r fo
rms
of
sexu
al
viol
ence
in
al
l th
eir
man
ifest
atio
ns,
incl
udin
g in
co
nflic
t an
d re
late
d si
tuat
ions
Ado
pted
by
the
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
y at
its
76
th p
lena
ry m
eetin
g 18
Dec
embe
r 200
7 18
Dec
embe
r 200
7 Ju
ly 2
009
2525
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of c
reat
ion
Ent
ry in
to fo
rce
Dat
e of
su
bmis
sion
of
th
e re
port
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
G
ener
al
Ass
embl
y R
esol
utio
n 52
/86
on C
rim
e Pr
even
tion
and
Cri
min
al
Just
ice
Mea
sure
s to
Elim
inat
e V
iole
nce
agai
nst W
omen
2 Fe
brua
ry 1
998
2 Fe
brua
ry 1
998
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
G
ener
al
Ass
embl
y R
esol
utio
n 53
/117
on
T
radi
tiona
l or
cu
stom
ary
prac
tices
aff
ectin
g th
e he
alth
of
wom
en
and
girl
s
1 Fe
brua
ry 1
999
1 Fe
brua
ry 1
999
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
G
ener
al
Ass
embl
y R
esol
utio
n 54
/135
on
Impr
ovem
ent o
f the
situ
atio
n of
w
omen
in r
ural
are
as
7 Fe
brua
ry 2
000
7 Fe
brua
ry 2
000
2626
Tab
le 3
: Int
erna
tiona
l and
Reg
iona
l Dec
lara
tions
on
Gen
der
Equ
ality
and
Wom
en’s
Rig
hts w
hich
Rw
anda
is p
arty
to
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of c
reat
ion
Ent
ry
into
fo
rce
Rat
ifica
tion/
A
cces
sion
by
Rw
anda
D
ate
due
Dat
e of
su
bmis
sion
1.In
tern
atio
nal (
Uni
vers
al D
ecla
ratio
ns)
Uni
vers
al
Dec
lara
tion
of
Hum
an R
ight
s A
dopt
ed
on
10/0
6/19
48
10/1
2/19
48
A13
: 18
/09/
1962
(R
wan
da
acce
ded
by t
he m
ere
fact
of
its
ad
mis
sion
as
m
embe
r of t
he U
N)
No
repo
rting
re
quire
dN
o re
porti
ng
requ
ired
Bei
jing
Dec
lara
tion
and
Plat
form
for A
ctio
n 15
Sep
tem
ber 1
995
15 S
epte
mbe
r 19
9515
Sep
tem
ber 1
995
‐15
Sep
t 199
9
‐15
Sep
t 200
4
‐15
Sep
t 200
9
2004
2009
Dec
lara
tion
on th
e Pr
otec
tion
of
Wom
en
and
Chi
ldre
n in
Em
erge
ncy
and
Arm
ed C
onfli
ct
Proc
laim
ed
by
Gen
eral
A
ssem
bly
reso
lutio
n 33
18
(XX
IX)
of
14
Dec
embe
r 197
4
14
Dec
embe
r 19
7414
Dec
embe
r 197
4 N
o tim
e du
e
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
Dec
lara
tion
on t
he E
limin
atio
n of
Vio
lenc
e ag
ains
t Wom
en
20 D
ecem
ber 2
003
20 D
ecem
ber
2003
20 D
ecem
ber 2
003
No
time
due
(rep
ortin
g is
m
ade
unde
r req
uest
)
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
13
A: A
cces
sion
2727
Inst
rum
ents
D
ate
of c
reat
ion
Ent
ry
into
fo
rce
Rat
ifica
tion/
A
cces
sion
by
Rw
anda
D
ate
due
Dat
e of
su
bmis
sion
2. R
egio
nal (
Afr
ican
) Dec
lara
tion
Ban
jul
Dec
lara
tion
on
the
Stra
tegi
es f
or A
ccel
erat
ing
the
Impl
emen
tatio
n of
th
e D
akar
an
d B
eijin
g Pl
atfo
rms
for
Act
ion
15 D
ecem
ber 2
009
15 D
ecem
ber
2009
15 D
ecem
ber 2
009
No
time
due
(rep
ortin
g w
hen
so
requ
este
d)
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
Afr
ican
U
nion
So
lem
n D
ecla
ratio
n on
Gen
der E
qual
ity
in A
fric
a
8 Ju
ly 2
004
8 Ju
ly 2
004
8 Ju
ly 2
004
No
time
due
(rep
ortin
g w
hen
so
requ
este
d)
A
repo
rt w
as
subm
itted
in 2
010
3. S
ub-r
egio
nal D
ecla
ratio
ns
Gre
at
lake
s Pr
otoc
ol
on
the
Prev
entio
n an
d Su
ppre
ssio
n of
Se
xual
V
iole
nce
agai
nst
Wom
en a
nd C
hild
ren
30N
ovem
ber 2
006
30N
ovem
ber
2006
30N
ovem
ber 2
006
Acc
ordi
ng
to
the
impl
emen
tatio
n pl
an
No
repo
rt ye
t su
bmitt
ed
28
28
3.2. The current status of the implementation of different Gender Related International and regional Instruments
3.2.1. The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04 June 2003
The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda of 04 June 2003 as amended to date in its article 190 stipulates that “Upon their publication in the official gazette, international treaties and agreements which have been conclusively adopted in accordance with the provisions of law shall be more binding than organic laws and ordinary laws except in the case of non compliance by one of parties”.
3.2.2. Domestic laws
In order to reinforce the provisions of different gender related international and regional instruments, the Government of Rwanda has adopted a number of laws to reinforce its commitment to guarantee equal rights between men and women in all spheres of public and individuals’ life, ensure the promotion of women’s rights, and protect them against violence and discrimination.
The Government of Rwanda’s efforts for the promotion of gender equality and women’s rights cannot be summarized to promulgation of the Constitution 04 June 2003 and the accession by Rwanda to multi-lateral instruments. Indeed, many laws protecting women from violence and ensuring their full enjoyment of the same rights as men have been enacted and include the following:
• Decree Law relating to the Penal Code14,• Law n° 42/1988 of 27/10/1988 relating to the Civil Code15,• Law n° 04/99 of 12/03/1999 establishing the National Human Rights
Commission16,• Law n° 22/99 of 12/11/1999 on matrimonial regime, liberalities and
successions17,• Law n° 27/2001 of 28/04/2001 relating to the rights and protection of the child
against violence18,• Law n° 47/2001 of 18/12/2001 on prevention, suppression and punishment of the
crime of discrimination and sectarianism19,• Organic Law n° 16/2003 governing political and politicians20,• the Law n° 24/2003 of 14/08/2003 determining the operation of the National
Council of Youth21,
14 J.O n° 13 bis of 01/07/197815 J.O, 1989, P.916 J.O n° 06 of 15/03/199917 J.O n° 22 of 15/11/1999 18 OGRR n° 23 of 01/12/2001 19 J.O n0 4 of 15/02/2002 20 OGRR n° Special 27/06/2003
29
29
• Law n° 33 bis/2003 of September 06, 2003 repressing the crime of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes22,
• Organic Law N°08/2005 of 14/07/2005 determining the use and management of land in Rwanda23,
• Law n°51/2007 of 20/09/2007 determining the responsibilities, organization and functioning of the Gender Monitoring Office in Rwanda24,
• Law n° 59/2008 on prevention and punishment of GBV25
• Organic Law n° 12/2008 of 09/05/2008 relating to election procedures of Rwandan representatives to the East African Legislative Assembly (EALA)26,
• Organic Law n° 30/2008 of 25/07/2008 relating to Rwandan Nationality27,• Organic Law n° 66/2008 of 21/11/2008 modifying and complementing Organic
Law n° 31/2007 of 25/07/2007 relating to the abolition of the death penalty28,• Law n° 10/2009 of 14/05/2009 on mortgages29,• Law n° 13/2009 of 27/05/2009 regulating labour in Rwanda30,• Law n° 27/2010 of 19/06/2010 relating to elections31,• Law n° 34/2010 of 12/11/2010 on the establishment, functioning and
organization of Rwanda Correctional Service (RCS)32,• Law n° 02/2011 of 10/02/2011 determining the responsibilities, organization and
functioning of the National Women’s Council33
3.2.3. Policies and Programmes
In addition to ratifying or acceding to international instruments or enacting laws; the Government of Rwanda also established policies and programmes that are being implemented with the purpose of empowering women and ensuring gender equality, as a pillar of national development.
3.2.3.1. Policies
Different policies, programmes and strategies put in place by the Government of Rwanda include the National Gender Policy (2010), the National Policy for Family Promotion (2005), the National Labour Policy (2005), the Girls’ education Policy and its strategic
21 OGRR n° 18 of 15/09/200322 OGRR n° 21 of 01/11/200323 OGRR n° 18 of 15/09/2005 24 OGRR n° 23 of 01/12/2007 25 OGRR n° 14 of 06/04/200826 OGRR n° Special of 09/05/200827 OGRR n° Special of 05/09, 2008 28 OGRR n° 23 of 01/12/200829 OGRR n° special of 15/05/2009 30 OGRR n° special of 27/05/2009 31 OGRR n° Special of 19/06/201032 OGRR n° 4 of 24/01/201133 OGRR n° Special of 11/02/2011
30
30
plan, the National Decentralisation Policy, the Reproductive Health Policy, the Vision 2020, and EDPRS.
3.2.3.2. Programmes and strategies
The previous paragraphs have mentioned different initiatives of the Government of Rwanda to honor its commitments under different international and regional instruments it is part to. Mention has been made on the provisions of the constitution guaranteeing the same rights to women as men, the ratification of different international and regional instruments for the promotion and protection of women’s rights and elaboration and implementation of different policies and programmes, both aiming at promoting equality between men and women, protection of women against violence and acts of discrimination and their empowerment.
Also, different programmes and strategies put in place, have been identified. They include the Vision 2020 (2002) and its cross-cutting areas34, the Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy (EDPRS), the Nine year basic education, the Long-Term Investment Framework, the National gender strategy, the National social protection strategy, the National Health insurance scheme designed for all the population with women and children being, the primary beneficiaries, the National Accelerated Plan for Women, Girls, Gender Equality & HIV 2010-2014, establishment of One stop centers (Kigali National Police Hospital and Gihundwe Hospital in Western Province) for GBV survivors care and medical, psychosocial, and legal support; elaboration of the National strategic plan on UNSC Resolution 1325, establishment of anti-GBV and child protection committees from the grassroots level to the National level, establishment of Gender Desk in Rwanda National Police, Rwanda Defense Force and in National Public Prosecution Authority, Free hotline in Rwanda National Police, Rwanda Defense Force and in National Public Prosecution Authority (the most particularly used in reporting of violence against women), women employment Strategic plan, women’s guarantee funds, establishment of Savings and Credit Cooperatives based in each sector called Umurenge SACCO, UMWARIMU SACCO Program helping the community and teachers of primary and secondary schools, particularly women, access soft loans, Gira inka program (one cow per family), “Bye Bye” Nyakatsi program, just to quote few.
The following part provides concrete facts about what has been achieved so far to ensure the implementation of the provisions of those instruments, laws and policies as mentioned. The achievements are assessed in the following programmes:
a. elimination of discrimination against women in general, b. elimination of discrimination against women in the political and public life of the
country, ensuring equal right in the field of education and training, c. prevention and elimination of discrimination against women in the field of health
care, elimination of discrimination in areas of economic and social life, d. ensuring equal rights in all matters relating to marriage and family relations,
34 OGRR n° special of 25/02/2008
31
31
e. taking all appropriate measures, including legislation, to suppress of all forms of traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women,
f. protection of women in armed conflicts and post-conflict situations, and g. protection of women against Gender-Based Violence.
For each intervention program, instruments and articles concerned, measures taken and key achievements throughout different programs and projects with disaggregated data in support are highlighted.
3232
3.2.
3.3.
Elim
inat
ing
disc
rim
inat
ion
agai
nst w
omen
in g
ener
al
Inst
rum
ents
con
cern
ed
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
: Leg
isla
tions
(law
s and
pol
icie
s)
oTh
e C
onve
ntio
n on
th
e el
imin
atio
n of
all
form
s of
disc
rimin
atio
ns
agai
nst w
omen
, Art.
2;
o
The
Prot
ocol
to
the
Afr
ican
C
harte
r on
H
uman
and
Peo
ples
' R
ight
s on
the
Rig
hts
of W
omen
in
Afr
ica,
A
rt. 2
(1).
•T
he C
onst
itutio
n of
the
Rep
ublic
of R
wan
da o
f 04/
06/2
003
as a
men
ded
to d
ate
Art
icle
11:
All
Rw
anda
ns a
re b
orn
and
rem
ain
free
and
equ
al in
righ
ts a
nd d
utie
s. D
iscr
imin
atio
n of
wha
teve
r kin
d ba
sed
on, i
nter
alia
, eth
nic
orig
in tr
ibe,
cla
n, c
olou
r, se
x, re
gion
soc
ial o
rigin
, rel
igio
n or
faith
, opi
nion
, ec
onom
ic s
tatu
s, cu
lture
, la
ngua
ge,
soci
al s
tatu
s, ph
ysic
al o
r m
enta
l di
sabi
lity
or a
ny o
ther
for
m o
f di
scrim
inat
ion
is p
rohi
bite
d an
d pu
nish
able
by
law
. A
rtic
le 1
6: A
ll hu
man
bei
ngs a
re e
qual
bef
ore
the
law
. The
y sh
all e
njoy
, with
out a
ny d
iscr
imin
atio
n, e
qual
pro
tect
ion
of th
e la
w.
•Th
e ra
tific
atio
n of
rel
evan
t int
erna
tiona
l and
reg
iona
l gen
der
rela
ted
trea
ties
•L
aw n
° 22/
99 o
f 12/
11/1
999
on m
atri
mon
ial r
egim
e, li
bera
litie
s and
succ
essi
ons
Art
icle
43
& 5
0: P
rohi
bitio
n of
dis
crim
inat
ion
in in
herit
ance
righ
t bet
wee
n gi
rls a
nd b
oys c
hild
ren.
•
Law
n°
27/2
003
of 1
8/08
/200
3 de
term
inin
g th
e or
gani
zatio
n, a
ttri
butio
ns a
nd fu
nctio
ns o
f the
Nat
iona
l Wom
en C
ounc
il (N
WC
);
revi
ewed
by
the
Law
n° 0
2/20
11 o
f 10/
02/2
011
dete
rmin
ing
the
resp
onsi
bilit
ies,
orga
niza
tion
and
func
tioni
ng o
f the
NW
C
Art
icle
5: R
espo
nsib
ilitie
s of t
he N
atio
nal W
omen
’s C
ounc
il:
The
NW
C is
a f
orum
for
adv
ocac
y an
d so
cial
mob
iliza
tion
on is
sues
aff
ectin
g w
omen
in o
rder
to b
uild
thei
r ca
paci
ty a
nd e
nsur
e th
eir
parti
cipa
tion
in th
e de
velo
pmen
t of t
he c
ount
ry in
gen
eral
, and
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f wom
en in
par
ticul
ar. I
n th
is re
gard
, the
Cou
ncil’
s mai
n re
spon
sibi
litie
s are
as f
ollo
ws:
4°
to a
dvoc
ate
for g
ende
r equ
ality
. •
Law
n°5
1/20
07 o
f 20/
09/2
007
dete
rmin
ing
the
resp
onsib
ilitie
s, or
gani
zatio
n an
d fu
nctio
ning
of t
he G
ende
r M
onito
ring
Off
ice
in R
wan
da
Art
icle
6: S
peci
fic r
espo
nsib
ilitie
s of t
he O
ffic
e 6°
adv
ocat
ing
for t
he re
spec
t of g
ende
r equ
ality
at a
ll le
vels
•
The
Sup
rem
e C
ourt
dec
isio
n in
RS/
Inco
nst/P
én.0
001/
08/C
S of
26/
09/2
008
The
Supr
eme
Cou
rt to
ok d
ecis
ion
mod
ifyin
g A
rticl
e 35
4 of
Dec
ree
Law
on
pena
l cod
e n°
21/
77 o
f 18/
08/1
977
to p
unis
h th
e sa
me
fine
wom
an a
nd th
e m
an c
onvi
nced
of a
dulte
ry.
3333
3.2.
3.4.
Elim
inat
ing
disc
rim
inat
ion
agai
nst w
omen
in th
e po
litic
al a
nd p
ublic
life
of t
he c
ount
ry
Inst
rum
ents
an
d re
leva
nt
artic
les
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
Leg
isla
tions
Po
licie
s an
d in
stitu
tions
ar
rang
emen
ts
Proj
ects
and
pro
gram
mes
oTh
eC
onve
ntio
n on
th
e El
imin
atio
n of
al
l fo
rms
of Dis
crim
inat
ions
ag
ains
t W
omen
, A
rt.
3, 4
, 7, 8
o
The
The
Con
stitu
tion
of
the
Rep
ublic
of
R
wan
da
of
04/0
6/20
03 a
s am
ende
d to
da
te:
Arti
cle
5435
, A
rticl
e 76
36 a
nd A
rticl
e 82
)37
Org
anic
Law
n°
12/2
008
of 0
9/05
/200
8 re
latin
g to
el
ectio
n pr
oced
ures
of
R
wan
dan
repr
esen
tativ
es
to
the
East
A
fric
an
The
dece
ntra
lizat
ion
polic
y pr
omot
es
the
repr
esen
tatio
n of
wom
en
at
the
vario
us
adm
inis
trativ
e le
vels
: m
embe
rs o
f th
e N
atio
nal
Wom
en’s
C
ounc
il be
com
e au
tom
atic
m
embe
rs
of
the
cons
ulta
tive
com
mitt
ees
at t
he l
evel
of
the
Cel
l,
Var
ious
pro
gram
s an
d pr
ojec
ts i
nclu
ding
aw
aren
ess
rais
ing
and
capa
city
bui
ldin
g pr
ogra
ms
have
con
tribu
ted
to t
he r
ealiz
atio
n of
ac
tive
parti
cipa
tion
of w
omen
at d
iffer
ent l
evel
s of
dec
isio
n m
akin
g as
sho
wn
by t
he f
ollo
win
g fig
ures
46:
at c
entra
l le
vel
Wom
en
Sena
tors
repr
esen
t 35%
, wom
en p
arlia
men
taria
ns re
pres
ent 5
6.25
%,
wom
en M
inis
ters
and
Min
iste
rs o
f Sta
te re
pres
ent 3
0,4%
; with
in th
e Ju
dici
ary
syst
em w
omen
rep
rese
nt 5
0%, a
nd t
he C
hief
Jus
tice
is a
w
oman
.
In t
he r
ecen
t lo
cal
gove
rnm
ent
elec
tions
(4
Feb
2O11
- 5
Mar
ch
2O11
)47: w
omen
occ
upie
d 38
,66%
of p
ositi
ons
in h
eads
of v
illag
es;
43,9
2% o
f m
embe
rs o
f C
ell
Cou
ncils
; 45
,05%
in
mem
bers
of
35
Arti
cle
54 o
f the
con
stitu
tion
of th
e R
epub
lic o
f Rw
anda
of 0
4 Ju
ne 2
003
as a
men
ded
to d
ate
stip
ulat
es th
at: P
oliti
cal o
rgan
izat
ions
are
pro
hibi
ted
from
bas
ing
them
selv
es o
n ra
ce, e
thni
c gr
oup,
trib
e, c
lan,
reg
ion,
sex
, rel
igio
n or
any
oth
er d
ivis
ion
whi
ch m
ay g
ive
rise
to d
iscr
imin
atio
n. P
oliti
cal
orga
niza
tions
mus
t co
nsta
ntly
ref
lect
the
uni
ty o
f th
e pe
ople
of
Rw
anda
and
gen
der
equa
lity
and
com
plem
enta
lity,
whe
ther
in t
he r
ecru
itmen
t of
m
embe
rs, p
uttin
g in
pla
ce o
rgan
s of
lead
ersh
ip a
nd in
thei
r ope
ratio
ns a
nd a
ctiv
ities
.
36 T
he C
ham
ber
of D
eput
ies
shal
l be
com
pose
d of
eig
hty
(80)
Dep
utie
s w
ho s
hall
incl
ude
twen
ty-fo
ur w
omen
ele
cted
by
spec
ific
coun
cils
in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith th
e S
tate
adm
inis
trativ
e en
titie
s (2
°)…
37 T
he S
enat
e sh
all b
e co
mpo
sed
of tw
enty
-six
(26)
Sen
ator
s se
rvin
g fo
r a te
rm o
f eig
ht (8
) yea
rs a
nd a
t lea
st th
irty
per c
ent (
30%
) of t
hem
sha
ll be
w
omen
….
3434
Con
vent
ion
on
the
Polit
ical
R
ight
s of
W
omen
, A
rt.
1, 2
& 3
; o
The
Prot
ocol
to
the
Afr
ican
C
harte
r on
H
uman
an
d Pe
ople
s' R
ight
s on
the
Legi
slat
ive
Ass
embl
y:
Arti
cle
338 a
nd A
rticl
e 739
Law
n°
27
/201
0 of
19
/06/
2010
re
latin
g to
el
ectio
ns:
Arti
cle
10240
,A
rticl
e 11
641,
Arti
cle
15542
, 156
43, A
rticl
e 15
744
and
Arti
cle
162)
45.
In
acco
rdan
ce
of
the
Con
stitu
tion
of
the
Rep
ublic
of
Rw
anda
and
Sect
or,
Dis
trict
an
d K
igal
i C
ity.
Polit
ical
pa
rties
ar
e re
quire
d to
in
clud
e at
lea
st 3
0% o
f w
omen
in
th
eir
list
of
cand
idat
es
for
the
parli
amen
tary
el
ectio
ns.
The
Min
istry
of
Gen
der
and
Fam
ily
Prom
otio
n w
hich
mai
nly
play
s th
e ro
le o
f pol
icy
form
ulat
ion
and
coor
dina
tion
of
Sect
ors
coun
cils
; 43,
17%
in D
istri
cts
Cou
ncils
; 37,
8% in
Exe
cutiv
e C
omm
ittee
s of
Dis
trict
s; 4
3,75
% i
n K
igal
i C
ity C
ounc
il; 3
3,3%
in
the
exec
utiv
e co
mm
ittee
of
K
igal
i C
ity;
39,4
%
in
exec
utiv
e co
mm
ittee
of
Nat
iona
l You
th C
ounc
il an
d 33
,8%
in th
e co
mm
ittee
of
the
natio
nal c
ounc
il fo
r peo
ple
with
dis
abili
ties.
Wom
en a
lso
hold
pos
ition
s in
oth
er p
ublic
fun
ctio
ns w
ith a
tota
l of
45,5
0% b
y 54
,50%
for
men
48:
0,99
% i
n m
inis
tries
and
oth
er h
igh
publ
ic in
stitu
tions
; 0,0
3% in
pro
vinc
es; 1
,51%
in D
istri
cts;
1,8
2% in
Se
ctor
s; 1
6,29
% i
n pr
imar
y ed
ucat
ion;
7,5
2% i
n se
cond
ary
(1st
cycl
e);
2,62
% i
n se
cond
ary
educ
atio
n (2
nd c
ycle
); 0,
71%
in
high
er
inst
itutio
ns;
6,3%
in
heal
th c
ente
rs;
4,29
% i
n ho
spita
ls;
3,29
% i
n
46 M
IFO
TRA
/NIS
R, p
rovi
sion
al re
sults
of c
ivil
serv
ants
cen
sus
2010
, Jan
uary
201
1 47
Nat
iona
l Ele
ctor
al C
omm
issi
on
38 R
wan
dan
repr
esen
tativ
es to
EA
LA s
hall
be d
raw
n fro
m p
oliti
cal o
rgan
izat
ions
, the
Nat
iona
l You
th C
ounc
il, th
e N
atio
nal C
ounc
il of
Wom
en a
nd th
e Fe
dera
tion
of P
eopl
e th
e D
isab
led
pers
ons
in a
ccor
danc
e w
ith th
eir r
epre
sent
atio
n in
the
parli
amen
t, th
e C
ham
ber o
fD
eput
ies.
39
The
num
ber o
f Rw
anda
n R
epre
sent
ativ
es to
EA
LA s
hall
be n
ine
(9) a
s sp
ecifi
ed in
the
East
Afri
can
Com
mun
ity T
reat
y, a
nd a
t lea
stth
irty
per c
ent (
30%
) sha
ll be
wom
en.
40 T
he C
ham
ber
of D
eput
ies
shal
l be
com
pose
d of
eig
hty
(80)
Dep
utie
s in
clud
ing
twen
ty-fo
ur (
24)
wom
en e
lect
ed a
ccor
ding
to th
e ad
min
istra
tive
entit
ies
of th
e co
untry
(2°)
…
41 T
he S
enat
e sh
all b
e co
mpo
sed
of tw
enty
-six
(26)
Sen
ator
s se
rvin
g fo
r a te
rm o
f eig
ht (
8) n
on r
enew
able
yea
rs. A
t lea
st th
irty
per
cent
(30%
) of w
hom
sha
ll be
wom
en.
42 A
t eve
ry S
ecto
r, on
e fe
mal
e m
embe
r and
one
mal
e m
embe
r of C
ounc
il sh
all b
e el
ecte
d th
roug
h di
rect
and
sec
ret b
allo
t. 43
Fem
ale
mem
bers
of
Cou
ncil
cons
titut
ing
at le
ast
thirt
y pe
r ce
nt (
30%
) of
all
Dis
trict
Cou
ncil
mem
bers
sha
ll be
ele
cted
thr
ough
indi
rect
and
sec
ret
ballo
t as
wel
l as
by
the
mem
bers
of
the
Cou
ncil
Bur
eau
of S
ecto
rs c
onst
itutin
g th
e D
istri
ct,
mem
bers
of
the
Exe
cutiv
e C
omm
ittee
of t
he N
atio
nal C
ounc
il of
Wom
en a
t the
Dis
trict
and
Sec
tor l
evel
s an
d C
oord
inat
ors
of th
e N
atio
nal C
ounc
il of
W
omen
at C
ell l
evel
. 44
Fem
ale
mem
bers
ele
cted
to
be in
the
Cou
ncil
of t
he D
istri
ct o
f C
ity o
f K
igal
i ele
ct a
mon
g th
emse
lves
the
req
uire
d nu
mbe
r of
C
ounc
il m
embe
rs w
hich
eve
ry D
istri
ct h
as to
sen
d in
the
City
of K
igal
i Cou
ncil.
45
The
ele
ctio
n of
the
exec
utiv
e co
mm
ittee
mem
bers
of t
he D
istri
ct a
nd th
e C
ity o
f Kig
ali i
s he
ld th
roug
h in
dire
ct a
nd s
ecre
t bal
lot.
Ther
e sh
all b
e at
leas
t thi
rty p
er c
ent (
30%
) of w
omen
am
ong
the
mem
bers
of t
he e
xecu
tive
com
mitt
ee.
48 M
IFO
TRA
/NIS
R, p
rinci
pals
resu
lts o
f Sta
tes
agen
ts c
ensu
s 20
10, J
anua
ry 2
011
3535
Rig
hts
of
Wom
en
in
Afr
ica,
Art.
9.
oTh
e B
eijin
g Pl
atfo
rm
for
Act
ion
(or
Bei
jing
Dec
lara
tion)
in
its
7th
criti
cal
area
of
co
ncer
n (G
).
othe
r re
leva
nt
law
s an
d po
licie
s, at
le
ast
30%
w
omen
’s r
epre
sent
atio
n is
co
nsid
ered
at
man
y le
vels
of
adm
inis
tratio
n.
impl
emen
tatio
n of
gen
der
rela
ted
activ
ities
is
si
gnifi
cant
ly c
ontri
butin
g to
act
ive
parti
cipa
tion
of
wom
en
in
deci
sion
m
akin
g.
The
Nat
iona
l W
omen
’s
Cou
ncil,
w
hich
is
re
pres
ente
d at
all
leve
ls
of a
dmin
istra
tive
entit
ies,
is p
layi
ng a
key
rol
e in
pr
omot
ing
wom
en’s
le
ader
ship
.
agen
cies
, com
mis
sion
s and
pub
lic se
rvic
es a
nd 0
,13%
in p
roje
cts.
36
36
3.2.
3.5.
Ens
urin
g eq
ual r
ight
in th
e fie
ld o
f edu
catio
n an
d tr
aini
ng
Inst
rum
ents
and
its
rel
evan
t ar
ticle
s
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
Polic
ies
and
inst
itutio
ns
arra
ngem
ents
Pr
ojec
ts a
nd p
rogr
amm
es
-The
Con
vent
ion
on th
e El
imin
atio
n of
all
form
s of
Dis
crim
inat
ions
ag
ains
t Wom
en,
Art.
10;
-T
he
Prot
ocol
to
th
e A
fric
an
Cha
rter
on H
uman
an
d Pe
ople
s' R
ight
s on
th
e R
ight
s of
Wom
en
in A
fric
a, A
rt. 1
2.
-The
B
eijin
g Pl
atfo
rm
for
Act
ion
(or
Bei
jing
Dec
lara
tion)
in
its
criti
cal
area
of
co
ncer
n 2
(B).
Polic
y an
d le
gisl
ativ
e ch
ange
s: m
easu
res
have
be
en
take
n to
ad
vanc
e ge
nder
equ
ality
at a
ll le
vels
of
edu
catio
n. T
he a
dopt
ion
of
the
Nat
iona
l G
ende
r Po
licy
(200
4 &
200
9),
the
laun
ch
of
the
Uni
vers
al
Prim
ary
Educ
atio
n in
200
7,
the
adop
tion
of t
he G
irl’s
Ed
ucat
ion
Polic
y (2
008)
, th
e pr
omot
ion
of
priv
ate
scho
ols
and
univ
ersi
ties
are
amon
g m
easu
res
that
up
hold
the
lev
el o
f ge
nder
eq
ualit
y re
ache
d in
ed
ucat
ion
in g
ener
al.
This
is
illu
stra
ted
in t
he g
ende
r pa
rity
reac
hed
at p
rimar
y ed
ucat
ion
leve
l an
d th
e
Prog
ram
s and
pro
ject
s: fr
ee a
nd c
ompu
lsor
y pr
imar
y ed
ucat
ion,
intro
duct
ion
of N
ine
Yea
r B
asic
Edu
catio
n, t
he m
ultip
licat
ion
of c
ente
rs o
f ex
celle
nce
thro
ugh
FAW
E pr
ojec
t, TU
SEM
E (le
t us
talk
) Clu
bs a
t sch
ools
, the
cre
atio
n of
GB
V c
lubs
in s
econ
dary
and
terti
ary
educ
atio
n, g
ivin
g aw
ards
to
girls
with
bes
t pe
rfor
man
ce i
n sc
ienc
e, c
onst
ruct
ion
of m
ore
faci
litie
s to
add
ress
the
thor
ny is
sue
of a
ccom
mod
atio
n fo
r w
omen
and
girl
s’ s
tude
nts,
are
part
of p
rogr
ams t
hat h
ave
boos
ted
wom
en’s
par
ticip
atio
n in
edu
catio
n.
Gen
der
parit
y ha
s be
com
e a
real
ity in
priv
ate
univ
ersi
ties;
FA
WE
scho
ols
have
fac
ilita
ted
acce
ss to
sig
nific
ant n
umbe
rs o
f girl
s to
scie
nce
educ
atio
n. S
epar
ate
toile
ts w
ere
cons
truct
ed
in 2
1 ou
t of 3
0 di
stric
t prim
ary
scho
ols t
o st
op g
irls’
dro
p-ou
ts.
The
stat
istic
s49 a
t all
leve
l of
the
educ
atio
n sy
stem
pro
vide
s di
sagg
rega
ted
data
by
sex
for
the
last
thre
e ye
ars,
and
girls
atte
ndan
ce w
as a
s fol
low
:
-In
pre-
prim
ary
educ
atio
n: 5
1,1%
of f
emal
e st
uden
ts in
200
8; 5
1,4%
in 2
009,
and
51.
5%
in 2
010.
The
enr
olm
ent o
f gi
rls in
pre
-prim
ary
is g
reat
er th
at o
f bo
ys. C
omm
uniti
es a
nd
Pare
nts a
re e
ncou
rage
d to
par
ticip
ate
mor
e at
this
leve
l. -I
n pr
imar
y ed
ucat
ion:
50,
9% in
200
8; 5
0,8%
in 2
009
and
50,7
% in
201
0. A
t thi
s le
vel,
girls
show
hig
her e
nrol
men
t tha
n bo
ys.
-In
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion:
the
girl
s at
tend
ance
was
: 47
,8%
in
2008
; 49
% i
n 20
09 a
nd
50,7
% in
201
0. T
he sc
hool
age
of s
econ
dary
edu
catio
n is
13
to 1
8. A
t thi
s lev
el, g
irls s
how
49MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010 (ANNEXES III, IV, V, VI and VII)
3737
incr
ease
of
w
omen
’s
num
bers
in
hi
gher
ed
ucat
ion
that
ro
se
from
1,
283
in 1
997
to 1
5,46
5 in
20
07. I
t is
wor
th n
otin
g th
at
preg
nant
gi
rls
are
not
expe
lled
out
of s
choo
l an
d m
arrie
d w
omen
can
atte
nd
scho
ol.
high
er e
nrol
men
t th
an b
oys
at l
ower
sec
onda
ry w
hich
is
the
reve
rse
at t
he u
pper
se
cond
ary.
-I
n T
ertia
ry e
duca
tion:
We
have
30
high
er l
earn
ing
inst
itutio
ns o
f w
hich
17
are
publ
ic
inst
itutio
ns. T
he e
nrol
lmen
t of m
ales
at h
ighe
r ins
titut
ions
is h
ighe
r tha
n th
e en
rollm
ent o
f fe
mal
e in
pub
lic i
nstit
utio
ns w
hile
fem
ales
are
hig
her
(55%
) th
an o
f m
ales
in
priv
ate
inst
itutio
ns. T
he r
ate
of f
emal
e st
uden
ts i
n pu
blic
ins
titut
ions
of
terti
ary
educ
atio
n is
as
follo
w: 3
2,10
% in
200
8; 3
2,7%
in 2
009
and
32,9
% in
201
0.
38
38
3.2.
3.6.
Pre
vent
ing
and
elim
inat
ing
disc
rim
inat
ion
agai
nst w
omen
in th
e fie
ld o
f hea
lth c
are
Inst
rum
ents
and
re
leva
nt a
rtic
les
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
law
s and
pol
icie
s Pr
ojec
ts a
nd p
rogr
amm
es50
-Th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
th
e El
imin
atio
n of
al
l fo
rms
of
Dis
crim
inat
ions
ag
ains
t W
omen
, A
rt. 1
2;
-Th
e Pr
otoc
ol t
o th
e A
fric
an C
harte
r on
H
uman
and
Peo
ples
' R
ight
s on
the
Rig
hts
of
Wom
en
in
Afr
ica,
Art.
14.
-
The
Bei
jing
Dec
lara
tion
(and
Pl
atfo
rm
for
Act
ion)
, cr
itica
l ar
ea o
f con
cern
C.
Polic
y an
d le
gisl
ativ
e ch
ange
s: th
e C
onst
itutio
n of
Jun
e, 2
003
(Art.
41)
st
ress
es t
hat
“All
citiz
ens
have
the
right
s an
d du
ties
rela
ting
to h
ealth
”. T
his
prov
isio
n ha
s be
en
trans
late
d in
to
actio
n th
roug
h im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
Nat
iona
l H
ealth
Po
licy,
th
e N
atio
nal
Stra
tegi
c Pl
an
for
HIV
an
d A
IDS
2009
-201
2 an
d th
e N
atio
nal
Acc
eler
ated
Pl
an
or
Wom
en,
Girl
s, G
ende
r Eq
ualit
y &
HIV
20
10-2
014.
Th
is
resu
lted
into
aw
aren
ess
risin
g of
th
e po
pula
tions
re
achi
ng
an
impo
rtant
rat
e of
wom
en
Del
iver
y in
Hea
lth C
ente
rs:
from
39%
in
2005
to
52%
in
2008
; In
fant
Mor
talit
y ra
te:
from
86
/100
0 liv
e bi
rths
in 2
005
to 6
2/10
00 l
ive
birth
s in
200
8; m
ater
nal
mor
talit
y ra
te:
from
10
71/1
00,0
00 li
ve b
irths
in 2
000
to 7
50/1
00,0
00 li
ve b
irths
in 2
009.
Prog
ram
s an
d pr
ojec
ts: t
he m
edic
al in
sura
nce
for t
he p
opul
atio
ns c
omm
only
cal
led
“Mut
uelle
s de
san
té”
(in it
s Fr
ench
ver
sion
), en
able
s po
or p
eopl
e, a
mon
g w
hom
wom
en a
re th
e m
ajor
ity, t
o ac
cess
hea
lth c
are
serv
ices
inc
ludi
ng r
epro
duct
ive
heal
thca
re s
ervi
ces.
In e
stab
lishi
ng t
he
“Pro
gram
me
Nat
iona
l po
ur L
utte
r C
ontr
e le
Pal
udis
me
(PN
LP)”
, ai
med
at
fight
ing
mal
aria
, pr
egna
nt w
omen
wer
e id
entif
ied
as v
ulne
rabl
e gr
oup
and
wer
e pr
ovid
ed w
ith i
nsec
ticid
e im
preg
nate
d be
d ne
ts (6
2,3%
slee
ping
und
er b
ed n
ets)
and
chi
ldre
n le
ss th
an 5
yea
rs (5
8%).
This
co
ntrib
uted
to th
e de
crea
se o
f the
num
ber o
f mal
aria
cas
es in
hos
pita
ls, f
rom
720
,270
in 2
005
to
464,
823
in 2
008,
the
cove
rage
bei
ng 6
4.7%
(mor
e th
an th
e A
buja
targ
et w
hich
is 6
0%).
Hea
lth A
dviso
rs a
ll ov
er t
he C
ount
ry m
obili
ze a
nd m
onito
r th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of h
ealth
pr
ogra
ms
in c
omm
unity
, and
sen
sitiz
e pr
egna
nt w
omen
acr
oss
the
coun
try to
vis
it an
d gi
ve b
irth
in h
ealth
faci
litie
s (66
% o
f pre
gnan
t wom
en d
eliv
er in
hea
lth fa
cilit
ies)
.
The
Nat
iona
l AID
S C
ontro
l Com
mis
sion
(CN
LS) h
as g
row
n an
d de
cent
raliz
ed it
s se
rvic
es to
the
dist
rict
leve
l an
d TR
AC
has
bee
n m
erge
d w
ith o
ther
dis
ease
(Tu
berc
ulos
is a
nd m
alar
ia)
prev
entio
n an
d co
ntro
l pr
ogra
mm
es t
o be
com
e TR
AC
plu
s. Th
is h
as r
esul
ted
into
sig
nific
ant
prog
ress
on
HIV
/AID
S an
d ot
her d
isea
se c
oord
inat
ion
mec
hani
sm. A
ll in
dica
tors
hav
e in
crea
sed
50
Dat
a pr
ovid
ed b
y M
INIS
AN
TE d
urin
g th
e in
terv
iew
s.
3939
(94%
) an
d m
en
(98%
) w
ho
know
at
leas
t on
e co
ntra
cept
ive
met
hod.
As
an
indi
catio
n of
ot
her
trem
endo
us
impr
ovem
ents
th
at
have
be
en m
ade,
the
rat
es i
n co
ntra
cept
ive
prev
alen
ce
with
al
l m
etho
ds
rose
fr
om 1
7% in
200
5 to
36%
in
20
08;
cont
race
ptiv
e pr
eval
ence
m
oder
n m
etho
ds:
from
10
%
in
2005
to 2
7.5%
in 2
008;
over
the
year
s: 9
8% o
f tar
gete
d pr
egna
nt w
omen
are
cou
nsel
ed a
nd te
sted
, and
the
HIV
rate
has
re
duce
d fr
om 9
,1%
(200
3) to
2,6
% in
201
0.
On
May
12,
201
1, t
he F
irst
Lady
, Je
anet
te K
AG
AM
E, o
ffic
ially
lau
nche
d th
e Pr
even
tion
of
Mot
her t
o C
hild
Tra
nsm
issi
on o
f HIV
(PM
TCT)
cam
paig
n. T
his
prog
ram
me
bega
n in
200
0 an
d no
w, 8
2% o
f he
alth
cen
ters
cou
ntry
wid
e of
fer
PMTC
T se
rvic
es. B
ased
on
stat
istic
s sh
e no
ted
that
with
out t
hese
ser
vice
s, 20
of
child
ren
born
ann
ually
wou
ld b
e in
fect
ed w
ith H
IV a
t birt
h,
whe
reas
5 to
20%
wou
ld a
cqui
re th
e vi
rus
thro
ugh
brea
stfe
edin
g. T
he c
ampa
ign
is in
line
with
U
NA
IDS
call
for t
he e
limin
atio
n of
mot
her t
o ch
ild tr
ansm
issi
on b
y 20
1551
.
Oth
er o
ngoi
ng p
rogr
ams:
•
The
Nat
iona
l Acc
eler
ated
Pla
n W
omen
, Girl
s, G
ende
r Eq
ualit
y &
HIV
201
0-20
14 a
ims
to
achi
eve
thre
e ov
erar
chin
g im
pact
s by
2014
; •
From
26
to 2
7/04
/201
1, th
e M
inis
try o
f H
ealth
has
sta
rted
vacc
inat
ing
youn
g gi
rls a
gain
st
canc
er o
f th
e ce
rvix
that
is c
ause
d by
HPV
(ge
nita
l hum
an p
apill
omav
irus)
: Rw
anda
is th
e fir
st c
ount
ry to
con
duct
this
cam
paig
n in
Afr
ica.
Wom
en a
ged
betw
een
35 a
nd 4
5 w
ill b
enef
it fr
om th
e pr
ogra
m th
roug
h co
nsul
tatio
n an
d tre
atm
ent i
f tes
ted
posi
tive;
•
Sinc
e Fe
brua
ry 2
011,
the
Min
istry
of
Hea
lth e
mpl
oys
coun
selo
rs i
n al
l he
alth
cen
ters
and
ho
spita
ls. T
he c
ouns
elor
s pr
ovid
e fa
mily
pla
nnin
g se
rvic
es a
nd it
is e
xpec
ted
that
by
the
end
of 2
012,
the
num
ber o
f cou
ples
usi
ng fa
mily
pla
nnin
g m
etho
ds w
ill re
ach
70%
aga
inst
53%
in
201
0;
•Sh
elte
rs fo
r vic
tims
of s
exua
l vio
lenc
e "O
ne S
top
Cen
tre"
wer
e cr
eate
d in
the
Polic
e H
ospi
tal
of K
acyi
ru (
Kig
ali C
ity)
and
in G
ihun
dwe
Hos
pita
l (W
este
rn P
rovi
nce)
. One
Sto
p C
ente
rs
are
equi
pped
with
a p
olic
e of
ficer
, a g
ynec
olog
ist,
a tra
uma
coun
selo
r and
a la
wye
r. In
thes
e ce
nter
s, vi
ctim
s ar
e tre
ated
fre
e of
cha
rge
and
are
prov
ided
with
a s
uita
ble
room
whe
re th
e vi
ctim
can
rela
x an
d be
reas
sure
d be
fore
retu
rnin
g to
hom
e.
51
http
:/ww
w.m
oh.g
ov.rw
, con
sulte
d on
May
17,
201
1.
40
40
3.2.
3.7.
Elim
inat
ing
disc
rim
inat
ion
in a
reas
of e
cono
mic
and
soci
al li
fe
Inst
rum
ents
and
re
leva
nt a
rtic
les
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
law
s and
pol
icie
s Pr
ojec
ts a
nd p
rogr
amm
es
-The
Con
vent
ion
on th
e El
imin
atio
n of
all
form
s of
Dis
crim
inat
ions
A
gain
st W
omen
, A
rt. 3
, 13,
14
-The
Pr
otoc
ol
to
the
Afr
ican
C
harte
r on
Hum
an
and
Peop
les'
Rig
hts
on
the
Rig
hts
of W
omen
in
Afr
ica,
Art.
18.
-B
eijin
gD
ecla
ratio
n an
d Pl
atfo
rm
for
Act
ion,
its
crit
ical
ar
ea o
f co
ncer
n A
&
F
Rw
anda
has
pro
mul
gate
d th
e La
w
on
mat
rimon
ial
regi
mes
, lib
eral
ities
an
d su
cces
sion
s (1
999)
, th
e la
nd
law
(20
05),
the
labo
ur l
aw
(200
9),
whi
ch a
ll ha
ve b
een
very
in
stru
men
tal
with
re
gard
s to
ec
onom
ic
empo
wer
men
t of
w
omen
w
ith r
egar
d to
acc
ess
to a
nd
cont
rol o
ver r
esou
rces
. Th
e N
atio
nal
Gen
der
Polic
y (2
004)
re
view
ed
in
2010
fu
rther
ad
voca
tes
for
wom
en’s
ca
paci
ty
build
ing
and
econ
omic
em
pow
erm
ent
amon
g ot
her
appr
oach
es,
to
addr
ess
the
fem
inin
e fa
ce o
f po
verty
.
The
impl
emen
tatio
n of
eco
nom
ic e
mpo
wer
men
t pr
ogra
m a
nd r
elat
ed p
roje
cts
trans
late
d am
ong
othe
r th
ings
int
o th
e es
tabl
ishm
ent
of w
omen
’s b
anki
ng f
und,
gre
ater
acc
ess
for
mid
dle
clas
s bu
sine
ss w
omen
to
cred
its a
vaile
d bo
th b
y ba
nks
and
othe
r fin
anci
ng
inst
itutio
ns, o
peni
ng a
nd fu
ndin
g a
cred
it fu
nd a
t eac
h di
stric
t to
help
gra
ntin
g sm
all l
oans
to
rura
l wom
en fo
r the
ir se
lf-em
pow
erm
ent.
The
dist
ribut
ion
of u
tiliz
atio
n of
wom
en g
uara
ntee
fund
in d
iffer
ent s
ecto
rs o
f act
ivity
is a
s fo
llow
: 15%
of t
he g
uara
ntee
fund
was
use
d in
ser
vice
s de
liver
y; 6
2% in
com
mer
ce; 9
% in
tra
nspo
rt; 1
3% in
agr
icul
ture
; and
oth
er s
ervi
ces
shar
ed 1
%. T
he b
igge
r am
ount
of t
he fu
nd
was
use
d in
Kig
ali C
ity w
ith th
e ra
te o
f 39%
, whi
le 2
0% u
sed
in S
outh
ern
Prov
ince
; 14%
in
Wes
tern
pro
vinc
e; 3
% i
n N
orth
and
24%
in
East
ern
Prov
ince
. The
inv
olve
d ba
nkin
g an
d cr
edit
inst
itutio
ns a
re B
PR c
over
ing
65,1
%; Z
IGA
MA
CSS
with
23,
7%; C
OM
ICO
KA
with
5,
2%; B
CR
with
2,8
%; A
mas
ezer
ano
Com
mer
cial
Ban
king
with
1,8
% a
nd B
K w
ith 1
,5%
. O
ther
impo
rtan
t ini
tiativ
es in
clud
e:
Savi
ngs
and
Cre
dit
Coo
pera
tive
« C
OO
PED
U »
in
itiat
ed
by W
omen
’s
asso
ciat
ion
“DU
TER
IMB
ERE,
Cha
mbe
r of
Wom
en E
ntre
pren
eurs
in P
rivat
e Se
ctor
Fed
erat
ion
(PSF
); th
e B
ranc
h fo
r W
omen
Pro
mot
ion
in B
PR (
BPP
F); S
avin
gs a
nd C
redi
t Coo
pera
tives
bas
ed
in e
ach
sect
or c
alle
d U
mur
enge
SA
CC
O, U
mw
arim
u SA
CC
O, e
tcA
ctiv
ities
und
er M
INIC
OM
: th
e PP
MER
in
partn
ersh
ip w
ith B
anqu
e Po
pula
ire
du
Rwan
da,
finan
ces
a fu
nd w
hich
sup
ports
rur
al a
rtisa
ns a
t a
rate
of
11%
. Th
e ag
reem
ent
betw
een
PPM
ER II
and
IFA
D p
rovi
des
that
at l
east
30%
for p
roje
ct b
enef
icia
ries
shou
ld b
e w
omen
. On
Apr
il 29
, 201
1 th
e ra
te o
f w
omen
ben
efiti
ng f
rom
that
pro
ject
was
57%
. The
m
embe
rs o
f th
ese
smal
l an
d m
icro
rur
al e
nter
pris
es b
enef
it al
so f
rom
the
proj
ect c
apac
ity
4141
build
ing
prog
ram
mes
in d
iffer
ent a
reas
aim
ed a
t mak
ing
wom
en’s
act
iviti
es su
stai
nabl
e.
Act
iviti
es u
nder
RC
A: c
urre
ntly
, 3.5
00 c
oope
rativ
es a
re re
gist
ered
, am
ong
whi
ch 6
0% a
re
in a
gric
ultu
re a
nd li
vest
ock.
On
the
requ
est o
f M
IGEP
RO
F, a
cen
sus
is b
eing
con
duct
ed to
kn
ow th
e ex
act n
umbe
r of w
omen
in c
oope
rativ
es.
Act
iviti
es u
nder
EW
SA: 8
5% o
f the
pop
ulat
ions
hav
e ac
cess
to d
rinki
ng w
ater
and
14%
are
co
nnec
ted
to th
e el
ectri
city
: MIN
INFR
A p
rovi
des t
hat i
n 7
year
s, 54
% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
will
be
con
nect
ed to
the
elec
trici
ty (M
ININ
FRA
dec
lara
tion
of 0
8/05
/201
1).
Act
ivity
und
er M
INE
CO
FIN
: as
the
Min
istry
of
Fina
nce
and
Econ
omic
Pla
nnin
g is
re
spon
sibl
e fo
r pl
anni
ng a
nd m
anag
ing
the
Rw
anda
n ec
onom
y, i
t pl
ays
a cr
itica
l ro
le o
f en
surin
g th
at t
he G
over
nmen
t’s b
udge
ts f
ollo
w G
over
nmen
t’s p
olic
ies
incl
udin
g na
tiona
l co
mm
itmen
ts t
o ge
nder
equ
ality
obj
ectiv
es. A
Gen
der
Res
pons
ive
Bud
getin
g Pr
ojec
t w
as
initi
ated
by
MIN
ECO
FIN
in
colla
bora
tion
with
MIG
EPR
OF.
The
ann
exe
VII
I in
dica
tes
budg
et a
lloca
tion
for g
ende
r iss
ues i
n th
e St
ate
Fina
nces
from
200
8 to
201
0/20
11.
Oth
er d
iffer
ent
proj
ects
wer
e im
plem
ente
d un
der
diff
eren
t m
inis
tries
and
gov
ernm
ent
inst
itutio
ns (s
ee th
e de
tails
in a
nnex
ed ta
ble
n° 1
2).
42
42
3.2.
3.8.
Equ
al r
ight
s in
all m
atte
rs r
elat
ing
to m
arri
age
and
fam
ily r
elat
ions
Inst
rum
ents
and
re
leva
nt a
rtic
les
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
Leg
isla
tions
Pr
ojec
ts/p
rogr
amm
es
-Th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
th
e El
imin
atio
n of
al
l fo
rms
of
Dis
crim
inat
ions
A
gain
st
Wom
en,
Art.
5, 9
, 15,
16;
-
The
Con
vent
ion
on
Con
sent
to
M
arria
ge,
Min
imum
Age
for
M
arria
ge
and
Reg
istra
tion
of
Mar
riage
s. -
The
Prot
ocol
to th
e A
fric
an C
harte
r on
H
uman
an
d Pe
ople
s' R
ight
s on
th
e R
ight
s of
W
omen
in
A
fric
a,
Art.
6.
•T
he C
onst
itutio
n of
the
Rep
ublic
of
Rw
anda
of
04/0
6/20
03 a
s am
ende
d to
da
teTh
e m
arria
ge is
pro
tect
ed b
y th
e co
nstit
utio
n of
the
Rep
ublic
of R
wan
da, e
spec
ially
in
its A
rticl
es 2
6 an
d 27
. Und
er A
rticl
e 26
the
Con
stitu
tion
prov
ides
that
“N
o pe
rson
m
ay b
e m
arrie
d w
ithou
t his
/her
fre
e co
nsen
t” a
nd th
at “
Parti
es to
a m
arria
ge h
ave
equa
l rig
hts a
nd o
blig
atio
ns u
pon
and
durin
g th
e su
bsis
tenc
e of
thei
r mar
riage
and
at
the
time
of d
ivor
ce”.
A
rticl
e 27
read
s in
par
t tha
t “Th
e St
ate
shal
l put
in p
lace
app
ropr
iate
legi
slat
ion
and
inst
itutio
ns fo
r the
pro
tect
ion
of th
e fa
mily
and
the
mot
her a
nd c
hild
in p
artic
ular
in
orde
r to
ensu
re th
at th
e fa
mily
flou
rishe
s”.
•L
aw n
° 22
/199
9 of
12/
11/1
999
on m
atri
mon
ial
regi
me,
lib
eral
ities
and
su
cces
sion
sTh
e A
rticl
e 43
pro
vide
s th
at “
All
child
ren
with
out d
iscr
imin
atio
n be
twee
n bo
ys a
nd
girls
... a
re e
ntitl
ed to
sha
re …
mad
e by
thei
r de
scen
dant
s”. T
he a
rticl
e 50
pro
vide
s th
at “
All
legi
timat
e ch
ildre
n of
the
dec
ease
d, i
n ac
cord
ance
with
the
civ
il la
ws,
inhe
rit in
equ
al p
arts
, with
out a
ny d
iscr
imin
atio
n be
twee
n m
ale
and
fem
ale
child
ren.
•L
aw n
° 27
/200
1 of
28/
04/2
001
rela
ting
to r
ight
s an
d pr
otec
tion
of th
e ch
ild
agai
nst v
iole
nce
Arti
cle
6 re
cogn
izes
that
“A
chi
ld b
orn
of a
Rw
ande
se m
othe
r with
a fa
ther
who
is a
Man
y ac
tiviti
es a
nd p
rogr
ams
have
bee
n do
ne b
y pu
blic
inst
itutio
ns a
nd c
ivil
soci
ety
orga
niza
tions
to
sens
itize
wom
en a
nd m
en o
n th
e im
porta
nce
of
equa
l rig
hts
in a
ll m
atte
rs r
elat
ing
to m
arria
ge a
nd
fam
ily r
elat
ions
. Y
et,
the
case
s re
gist
ered
by
civi
l so
ciet
y or
gani
zatio
ns a
re i
ncre
asin
g du
e es
peci
ally
to
the
pop
ulat
ion
beco
min
g m
ore
awar
e of
the
ir rig
hts
and
thus
abl
e to
see
k re
dres
s in
cas
e of
vi
olat
ions
. Fo
r ex
ampl
e, H
AG
UR
UK
A –
one
of
the
Civ
il So
ciet
y O
rgan
isat
ion
wor
king
for
the
prot
ectio
n of
th
e rig
hts
of w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n ha
s re
ceiv
ed
115.
705
com
plai
nts
in 2
008
and
126.
101
in 2
00952
.C
ases
re
ceiv
ed
basi
cally
re
late
d to
Pa
tern
ity,
Alim
ony,
Rig
ht t
o pr
oper
ty,
Inhe
ritan
ce,
Prop
erty
m
anag
emen
t, D
ivor
ce/le
gal
sepa
ratio
n/an
nulm
ent
of m
arria
ge
Gua
rdia
nshi
p/ad
optio
n, E
man
cipa
tion,
Sat
isfa
ctio
n of
jud
gem
ent,
Wel
fare
allo
wan
ce (
SSFR
), V
ario
us
oblig
atio
ns,
Abs
ence
/dec
lara
tion
of
deat
h,
Chi
ldca
re, S
ale
canc
ella
tion,
D&
I, C
redi
t and
deb
t,
52
See
AN
NEX
IX fo
r det
ails
4343
fore
igne
r ha
s au
tom
atic
ally
a R
wan
dan
citiz
en”;
and
Arti
cle
7 st
ipul
ates
tha
t “A
s lo
ng a
s th
e ch
ild is
und
er s
ix y
ears
old
, he/
she
mus
t be
in h
is/h
er m
othe
r’s
care
as
long
as t
he c
hild
’s in
tere
sts a
re n
ot th
reat
ened
”.
•O
rgan
ic
Law
n°
08
/200
5 of
14
/07/
2005
de
term
inin
g th
e us
e an
d m
anag
emen
t of l
and
in R
wan
da
Arti
cle
4 of
this
law
stip
ulat
es th
at “
Any
dis
crim
inat
ion
eith
er b
ased
on
sex
or o
rigin
in
mat
ters
rel
atin
g to
ow
ners
hip
or p
osse
ssio
n of
rig
hts
over
the
land
is p
rohi
bite
d.
The
wife
and
the
husb
and
have
equ
al ri
ghts
ove
r the
land
”.
•O
rgan
ic L
aw n
° 30/
2008
of 2
5/07
/200
8 re
latin
g to
Rw
anda
n N
atio
nalit
y A
rticl
e 6
of th
is la
w p
rovi
des
that
“Sh
all b
e R
wan
dan
any
pers
on w
hose
one
of t
he
pare
nts
is R
wan
dan”
; an
d A
rticl
e 11
stip
ulat
es t
hat
“Any
for
eign
er o
r st
atel
ess
pers
on m
arrie
d to
a R
wan
dan
may
acq
uire
Rw
anda
n na
tiona
lity
afte
r thr
ee (3
) yea
rs
from
the
date
of m
arria
ge. D
isso
lutio
n of
mar
riage
afte
r the
acq
uisi
tion
of R
wan
dan
natio
nalit
y ca
nnot
hav
e ad
vers
e ef
fect
on
the
natio
nalit
y ac
quire
d in
goo
d fa
ith b
y th
e sp
ouse
and
the
child
ren
born
of t
hat m
arria
ge”.
•L
aw n
° 10/
2009
of 1
4/05
/200
9 on
mor
tgag
es
Arti
cle
5 La
w n
° 10
/200
9 of
14/
05/2
009
on m
ortg
ages
sta
tes
that
“A
mor
tgag
e of
a
mat
rimon
ial h
ome
shal
l be
valid
onl
y if
any
docu
men
t or a
ny o
ther
inst
rum
ent u
sed
in o
btai
ning
suc
h a
mor
tgag
e is
sig
ned
by b
oth
the
mor
tgag
or a
nd h
is/h
er s
pous
e liv
ing
in th
at m
atrim
onia
l hom
e, o
r w
here
ther
e is
evi
denc
e of
con
sens
us b
etw
een
them
so
as to
gra
nt th
e m
ortg
age”
and
“Th
e m
ortg
age
shal
l hav
e th
e re
spon
sibi
lity
to e
nsur
e w
heth
er o
r not
the
mor
tgag
or h
as a
spou
se”.
Dep
rivat
ion
of p
aren
tal a
utho
rity,
etc
.
44
44
3.2.
3.9.
Tak
e al
l ap
prop
riat
e m
easu
res,
incl
udin
g le
gisla
tion,
to
supp
ress
all
form
s of
tra
ffic
in
wom
en a
nd
expl
oita
tion
of p
rost
itutio
n of
wom
en
Inst
rum
ents
and
ar
ticle
s M
easu
res t
aken
and
ach
ieve
men
ts: l
aws a
nd p
olic
ies
-Th
e C
onve
ntio
n on
th
e El
imin
atio
n of
al
l for
ms o
f D
iscr
imin
atio
ns
agai
nst W
omen
, A
rt. 6
; -
The
Con
vent
ion
for
the
supp
ress
ion
of
the
traff
ic
in
pers
ons
and
of t
he
expl
oita
tion
of t
he
pros
titut
ion
of
othe
rs, A
rt. 1
, 2, 3
, 4
Law
n°
27/2
001
0f 2
8/04
/200
1 re
latin
g to
righ
ts a
nd p
rote
ctio
n of
the
child
aga
inst
vio
lenc
e pr
ovid
es c
rimes
aga
inst
chi
ldre
n an
d th
eir
pena
lties
in m
atte
rs o
f eng
agin
g a
child
in fo
rnic
atio
n an
d pr
ostit
utio
n as
follo
ws:
Arti
cle
38:
“Who
ever
attr
acts
per
suad
es o
r de
ceiv
es a
chi
ld t
o co
mm
it he
r/him
to
pros
titut
ion
or f
orni
catio
n, s
hall
be s
ente
nced
to
impr
ison
men
t of b
etw
een
thre
e m
onth
s and
five
yea
rs a
nd p
ay a
fine
of b
etw
een
of te
n th
ousa
nd a
nd o
ne h
undr
ed th
ousa
nd fr
ancs
”.
Arti
cle
39:
“Who
ever
by
his/
her
initi
ativ
e or
thr
ough
som
eone
els
e, l
eads
, ke
eps
or p
rovi
des
fund
s kn
owin
gly
to s
uppo
rt ch
ild
pros
titut
ion
shal
l be
sent
ence
d to
impr
ison
men
t of b
etw
een
five
year
s to
ten
year
s and
pay
a fi
ne o
f bet
wee
n tw
o hu
ndre
d th
ousa
nd a
nd
five
hund
red
thou
sand
fran
cs”.
Arti
cle
40: “
Any
one
who
ben
efits
from
pro
stitu
tion
of a
chi
ld o
r kno
win
gly
is g
iven
and
acc
epts
ass
ista
nce
wel
l aw
are
that
it is
from
a
child
's pr
ostit
utio
n sh
all b
e se
nten
ced
to im
pris
onm
ent o
f bet
wee
n tw
o ye
ars a
nd fi
ve y
ears
. Who
ever
use
s chi
ldre
n or
exp
loits
them
for
nigh
t ac
tiviti
es a
imed
at
adve
rtisi
ng p
rost
itutio
n or
as
inte
rest
arou
sing
mea
ns i
n po
rnog
raph
ic p
ublic
atio
ns,
shal
l be
sen
tenc
ed t
o im
pris
onm
ent o
f bet
wee
n fiv
e ye
ars a
nd tw
elve
yea
rs a
nd p
ay a
fine
of b
etw
een
two
hund
red
thou
sand
five
hun
dred
thou
sand
fran
cs”.
Arti
cle
41: “
Who
ever
kid
naps
, sel
ls o
r le
ads
child
ren
into
sla
very
, sha
ll be
sen
tenc
ed to
impr
ison
men
t of
betw
een
five
year
s an
d lif
e im
pris
onm
ent a
nd p
ay a
fine
of b
etw
een
two
hund
red
thou
sand
to fi
ve h
undr
ed th
ousa
nd fr
ancs
”.
Law
n° 5
9/20
08 o
f 10/
09/2
008
on p
reve
ntio
n an
d pu
nish
men
t of g
ende
r bas
ed v
iole
nce
prov
ides
pen
alty
for g
ende
r bas
ed h
uman
tra
ffic
king
in it
s Arti
cle
28 w
hich
read
s as f
ollo
ws:
“A
ny p
erso
n gu
ilty
of g
ende
r bas
ed v
iole
nce
shal
l be
liabl
e to
impr
ison
men
t of
fifte
en (1
5) y
ears
to tw
enty
(20)
yea
rs a
nd a
fine
bet
wee
n fiv
e hu
ndre
d th
ousa
nd (5
00.0
00 R
wf)
Rw
anda
n fr
ancs
and
two
mill
ion
(2.0
00.0
00 R
wf)
Rw
anda
n fr
ancs
.
4545
3.2.
3.10
. Pro
tect
ing
wom
en in
arm
ed c
onfli
cts a
nd p
ost-
conf
lict s
ituat
ions
Inst
rum
ents
and
art
icle
s co
ncer
ned
Mea
sure
s tak
en a
nd a
chie
vem
ents
UN
Sec
urity
Cou
ncil
Res
olut
ion
1325
on
Wom
en,
Peac
e an
d Se
curit
y;
UN
Se
curit
y C
ounc
il R
esol
utio
n 18
20
on
sexu
al
viol
ence
in a
rmed
con
flict
and
po
st-c
onfli
ct si
tuat
ions
; U
N G
ener
al A
ssem
bly
Res
olut
ion
62/1
34 o
n El
imin
atin
g ra
pe a
nd o
ther
fo
rms o
f sex
ual v
iole
nce
in a
ll th
eir m
anife
stat
ions
, inc
ludi
ng
in c
onfli
ct a
nd re
late
d si
tuat
ions
; Th
e Pr
otoc
ol o
n pr
even
tion
and
supp
ress
ion
of
sexu
al v
iole
nce
in th
e G
reat
La
kes R
egio
n
Proj
ects
and
pro
gram
mes
:R
wan
da W
omen
(m
ilita
ry s
ervi
ce o
r po
lice
wom
en)
play
an
impo
rtant
rol
e in
pea
ce k
eepi
ng i
nitia
tives
sin
ce
2004
in D
arfu
r &
Kha
rtoum
(Su
dan)
, Haï
ti, I
vory
Cos
t and
Lib
eria
: fro
m 2
004
to 2
011,
455
wom
en s
oldi
ers
mem
bers
of R
DF
parti
cipa
ted
in p
eace
kee
ping
in d
iffer
ent c
ount
ries.
The
stat
istic
s fr
om th
e M
inis
try o
f Int
erna
l Sec
urity
indi
cate
that
the
perc
enta
ge o
f wom
en in
Nat
iona
l Pol
ice
and
Pris
on G
uard
s is
stil
l lo
w, w
ith o
nly
10%
in
Polic
e an
d 0,
21%
of
Pris
ons
guar
ds, h
owev
er, i
t is
exp
ecte
d to
in
crea
se in
acc
orda
nce
with
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ill a
nd p
olic
y.
In r
efug
ee c
amps
, di
ffer
ent
stru
ctur
es a
re c
reat
ed t
o be
tter
run
the
daily
pro
blem
s of
ref
ugee
s lik
e he
alth
, se
curit
y an
d G
ende
r B
ased
Vio
lenc
e, e
tc;
and
wom
en a
re r
epre
sent
ed a
t ea
ch l
evel
of
thes
e ad
min
istra
tive
stru
ctur
es.
Nat
iona
l C
omm
issi
on o
f D
emob
iliza
tion
and
Rei
nteg
ratio
n is
ela
bora
ting
an a
ctio
n pl
an o
n ge
nder
, to
ad
dres
s par
ticul
ar p
robl
ems o
f dem
obili
zed
and
repa
triat
ed p
eopl
e.
46
46
IV. MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK FOR GENDER RELATED INSTRUMENTS
Advancing equality and equity between women and men requires generating accurate and relevant data on the status of women, men and gender relations. Such data helps make gender biases more visible and facilitates effective policy-making to bring about greater gender equality and equity.
The need for sex-disaggregated data has been stressed in numerous international conventions and declarations, including the 1979 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the 1985 Nairobi Forward looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women, the 1993 Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, the 1995 Platform for Action of the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in Beijing, and the 1995 Commonwealth Plan of Action on Gender and Development.
4.1. Gender Equality and Women Empowerment Indicators
4.1.1. Definition and purposes
4.1.1.1. Definition
Indicators are defined as criteria or measures against which changes can be assessed. They may be pointers, facts, numbers, opinions or perceptions – used to signify changes in specific conditions or progress towards particular objectives (CIDA, 1997).
A gender-sensitive indicator can be defined as an indicator that captures gender related changes in society over time. Thus, whereas a gender statistic provides factual information about the status of women, a gender-sensitive indicator provides “direct evidence of the status of women, relative to some agreed normative standard or explicit reference group” (Johnson, 1985).
National-level gender-sensitive indicators are among the key means by which planners and policy-makers measure gender inequality. They also provide information on the basis of which gender specialists advocate for policies likely to lead to greater gender equality. Gender-sensitive indicators support the gender and development approach which focuses on changing the gendered nature of society through the promotion of gender equity, rather than on women in isolation, which was the focus of the women in development model and is reflected in an emphasis on gender statistics.
47
47
4.1.1.2. The purpose of gender-sensitive indicators
Gender indicators are of capital importance in the process of implementation and monitoring of gender equality programs:
What is measured using gender sensitive indicators is more likely to be prioritized and evidence gathered against indicators can help make the case that gender issues should be taken seriously. Indicators can be used for advocacy and can help make the case for action by highlighting key issues, backed up with statistics and other evidence.
They enable better planning and actions. Gender indicators can be used to evaluate the outcomes of gender-focused and mainstream interventions and policies and help reveal barriers to achieving success. They can provide vital information for adjusting programmes and activities so that they better achieve gender equality goals and do not create adverse impacts on women and men. They can also be used to measure gender mainstreaming within organizations (see section 5.4).
They can be used for holding institutions accountable for their commitments on gender equality. Gender indicators and relevant data can make visible the gaps between the commitments many governments and other institutions have made at all levels – for example by ratifying the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) – and their actual implementation and impact. They can be used to hold policy-makers accountable for their actions, or lack of action.
They can help stimulate change through data collection processes. For example, discussions in focus groups or in individual interviews can help raise awareness of particular issues. They can stimulate discussion and inspire recognition among participants of common experiences related to sensitive topics such as GBV.
4.1.1.3. Some existing international and regional tools for gender measurements
There are a number of existing International indicators. However, it is important to develop indicators adapted to specific regions, countries and local situations. It is also essential to ensure that indicators reflect gender concerns in a cross-cutting way rather than only inrelation to areas explicitly associated with gender inequality.
4.1.2. International indicators
4.1.2.1. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Many practitioners and policymakers agree that gender equality and women’s empowerment are central to the achievement of each of the MDGs, and the achievement of Goal 3 in turn depends upon the extent to which the other goals address gender-based constraints. The Millennium Project Task Force on Gender and Education has developed a framework
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48
outlining some of the reasons why gender equality is important to each of the 8 MDGs. These can help to make the case for developing gender indicators for each MDG and provide a good starting point.
MDGs and the importance of gender equality
MDGs Measure outcomes (facts)
Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
o Equal access for women to basic transport and energy infrastructure can lead to increased economic activity by women.
o Investment in women’s health and nutritional status reduces chronic hunger and malnourishment, which increases productivity and wellbeing.
Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education
o Educated girls and women have greater control over their fertility and participate more in public life.
o A mother’s education is a strong, consistent determinant of her children’s school enrolment and attainment and their health and nutrition outcomes.
Goal 3. Promote gender equality & empower women
o This central goal dedicated to gender equality and women’s empowerment depends on the achievement of all other goals for its success.
Goal 4. Reduce child mortality
o A mother’s education, income, and empowerment have a significant impact on lowering child mortality.
Goal 5. Improve maternal health
o A mother’s education, income, and empowerment have a significant impact on lowering maternal mortality.
Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
o Greater economic independence for women, increased ability to negotiate safe sex, and more awareness of how to challenge traditional norms in sexual relations are essential for preventing the spread of HIV/AIDS and other epidemics.
Goal 7. Ensureenvironmental sustainability
o Gender‐equitable property and resource ownership policies enable women (often as primary users of these resources) to manage them in a more sustainable manner.
o Women’s existing knowledge of natural resources is essential for sustainable climate responses.
Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development
o Greater gender equality in the political sphere may lead to higher investments in development co‐operation.
4.1.2.2. The Gender related Development Index (GDI) and Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM)
The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) adjusts the Human Development Index (HDI) for gender inequalities in the three dimensions covered by the HDI: life expectancy,
49
49
education, and income. It is important to note that the GDI is not specifically a measure of gender inequality.
The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) seeks to measure relative female representation in economic and political power. It considers gender gaps in political representation and in professional and management positions, as well as gender gaps in incomes.
4.1.2.3. Complementary indices
Other international composite indices to measure gender equality have been developed, partly to complement and expand on the Gender‐related Development Index and the Gender Empowerment Measure. For example, Social Watch’s Gender Equity Index (GEI) combines indicators from both the GDI and GEM, with a separate gender equality rating estimated for three dimensions (Social Watch 2005) as follows:
o Education measured by the literacy gap between men and women and by male and female enrolment rates in primary, secondary and tertiary education;
o Participation in the economy measured by the percentage of women and men in paid jobs, excluding agriculture, and by the income ratio of men to women;
o Empowerment measured by the percentage of women in professional, technical, managerial and administrative jobs, and by the number of seats women have in parliament and the number of decision‐making ministerial posts held by women.
The World Economic Forum’s Gender Gap Index (GGI)53 indicators include the following dimensions:
- Economic participation male and female unemployment levels, levels of economic activity, and remuneration for equal work;
- Economic opportunity duration of maternity leave, number of women in managerial positions, availability of government‐provided childcare, wage inequalities between men and women;
- Political empowerment number of female ministers, share of seats in parliament, women holding senior legislative and managerial positions, number of years a female has been head of state;
- Educational attainment literacy rates, enrolment rates for primary, secondary and tertiary education, average years of schooling;
- Health and wellbeing effectiveness of governments’ efforts to reduce poverty and inequality, adolescent fertility rate, percentage of births attended by skilled health staff and maternal and infant mortality rates.
53 Source: (Lopez Claros and Zahidi, 2005).
5050
4.1.3. Regional indicators
International indicators do not always match with realities at the local or regional levels. Indeed, gender inequalities play out in different ways depending on the social, cultural or political context. Below are some examples of regional indicators:
4.1.3.1. The Africa Gender and Development Index (AGDI)
The Africa Gender and Development Index (AGDI) is one example of how international indicators, in this case the GDI/GEM, have been adapted to regional contexts. The AGDI has been designed for use by African governments as a tool for monitoring progress towards gender equality. It also helps monitor progress in implementing the conventions which have been ratified by African countries, including the Dakar Platform for Action (UNECA 2004). It is made up of two complementary components:
The Gender Status Index (GSI) ‐ a quantitative tool of 42 sex‐disaggregated indicators and The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS) ‐ a qualitative assessment of the level of implementation of key women’s rights and national, regional and international gender equality documents such as human rights conventions and agreements (see box below).
4.1.3.2. The Gender Status Index (GSI)54
The GSI is based on three components: social power, economic power and political power. Each of the three main components has the same weight in the calculation of the GSI. Within each block, each component also carries the same weight.
The social power component (capabilities) consists of two sub-components: • Education: measured by levels of school enrolment and dropout, and literacy
levels of girls and women. • Health: measured by levels of child health, new HIV infections and time spent out
of work due to illness.
The economic power component (opportunities) consists of three sub-components: • Income: measured by women’s income from agriculture, from work in the formal
and informal sectors and from cash transfers. • Time use or employment: measured by time spent in economic activities, and in
employment.
54 Source: (Based on ECA 2004:13)
51
51
• Access to resources: measured by access to means of production and to management positions.
The political power component (agency) consists of two sub-components: • Representation in key decision‐making positions in the public sector. • Representation in key decision‐making positions in civil society.
4.1.3.3. The African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS)55
In each country, the research team assesses the level of implementation of all key women’s rights and gender equality regional and international documents classified within four blocs:
o Women’s rights componentThe women’s rights component focuses on the Convention on the elimination of all forms of discriminations against women particularly its optional protocol, in its articles 2 and 16 on the principle of equality of men and women in national constitutions and other legislations and article 16 on marriage and family relations respectively, and the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights and the Protocol on Women’s Rights.
o Social componentThe social component focuses on the level of demonstrated commitment to the Beijing Platform for Action, levels of violence against women, including domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment and trafficking in women, health, including sexually transmitted infections, HIV/AIDS, maternal mortality and contraception, and education especially policy on girls’ school dropouts and education on human/women’s rights.
o Economic componentThis component focuses on ILO Conventions and policies on equitable working conditions, including Convention 100 on equal remuneration, Convention 111 on discrimination and Convention 183 on maternity protection at the workplace; engendering national poverty reduction strategy papers (PRSP) and other development plans; and access to agricultural extension services, technology and land.
o Political componentThis component focuses on the implementation of Security UN Resolution 1325 on the impacts of conflict on women and their role in peace-building; development of effective national women’s machinery; and gender equitable decision-making, including support for electoral quotas and gender mainstreaming in all government ministries and departments.
4.1.4. Country level Gender Indicators At the country level, gender equality indicators are key to measuring the implementation of national, regional and global commitments to gender equality and sustainable development, including CEDAW and the MDGs. Indicators on gender equality at the national level could reflect structural (in)equalities (such as policy commitments, legal frameworks and national 55 (Based on FAO 2005: 6)
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52
legislation). They could measure manifestations of gender inequalities (such as lower retention rates of girls in education compared to boys or the prevalence of violence against women), or they could refer to the impact on women and men of lack of government provision of basic services.
4.2. Proposed Programs related to Gender Monitoring Indicators The areas covered below present some of the most important indicators to be collected at the national level in relation to different development programs. These programs’ indicators serve as a checklist, and provide broad guidelines within which specific indicators could be generated.
4.2.1. Population Composition and Change (they requested to show the link with gender) Indicators of population composition and change are important in determining the process of social and economic development in a country and hence for the planning of development policies. All such data should be collected on a sex disaggregated basis.
4.2.2. Human Settlements and Geographical Distribution Indicators of housing conditions and facilities available to households reveal where poor housing conditions, and insufficient water and energy supplies, impact most heavily on women as the main providers of reproductive labour in many countries. The generation of socio-economic and demographic indicators by geographical area can be used to differentiate between living conditions in specified areas and to develop policies for reducing disparities.
4.2.3. Households and Families, Marital Status, Fertility The position of women within the household or family is often a key element in relation to gender inequality and to women’s participation in society as a whole. It is particularly important to define the concept of ‘household head’ in a fashion which recognizes the role played by many women as main household providers.
4.2.4. Learning in Formal and Non-Formal Education Education indicators are among the most important for measuring the status of women and gender equity. Several international studies have also focused recently on the key role education of the girl child and women can play in improving women’s status. With regard to education indicators, two main sectors have been distinguished, and when developing a national level database this typology can be used. The first sector relates to indicators of educational characteristics of the population, including literacy, educational attainment, access to education and school attendance. The second relates to indicators of the educational system, including enrolment, retention, educational resources, and curricula.
4.2.5. Health care, Health Services, Nutrition The following are key areas where data should be collected:
• Availability and accessibility of resources; • Use of health resources (hospitals, etc.); • Environmental data (e.g. related to pollution); and • Outcomes of preventive and curative measures.
5353
4.2.6. Economic Activity and Labour Force Participation
It is generally agreed that women’s economic activity is under-represented in most censuses and national level surveys. The following gender indicators are designed to allow the user to develop a basic data set on women and economic activity.
4.2.7. Access to Land, Equipment and Credit
Women’s rights to land ownership differ from country to country, but what is clear is that land is generally under male ownership and control. The World Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (WCARRD), which requires member countries of the FAO to report on various aspects of agrarian development (see Section 4), has suggested indicators for access to land, water and other natural resources (Dey-Abbas and Gaiha, 1993: 250-1). In addition, States Parties to CEDAW are required to report on Article 14 on discrimination against rural women, Section (g) of which states that women have the right: “to have access to agricultural credit and loans, marketing facilities, appropriate technology and equal treatment in land and agrarian reform as well as in land resettlement schemes”.
4.2.8. Legal Rights and Political Power There has been increasing focus on women’s legal rights and political power over the last ten years, a focus that work on indicators is only beginning to reflect. However, a number of indicators can be extrapolated from the literature related to this area. For example the UNDP Gender Empowerment Matrix employs as one of its indicators the commonly used “share of parliamentary seats going to women and men”56.
4.2.9. Violence against Women As with political power, there has also been increasing attention paid in the last ten years to violence against women. Discussion of violence against women is also included in the focus on women’s rights as human rights57.
4.2.10. Macroeconomic Policy and Gender The final priority area to be covered here is macro-economic policy and gender. Integrating gender into national budgetary processes has become an important focus for many countries. This can be done in particular by examining national budgets for gender-sensitivity
56 The following are areas where are required indicators of empowerment and participation in CEDAW reporting: sex roles and stereotyping (Article 5); suppression of the exploitation of women (Article 6); political and public life (Article 7); international representation and participation (Article 8); equality before the law and in civil matters (Article 15); Equality in marriage and family law (Article 16).
57 The World’s Women (UN 1995a) uses, among others, as key indicators: % of adult women who have been physically assaulted by an intimate partner; % of women in selected large cities who were sexually assaulted in a five‐year period; numbers of NGOs working on violence against women; rape reform laws passed; domestic violence reforms passed; Government body responsible for anti‐violence programming.
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and estimating budgetary expenditure going towards priority areas as they affect women and men. The Commonwealth Secretariat has developed a series of policy options for integrating gender into national budgetary policies in the context of economic reform. The policy options centre on six possible tools:
• sex-disaggregated beneficiary assessments – How would the national budgetary pie be sliced to reflects women’s priorities;
• sex - disaggregated public expenditure incidence analysis – this involves analyzing public expenditures in such areas as health, education and agriculture to see how such expenditures benefit women and men, girls and boys to differing extents;
• gender-sensitive policy evaluation of public expenditure – evaluating the policy assumptions that underlie budgetary appropriations, to identify their likely impact on current patterns and extents of gender differences;
• gender-sensitive budget statement – a modification of the Women’s Budget; this is a statement from each sectoral ministry or line department on the gender implications of the budget within that sector;
• sex-disaggregated analysis of the impact of the budget on time-use – this looks at the relationship between the national budget and the way time is used in households, so as to reveal the macroeconomic implications of unpaid work such as caring for the family, the sick and community members, collecting fuel and water, cooking, cleaning, teaching children and so on;
• Gender-sensitive medium-term economic policy framework – medium-term macroeconomic policy frameworks are currently formulated using a variety of economy-wide models which are usually ‘gender-blind’. Approaches for integrating gender could include disaggregating variables by gender where applicable; introducing new variables incorporating a gender perspective; constructing new models that incorporate both national income accounts and household income accounts reflecting unpaid work; and changing underlying assumptions about the social and institutional set-up for economic planning.
4.2.11. Women and Environment This program highlights the need to involve women actively in environmental decision-making at all levels, integrate gender concerns and perspectives in policies and programmes for sustainable development, strengthen or establish mechanisms at the national, regional and international levels to assess the impact of development and environmental policies on women.
4.2.12. The girl child The program focusing on the girl child emphasizes on the need for actions to eliminate all forms of discrimination against the girl child, measures to eliminate negative cultural attitudes and practices against girls, measures to eliminate discrimination against girls in education, skills development and training, specific measures to eliminate discrimination against girls in health and nutrition, specific measures to eliminate the economic exploitation of child labour and protect young girls at work, action to eradicate violence against the girl child, and strengthen the role of the family in improving the status of the girl child and institutional arrangement
55
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4.2.13. Media and communication technologies This program emphasizes on programs aimed at increasing the participation and access of women to media and new technologies of communication and at promoting a balanced and non-stereotyped portrayal of women in the media.
4.2.14. Defense, conflict resolution and peace- keeping This program highlights the need to increase the participation of women in conflict resolution at decision making levels and protect women living in situations of armed and other conflicts under foreign occupation; mechanisms to reduce excessive military expenditures and control the availability of armaments; measures to promote non-violent forms of conflict resolution and reduce the incidents of human rights abuse in conflict situations and promotion of women’s contribution to fostering a culture of peace and actions to provide protection, assistance and training to refugee women, other displaced women in need of international protection and internally displaced women. The program for defense, conflict resolution and peace- keeping is divided into four implementation actions as highlighted in the UNSCR 1325 and the UNSCR 1820 which are prevention, participation, protection; and relief recovery.
Prevention: Indicators for this pillar measure progress towards the prevention of conflict and violations of women’s and girls’ human rights, including sexual and gender-based violence. The indicators respond to resolutions 1325 which calls for regular monitoring of the situation of women and girls. They also respond to a need for the development of specific guidelines and protocols for the justice and security actors, as well as the development of systems for reporting abuses and ensuring accountability of both peacekeepers and national security actors.
B. Participation: Indicators for this pillar would allow the monitoring of progress in ensuring the inclusion of women and women’s interests in decision-making processes related to the prevention, management and resolution of conflicts, as per resolution 1325 (2000) (paragraph. 1 to 4, 8, 15 and 16). The indicators also help assess the extent to which women participate in reaching peace agreements and in peace-building.
Protection: Indicators for this pillar measure progress towards protecting and promoting the human rights of women and girls and ensuring their physical safety, health and economic security, as per resolution 1325 (2000).
Relief and Recovery: Indicators for this pillar assess the extent to which the specific needs of women and girls are addressed during the relief and recovery phase following conflict. The indicators respond to paragraphs 7 to 9, 13, 17 and 18 of resolution 1325 (2000).
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4.3.
GE
ND
ER
EQ
UA
LIT
Y A
ND
WO
ME
N E
MPO
WE
RM
EN
T M
ON
ITO
RIN
G P
LA
N –
WIT
H R
EFE
RE
NC
E T
O T
HE
IN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
INST
RU
ME
NT
S A
ND
ME
CH
AN
ISM
S FO
R W
OM
EN
RIG
HT
S Pr
ogra
mT
reat
ies
Indi
cato
rsC
urre
nt
data
T
arge
ts
(Yea
r…)
Peri
odic
ity
of
repo
rtin
g
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
1. P
opul
atio
n co
mpo
sitio
n o
CED
AW
oPr
otoc
ol o
n th
e A
CH
PR fo
r the
rig
hts
of
wom
en
•Si
ze o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
by se
x, to
tal a
nd %
un
der 1
5 •
Sex
ratio
(num
ber o
f fem
ales
to m
ales
) •
Birt
hs a
nd d
eath
s by
sex
(num
bers
and
rate
s pe
r 1,0
00),
annu
ally
•
Net
inte
rnat
iona
l mig
ratio
n ra
tes b
y se
x •
Net
inte
rnal
mig
ratio
n ra
tes b
y se
x
N
ISR
M
INEC
OFI
N
2. H
uman
Se
ttle
men
ts a
nd
Geo
grap
hica
l D
istr
ibut
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oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
•%
of d
istri
butio
n an
d de
nsity
of p
opul
atio
n by
se
x, g
eogr
aphi
cal a
rea
and
urba
n / r
ural
•
% o
f den
sity
of p
opul
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sex,
ge
ogra
phic
al a
rea
and
urba
n / r
ural
•
Deg
ree
of d
iscr
imin
atio
n ag
ains
t rur
al w
omen
: ru
ral a
nd u
rban
mor
talit
y ra
tes,
life
expe
ctan
cy
and
nutri
tiona
l sta
tus
•St
ock
and
char
acte
ristic
s of
hou
sing
(mat
eria
ls
used
in c
onst
ruct
ion
of o
uter
wal
ls, f
loor
s an
d ro
ofs;
num
ber o
f roo
ms;
kitc
hen
and
bath
room
fa
cilit
ies
; av
aila
bilit
y of
wat
er a
nd b
athr
oom
fa
cilit
ies)
, by
regi
on a
nd b
y fe
mal
e an
d m
ale-
head
ed h
ouse
hold
s •
Prop
ortio
n of
reg
iste
red
owne
d la
nd h
avin
g w
omen
as o
wne
r or c
o-ow
ner.
•%
of r
ural
pop
ulat
ion
havi
ng a
cces
s to
elec
trici
ty
N
ISR
M
INEC
OFI
NM
INA
LOC
M
ININ
FRA
MIN
ELA
MIN
INFR
A
EWSA
.
5757
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
•Ti
me-
use
in c
onne
ctio
n w
ith h
ouse
hold
ac
tiviti
es b
y re
gion
and
by
fem
ale-
and
mal
e-he
aded
hou
seho
lds
3.
Hou
seho
lds
and
Fam
ilies
, M
arita
l St
atus
, Fe
rtili
ty
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
•%
of p
oor h
ouse
hold
s hea
ded
by w
omen
•
birth
rat
e, p
er 1
,000
wom
en i
n sp
ecifi
ed a
ge
grou
p
N
ISR
M
IGEP
RO
F G
MO
M
INA
LOC
M
INEC
OFI
N4.
Equ
al r
ight
s to
For
mal
and
N
on-F
orm
al
Edu
catio
n
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PAo
MD
Gs
•Pe
rcen
tage
s of l
itera
te p
erso
ns, b
y se
x
•Pr
imar
y sc
hool
com
plet
ion
rate
(%).
•%
of f
emal
e an
d m
ale
in V
TC
•%
of f
emal
e an
d m
ale
in IP
RC
TV
ET.
•%
of
wom
en/m
en g
radu
atin
g in
the
fie
lds
of
law
/ sc
ienc
es /
med
icin
e •
Gro
ss p
rimar
y sc
hool
enr
olm
ent r
atio
for
girl
s / b
oys
•G
ross
sec
onda
ry s
choo
l en
rolm
ent
ratio
for
gi
rls /
boys
•
Gro
ss h
igh
lear
ning
inst
itutio
n en
rolm
ent r
atio
fo
r girl
s / b
oys
•En
rolm
ent r
atio
s of w
omen
and
men
in te
rtiar
y ed
ucat
ion
and
univ
ersi
ty
•%
of
Fem
ale/
mal
e dr
opou
t ra
tes
at p
rimar
y,
seco
ndar
y an
d hi
gh le
arni
ng in
stitu
tions
•
%
of
fem
ale/
mal
e te
ache
rs
at
prim
ary,
se
cond
ary
and
terti
ary
leve
ls
•%
of
fe
mal
e/m
ale
scho
ol
prin
cipa
ls
and
N
ISR
M
INED
UC
G
MO
5858
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
univ
ersi
ty h
eads
of d
epar
tmen
ts
5. H
ealth
car
e,
Hea
lth
Serv
ices
, N
utri
tion
oC
EDA
Wo
BD
PA•
Util
izat
ion
rate
of p
rimar
y he
alth
car
e se
rvic
es
per s
ex
•Pr
opor
tion
of
girls
an
d bo
ys
imm
unis
ed
agai
nst s
peci
fic d
isea
ses.
•
Life
exp
ecta
ncy
by se
x •
Mat
erna
l m
orta
lity
rate
s (p
er
100,
000
live
birth
s )
•%
of H
IV P
reva
lenc
e am
ong
popu
latio
n ag
ed
15-4
9 ye
ars.
•
% o
f pop
ulat
ion
with
acc
ess t
o cl
ean
wat
er
(with
500
met
ers i
n ru
ral a
reas
and
200
met
ers
in u
rban
are
as).
•%
of p
opul
atio
n w
ith a
cces
s to
hygi
ene
sani
tatio
n fa
cilit
ies.
N
ISR
M
INIS
AN
TE
6.
Wom
en
Eco
nom
ic
Act
ivity
an
d L
abor
Fo
rce
Part
icip
atio
n
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PA
•%
of f
emal
e/m
ale
labo
r for
ce in
agr
icul
ture
, in
dust
ry a
nd se
rvic
es (a
ges 1
5 an
d ov
er)
•%
of
fem
ale/
mal
e la
bour
for
ce i
n m
anag
eria
l oc
cupa
tions
•
% o
f fe
mal
e/m
ale
labo
ur f
orce
in p
rofe
ssio
nal
occu
patio
ns
•%
of
fe
mal
e/m
ale
labo
ur
forc
e w
ho
are
empl
oyed
in w
age
farm
ing
•
Empl
oym
ent
/ un
empl
oym
ent
rate
of
w
omen
/men
, urb
an/ru
ral
•Ti
me
use
in u
npai
d ho
usew
ork
and
child
car
e
•In
cide
nce
of
part
time/
full
time
wor
k of
N
ISR
M
IFO
TRA
MIG
EPR
OF
GM
O
5959
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
wom
en a
nd m
en
•%
of
avai
labl
e fin
anci
al a
nd te
chni
cal s
uppo
rt go
ing
to w
omen
/ m
en f
rom
gov
ernm
ent
and
non-
gove
rnm
ent s
ourc
es
•%
of e
mpl
oyer
s pro
vidi
ng c
hild
car
e
•%
of c
hild
ren
aged
0-3
and
3-6
in c
hild
car
e
7. A
cces
s to
Lan
d,
Equ
ipm
ent a
nd
Cre
dit
indi
cato
rs
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
•%
of
prop
erty
ow
ned
or a
cces
sibl
e by
wom
en
(land
, ho
uses
, liv
esto
ck),
acro
ss
inco
me
grou
ps 5
•
% o
f wom
en w
ho h
ave
acce
ss to
cre
dit,
vis-
à-vi
s men
. •
% o
f fe
mal
e/m
ale
head
ed h
ouse
hold
s w
ithou
t la
nd•
% o
f w
omen
/men
who
hav
e re
ceiv
ed l
and
title
s und
er la
nd re
form
sche
mes
NIS
R
RN
RA
M
INEC
OFI
NM
INA
GR
I
8. W
omen
em
pow
erm
ent
and
part
icip
atio
n in
Po
litic
al a
nd
Publ
ic
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PAo
UN
SCR
132
5
•%
of s
eats
hel
d by
wom
en a
nd m
en in
nat
iona
l pa
rliam
ents
and
loc
al g
over
nmen
t /d
ecis
ion
- m
akin
g bo
dies
•
% o
f w
omen
and
men
in
deci
sion
-mak
ing
posi
tions
in g
over
nmen
t •
% o
f w
omen
and
men
ele
ctor
al c
andi
date
s/
offic
ers i
n po
litic
al p
artie
s •
% o
f w
omen
in
the
civi
l se
rvic
e, a
t fo
ur
high
est l
evel
s of o
ffic
e •
% o
f wom
en e
mpl
oyed
in th
e pu
blic
sect
or, a
t ad
min
istra
tive
and
man
ager
ial l
evel
s •
% o
f wom
en/m
en re
gist
ered
as v
oter
s /%
of
Parli
amen
t N
ISR
M
IGEP
RO
F M
INA
LOC
N
EC
6060
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
elig
ible
wom
en/m
en w
ho v
ote
•%
of
wom
en i
n se
nior
/juni
or d
ecis
ion
a ki
ng
posi
tions
with
in u
nion
s •
% o
f wom
en ju
dges
and
pro
secu
tors
•
% o
f wom
en in
the
polic
e, b
y ra
nk
•R
isk/
enab
ling
indi
cato
rs
•G
over
nmen
t sup
port
for l
ocal
par
ticip
atio
n.
•%
of D
onor
s hav
ing
inte
grat
ed g
ende
r equ
ality
in
to th
eir c
ount
ry c
oope
ratio
n st
rate
gy
•In
put i
ndic
ator
s •
% o
f fe
mal
e an
d m
ale
popu
latio
n in
form
ed,
cons
ulte
d an
d pa
rtici
patin
g in
dev
elop
ing
loca
l an
d ce
ntra
l gov
ernm
ent’s
pla
ns a
nd b
udge
ts.
•Q
uant
itativ
e in
dica
tors
of e
mpo
wer
men
t •
% o
f gen
der d
iscr
imin
ator
y la
ws r
evis
ed.
•N
umbe
r of
cas
es r
elat
ed t
o w
omen
's rig
hts
hear
d an
d pr
oces
sed
in lo
cal c
ourts
, and
thei
r re
sults
. •
Num
ber
of c
ases
rel
ated
to th
e le
gal r
ight
s of
di
vorc
ed a
nd w
idow
ed w
omen
hea
rd i
n lo
cal
cour
ts, a
nd th
e re
sults
. •
Num
ber o
f cas
es re
late
d to
GB
V (5
form
s:
Econ
omic
, Phy
sica
l, se
xual
, psy
chol
ogic
al, a
t th
e w
orkp
lace
).
•%
of q
ualif
ied
and
enga
ged
fem
ale
mag
istra
tes,
pros
ecut
ors a
nd la
wye
rs
•%
of f
emal
es a
nd m
ales
in th
e na
tiona
l pol
ice
6161
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
•%
of
se
ats
held
by
w
omen
in
lo
cal
coun
cils
/dec
isio
n-m
akin
g bo
dies
. •
% o
f w
omen
and
men
in
deci
sion
-mak
ing
posi
tions
in lo
cal g
over
nmen
t. •
% o
f wom
en a
nd m
en in
the
loca
l civ
il se
rvic
e.
•%
of
wom
en/m
en r
egis
tere
d as
vot
ers/
% o
f el
igib
le w
omen
/men
who
vot
e.
•%
of w
omen
in se
nior
/juni
or d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
posi
tions
with
in u
nion
s. •
% o
f uni
on m
embe
rs w
ho a
re w
omen
/men
. •
Cha
nges
in
empl
oym
ent/u
nem
ploy
men
t ra
tes
of w
omen
and
men
. •
Cha
nges
in
tim
e-us
e in
se
lect
ed
activ
ities
, pa
rticu
larly
gr
eate
r sh
arin
g by
ho
useh
old
mem
bers
of u
npai
d ho
usew
ork
and
child
-car
e.
•C
hang
es in
% o
f pro
perty
co-
owne
d or
co
ntro
lled
by w
omen
and
men
(lan
d, h
ouse
s, liv
esto
ck),
acro
ss so
cio-
econ
omic
and
eth
nic
grou
ps
•%
fem
ale
and
mal
e de
cisi
ons m
akin
g fo
r pu
rcha
ses i
ndep
ende
ntly
). •
% o
f av
aila
ble
cred
it, g
oing
to
wom
en/m
en
from
gov
ernm
ent/n
on-g
over
nmen
t sou
rces
. •
% o
f fem
ale
and
mal
e in
uni
on c
once
rting
and
us
ing
one
of th
e fa
mily
pla
nnin
g m
etho
ds.
6262
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
9. P
rote
ctio
n of
w
omen
aga
inst
ge
nder
rel
ated
vi
olen
ce
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PAo
UN
SCR
132
5 o
UN
SCR
182
0
•N
umbe
r of r
epor
ted
case
s of s
exua
l ass
ault
and
rape
•
Num
ber
of
repo
rted
case
s of
se
xual
ha
rass
men
t •
Con
vict
ion
rate
s fo
r vi
olen
t of
fenc
es a
gain
st
wom
en
•N
umbe
r of
im
med
iate
pr
otec
tive
mea
sure
s ta
ken
to
assi
st
abus
ed
wom
en
(lega
l ai
d,
finan
cial
as
sist
ance
, ho
usin
g as
sist
ance
, sh
elte
rs, p
olic
e ac
tion,
NG
O e
ffor
ts )
•In
crea
se/d
ecre
ase
of v
iole
nce
agai
nst
wom
en
durin
g ar
med
con
flict
R
NP
NPP
AM
INIJ
UST
Supr
eme
Cou
rt M
INA
LOC
M
ININ
TER
M
IGEP
RO
F
10.
Mac
roec
onom
ic
Polic
y
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PA
•%
of g
over
nmen
t bud
get a
lloca
ted
to g
ende
r an
d w
omen
pro
mot
ion.
•
Prop
ortio
n of
per
sons
and
hou
seho
lds
at r
isk
cove
red
by
soci
al
secu
rity
and
sim
ilar
sche
mes
.
•Pr
opor
tion
of p
oten
tially
elig
ible
per
sons
and
ho
useh
olds
rec
eivi
ng s
ocia
l in
sura
nce,
soc
ial
assi
stan
ce a
nd si
mila
r ben
efits
M
INEC
OFI
N
11. W
omen
and
en
viro
nmen
t o
CED
AW
oPr
otoc
ol o
n th
e A
CH
PR fo
r the
rig
hts
of
wom
en
oB
DPA
•N
umbe
r of w
omen
in e
nviro
nmen
t dec
isio
n-m
akin
g bo
dies
•
Exis
tenc
e of
lead
ersh
ip tr
aini
ng fo
r wom
en o
n en
viro
nmen
tal a
nd re
sour
ce m
anag
emen
t •
Exis
tenc
e of
mec
hani
sms
for
gend
er a
naly
sis
of e
nviro
nmen
tal p
olic
ies a
nd p
rogr
amm
es
M
INIR
ENA
R
EMA
6363
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
•Ex
iste
nce
of p
rogr
amm
es p
rom
otin
g w
omen
’s
role
in e
nviro
nmen
tally
soun
d pr
oduc
tion.
•
Exis
tenc
e of
dat
abas
e of
wom
en’s
indi
geno
us
know
ledg
e on
reso
urce
man
agem
ent a
nd
envi
ronm
enta
l pre
serv
atio
n.
12. T
he g
irl
child
oB
DPA
oC
RC
•
Rat
ifica
tion
of th
e co
nven
tion
on th
e rig
hts o
f th
e ch
ild
•Ex
iste
nce
of le
gisl
atio
n en
surin
g eq
ual
inhe
ritan
ce ri
ghts
of t
he g
irl c
hild
•
Exis
tenc
e of
legi
slat
ion
ensu
ring
the
min
imum
le
gal a
ge fo
r mar
riage
•
Sex
ratio
at b
irth
•Ex
iste
nce
of p
olic
ies a
nd p
rogr
amm
es to
pr
omot
e ge
nder
-sen
sitiv
e ed
ucat
ion
•Ex
iste
nce
of p
olic
ies t
o pr
omot
e gi
rl’s a
cces
s to
edu
catio
n
•In
fant
mor
talit
y ra
te b
y se
x •
% o
f Inf
ant w
ith lo
w b
irth
wei
ght b
y se
x
•R
ate
of u
nmar
ried
teen
age
preg
nanc
y ra
te, b
y ur
ban/
rura
l •
% o
f you
ng w
omen
who
hav
e gi
ven
birth
at a
hi
ghes
t edu
catio
n at
tain
ed.
•Ex
iste
nce
of le
gisl
atio
n on
the
min
imum
age
fo
r em
ploy
men
t. •
Rat
e of
chi
ldre
n ag
ed b
etw
een
10 a
nd 1
4 in
em
ploy
men
t
M
IGEP
RO
F M
INED
UC
M
ININ
SAN
TE
NIS
R
6464
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
•Ex
iste
nce
of le
gisl
atio
n pr
even
ting
child
abu
se
•N
umbe
r of i
ncid
ence
s of c
hild
abu
se
•Ex
iste
nce
of se
rvic
es fo
r vul
nera
ble
and
disa
dvan
tage
d ch
ildre
n •
Exis
tenc
e of
legi
slat
ion
and
polic
ies
prev
entin
g fe
mal
e in
fant
icid
e an
d pr
enat
al se
x se
lect
ion
•
Exis
tenc
e of
legi
slat
ion
prev
entin
g in
cest
, ch
ild p
rost
itutio
n an
d ch
ild p
orno
grap
hy
•Ex
iste
nce
of p
rogr
ams f
or p
aren
tal e
duca
tion
and
coun
selin
g on
gen
der-
sens
itive
par
entin
g Ex
iste
nce
of n
atio
nal p
lan
of a
ctio
n fo
r im
plem
enta
tion
of th
e B
eijin
g Pl
atfo
rm fo
r ac
tion
Exis
tenc
e of
sect
or d
evel
opm
ent p
lans
for
mai
nstre
amin
g ge
nder
and
dev
elop
men
t (G
AD
). %
of p
ublic
inst
itutio
ns h
avin
g m
ains
tream
ed
gend
er in
to th
eir a
ctio
n pl
ans a
nd b
udge
ts.
13. W
omen
in
med
ia a
nd
com
mun
icat
ion
tech
nolo
gies
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PA
•N
umbe
r of w
omen
pro
fess
iona
ls in
ele
ctro
nic
and
prin
t med
ia
•In
tern
et u
sers
per
100
pop
ulat
ions
(Fem
ale
and
Mal
e).
•C
ellu
lar s
ubsc
riber
s per
100
pop
ulat
ions
(F
emal
e an
d M
ale)
. •
Exis
tenc
e of
legi
slat
ion
agai
nst p
orno
grap
hy,
viol
ence
, por
traya
l of w
oman
as s
ex o
bjec
ts,
M
HC
R
UR
A
6565
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
and
com
mer
cial
exp
loita
tion
in m
edia
.
•Ex
iste
nce
of c
odes
of c
ondu
ct a
nd g
uide
lines
on
bal
ance
d po
rtray
al o
f wom
en
•Ex
iste
nce
of su
ppor
t pro
gram
s for
wom
en’s
m
edia
mon
itorin
g ac
tiviti
es
14.
Wom
en
in
defe
nse,
con
flict
re
solu
tion
and
peac
e- k
eepi
ng
oC
EDA
Wo
Prot
ocol
on
the
AC
HPR
for t
he
right
s of
w
omen
o
BD
PAo
UN
SCR
132
5
A. P
reve
ntio
n •
Indi
cato
r 1: I
ncid
ence
of s
exua
l vio
lenc
e in
co
nflic
t-aff
ecte
d co
untri
es
(
Alre
ady
star
ted)
. •
Indi
cato
r 2: E
xten
t to
whi
ch U
nite
d N
atio
ns
peac
ekee
ping
and
spec
ial p
oliti
cal m
issi
ons
incl
ude
info
rmat
ion
on v
iola
tions
of w
omen
’s
and
girls
’ hum
an ri
ghts
in th
eir p
erio
dic
repo
rting
.
•In
dica
tor
3 (a
): N
umbe
r of
vi
olat
ions
of
w
omen
’s a
nd g
irls’
hum
an r
ight
s th
at
are
repo
rted,
ref
erre
d an
d in
vest
igat
ed b
y hu
man
rig
hts b
odie
s (A
lread
y st
arte
d).
•In
dica
tor
3 (b
): In
clus
ion
of r
epre
sent
ativ
es o
f w
omen
’s a
nd c
ivil
soci
ety
orga
niza
tions
in th
e go
vern
ance
and
lea
ders
hip
of h
uman
rig
hts
bodi
es
•In
dica
tor
4: P
erce
ntag
e of
rep
orte
d ca
ses
of
sexu
al
expl
oita
tion
and
abus
e al
lege
dly
perp
etra
ted
by
unifo
rmed
an
d ci
vilia
n pe
acek
eepe
rs a
nd h
uman
itaria
n w
orke
rs t
hat
are
refe
rred
, in
vest
igat
ed
and
acte
d up
on
R
NP
MIN
AD
EF
MIN
INTE
R
NC
HR
6666
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
(Alre
ady
star
ted)
•
Indi
cato
r 5
(a):
Num
ber
and
perc
enta
ge o
f di
rect
ives
for p
eace
keep
ers
issu
ed b
y he
ads
of
mili
tary
com
pone
nts
and
stan
dard
ope
ratin
g pr
oced
ures
tha
t in
clud
e m
easu
res
to p
rote
ct
wom
en’s
and
girl
s’ h
uman
righ
ts
•In
dica
tor
5 (b
): N
umbe
r an
d pe
rcen
tage
of
mili
tary
m
anua
ls,
natio
nal
secu
rity
polic
y fr
amew
orks
, co
des
of c
ondu
ct a
nd s
tand
ard
oper
atin
g pr
oced
ures
/ pr
otoc
ols
of
natio
nal
secu
rity
forc
es th
at in
clud
e m
easu
res t
o pr
otec
t w
omen
’s a
nd g
irls’
hum
an ri
ghts
•
Indi
cato
r 6:
Num
ber a
nd ty
pe o
f act
ions
take
n by
the
Sec
urity
Cou
ncil
rela
ted
to r
esol
utio
n 13
25 (
2000
), in
clud
ing
thos
e th
at p
reve
nt a
nd
addr
ess
viol
atio
ns
of
the
hum
an
right
s of
w
omen
and
girl
s in
conf
lict-a
ffec
ted
situ
atio
ns
•In
dica
tor 7
: Num
ber a
nd p
ropo
rtion
of w
omen
in
dec
isio
n-m
akin
g ro
les i
n re
leva
nt re
gion
al
orga
niza
tions
invo
lved
in p
reve
ntin
g co
nflic
t 2.
Part
icip
atio
n •
Indi
cato
r 8: N
umbe
r and
per
cent
age
of p
eace
ag
reem
ents
with
spec
ific
prov
isio
ns to
im
prov
e th
e se
curit
y an
d st
atus
of w
omen
and
gi
rls.
•In
dica
tor 9
: Num
ber a
nd p
erce
ntag
e of
w
omen
in se
nior
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
dec
isio
n-
6767
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
mak
ing
posi
tions
in c
onfli
ct-a
ffec
ted
coun
tries
•
Indi
cato
r 10
(a)
: Le
vel
of p
artic
ipat
ion
of
wom
en in
form
al p
eace
neg
otia
tions
•
Indi
cato
r 10
(b)
: Pr
esen
ce o
f w
omen
in
a fo
rmal
obs
erve
r or
con
sulta
tive
stat
us a
t th
e be
ginn
ing
and
the
end
of p
eace
neg
otia
tions
. •
Indi
cato
r 11:
Lev
el o
f wom
en’s
pol
itica
l pa
rtici
patio
n in
con
flict
-aff
ecte
d co
untri
es.
•In
dica
tor
12:
Num
ber
and
perc
enta
ge
of
Secu
rity
Cou
ncil
mis
sion
s th
at
addr
ess
spec
ific
issu
es a
ffec
ting
wom
en a
nd g
irls
in
thei
r te
rms
of
refe
renc
e an
d th
e m
issi
on
repo
rts.
C. P
rote
ctio
n •
Indi
cato
r 13
: In
dex
of w
omen
’s a
nd g
irls’
ph
ysic
al se
curit
y •
Indi
cato
r 14
: Ex
tent
to
whi
ch n
atio
nal
law
s pr
otec
t w
omen
’s a
nd g
irls’
hum
an r
ight
s in
lin
e w
ith in
tern
atio
nal s
tand
ards
•
Indi
cato
r 15
: Le
vel
of w
omen
’s p
artic
ipat
ion
in t
he j
ustic
e an
d se
curit
y se
ctor
in
conf
lict-
affe
cted
cou
ntrie
s •
Indi
cato
r 16
: Ex
iste
nce
of
natio
nal
mec
hani
sms
for
cont
rol
of s
mal
l ar
ms
and
light
wea
pons
6868
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
•In
dica
tor
17:
Wom
en a
s a
perc
enta
ge o
f th
e ad
ults
em
ploy
ed i
n ea
rly e
cono
mic
rec
over
y pr
ogra
mm
es.
•In
dica
tor
18: N
umbe
r an
d pe
rcen
tage
of
case
s of
sex
ual
viol
ence
aga
inst
wom
en a
nd g
irls
that
are
ref
erre
d, i
nves
tigat
ed a
nd s
ente
nced
(A
lread
y st
arte
d).
•In
dica
tor 1
9: N
umbe
r and
per
cent
age
of c
ourts
eq
uipp
ed to
try
case
s of
vio
latio
ns o
f wom
en’s
an
d gi
rls’
hum
an r
ight
s, w
ith d
ue a
ttent
ion
to
vict
ims’
secu
rity.
D
. Rel
ief a
nd r
ecov
ery
•In
dica
tor
20:
Prim
ary
and
seco
ndar
y ed
ucat
ion
enro
lmen
t ra
tes
disa
ggre
gate
d by
se
x•
Indi
cato
r 21
: Ex
tent
to
w
hich
st
rate
gic
plan
ning
fr
amew
orks
in
co
nflic
t-aff
ecte
d co
untri
es in
corp
orat
e ge
nder
ana
lysi
s, ta
rget
s, in
dica
tors
and
bud
gets
•
Indi
cato
r 22:
Pro
porti
on o
f the
allo
cate
d an
d di
sbur
sed
fund
ing
to c
ivil
soci
ety
orga
niza
tions
, inc
ludi
ng w
omen
’s g
roup
s, th
at is
spen
t on
gend
er is
sues
in c
onfli
ct-
affe
cted
cou
ntrie
s.
•In
dica
tor
23:
Act
ual
allo
cate
d an
d di
sbur
sed
fund
ing
in
supp
ort
of
prog
ram
mes
th
at
addr
ess
gend
er
sens
itive
re
lief,
reco
very
,
6969
Prog
ram
Tre
atie
s In
dica
tors
Cur
rent
da
ta
Tar
gets
(Y
ear…
) Pe
riod
icity
of
re
port
ing
Prop
osed
Im
plem
entin
g In
stitu
tion
peac
e an
d se
curit
y pr
ogra
mm
es i
n co
nflic
t-af
fect
ed c
ount
ries
•In
dica
tor 2
4 (a
): N
umbe
r and
per
cent
age
of
trans
ition
al ju
stic
e m
echa
nism
s cal
led
for b
y pe
ace
proc
esse
s tha
t inc
lude
pro
visi
ons t
o ad
dres
s the
righ
ts a
nd p
artic
ipat
ion
of w
omen
an
d gi
rls in
thei
r man
date
s.
•In
dica
tor 2
4 (b
): N
umbe
r and
per
cent
age
of
wom
en a
nd g
irls r
ecei
ving
ben
efits
thro
ugh
repa
ratio
n pr
ogra
mm
es, a
nd ty
pes o
f ben
efits
re
ceiv
ed.
•In
dica
tor 2
5: N
umbe
r and
per
cent
age
of
fem
ale
ex-c
omba
tant
s, w
omen
and
girl
s as
soci
ated
with
arm
ed fo
rces
or g
roup
s tha
t re
ceiv
e be
nefit
s fro
m d
isar
mam
ent,
dem
obili
zatio
n an
d re
inte
grat
ion
prog
ram
mes
.
7070
V. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
Although the Government of Rwanda has expressed its good will and commitment to promote gender equality and women’s rights by committing itself to be bound by different gender related international and regional gender instruments, and by enacting national legislations and developing different policies and programs to ensure the enforcement of the provisions recognized in international treaties and agreements, there are still challenges. Indeed, there remains a need for more action so as to ensure that there is effective enforcement and monitoring process by different concerned parties. Existing challenges can be identified at the levels of implementation monitoring; and reporting process.
5.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of domestication
The Government of Rwanda has chosen the monist approach for domestication of international treaties ratified by Rwanda, where, after ratification and publication in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, the treaty become directly applicable domestically and hence no need of enacting subsequent national legislation. Thus, the domestic courts as well as other governmental bodies would look to the treaty language itself as a source of law.
However, in spite of this position of the Government of Rwanda to give international treaties the important position in domestic legislation, there still lacks treaty implementation plan and no institutions takes the responsibility to ensure dissemination of ratified and published international and regional instruments.
The dissemination of laws and treaties was part of responsibilities of the Parliament’s legal commission, but since this commission was merged with the political commission, there is no particular institution/body in charge of dissemination and follow up on gender related international and regional instruments.
5.1.1. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the implementation of provisions of international and regional gender related instruments
The main challenge identified in relation to effective implementation of provisions of gender related treaties ratified by Rwanda, is lack of implementation mechanisms. However, with the discussions held with different individuals representing different institutions at the decentralized level, it has been found out that, even if much of the provisions of these instruments are unconsciously implemented throughout different sectors, there is lack of awareness on the same and without an implementation plan and definition of institutional responsibilities, international and regional instruments could rarely be referenced in documents on gender issues. The gained achievements in regard to the implementation of the provisions of ratified gender related treaties are only coincided with other national policies and programs, and that being the case; it was difficult to find data corresponding to a specific instrument. The result becomes absence of data/ information in some sectors or even lack of disaggregated data by sex and by category.
71
71
In spite of the above, the opportunity remains big: there is coincidence of similarity between the provisions of different gender related international and national instruments and the national policies, legislations and the existence of gender machinery institutions could reinforce the awareness and enforcement of related instruments. With the establishment of an implementation plan, a national monitoring and reporting framework and clear responsibilities for each actors, effective implementation could be assured.
5.1.2. Challenges and opportunities vis-à-vis the process of monitoring and reporting on gender related international and regional instruments
The mains challenges for monitoring and reporting on gender related treaties are the absence of disaggregated data by sex in different institutions as source of monitoring information and the absence of the implementation plan. It is impossible to monitor when there is no institution/body entrusted with the responsibility of implementation and when targets are not defined. With the establishment of the implementation plan, the development of a national monitoring and reporting grid, there will be effective monitoring and reporting of gender related international and regional provisions.
7272
VI.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1. Conclusion
Gender equality is a key element in the process of development and progress in any society across the globe. The Government of Rwanda recognizes the important role that women can play in the process of development when gender is mainstreamed in all national development programmes. The Government of Rwanda is also part to international instruments on gender equality, women empowerment, and protection of women against all forms of violence.
This assessment has revealed that Rwanda is part to almost all international and regional instruments on gender equality and women empowerment. in this view, in order to comply with its engagements as provided in those instruments, the Government of Rwanda has set up a legal and institutional framework to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights.
It was also found out that a number of policies and strategies were adopted for to implement the provisions of international and regional gender related instruments, and through different programmes.
In spite of splendid progress made by the Government of Rwanda in different areas of development, with an important focus on gender equality and equity, some challenges and weaknesses have been assessed, and they include among others the lack of implementation plan of different instruments which Rwanda is part to, lack of strong measures of dissemination of those instruments which results in lack of awareness by the population and the implementing structures at decentralized level, and lack or poor data disaggregated by sex for monitoring and reporting on the implementation of international gender and women’s rights instruments.
This study has summarized the main elements of a conceptual and methodological framework on indicators for monitoring the compliance of the Government of Rwanda with international and regional gender related instruments. The study presents lists of illustrative indicators for programs stipulated in the above mentioned instruments and an approach to monitor the indicators on cross-cutting human rights norms with a view to operationalize the framework.
This assessment affirms the need for use of appropriate and disaggregated indicators for monitoring compliance with international and regional gender related instruments. It also brings out the role of indicators in supporting priority-setting and in furthering the implementation of human rights standards and principles so as to encourage a common understanding on the use of indicators in human rights assessment.
It also has attempted to provide a framework which is simple and accessible to potential users and can respond to capacity constraints on data availability and reporting burden at the national level. Finally, it demonstrates that a common approach to assess and monitor instruments on gender equality and women’s rights is feasible and desirable.
73
73
6.2. Recommendations
6.2.1. In relation to the use of developed tools for monitoring and reporting process In terms of the follow-up to this work, first, there is a need for developing “information sheets” with data disaggregated by sex, on the indicators listed in the tables in order to support a systematic and contextual selection process. Information sheets could provide relevant background information and baselines which determine the definition of the indicator, its data sources (e.g. administrative records, statistical survey, testimonies/complaints of victims), its related (if any) international statistical standards, levels of desegregation, and a general assessment of its availability.
This should consider, as a starting point, information already available at national level and in different institutions and organizations, and related databases, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) database, the EDPRS database, Vision 2020, Districts development Plans and database, previous and/or ongoing treaty reports, etc. The development of such information sheets should be carried out in close collaboration with public institutions, different machineries and national and international organizations, to benefit from their sectoral and statistical expertise.
In addition, the illustrative indicators presented in the tables need further validation through consultations and piloting at the level of the Government as well as in the treaty reporting committee before being used in the reporting procedure of the treaty bodies.
6.2.2. Recommendations in relation to the need of coordination for a better and sustainable reporting system
To ensure effective and sustainable reporting system, there is a need for the development of an implementation plan (policy/mechanism) specific for each instrument and determining the responsibility of implementing institution; a monitoring and reporting grid at each institution level and specific to the obligations and responsibilities as stated in the implementation plan; and a permanent and strengthened reporting body at the national level where possible at the institutional level.
6.2.3. Recommendations related to the need for capacity building
As stated by different key informants, there is no effective mechanism for the dissemination of the provisions stated in different international instruments ratified by Rwanda. This has impact on the system of implementation, monitoring and reporting. Thus, there is a need to develop tools for mainstreaming gender programmes and treaties’ obligations/ provisions, dissemination of treaties and developed tools, and regular monitoring of the implementation.
The capacity building programmes was proposed at all levels of interveners; both public institutions and civil society organisations involved in implementation, monitoring and reporting on provisions of gender related international instruments.
7474
6.2.4. Proposed roadmap58 for effective domestication, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
Regarding the challenges and opportunities highlighted above, a roadmap for a more effective process of domestication, implementation, monitoring and reporting should consider the following points at each level:
At the level of domestication:
After their publication in the OGRR, international treaties become directly applicable and domestic courts and other governmental bodies would look to the treaty language itself as a source of law.
It is not enough to publish in the Official Gazette ratified instruments, and much so since it is not the full text of ratified treaties that is published; the full text of the instrument need be published as well so that citizens can have access to it.
There is also need for law enforcers and the population to be aware of the very instruments in order to accelerate the dissemination process and ensure effective implementation and reporting across sectors, it is suggested that, after ratification of a gender related treaty, a mechanisms for dissemination should be established and should include the Ministry of Gender and Family Promotion (MIGEPROF), the National Commission for Human Rights; the National Women Council and legal commissions/departments of different public institutions dealing with gender issues.
At the level of implementation: For effective implementation, there is a need to develop an implementation plan which details tasks and responsibilities for all implementing actors and establishes guidelines for disaggregated data collection
At the level of monitoring and evaluation: There is a need to develop indicators, create baseline data, set targets, to develop the monitoring framework and carry out a regular monitoring (annually).
At the level of reporting: There is a need for a reporting grid to be developed and used; build the capacities of the already established permanent treaty body reporting and make a regular reporting according to the reporting guidelines and timeframe of each treaty
58 See the roadmap in the ANNEXE XIV
7575
REFERENCES
A. POLICIES & PROGRAMMES
1. Republic of Rwanda, Rwanda Vision 2020; 2. Republic of Rwanda, Economic, Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2008-
2012, September 2007; 3. MIGEPROF, National Gender Policy, final version, July 2010; 4. Ministry in the Prime Minister’s Office in Charge of Family Promotion and Gender,
National Policy for Family Promotion, Kigali, December 2005 5. CNLS, National Accelerated Plan for Women, Girls, Gender Equality & HIV 2010-
2014.
B. REPORTS
1. Economic Commission for Africa, A Fifteen-Year Review of the Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action in Africa (BPfA) +15, the main report, February 2010;
2. Republic of Rwanda, Rwanda National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 15(A) of the Annex to the Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 in the Framework of the Universal Periodic Review, October 2010
3. Repubulika y’u Rwanda, Inama y’igihugu y’abagore, Incamake y’ibikorwa byakozwe mu Ishami ry’Igenamigambi mu mwaka wa 2009-2010.
4. GMO, Annual Report, January 2009-June 2010; February, 2011 5. Combined fourth, fifth and sixth periodic report of Rwanda (CEDAW/C/RWA/6), 2008 6. MIGEPROF, Second Report on the Measures Taken to implement the Solemn
Declaration on Gender Equality (Period 2006-30 June 2009)
C. OTHER DOCUMENTATIONS
1. Canadian International Development Agency, the why and how of gender sensitive indicators, August 1997
2. Jill Williams, Measuring Gender and Women’s Empowerment Using Confirmatory Factor Analysis, April 2005
3. NCHR, international and regional instruments relating to human rights in Rwanda, 1st
Edition, Kigali, October 2010; 4. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A Compilation of
International Instruments, New York and Geneva, 2002 5. Office of the United Nations High commissioner For human rights, The Core
International Human Rights Treaties, New York and Geneva, 2006 6. Vienna Convention on the law of treaties, 1969 7. Republic of Rwanda, National Evaluation Report on Implementation of the Beijing
Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the Outcome of the Twenty-Third Special Session of the General Assembly (2000), Kigali, November 2009
76
76
8. International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, Protocol on the Prevention and Suppression of Sexual Violence against Women and Children, November 30, 2006
9. International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, The Kigali Declaration of the Great Lakes Regional Women’s Meeting, Kigali, October 9, 2004
10. Etat de soumission des rapports périodiques du Rwanda aux Organes Internationaux et régionaux de suivi des Traités, Edition n°1, NCHR, Décembre 2010
11. République du Rwanda, Parquet Général de la République, Recueil d’Instruments Internationaux Relatifs aux Droits de l’Homme et à l’Administration de la Justice, Kigali, 2005
D. ONLINE REFERENCES
1. http://www.imbutofoundation.org/IMG/pdf/First_Lady_s_speech_on_Elimination__of_Mother_to_Child_Transmission_of_HIV_Ruhuha_Buge
2. http://www.imbutofoundation.org/IMG/pdf/ICN_SPEECH_FINAL.pdf3. www.supremecourt.gov.rw4. www.moh.gov.rw5. www.minijust.gov.rw6. www.minecofin.gov.rw7. www.migeprof.gov.rw
7777
ANNEXES
ANNEXE I: Women positions in the last local elections (4/2/2O11-5/3/2O11)59
Level Women % Men %
Head of the Village 28.635 38,66% 45.435 61,34%
Council of Cell members 13.410 43,92% 17.126 56,08%
Council of Sector members 3.899 45,05% 4.755 54,95%
Council of District members 354 43,17% 466 56,83%
District Bureau Council 31 34,4% 59 65,6%
Executive Committee of District 34 37,8% 56 62,2%
City of Kigali Council 14 43,75% 18 56,25%
Bureau of Kigali City Council 1 33,33% 2 66,67%
Executive Committee of City of Kigali 1 33,33% 2 66,67%
Executive Committee of the National Youth Council
8.257 39,4% 12.685 60,6%
Executive Committee of the National Council for the Persons with Disabilities
5.732 33,8% 11.226 63,2%
59 National Electoral Commission
7878
ANNEXE II: Women positions in public functions60
Type of Institutions Women Men Total
Number % Number % Number %
Ministries and High Public Institutions
813 0,99 1.137 1,39 1.950 2,38
Provinces 26 0,03 81 0,10 107 0,13
Districts 1.235 1,51 2.148 2,62 3.383 4,13
Sectors 1.492 1,82 2.696 3,29 4.188 5,12
Primary education 13.337 16,29% 13.417 16,39 26.754 32,68
Mixed Education (9Yrs) 6.158 7,52 7.137 8,72 13.295 16,24
Secondary education 2.143 2,62 4.847 5,92 6.990 8,54
Higher education 579 0,71 1.300 1,59 1.879 2,30
Health centers 5.154 6,30 3.640 4,45 8.794 10,74
Hospitals 3.512 4,29 2.668 3,26 6.180 7,55
Agencies, Commissions, Publics services
2.690 3,29 5.360 6,55 8.050 9,83
Projects 105 0,13 183 0,22 288 0,35
Total 37.244 45,50 44.614 54,50 81.858. 100,00
60 MIFOTRA/INSR, provisional results of civil servants census 2010, January 2011
79
79
ANNEXE III: Number of students disaggregated by gender in pre-primary schools
Access 2008 2009 2010
Number of students 145.409 150.000 96.934
Boys 71.058 72.833 47.034
Girls 74.351 77.167 49.900
% of Boys 48,9% 48,6% 48,5%
% of Girls 51,1% 51,4% 51,5%
Source: MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010
80
80
ANNEXE IV: Number of students disaggregated by gender in primary schools
Access 2008 2009 2010
Number of students 2.190.270 2.264.672 2.299.326
% of Girls 50,9% 50,8% 50,7%
Source: MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010
ANNEXE V: Number of students disaggregated by gender in secondary schools
Access 2008 2009 2010
Number of students 288.839 346.518 425.587
% of Girls 47,8% 49,0% 50,7%
% of Boys 52,2% 51,0% 49,3%
Source: MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010
ANNEXE VI: Number of students disaggregated by gender in tertiary education (in public institutions)
Year 2008 2009 2010
Students in public institutions 20.966 26.304 31.564
Male 14.241 17.695 21.188
% of Male 67,9% 67,3% 67,1%
Female 6.725 8.609 10.376
% of Female 32,10% 32,7% 32,9%
Source: MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010
81
81
ANNEXE VII: Number of students disaggregated by gender in tertiary education (in private institutions)
Year 2008 2009 2010
Students in private institutions
26.440 28.909 31.170
Male 12.978 13.479 14.054
% of Male 49,10% 46,6% 45,10%
Female 13.462 15.430 17.116
% of Female 50,90% 53,40% 54,90%
Source: MINEDUC, Education statistics, December 2010
8282
AN
NEX
E V
III:
Gen
der i
ssue
s in
Stat
e fin
ance
s
Inst
itutio
n Pr
ogra
m
2008
61
2009
(Jan
-Jun
)62
2009
/201
063
2010
/201
164
Cham
ber
of
Dep
utie
sRe
info
rcem
ent
and
prom
otio
n of
gen
der
rela
ted
issue
s in
the P
arlia
men
t 5.
600.
000
1.26
0.50
03.
063.
384
6.43
2.38
0
Gen
der a
nd fa
mily
Com
miss
ion
11.3
00.0
007.
950.
804
10.8
06.9
3512
.657
.264
PRIM
ATU
RE
Fam
ily p
rom
otio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
58.7
30.0
0024
.311
.076
63.7
51.9
9312
6.87
0.50
9
Gen
der a
nd w
omen
pro
mot
ion
390.
495.
530
557.
391.
854
1.46
8.77
6.43
21.
609.
740.
490
Gen
der a
nd w
omen
pro
mot
ion
proj
ect
100.
000.
000
--
-
Proj
et ét
ude d
e fai
sabi
lité d
’une
mai
son
des f
emm
es
100.
000.
000
--
-
Gen
der e
qual
ity an
d w
omen
empo
wer
men
t pro
ject
-
--
6.54
0.00
0
MIN
AG
RI
One
cow
per
fam
ily p
roje
ct
1.19
9.09
7.06
11.
000.
000.
000
1.30
2.00
0.00
02.
800.
000.
000
MIN
ICO
M
Build
4 h
andc
raft
prod
uctio
n ce
nter
s eac
h ye
ar
-20
.000
.000
--
MIN
EDU
C G
irls e
duca
tion
1.27
0.00
0.00
063
.662
.784
87.1
98.2
1949
4.58
7.17
4
Hea
lth, H
IV/A
IDS,
Env
ironm
ent
--
48.8
74.4
1413
.516
860
61
Law
n° 6
4/20
07 o
f 31/
12/2
007
dete
rmin
ing
the
Stat
e fin
ance
s fo
r the
200
8 fis
cal y
ear
62 L
aw n
° 70/
2008
of 3
0/12
/200
8 63
Law
n° 1
2//2
010
of 0
7/05
/201
0 m
odify
ing
and
com
plem
entin
g th
e La
w n°
15/
2009
of 3
0/06
/200
9 de
term
inin
g th
e st
ate
finan
ces
for
fisca
l yea
r 200
9/20
10 w
ith re
spec
t to
the
East
Afri
can
Com
mun
ity b
udge
t cal
enda
r 64
Law
n° 3
0/20
10 o
f 30/
12/2
010
dete
rmin
ing
the
Stat
e fin
ance
s fo
r the
201
0/20
11 fi
scal
yea
r
8383
Inst
itutio
n Pr
ogra
m
2008
61
2009
(Jan
-Jun
)62
2009
/201
063
2010
/201
164
MIN
ISA
NTE
N
urse
s and
mid
wiv
es
29.9
79.2
5013
.270
.532
33.1
91.1
2549
.275
.212
Enla
rged
vac
cina
tion
prog
ram
-
--
39.2
64.7
18
Figh
t ag
ains
t H
IV/A
IDS
and
sexu
ally
co
mm
unic
able
27
5.00
0.00
01.
280.
779.
194
469.
755.
538
133.
685.
465
Fina
ncia
l acc
essib
ility
to h
ealth
ser
vice
(M
utue
lles
Insu
ranc
e Sys
tem
, sub
sidiz
atio
n of
hea
lth se
rvic
es
622.
446.
573
905.
109.
052
2.84
8.25
4.21
03.
920.
236.
772
Lutte
cont
re le
pal
udism
e 95
.893
.948
48.9
43.3
7857
.989
.298
52.8
46.6
52
Lutte
cont
re la
tube
rcul
ose
60.0
00.0
0044
.770
.052
110.
045.
226
894.
665.
195
Fam
ily p
lann
ing
21.2
00.0
0013
7.01
1.77
233
9.62
0.31
642
4.00
0.00
0
Repr
oduc
tive
heal
th
32.2
00.0
0018
3.71
1.53
241
0.31
2.52
982
2.30
0.00
0
Proj
ect
Fina
ncia
l ac
cess
ibili
ty t
o he
alth
ser
vice
s (M
utue
lles i
nsur
ance
syste
m)
1.64
9.72
5.44
01.
644.
291.
004
2.49
1.28
5.24
0-
Proj
ect R
epro
duct
ive H
ealth
-
20.0
00.0
0020
.000
.000
-
Proj
et R
enfo
rcem
ent d
u co
ntrô
le d
e la
mal
aria
au
Rwan
da
1.53
4.50
8.24
02.
051.
458.
936
2.50
6.03
6.37
48.
939.
367.
904
MA
P :
MU
LTI
SECT
OR
AID
S PR
OG
RAM
(R
WA
ND
A H
IV/A
IDS
669.
663.
940
158.
000.
000
--
Proj
et
Mise
en
œu
vre
du
plan
na
tiona
l 14
4.83
4.74
4-
11.6
77.2
04.5
967.
545.
297.
475
8484
Inst
itutio
n Pr
ogra
m
2008
61
2009
(Jan
-Jun
)62
2009
/201
063
2010
/201
164
mul
tisec
torie
l lut
te co
ntre
le S
IDA
Proj
et R
enfo
rcem
ent d
u co
ntrô
le d
e la
tube
rcul
ose
au R
wand
a 1.
775.
138.
548
1.22
3.61
0.18
41.
325.
495.
855
703.
150.
265
Proj
et d
e lu
tte in
tégr
ée c
ontre
le p
alud
isme
(pha
se
3)32
3.07
1.23
246
2.27
5.26
39.
232.
777.
987
Proj
et D
écen
tralis
atio
n de
la
prise
en
char
ge d
es
pers
onne
s viv
ant a
vec l
e VIH
/SID
. 7.
797.
530.
400
3.89
8.76
5.20
03.
743.
003.
811
-
MIN
ISA
NTE
Pr
ojet
de
re
nfor
cem
ent
du
cont
rôle
de
la
tu
berc
ulos
e mul
ti ré
sista
nce a
u Rw
anda
78
4.88
6.71
2-
138.
173.
712
738.
546.
384
Proj
et :
Renf
orce
r la
prév
entio
n du
SID
A 3.
903.
771.
456
-2.
100.
000.
000
338.
300.
000
PACF
A:
Prot
ectio
n an
d ca
re o
f fa
mili
es a
gain
st H
IV/A
IDS
168.
000.
000
84.0
00.0
0016
8.00
0.00
016
8.00
0.00
0
Dia
gnos
tic a
nd tr
eatm
ent o
f dise
ases
pro
ject
s -
4.49
1.42
2.06
0-
-
MIN
YO
UTH
Re
prod
uctiv
e he
alth
and
righ
ts -
185.
706.
000
185.
706.
000
-
MIF
OTR
A
Prom
ote
wom
en e
mpl
oym
ent c
reat
ion
34.0
00.0
009.
600.
000
134.
355.
181
-
Tech
nica
l ass
istan
ce to
gen
der p
roje
ct
-8.
752.
596
--
Proj
et g
enre
et em
ploi
13
5.60
4.18
418
.352
.956
-
RCA
Su
rvey
on
wom
en p
roje
ct
--
-30
.000
.000
8585
Inst
itutio
n Pr
ogra
m
2008
61
2009
(Jan
-Jun
)62
2009
/201
063
2010
/201
164
NIS
R D
emog
raph
ic an
d he
alth
surv
ey p
roje
ct
--
-90
0.00
0.00
0
Nat
iona
l pop
ulat
ion
cens
us
--
-1.
634.
219.
282
30 D
istric
ts Fa
mily
pro
mot
ion
(MIG
EPRO
F)
9.00
0.00
02.
432.
400
5.74
7.73
05.
747.
730
Gen
der a
nd fa
mily
pro
mot
ion
(MIG
EPRO
F)
69.0
00.0
0018
.648
.720
44
.065
.770
44.0
65.7
70
TOTA
L BU
DG
ET
623.
227.
527.
207
392.
1133
3.66
483
8.01
0.76
3.8
984.
022.
047.
2
8686
AN
NE
XE
IX: N
umbe
r of
ben
efic
iari
es (l
egal
ass
ista
nce)
of H
AG
UR
UK
A in
200
8 an
d 20
09
Nat
ure
of th
e ca
seR
epor
t fro
m 2
008
New
cas
es 2
009
New
cas
es D
ecem
ber 2
009
Tot
al
case
s 20
09
F
E
T F
H
E T
F+
H
E
T
Pate
rnity
2.
182
23.6
47
25.8
29
36
0 1.
050
1.08
6 2.
218
24.6
97
26.9
15
28.0
01
Alim
ony
6.50
1 18
.866
25
.367
77
1
730
808
6.57
9 19
.596
26
.175
26
.983
R
ight
to p
rope
rty
16.0
23
12.8
93
28.9
16
871
14
107
992
17.0
01
13.0
00
30.0
01
30.9
93
Inhe
ritan
ce
13.7
86
9.10
5 22
.891
26
9 4
305
578
14.0
59
9.41
0 23
.469
24
.047
Pr
oper
ty m
anag
emen
t 89
4 55
2 1.
446
17
0 1
1891
1 55
3 1.
464
1.48
2 D
ivor
ce/le
gal
sepa
ratio
n/an
nulm
ent
of
mar
riage
1.99
4 0
1.99
4 28
5 2
0 28
7 2.
281
0 2.
281
2.56
8
Gua
rdia
nshi
p/ad
optio
n 1.
802
545
2.34
7 1
0 16
17
1.80
3 56
1 2.
364
2.38
1 Em
anci
patio
n 0
0 0
9 0
13
229
13
22
44Sa
tisfa
ctio
n of
judg
emen
t 2.
096
441
2.53
7 12
3 2
50
175
2.22
1 49
1 2.
712
2.88
7 W
elfa
re a
llow
ance
(SSF
R)
1.61
1 1.
170
2.78
1 14
0
7 21
1.62
5 1.
177
2.80
2 2.
823
Var
ious
obl
igat
ions
2.
051
44
2.09
5 11
3 3
24
140
2.16
7 68
2.
235
2.37
5 A
bsen
ce/d
ecla
ratio
n of
dea
th
42
20
62
0 0
0 0
42
20
62
62C
hild
care
72
1 45
76
6 30
0
0 30
751
45
796
826
Sale
can
cella
tion
96
30
126
21
0 2
2311
7 32
14
9 17
2 D
&I
216
451
667
29
1 2
3224
6 32
27
8 31
0 C
redi
t and
deb
t 11
2 4
116
11
0 1
1212
3 4
127
139
Dep
rivat
ion
of
pare
ntal
au
thor
ity
0 0
0 4
0 0
44
0 4
8
Tot
al
50.1
27
65.5
78
115.
705
1.91
0 27
2.
290
4.24
5 52
.157
69
.699
12
1.85
6 12
6.10
1 So
urce
: Rap
port
Hag
uruk
a as
bl 2
009
87
87
ANNEXE X: Number of victims of GBV received by HAGURUKA in 2008 and 2009
Nature of the case
report from 2008 New cases 2009 New cases December 2009
Total cases 2009
F E T F H E T F+H E TRape 6 42 48 27 0 128 155 33 170 203 358Murder 260 104 364 10 0 3 13 270 109 379 392Abortion 228 360 588 0 0 0 0 228 360 588 588Insults 126 56 182 48 0 15 63 126 71 197 260Assault 2.982 988 3.970 63 1 23 88 3.046 1.012 4.058 4.146Genocide 37 356 393 3 0 0 3 40 356 396 399Adultery 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 2 0 2 4Childabduction
74 22 96 0 0 0 0 74 22 96 96
Total 3.713 1.928 5.641 153 1 170 324 3.819 2.100 5.919 6.243Source: HAGURUKA asbl
88
88
ANNEXE XI: CASES OF GBV REPORTED TO THE NATIONAL PROSECUTION AUTHORITY IN 2010
11.1. Charges files
Prosecution’ office
Arrears
Newcases
Transferred to courts
Classified
Transferred to other institutions
Stillunderreview Prosecuted
GASABO 246 301 140 52 0 355 360GICUMBI 265 138 96 39 0 268 252HUYE 127 229 113 87 2 154 155KARONGI 41 94 72 40 0 23 26MUHANGA 70 282 192 66 2 92 31MUSANZE 135 192 24 0 0 303 294NGOMA 410 333 120 9 0 614 621NYAGATARE 200 227 154 20 0 253 242NYAMAGABE 5 88 44 14 0 35 6NYARUGENGE 270 347 21 0 0 596 592RUBAVU 58 181 100 27 1 111 22RUSIZI 57 144 101 15 2 83 41Total 1884 2556 1177 369 7 2887 2642
Source: NPPA, Raporo y’ibarurishamibare y’umwaka wa 2010
11.2. Information on the victims
Prosecution office Adult women
Minors (girls) Minors (boys)
0 - 14 years 14 - 18 years 0 - 14 years 14 - 18 years GASABO 25 148 116 21 60GICUMBI 28 50 52 1 9HUYE 50 130 45 16 25KARONGI 28 45 27 0 10MUHANGA 43 164 60 4 19MUSANZE 11 78 70 2 26NGOMA 47 165 113 0 23NYAGATARE 45 113 63 6 21NYAMAGABE 13 40 26 3 8NYARUGENGE 102 148 111 20 34RUBAVU 25 84 73 0 16RUSIZI 8 52 56 5 36Total 392 1123 733 72 283
Source: NPPA, Raporo y’ibarurishamibare y’umwaka wa 2010
89
89
11.3. Court decisions on cases of rape reported to courts
Prosecution’s office
Cas
es p
rose
cute
d
perp
etra
tors
Dec
lare
d in
noce
nt
Imprisonment period in years
[1-
6m
onth
s]
]1/2
-1ye
ar]
] 1-5
yea
rs]
]5-1
0yea
rs[
[10-
15ye
ars]
]15-
20ye
ars]
]20-
25ye
ars]
L
ifeim
pris
onm
ent
GASABO 20 22 9 0 1 8 2 1 1 0 0
GICUMBI 64 66 7 0 0 31 12 2 6 5 3
HUYE 68 71 14 0 2 37 5 2 3 0 8
KARONGI 69 70 16 1 2 37 4 4 3 0 3
MUHANGA 160 170 48 0 3 31 18 21 23 4 22
MUSANZE 33 37 15 0 4 9 0 3 5 0 1
NGOMA 98 99 35 5 1 35 5 10 6 0 2
NYAGATARE 165 180 50 1 7 75 17 2 10 5 13NYAMAGABE 91 92 41 0 0 30 6 2 7 1 5
NYARUGENGE 88 92 43 0 3 19 8 7 9 0 3RUBAVU 22 24 15 2 0 3 2 1 0 1 0RUSIZI 85 98 47 1 3 14 7 6 10 5 5KIGALI 104 120 29 0 0 34 21 14 9 1 12MUSANZE 106 107 19 2 1 34 18 14 12 2 5
NYANZA 151 160 22 0 2 46 37 26 14 2 11RUSIZI 113 115 14 0 0 22 19 29 15 1 15RWAMAGANA 142 149 43 0 1 52 27 13 10 1 2COURSUPREME 9 9 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 0 2
Total 1588 1681 467 12 30 518 208 161 145 28 112Source: NPPA, Raporo y’ibarurishamibare y’umwaka wa 2010
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90
ANNEXE XII: Key informants contacted for the Interview at the central level
1. Rwandan Parliament (both the Chamber of Deputies and Senate)
2. Supreme Court
3. MINAFFET (Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation/The coordination of the task force on treaty monitoring and reporting)
4. MINIJUST (Ministry of Justice/Attorney General’s Office)
5. MIGEPROF (Ministry of Family and Gender Promotion)
6. MINISANTE (Ministry of Health)
7. MINALOC (Ministry of Local Government)
8. MINADEF (Ministry of Defense)
9. MINEDUC (Ministry of Education)
10. MIFOTRA (Ministry of Public Service and Labour)
11. MINISPOC (Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture)
12. MINICOM (Ministry of Trade and Industry)
13. MINAGRI (Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources)
14. MINIRENA (Ministry of Natural Resources)
15. MIDIMAR (Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugees°
16. Office of the Ombudsman
17. NPPA (National Public Prosecution Authority)
18. RNP (Rwanda National Police)
19. NWC (National Women’s Council/National Office)
20. NCHR (National Commission for Human Rights)
21. NURC (National Unity and Reconciliation Commission)
9191
22. CNLS (Commission Nationale de Lutte contre le Sida)
23. NISR (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda)
24. NEC (National Electoral Commission)
25. Rwanda Directorate General of Immigration & Emigration
26. EWSA (Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority)
27. Public Service Commission
28. BNR (Banque Nationale du Rwanda)
29. RCA (Rwanda Cooperative Agency)
30. FFRP (Forum des Femmes Rwandaises Parlementaires)
31. INES Ruhengeri/Faculté de Droit
32. KIE (Kigali Institute of Education)
33. UN WOMEN
34. Women for Women
35. PSF (Private Sector Federation)
36. HAGURUKA asbl
37. Pro-Femmes Twese Hamwe
38. AVEGA-AGAHOZO (Association des Veuves du Génocide)
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ANNEXE XIII: The Composition of focus group discussions at District level
The members of the executive committee at District level (Vice Mayor in Charge of social affairs; the Director of Gender Unit and the Director in charge of planning at District level);
The member of the Consultative committee at District level;
The President of Primary Court;
The representative of the National Women Council at District level;
The representative of the Private Sector Federation at District level;
The representative of MAJ (Maison d’Accès à la Justice) at District level;
The Representative of the Joint-Action Forum representing all the NGOs and CSOs implementing in the area of access to Justice and Gender (women rights).
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93
AN
NEX
E X
IV:R
OA
DM
AP
FOR
EFF
ECTI
VE
PRO
CES
S O
F D
OM
ESTI
CA
TIO
N, I
MPL
EMEN
TATI
ON
, M
ON
ITO
RIN
G &
REP
OR
TIN
G O
N G
END
ER R
ELA
TED
INTE
RN
ATI
ON
AL
TREA
TIES
After
their
publication
in the
OGRR,
international
treaties
become directly applicable and
domestic courts and
other
governmental bodies have to
look for the treaty document
itself as a source of law
.
There
is a
need for
their
dissem
ination
for
their
awareness
by law enforcers
and the population
Developm
ent of indicators
Baseline data
Targets to be set
Developm
ent of the monitoring
fram
ework
Regularm
onitoring
(annually)
For effective implem
entation, there is a
need:
To develop an implem
entation plan
which details tasks and responsibilities
for all implem
enting actors
To establish guidelines for disaggregated
data collection
2. D
OM
EST
ICA
TIO
N
1. R
ATI
FIC
ATI
ON
3.
IM
PLE
ME
NTA
TON
4. M
ON
ITO
RIN
G
5. R
EPO
RTI
NG
TO
TR
EA
TY
BO
DY
A reporting grid to be developed and
used;
A permanent treaty body reporting
in place
Regular reporting according to the
reporting guidelines and timeframe
of each treaty
94