"asbestos – trends and action globally and in singapore" by dr jukka takala and...
TRANSCRIPT
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
1
Asbestos ndash Trends and Action Globally and in Singapore
Dr Jukka Takala MsLynnette Goh
Workplace Safety and Health Institute Ministry of Manpower
17 November 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
2
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
3
Past World Estimates asbestos deaths
112000 every year (ILO estimate)
107000 every year (WHO estimate)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
4
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
5 5
Asbestos consumption in Asia and in the World
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
6
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
2
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
3
Past World Estimates asbestos deaths
112000 every year (ILO estimate)
107000 every year (WHO estimate)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
4
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
5 5
Asbestos consumption in Asia and in the World
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
6
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
3
Past World Estimates asbestos deaths
112000 every year (ILO estimate)
107000 every year (WHO estimate)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
4
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
5 5
Asbestos consumption in Asia and in the World
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
6
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
4
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
5 5
Asbestos consumption in Asia and in the World
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
6
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
5 5
Asbestos consumption in Asia and in the World
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
6
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
6
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
7
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash EU-27
Sources WSH Institute Singapore 2014 Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL TUT ILO WHO
EU-OSHA WSH Institute Singapore JOEH May 2014 ref data MOHMOM and WHO WPRO A
region
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash Singapore and EU distribution of fatal injuries and illnesses EU in brackets
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
8
Work-related Annual Deaths ndash World
Sources Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J
Saarela KL TUT ILO EU-OSHA
Asbestos 25-50 of all work-
related cancers
New 102 500
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
9 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
10 10
Consumption of Asbestos and Mesothelioma Deaths in the UK 2003
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
11 11
Today
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
12
Year
Source R Virta United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior Exports bigger than imports in 1985 etc
Singaporetotal estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 136209 metric tons
Finland total estimated consumption 1960 -2012 was 311904 metric tons
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
13
Year
Data Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Exports bigger than imports
IntJOEH20041022-25 amp BJC(2012)106575-584
bullTotal consumption in Taiwan 480000 Singapore 136000 and Malaysia 750000 metric tons in
Every 170 tons causes 1 mesothelioma case and 2-10 lung cancers
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
14
Year
Source United States Geological Survey US Department of Interior
Sin
gap
ore
Nu
mb
er
of
De
ath
s
50
100
Sin
gap
ore
ind
ex 2
x 1
04
Exports bigger than imports in 1985
UK 2005
Singapore expected
Singapore scale
Today UK Mesothelioma deaths
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
15
Problem Sources Eun-Kee Park Ken Takahashi (UOEH) Jukka Takala ILO
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
16
Thailand deaths estimate
UK Exposure
UK Deaths
Thailand exposure moving average
UK 2005
Mesothelioma deaths = 200000 tons usedyear
1500
Today UK
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
17
Selected data from various
sources refs included
26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week ndash Tim Driscoll 17
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
18
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos FINLAND
Estimates made in 2001 based on 1996 data (Nurminen )
1 59 mesothelioma deaths 42 at work 208 asbestos related lung cancer deaths estimated RR = 23 AF= 14 (males) for asbestos and synergistic smoking related to average asbestos consumption 10 041 tonsyear 1950-70
2 170 tons of asbestos use causes 1 mesothelioma death data calculated also for global estimates (Tossavainen)
3 48 tons of asbestos consumption caused 1 asbestos related lung cancer totalling 250
deaths 312 - 335 deaths at peak level in the year around 2020 of which an expected
62 in reality 85 mesothelioma deaths see point 7 below 4 Other cancers known to have been caused by asbestos stomach colon larynx ovary
rectum and asbestosis deaths need to be added 5 Asbestos epidemic will cause 8 785 deaths of which 1 757 mesothelioma deaths 6 Year 2013 average 85 mesothelioma cases recorded annually in Finland
Sources Nurminen Karjalainen Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 Tossavainen A IntJOEH 2004 1022-25
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
19
Asbestos mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos UNITED KINGDOM
Estimates made in 2005 (Rushton )
1 8 010 occupational cancer deaths in 2005 1 937 mesothelioma deaths at work 2 223 asbestos related lung cancer deaths total 4160 deaths estimated related to annual average asbestos consumption 140 173 tons in 1950-70 resulting to 337 tons of asbestos causing 1 death either by mesothelioma or lung cancer
2 Year 2013 2 535 recorded mesothelioma deaths with corresponding rate estimated to have 2 909 lung cancer deaths totalling 5 444 deaths (HSE)
3 Maximum recorded consumption in 1960 163 019 tons of asbestos this consumption would produce an expected 4 837 maximum estimate of expected deaths the reality is close to above 5 444 deathsyear between 2015-2020
Sources BJC Rushton BJC(2012)106575-584 and HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
20 26-Nov-14 Visiting Expert Week
ndash Tim Driscoll 20
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
21
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based on consumed asbestos WORLD (1 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on RR = 23 and AF = 14 (males) 06 (females) 10 041 tons of asbestos exposure cause 208 asbestos related lung cancer ARLC
(Nurminen) or every used 48 tons cause one lung cancer and every 170 tons cause one mesothelioma every 355 tons cause 1 death (Tossavainen)
2 World consumption was 35 million tons in 1970 and peak consumption was 47 million tons in 1980
3 Corresponding ARLC in around 2015-20 will be 73 200 deaths and peak mortality in 2025-30 97 800 deaths Mesothelioma deaths peak 27 600 (under reporting expected here) in 2025-2030
4 Asbestos caused other cancer deaths ( colonstomach larynx ovary) come to approx 18 of mesothelioma and lung cancers (1760) and asbestosis deaths to 38 of these cancers (4765) adding all together at peak period
132 000 deaths Sources
1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003 httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 Straif K The Burden of occupational cancer editorial DOI 101136oem2007038224 httpoembmjcom
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
22 26-Nov-14
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
23
Work-related Asbestos mortality estimates based on UK consumed asbestos WORLD cont (2 of 2)
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on UK Data (Rushton) in 2005 there were 8 010 occupational cancer deaths of which 1 937 mesothelioma deaths and 2 223 ALRC deaths In 2013 the number of mesothelioma cases was 2 535 and corresponding ARLC deaths 2 909 totalling 5 444 deaths
2 UK Peak consumption was 163 019 tons of asbestos in 1960 Average annual consumption in 1950-70 was 140 173 tons
3 The average consumption between 1950-70 would be equal to 1 death for every 337 tons covering both ARLC and mesothelioma For peak consumption and present 2013 deaths 1 death would be caused by 299 tons Global peak consumption 47 million tons in 1980 outcome in 2025-2030
4 Corresponding global ARLC and mesothelioma deaths would be 139 500 based on average consumption 1950-70 and 157 000 based on latest 2013 death numbers and peak consumption in the UK Other asbestos caused cancers and asbestosis deaths need to be added
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012) 10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
24
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based THAILAND
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Thai consumption of asbestos in 1970 which was 21 272 metric tons Thai ARLC number would be 441 deaths and mesothelioma 125 deaths totalling 566 and adding other asbestos caused
deaths 599 in 2015- 20
2 Average annual consumption around 2006 was 135 000 tons which would produce
3 800 (3802) peak annual deaths of all asbestos related causes around the year 2050
3 Peak consumption of 190 205 tons of asbestos in 1996 in Thailand would produce a figure of 5 400 (5 357) in around the year 2040-50 (less reliable)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-5 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
25
Work-related Asbestos Mortality estimates based SINGAPORE
Estimates made in Nov 2014 (Takala )
1 Based on estimate of exposure-outcome relation (RR=23) and the Singapore peak consumption of asbestos in 1975 which was 8 671 metric tons the number of total peak annual asbestos related number would be 244 deaths in 2025-30 Mesothelioma may be around 10-25 of this number depending on the type of asbestos used
2 Total consumption until 2006 was 136 209 tons which would produce
an asbestos epidemic of 3 800 (3836) deaths of all asbestos related causes during
some 50 years 3 Peak of deaths is expected at 2025-30
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
26
Why Mesothelioma Mortality is low in Asia as compared to Europe USA AustraliaNZ Japan
1 Asbestos use was started slower in Asian countries and generally later than in
industrialised countries The peak for Singapore is expected to be 10 years later than in the UK at 2025-30 In Thailand the peak is expected to be 30-35 later in 2040-50 Latency time from the high country consumption is also longer than earlier thought not all importedproduced asbestos is used immediately on the year imported rather with some delays also disease latency period is very long - up to 50 years
2 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating mesothelioma is considerably low and lower in Asian and other developing countries than in best reporting developed countries
3 The type of asbestos used eg in the UK has earlier contained a significant amount of crocidolite and other amphibole fibers that are causing more mesothelioma and proportionally less ARLC (McCormack et al)
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
27
Why Asbestos-related Lung Cancer is poorly identified
1 Lung cancer is caused by many factors and smoking may cover up to 85 of all lung cancers The outcome is not readily identified as been caused by asbestos and easily dismissed as many workers exposed to asbestos are also smokers and most lung cancer victims are exposed to asbestos and actively smoking
2 The attributable fraction or the number of ldquolung cancers eliminated by reducing just asbestosldquo is high but in particular caused by the multiplicative or super-additive synergistic effects of both asbestos exposure and smoking (see next slide)
3 Diagnosing recording reporting and compensating asbestos related lung cancer is weak everywhere due to difficulty of individualising the asbestos exposure effect This effect is seen in a population but evidence individually is challenging to proof Many jurisdiction expect asbestos being as the main cause ie the magnitude of causal effect is more than 50 to record them as compensable
4 Life expectancy is relatively low in many Asian countries Lung cancer and mesothelioma appear late in life
Sources 1Rushton L BJC(2012)10753-57 2 HSE httpwwwhsegovukstatisticscausdismesotheliomamesotheliomapdf 3 Nurminen M Karjalainen A Scand J Work Environ Health Vol 27 no3 4 Tossavainen A Int JOEH 2004 1022-25 5 Virta Robert United States Geol Survey Worldwide Asbestos Supply and Consumption 1900-2003
httppubsusgsgovcirc20061298c1298pdf 6 McCormack Peto et al BJC(2012)106575-584 7 Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group FIOH wwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
28
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
29
Asbestos and smoking - synergistic effect Increased risk of lung cancer when exposed to
1 Asbestos alone RR = 2 - 5
2 Smoking alone RR = 8-10
3 Combined RR = 50-80 Source T Driscoll
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
30
Background or ldquonon-exposedrdquo reference mortality
1 Relative risk and attributable fractions are calculated against the background mortality for ldquonon-exposedldquo population Exposure limit today for airborne asbestos vary from 01 fiberml to 001 fml (or 100 000 to 10 000 fibresm3)
2 In countryside Europe background is about 100-500 fibresm3 In cities ndash eg in Geneva in between the ILO and WHO buildings 900 fibresm3 and inside the office buildings 600 fibresm3
3 25 fibresml ndash years is considered as a criteria for ARLCmesothelioma for workerslsquo compensation base on daily 8 hours exposure This may be easily reached in a population of 1 000 people if exposure is continuous for 24hday 900 fibresm3 3 1000 = 27 fml ndash yrs and in 10 years 27 fml ndash yrs 1 death for every 10 years for ldquonon exposedldquo - acceptable
4 Passive smoking and in particular active smoking radically increase the risk of ARLC 5 Health-based OEL should be 0001 fml and for general population life-time risk (247
exposure) limit should be 00000001 fml or 01 fibresm3 (Cherrie)
Sources Cherrie John httpvenusuniveitfallpresentazioniCherrie_oppdf
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
31
Slide of Sugio Furuya
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
32
Slide of Sugio Furuya modified by JT
Singapore other Asia
UK 2909 a-r lung cancers 485mill
2535 meso422 in 2013 HSE
SourceFazzo etal
Finland 42milla-r lung cancer
Finland 118millmeso
Finland 16mill
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
33
Year amp Area
Deaths
Finland
2001 (Nurminen et al)
Finland
2014 est
UK
2005 (Rushton et al)
UK
2013 est
Thailand
2015
Thailand
2050 est
World
Peak value
Asbestos related
lung cancer ARLC
208
243
2223
2909
441 6
3093 6
97800 3
Mesothelioma
42 - 59
68ndash85 5
1937
2535
125 6
507 6
27600 3
ARLC +
Mesothelioma
250
311
4160
5444
566
3600
125400 3
Other asbestos
cancers and
asbestosis added
264
328
4234 4
5541 4
598
3800
132000 3
All cancer deaths
at work
839
1135 1
8010
13300 1
4825 1
na
666 000 2
1 Based on a proportional value derived from ILO estimate for High income economies and SEARO countries (WHO data 2011) 2 Based on ILO Estimate 2014 (WHO data from 2011) httpswwwwsh-institutesgfileswshiuploadcmsfileGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf
3 Around the years 2025-2030 4 Without asbestosis 5 Estimated at 68 but recorded annual average at 2010 was 85 6 Rate between ARLC and Mesothelioma considered 41 in 2050 used McCormack etal ratio 2-10 1 average 611
Table 1 Asbestos-Related Disease and Cancer Deaths at Work
(selected countries)
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
34
Conclusions borrowed from Kurt Straif
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
35
Conclusion
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
36
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Singaporersquos Experience in Asbestos Management and Control
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
37
1950 1980 1990 2000 2014
Use of asbestos building materials banned in 1988
Licensing of all raw asbestos and ACM (excluding chrysotile) imports in 1989
Banning of asbestos brake pads and clutch linings in 1995
Inclusion of chrysotile containing ACM for licensing control in 2008
Decreasing use of ACM
Wide usage of asbestos as building materials fireproofing and heat insulators
Enactment of Factories (Asbestos) Regulations in 1980
History of Asbestos Control in Singapore
Gazette of WSH (Asbestos)
Regulations in 2014
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
38
National Asbestos Control Programme
Targeted intervention
Standard setting
Compliance assistance
Capability building
Engagement
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
39
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
Effective from 30 May 2014
To enhance protection of workers against asbestos exposure
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
40
WSH (Asbestos) Regulations 2014
1 Asbestos Survey to be carried out by a competent person to ascertain the presence of asbestos
2 Licensing of contractors carrying out asbestos removal work
3 Written plan of work to ensure asbestos removal work is carried out safely
4 Removal of ACMs before demolition of building
5 Technical requirements on asbestos work
6 Training for persons carrying out work involving asbestos
Key changes
Source httpwwwmomgovsglegislationoccupational-safety-healthPagesdefaultaspx
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
41
Are there building works carried out for building built before
1 Jan 1991
Is there any work operation or process involving a specified
material
Conduct an asbestos survey to ascertain
the presence of asbestos
Engage an approved asbestos ndashremoval
contractor
Submit asbestos work notification to
Ministry of Manpower
Conduct asbestos-removal work with measures taken to
minimise the release or spread of
asbestos during work
Engage a licensed waste disposal to dispose asbestos
waste
YES YES
Presence of asbestos
14 AARC licensed by
MOM
68 Competent
persons trained
Cable penetration insulation fire protection board panel wall and
door gasket refractory lining sprayed insulation thermal
insulation of pipe boiler pressure vessel and process vessel
2 licensed companies
by NEA
200 Notifications
per year
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
42
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
43
Illegal removal of asbestos-containing materials
Any person who contravenes the WSH(Asbestos) Regulations shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $20000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $200000 or to imprisonment for a term
not exceeding 2 years or to both for persons
Any person guilty of an offence under the WSH Act shall be liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding $500 000 to companies
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
44
Other Relevant Regulations
1 WSH (Medical Examinations) Regulations 2014
Persons who carry out work involving asbestos to undergo pre-employment and periodic medical examinations to screen for symptoms of asbestos-related diseases
2 Work Injury Compensation Act
Asbestosis and Mesothelioma are reportable occupational diseases and workers who have contracted these diseases arising out of their work can claim compensation
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
45
Corrugated asbestos sheets
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Roof
Wall Cladding
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
46
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Buildings)
Asbestos cemented
wall panels
Asbestos ceiling board
Asbestos ceiling board Asbestos Vinyl Sheet
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
47
Common ACMs found in Singapore (Plants vessels)
Pipe lagging Gasket
Pipe insulation Cable Penetration
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
48
bull Notification of asbestos-removal work
bull
2011 2012 2013 2014 (till date)
194 205 251 202
Total Permits Demolition work
Structural work
Average (Jun-Oct 2014)
519 79 440
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
49
ldquoNot-so-commonrdquo ACMs
Rubbish chute
insulation lining
Ventilation panels
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
50
Technical requirements on asbestos work
Designated work area
Negative pressure units
Proper decontamination
facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Measures to minimise the release or spread of asbestos during work
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
51
Designated work area
Decontamination facilities
Industrial vacuum cleaner
Dirty Shower Clean
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
52
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
-Good practices in managing exposure to ACM -Removal of ACM bullPlan of work bullSite preparation bullDecontamination facilities bullPPE bullAir monitoring etc
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
53
Compliance Assistance
WSH Guidelines Management and
Removal of Asbestos
Video Working Safely with
Asbestos
WSHC Website Asbestos
wwwwshcsg
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
54
Conclusion
bull Asbestos-related diseases have killed a large number of people worldwide
bull Most effective way to prevent asbestos-related diseases is to eliminate or prohibit the use of asbestos
bull A multi-pronged approach involving legislation enforcement and engagement is necessary
bull Joint effort by regulators and stakeholders is needed to prevent exposure to asbestos and manage asbestos at workplaces
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
55
THANK YOU
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
57
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
58
Additional selected data from
various sources refs included
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
59
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
60
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
61
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
62
EUROSTAT numbers referred by the Health and Safety Executive UK web page httpwwwhsegovukstatisticspdffatalinjuriespdf (accessed 2014 09 11)
Takala J Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Saarela KL Loke YY Manickam K Tan WJ Heng P Tjong C Lim GK Lim S Gan SL Global Estimates of the Burden of Injury and Illness at Work in 2012 JOEH 11 326-337 May2014 Taylor amp Francis open access httpwwwtandfonlinecomdoipdf101080154596242013863131 ILO Report Contribution by Nenonen N Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Takala J Saarela KL Lim SL Lim GK Manickam K GLOBAL ESTIMATES OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS AND FATAL WORK-RELATED DISEASES IN 2014 based on 2010 and 2011 DATA Report to the ILO Tampere Singapore Geneva 2014 DOI 10131402128640647 web page httpwwwwshigovsgfilesGlobal20Estimates20of20Occupational20Accidents20and20Work-related20Illness202014pdf Stephen S Lim Theo Vos Abraham D Flaxman et al A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters I 21 regions 1990-2010 a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012 380 2224-60 Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation web site httpvizhubhealthdataorggbd-cause-patterns Haumlmaumllaumlinen P Global Estimates of Occupational Accidents and Fatal Work-Related Diseases Doctoral dissertation Publication 917 Tampere University of Technology Finland 2010 Accessed on 11 Sep 2014 and available at httpdspacecctutfidpubbitstreamhandle1234567896818hamalainenpdfsequence=1 Nurminen M amp Karjalainen A (2001) Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment amp Health 27 161ndash213 httpwwwsjwehfishow_abstractphpabstract_id=605(accessed 26 March 2014) Steenland K Rollins School Public Health Emory University Atlanta Ga USA 2004 httpwwwoccupationalcancercawp-contentuploads201103Steenlandpdf (Accessed on 2014 09 14) Ana M Garciacutea Rafael Gadena Merino Vicente Loacutepez Martiacutenez Estimacioacuten de la mortalidad atribuible a enfermedades laborales en Espantildea 2004 Rev Esp Salud Puacuteblica 2007 81 261-270 Ndeg3 Mayo-Junio 2007 Accessible from httpscieloisciiiesscielophppid=S1135-57272007000300003ampscript=sci_arttext (accessed 2014 09 15)
Andrea lsquot Mannetje Neil Pearce Quantitative estimates of work-related deaths diseases and injury in New Zealand Scand J Work Environ Health 200531(4)266-276 doi105271sjweh882 Accessible from wwwsjwehfidownloadphpabstract_id=882ampfile_nro=1 (accessed 2014 0915) Murray CJL Lopez AD (ed) The Global Burden of Disease ndash A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk fraction in 1990 and projected to 2020 Volume I The Harvard School of Public Health World Health Organisation and World Bank 990 p 1996 Santonen T Oksa P (eds) Memorandum from the Occupational Cancer Working Group Finnish Institute of Occupational Health ISBN 978-952-261-369-1 See httpwwwttlfienpublicationsElectronic_publicationsDocumentsMemorandum_Cancer_2013pdf (accessed 2014 09 15) V McCormack J Peto G Byrnes K Straif P Boffetta Estimating the asbestos-related lung cancer burden from mesothelioma mortality Accessed on 16 May 2013 at httpwwwncbinlmnihgovpmcarticlesPMC3273352 (accessed 17 March 2014) WHO Asbestos elimination of asbestos related diseases See httpwwwwhointmediacentrefactsheetsfs343en (accessed 2014 09 15) Singapore WSH Statistics WSH Institute available at httpwwwwshi-institutesgObservatory-WSH-LandscapeWSH-Statisticshtml Labour Force Survey 2013 Ministry of Manpower available at httpstatsmomgovsgPagesEmployment-Tables2013aspx Lesley Rushton Sally J Hutchings Lea Fortunato Charlotte Young Gareth S Evans Terry Brown Ruth Bevan Rebecca Slack Phillip Holmes Sanjeev Bagga John W Cherrie and Martie Van Tongeren Occupational cancer burden in Great Britain Br J Cancer 107 S3-S7 doi101038bjc2012112 Accessed on 16 May 2013 and available at httpwwwnaturecombjcjournalv107n1sindexhtml Communicable Disease Report 2012 MOH accessed on 16092014 httpwwwmohgovsgcontentmoh_webhomePublicationsReports2013Communicable_Diseases_Surveillance_in_Singapore_2012html
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
63
Cancer site Attributable Fraction() Attrib Deaths (2005) Attrib Registrations (2004)
Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total
Bladder 71 19 53 215 30 245 496 54 550
Bone 00 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0
Brain 05 01 03 10 1 11 12 2 14
Breast 46 46 555 555 1969 1969
Cervix 07 07 7 7 18 18
Kidney 004 004 004 1 1 1 2 1 3
Larynx 29 16 26 17 3 20 50 6 56
Leukaemia 09 05 07 18 5 23 30 9 38
Liver 02 01 02 4 2 5 4 1 5
Lung 211 53 145 4020 725 4745 4627 815 5442
Lympho-haematopoietic 0004 0002 0003 0 0 0 0 0 0
Melanoma (eye) 29 04 16 1 0 1 6 1 6
Mesothelioma 970 825 949 1699 238 1937 1699 238 1937
Multiple Myeloma 04 01 03 5 1 6 8 2 10
Nasopharynx 108 24 80 7 1 8 14 1 15
NHL 21 11 17 43 14 57 102 39 140
NMSC 69 11 45 20 2 23 2513 349 2862
Oesophagus 33 11 25 156 28 184 159 29 188
Ovary 05 05 23 23 33 33
Pancreas 002 001 001 1 0 1 1 0 1
Sinonasal 433 198 327 27 10 38 95 31 126
Soft Tissue Sarcoma 34 11 24 11 3 13 22 4 27
Stomach 30 03 19 101 6 108 149 9 157
Thyroid 012 002 005 0 0 0 1 0 1
Total 82 23 53 6355 1655 8010 9988 3611 13598
Total GB cancers 15+yrs 77912 72212 150124 175399 168184 343583 Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
64
Cancer Site Asbestos Shift
work
Min
oils
Solar
radn
Silica DEE PAHs
(Tars)
Painters Dioxins ETS Radon Welders All
Bladder 296 106 71 550 Brain 14 Breast 1957 1969 Cervix 18 Kidney 3 Larynx 8 56 Leukaemia 38 Liver 5 Lung 2223 470 907 695 282 215 284 209 175 5442 LH cancers 1 Melanoma eye 6 Mesothelioma 1937 1937 Multiple
Myeloma
10 Nasopharynx 15 NHL 74 140 NMSC 902 1541 475 2862 Oesophagus 188 Ovary 33 Pancreas 1 Sinonasal 55 126 STS 27 27 Stomach 47 83 157
Thyroid 1 Total Attrib
Registrations
4216 1957 1722 1541 907 801 475 437 316 284 209 175 13598
Source Rushton ao
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
65
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related
copy 2010 Government of Singapore
A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
66
10 leading causes of Deaths in East Asia
Murray et al Lancet 2012
httpwwwhealthmetricsandevaluationorggbdvisualizationsregional
WORK-related