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MOTIVATION THEORIESMOTIVATION THEORIES

HandysTheory

Content Theories Process Theories New Approaches

to Motivation

Maslows

Theory

Herzbergs

Theory

Vrooms

Theory

Maccobys

Theory

Costa &

McCraes

Five Factor

Theory

CONTENT THEORIES

Explain those specific things that actuallymotivate the individual at work

Identify peoples needs and their relativestrengths

The goals they pursue in order to satisfythese needs

Emphasize on the nature of needs and whatmotivates

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CONTENT THEORIESCONTENT THEORIES

If you deliberatelyIf you deliberatelyplan on being less thanplan on being less than

you are capable ofyou are capable ofbeing, then I warn youbeing, then I warn youthat youthat you ll be unhappyll be unhappyfor the rest of yourfor the rest of yourlife.life.

--AbrahamAbraham MaslowMaslow(1908(1908 19701970))

MASLOW NEED HIERARCHY THEORY

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Companies needed notonly to achieveacceptable hygienelevels but also toinstitute practicesthat made peoplehappy.

- Frederick I. Herzberg(1923 2000)

HERZBERGS TWO FACTOR THEORY

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PROCESS THEORIESPROCESS THEORIES

Explain and describe how people start, sustain

and direct behavior aimed at the satisfaction of

needs or reduction of inner tension

People select and carry out their goals by a

conscious or unconscious process of

calculation

VROOMS THEORY

Vroom's expectancy theory is based on the belief that employee effort w ill lead toperformance and performance will lead to rewards (Vroom, 1964).

Rewards may be either positive or negative.

The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will b e highlymotivated.

Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the emp loyee willbe motivated.

Introduced three concepts

Valence is the importance that the individual places upon the ex pectedoutcome of a situation.

Expectancy is the belief that output from the individual and the success of thesituation are linked, e.g. if I work harder then this will be be tter.

Instrumentality is the belief that the success of the situation is linked to theexpected outcome of the situation, e.g. it's gone really well, s o I'd expectpraise

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H A N D Y S MOT IV AT I ON CAL CULUS

Charles Handy's Motivation Calculus is an extension of Maslow'sHierarchy of Needs.

It addresses cognitive and external reference points that the or iginalHierarchy of Needs five-level model of does not.

Handy's Motivation Calculus attempts to cater for complexities andvariations in people's situations beyond the reach of the origin alHierarchy of Needs model.

Motivation Calculus

Needs - maslow factors, personality characteristics, current workenvironment, outside pressures and influences.

Results - we must be able to measure the effect of what our

additional efforts, resulting from motivation, will produce. Effectiveness - we decide whether the results we have achieved

meet the needs that we feel.