AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Built-in components for masonryconstruction

Part 1: Wall ties

AS

/NZ

S 2699.1

Accessed by AECOM AUSTRALIA PTY LTD on 15 Aug 2011

AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint TechnicalCommittee BD/28, Masonry Wall Ties and Accessories. It was approved on behalf ofthe Council of Standards Australia on 22 December 1999 and on behalf of the Councilof Standards New Zealand on 20 December 1999. It was published on28 February 2000.

The following interests are represented on Committee BD/28:

Association of Consulting Engineers AustraliaAustralian Chamber of Commerce and IndustryAustralian Industry GroupAustralian Institute of Steel ConstructionAustralian Paint Manufacturers FederationAustralian Stainless Steel Development AssociationAutoclaved Aerated ManufacturersBuilding Research Association of New ZealandClay Brick and Paver InstituteConcrete Masonry Association of AustraliaCSIRO—Building, Construction and EngineeringGalvanizers Association of AustraliaHousing Industry AssociationInstitute of Professional Engineers New ZealandMaster Builders AustraliaPlastics and Chemicals Industries AssociationSteel Institute of AustraliaUniversity of Newcastle

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Detailed informationabout joint Australian/New ZealandStandardscanbefoundby visitingthe Standards Australia web site at www.standards.com.au or Standards New Zealand website at www.standard.co.nz and looking up the relevant Standard in the on-line catalogue.

Alternatively, both organizationspublish an annual printed Cataloguewith full detailsof allcurrent Standards. For more frequent listings or notification of revisions, amendments andwithdrawals, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand offer a number of updateoptions. For information about theseservices, usersshould contact their respectivenationalStandards organization.

Wealso welcomesuggestions for improvement in our Standards, and especially encouragereadersto notify usimmediately of any apparent inaccuraciesor ambiguities. Pleaseaddressyour comments to the Chief Executive of either Standards Australia International orStandards New Zealand at the address shown on the back cover.

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 99027.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Built-in components for masonryconstruction

Part 1: Wall ties

Originated in Australia as AS INT 324—1953.Revised and redesignated as AS 2699—1984.Originated in New Zealand as NZS 4210:1989.AS 2699—1984 and part of NZS 4210:1989 jointly revised

and redesignated as AS/NZS 2699.1:2000.

COPYRIGHT© Standards Australia/Standards New ZealandAll rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or byany means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the writtenpermission of the publisher.

Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, PO Box 1055, Strathfield, NSW2135 and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020

ISBN 0 7337 3023 X

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New ZealandCommittee BD/28, Masonry Wall Ties and Accessories, to supersede AS 2699—1984, Wallties for masonry construction, and, in part, NZS 4210:1989, Code of practice for masonryconstruction: materials and workmanship.

This Standard is the first of a three-part series on masonry wall ties, connectors andaccessories, and lintels and shelf angles. The series comprises the following:

AS/NZS2699 Built-in components for masonry construction2699.1 Part 1: Wall ties2699.2 Part 2: Connectors and accessories2699.3 Part 3: Lintels and shelf angles (durability requirements)

The objective of this Standard is to provide manufacturers with requirements for theclassification of wall ties into three duty ratings. Type A cavity wall ties and veneer wall tiesare classified according to characteristic strength only. Type B seismic-resistant veneer tiesare classified according to stiffness and characteristic strength which are functions ofserviceability, ultimate strength and ductility or toughness. All ties are classified for theircorrosion resistance. Provisions are also included for remedial (retrofitted) ties.

Test methods are given for determination of—

(a) resistance to water transfer;

(b) characteristic strength and stiffness; and

(c) corrosion resistance.

The types and spacings of ties necessary to meet design requirements are specified inAS 3700, Masonry structures, and NZS 4210, Code of practice for masonry constructionmaterials and workmanship.

The terms ‘ normative’ and ‘ informative’ have been used in this Standard to define theapplication of the appendices to which they apply. A ‘ normative’ appendix is an integral partof a Standard, whereas an ‘ informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.

Notes to clauses in this Standard are for information and guidance only and compliance withthem is not a requirement of the Standard.

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3 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

CONTENTS

Page

SECTION 1 GENERAL1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.3 NEW TECHNOLOGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SECTION 2 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.2 AIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 SAFETY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.4 DURABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.5 RESISTANCE TO WATER TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.6 EMBEDMENT, MOVEMENT AND TOLERANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.7 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE—STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS . . . . . . 10

SECTION 3 DEEMED-TO-COMPLY PROVISIONS FOR MATERIAL SELECTION 12

SECTION 4 IDENTIFICATION MARKS4.1 TIE MARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134.2 PACKAGE MARKING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SECTION 5 ASSESSMENT FOR COMPLIANCE WITH THIS STANDARD5.1 GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.2 SAMPLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145.3 MANUFACTURERS CERTIFICATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

APPENDICESA METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF

TYPE B VENEER TIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15B METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OF

TYPE A TIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20C METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION OF

BARE TIES OR TIES WITH A METALLIC COATING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28D METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION

OF STEEL WALL TIES WITH AN ORGANIC OR DUPLEX COATING . . . . 32E METHOD OF TEST FOR RESISTANCE TO WATER TRANSFER . . . . . . . . 36F TEST TO IDENTIFY STAINLESS STEEL GRADE AS 1449/316 OR 316L . . 40G MINIMUM LABELLING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41H MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THIS STANDARD 42

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 4

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Built-in components for masonry construction

Part 1: Wall ties

S E C T I O N 1 G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION This Standard specifies the requirements for wall tiesfor use in tying together—

(a) the leaves of cavity masonry walls;

(b) masonry veneer walls and load-bearing frames; and

(c) masonry veneer walls against a strong backing wall.

NOTES:

1 AS/NZS 2699.2 specifies the durability performance and test procedures for structuralperformance of connectors and accessories used in masonry construction.

2 AS/NZS 2699.3 specifies the requirements for durability of lintels and shelf angles.

3 This Standard gives categories of wall ties, and classifies wall ties by characteristic strengthand durability and, where applicable, characteristic stiffness.

4 The durability classifications employed in this Standard are compatible with the environmentsspecified in AS/NZS 2312, NZS 3604 and AS 3700.

5 Design and installation of wall ties are specified in AS 3700, NZS 4210 and NZS 4230.

This Standard applies to ties used in masonry described in AS 3700, NZS 4210 andNZS 4230, including those used in thin-jointed masonry (for example, autoclaved aeratedconcrete (AAC) blockwork).

1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in thisStandard:

AS1199 Sampling procedures and tables for inspection by attributes

1397 Steel sheet and strip—Hot-dipped zinc-coated or aluminium/zinc-coated

1399 Guide to AS 1199—Sampling procedures and tables for inspection byattributes

1449 Wrought alloy steels—Stainless and heat-resisting steel plate, sheet and strip

1580 Paints and related materials—Methods of test1580.481 Coatings1580.481.1.9 Method 481.1.9: Exposed to weathering—Degree of blistering1580.481.1.10 Method 481.1.10: Exposed to weathering—Degree of flaking and peeling1580.481.3 Method 481.3: Exposed to weathering—Degree of corrosion of coated

metal substrates

2193 Methods for calibration and grading of force-measuring systems of testingmachines

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5 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

AS2331 Methods of test for metallic and related coatings2331.2.1 Method 2.1: Average thickness tests—Dissolution methods—Strip and

weigh, and analytical2331.3.1 Method 3.1: Corrosion and related property tests—Neutral salt spray test

(NSS) test

3700 Masonry structures

3894 Site testing of protective coatings3894.3 Method 3: Determination of dry film thickness

3942 Quality control—Variables chart—Guide

AS/NZS2312 Guide to the protection of iron and steel against exterior atmospheric

corrosion

2699 Built-in components for masonry construction2699.2 Part 2: Connectors and accessories2699.3 Part 3: Lintels and shelf angles (Durability requirements)

4455 Masonry units and segmental pavers

4534 Zinc and zinc/aluminium-alloy coatings on steel wire

4680 Hot-dip galvanized (zinc) coatings on fabricated ferrous articles

ISO 9000 Quality management and quality assurance standardsISO 9000.1 Part 1: Guidelines for selection and use

ISO 9004 Quality management and quality system elementsISO 9004.1 Part 1: Guidelines

NZS3604 Timber framed buildings

4203 General structural design and design loadings for buildings

4210 Code of practice for masonry construction: materials and workmanship

4230 Code of practice for the design of masonry structures4230.1 Part 1: Structures4230.2 Part 2: Commentary

SAA/SANZHB18 Guidelines for third-party certification and accreditation.HB18.28 Guide 28: General rules for a model third-party certification scheme for

products

ASTMG1 Standard practice for preparing, cleaning and evaluating corrosion test

specimens

1.3 NEW TECHNOLOGIES This Standard shall not be interpreted as preventing the useof materials or methods of manufacture not specifically referred to herein, provided thespecified performance criteria are met.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 6

1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.

1.4.1 Cavity tie—a wall tie designed to connect two leaves of masonry that are separatedby a clear cavity of any width.

1.4.2 Characteristic stiffness— the stiffness used to determine the classification underClause 2.7, calculated in accordance with Appendix A for Type B ties.

1.4.3 Characteristic strength— the strength used to determine the classification underClause 2.7, calculated in accordance with Appendix A for Type B ties and Appendix B forType A ties.

1.4.4 Characteristic value— the value that is exceeded by at least 95% of the ties in thelot.

1.4.5 Duplex coating—a coating system that provides corrosion protection through thecombination of an organic barrier coating applied to galvanized steel.

NOTE: A fi lm of organic matter, such as paint or plastic, is not an automatic indication of a duplexcoating. Such fi lms may simply have been applied to identify the durability classification (seeClause 4.1).

1.4.6 Durability classification (R)— identifies the level of corrosion protection providedto a tie to meet the performance condition for the design life of a structure.

NOTE: The classifications R0 to R5 are individually defined by reference to exposure conditionsgiven in AS 3700.

1.4.7 Face loads— the loads applied normal to the face of the wall, which imposecompressive or tensile forces on the ties.

1.4.8 Galvanized coating—a protective zinc coating alloyed to the steel substrate andapplied by hot-dip immersion in molten zinc of at least 98% purity.

1.4.9 In-plane loads— the loads applied in the plane of the wall, which impose bending andshear forces on the ties.

1.4.10 Lot—a group of wall ties of a single type with specific characteristics anddimensions, presented for sampling at the same time.

1.4.11 Masonry couplet— two stack-bonded masonry units joined by a bed of mortar, oradhesive, as appropriate.

1.4.12 Organic coating—a protective coating, based on one or more organic resins, inliquid or powder form, applied to the substrate.

1.4.13 Specimen—a specially prepared item for testing, consisting of masonry wall tie orties embedded in a masonry couplet, possibly affixed to a length of timber or metal stud orembedded in another couplet, to simulate the various service conditions or, where more thanone type of service condition applies to that tie, the most demanding.

1.4.14 Veneer tie—a wall tie designed to connect an outer masonry skin to an inner wallof timber, metal or other relevant material.

1.4.15 Wall ties

1.4.15.1 Type A tie—a tie not required to have specific seismic design characteristics.Type A ties are as follows:

(a) Type A cavity tie—a tie, together with its fixings or anchorages, used to transfer faceloads between skins (leaves) of a cavity wall while being capable of accommodatingdifferential in-plane horizontal and vertical deflections between the attached elements.

(b) Type A veneer tie—a tie, together with its fixings or anchorages, used to transfer faceloads from a veneer to a structural backing while being capable of accommodatingdifferential in-plane horizontal and vertical deflections between the attached elements.

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7 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

(c) Type A remedial tie—a tie manufactured for installation after a masonry leaf has beenerected. Remedial ties may be either cavity ties or masonry veneer ties and are usuallyused to replace defective ties, or where ties have been omitted.

NOTE: The requirements for the use of Type A ties are given in AS 3700.

1.4.15.2 Type B tie—a tie required to have specific design characteristics under cyclicdynamic loading, such as occurs under seismic conditions. Type B ties are as follows:

(a) Type B non-flexible veneer tie—a tie, including its fixings or anchorages, used totransfer face loads between a masonry veneer and a structural backing, while beingbeing capable of accommodating differential in-plane horizontal and verticalmovements between the attached elements, during which time the cavity width mayvary.

NOTES:

1 Type B non-flexible veneer ties may transmit shear forces across the cavity from theseismic-resisting structure to the veneer when it is subjected to in-plane earthquake effectswith relative movements of up to ±20 mm.

2 In New Zealand these ties are known as ‘ standard ties’ .

(b) Type B flexible veneer tie—a tie that, together with its fixings and anchorages, iscapable of transmitting face loads between a masonry veneer and its structural wall,while not transferring shear or bending loads across the cavity when accommodatingdifferential in-plane horizontal and vertical deflections between the attached elements.

(c) Type B remedial tie—a tie with specific seismic design characteristics manufacturedfor installation after a masonry leaf has been erected. Remedial ties are usually usedto replace defective ties or where ties have been omitted.

NOTE: The requirements for the use of Type B ties are given in NZS 4210 and NZS 4230.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 8

S E C T I O N 2 P E R F O R M A N C E C R I T E R I A

2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION This Section sets out specific requirements for the design andmanufacture of wall ties.

Categories of wall ties are as follows:

(a) Type A ties, which comprise the following:

(i) Cavity ties.

(ii) Veneer ties

(iii) Remedial ties.

(b) Type B ties, which comprise the following:

(i) Non-flexible veneer ties.

(ii) Flexible veneer ties.

(iii) Remedial ties.

2.2 AIM The performance criteria set out in this Section are designed to ensure that—

(a) wall ties are durable and serviceable, and have adequate strength, while satisfying otherrelevant criteria such as resistance to water transfer; and

(b) there is no loss of function of ties or adverse effect on the masonry over a design lifeof not less than 50 years, except for those intended for durability classification R5,which requires the use of specifically designed ties.

2.3 SAFETY Ties shall be manufactured without sharp features, such as points or corners,that could injure site workers.

2.4 DURABILITY

2.4.1 General Materials for the manufacture of masonry wall ties shall be either inherentlycorrosion resistant or suitably coated to impart adequate corrosion resistance to achievedesign life.

2.4.2 Damage Each wall tie shall be free from fracture or surface cracks. Where ties arefabricated from coated sheet, wire or bar, the manufacturing process shall not materiallydamage the corrosion-resistant coating except at cut edges or ends.

2.4.3 Classification of materials Ties manufactured from any material shall be identifiedas durability classifications R0 to R5, by application of the acceptance criteria inClause 2.4.4.

2.4.4 Durability criteria for wall ties Ties shall suffer no loss in serviceability orperformance over the design life of the structure (see Clause 2.2) when subjected to thefollowing in-service conditions:

(a) Elevated temperatures with a maximum of 55°C, where the tie is exposed on theexternal face of the masonry (for example, some remedial ties), or 40°C, where the tieis embedded within the mortar bed in accordance with Clause 2.6.

(b) A cyclic temperature variation of 40°C over any 24 h period.

(c) The mortar bed having an initial alkalinity with a pH of up to 10, but carbonating overtime to a pH of not less than 7.

(d) Being wet and remaining wet for a period of three months per year.

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9 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

(e) Exposure to UV radiation (global radiation of 20 MJ/m2) for a period of up to fourweeks (the construction period).

(f) Aerosol penetration, with the highest level of airborne salt deposited at the exterior ofthe masonry, as follows:

(i) R0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . nil g/m2/day.

(ii) R1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 g/m2/day.

(iii) R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 g/m2/day.

(iv) R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 g/m2/day.

(v) R4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 g/m2/day.

(vi) R5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . See Note 2.

NOTES:

1 The extent of aerosol penetration depends largely on the distance from the coast; however,in practice, microclimatic effects may distort otherwise normal climatic patterns by manykilometres and should always be taken into account. The salt deposition in the wall cavitywould normally be half that experienced on the exterior face of the wall. The values usedin Appendix C reflect this situation.

2 The R5 durability classification refers to specific corrosive environments outside the abovecriteria. Where industrial fall-out, bacteria, chemicals or other environmental conditionsexist, it is necessary for the manufacturer to test all unique coatings and materials to confirmtheir resistance to the particular environment for the expected life of the structure. Becausethat environment cannot be specified in this document, suitable coating systems cannot berecommended.

2.4.5 Test methods Ties produced from materials not meeting the deemed-to-complyprovisions (see Section 3) shall be tested and assessed for compliance in accordance withAppendix C or Appendix D, as appropriate.

For ties produced from other materials, such as polymers, no specific test methods areavailable and alternative means of compliance with the criteria set out in Clause 2.4.4 shallbe demonstrated by the manufacturer.

2.4.6 Durability criteria for fasteners The veneer wall tie and its fasteners shall begalvanically and chemically compatible, and the combination shall have a corrosion resistanceof at least that of the tie alone. (See Clause 2.6(g).)

2.5 RESISTANCE TO WATER TRANSFER Wall ties shall be manufactured such that,when tested in accordance with Appendix E, no tie from the sample permits water transferacross the cavity.

2.6 EMBEDMENT, MOVEMENT AND TOLERANCE Wall ties shall be manufacturedsuch that the following criteria is met:

(a) The anchorage section of a wall tie shall be capable of being bedded on, andcompletely surrounded by, mortar.

(b) They shall be capable of being easily immobilized within the mortar bed, with a layerof mortar under and above the anchorage section of the tie.

(c) They shall be capable of being mechanically keyed within the mortar bed.

(d) They shall be designed in such a way that they are easily and practicably embedded inmortar as the construction proceeds.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 10

(e) The seating anchorage in the mortar shall be not less than the following within ±5 mm:

(i) For solid or cored units up to 100 mm wide . . . . . half the width of the unit.

(ii) For solid or cored units 100 mm or wider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mm.

(iii) For hollow units with face-shell bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 mm.

NOTE: In a hollow-unit masonry construction, it may be necessary to obtain the requiredembedment by fi lling the appropriate cores with mortar.

(f) The part of a wall tie that provides anchorage to the mortar bed joint in masonry shallhave an overall height of the anchorage section, including any crimping or bending, notexceeding 70% of the design joint thickness. This limitation shall not apply to ties usedwith autoclaved aerated concrete blockwork constructed with thin-bed mortar, butprovision shall be made to accommodate the thickness of the tie.

(g) Wall ties that are intended to be fixed to non-rigid members shall be capable of beingfixed by non-impact methods (for example, screwing), unless it can be shown that themethod of fixing will not adversely affect the ability of the tie or the mortar to performas required.

Tie and fasteners shall be supplied as an integral system.

NOTES:

1 Screw fixings do not suffer or produce the same problems as do impact fixings, such asnails.

2 Galvanic compatibility between tie and fastener is required by Clause 2.4.6.

(h) The tolerance between any moving parts of veneer ties in the direction of the face loadsshall be such as to allow no movement.

(i) Type B wall ties shall be capable of tolerating both horizontal and vertical differentialmovements of the leaf and the loadbearing frame, so as to maintain compliance withthe applicable requirements of Table 2, when subjected to the applicable displacementsin Paragraph A8, Appendix A.

(j) Type B wall ties shall be designed and made so that no component of a tie disengagesin service, including during earthquakes.

(k) Type B flexible veneer ties in their unstressed condition shall be constructed so as tonot reduce or increase the cavity width by more than 2 mm when accommodatingdifferential in-plane horizontal and vertical deflections between the attached elementsas described in Paragraph A8, Appendix A.

(l) Remedial ties shall be manufactured to satisfy the performance requirements forType A or Type B wall ties. Those remedial ties intended for use in upgradingbuildings in earthquake-prone areas shall be capable of satisfying the horizontal in-plane and out-of-plane loads and deflections as set out in Paragraph A8, Appendix A,for Type B veneer ties supported from flexible structures. Remedial ties used toupgrade cavity wall buildings shall comply with Clause 2.7.2 for Type A cavity ties.

2.7 STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE—STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS

2.7.1 Strength Wall ties shall be tested in accordance with Appendix A or Appendix B.The characteristic stiffness values in tension and compression so obtained for Type B tiesshall be not less than the appropriate values given in Table 2 for the particular dutyclassification.

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2.7.2 Classification of Type A ties Cavity and veneer ties shall be classified inaccordance with their characteristic strength as shown in Table 1. The classification is asfollows:

(a) Light duty.

(b) Medium duty.

(c) Heavy duty.

TABLE 1

MINIMUM CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH OF TYPE AVENEER TIES AND TYPE A CAVITY TIES

ClassificationMinimum characteristic strength, kN

Tension Compression

Light duty 0.20 0.24

Medium duty 0.40 0.48

Heavy duty 1.00 1.20

NOTE: A lower bound value on stiffness is imposed on ties by the test method. This places an upperlimit of 1.5 mm on the tie deflection at ultimate load.

2.7.3 Classification of Type B ties Veneer ties for use in seismic areas shall be classifiedin accordance with their characteristic strength and stiffness as shown in Table 2. Theclassification is as follows:

(a) Earthquake light duty (EL).

(b) Earthquake medium duty (EM).

(c) Earthquake heavy duty (EH).

TABLE 2

TYPE B VENEER TIES (FLEXIBLE OR NON-FLEXIBLE)MINIMUM CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH AND CHARACTERISTIC

STIFFNESS UNDER AXIAL LOADING

Classification forseismic veneer tie

Minimumcharacteristicaxial stiffness

kN/mm

Minimumcharacteristic axial

strength (at the end of4th, 10 mm tension

cycle)kN

Minimum characteristicresidual strength (at end

of 15 mm cycle) kN

Light duty (EL) 0.150 0.500 0.350

Medium duty (EM) 0.175 0.750 0.550

Heavy duty (EH) 0.200 1.500 1.100

NOTE: Type B non-flexible veneer ties are known as ‘ standard ties’ in New Zealand.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 12

S E C T I O N 3 D E E M E D - T O - C O M P L YP R O V I S I O N S F O R M A T E R I A L S E L E C T I O N

Wall ties complying with Table 3 (for sheet) or Table 4 (for wire) are deemed to meet thedurability criteria of Clause 2.4.4.

NOTES:

1 Galvanized steel wire employed for the manufacture of masonry wall ties is normally suppliedto a tensile strength specification of 550 MPa max.

2 Wall tie feedstock, already appropriately coloured for durability classification identification,may be available from materials suppliers.

TABLE 3

DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR MASONRY WALL TIESMANUFACTURED FROM STEEL SHEET

Durabilityclassification

Material requirement

R0, R1, R2

(a) Masonry wall ties manufactured from galvanized steel sheet complying with AS 1397with a galvanized coating of at least grade Z600

(b) Masonry wall ties galvanized after manufacture from bare steel sheet and complyingwith AS/NZS 4680 except that the coating mass shall be at least 300 g/m2 on each side

R3Masonry wall ties galvanized after manufacture from bare steel sheet and complying withAS/NZS 4680 except that the coating mass shall be at least 470 g/m2 on each side

R4Stainless steel grade AS 1449/316 or AS 1449/316L. (UNS S31600 or UNS S31603respectively) (See Table 4, Note 1)

NOTE: For ties of durability classification R5, see Clause 2.4.4, Note 2.

TABLE 4

DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR MASONRY WALL TIESMANUFACTURED FROM STEEL WIRE (OR BAR)

Durabilityclassification

Material requirement

R0, R1, R2, R3

(a) Masonry wall ties manufactured from galvanized steel wire (or bar) complying withAS/NZS 4534, except that the galvanized coating mass shall be at least 470 g/m2.

(b) Masonry wall ties galvanized after manufacture from bare steel wire (or bar) andcomplying with AS/NZS 4680 except that the coating mass shall be at least 470 g/m2

R4Stainless steel grade AS 1449/316 or AS 1449/316L (UNS S31600 or UNS S31603respectively).

NOTES:

1 A chemical procedure is described in Appendix F for the identification of grade AS 1449/316 orAS 1449/316L stainless steel.

2 For ties of durability classification R5, see Clause 2.4.4, Note 2.

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13 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

S E C T I O N 4 I D E N T I F I C A T I O N M A R K S

4.1 TIE MARKING Each wall tie shall be colour coded or stamped with an identifiablemark to indicate its durability classification. This colour code or mark shall be such that itis readily visible in the cavity portion of the building construction.

Where colour coding is used for ties, the coding shall be as follows:

(a) Wall ties for durability classifications R0 and R1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . green.

(b) Wall ties for durability classification R2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yellow.

(c) Wall ties for durability classification R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . red.

(d) Wall ties for durability classification R4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . white or blue.

White shall be used only for colour-coded R4 uncoated (bare) materials, except that stainlesssteel ties may be supplied uncoloured.

NOTE: See Clause 3.1, Note 2.

Wall ties of durability classification R5, being dedicated items for critical applications, shallbe labelled or otherwise identified, in a manner agreeable to both manufacturer and purchaser.

Where stamping is employed for strip metal ties, they shall be stamped 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 toindicate R0, R1, R2, R3 or R4 respectively.

Where additional stamping is used, the markings on Type B ties shall be as follows:

(i) Earthquake light duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EL.

(ii) Earthquake medium duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EM.

(iii) Earthquake heavy duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EH.

4.2 PACKAGE MARKING The following information shall be marked on each packageof wall ties, or on a label securely attached thereto:

(a) Reference to this Standard, that is, AS/NZS 2699.1.

(b) Name or registered trade name or mark and address of manufacturer.

(c) Duty classification.

(d) Rated cavity width, in millimetres.

(e) Durability classification.

(f) If applicable, fastening requirements.

(g) Any limitations on the use of the tie, including those not specifically identified in theStandard.

NOTES:

1 For an example of labelling see Appendix G.

2 Manufacturers making a statement of compliance with this Australian/New Zealand Standardon a product, packaging, or promotional material related to that product are advised to ensurethat such compliance is capable of being verified.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 14

S E C T I O N 5 A S S E S S M E N T F O RC O M P L I A N C E W I T H T H I S S T A N D A R D

5.1 GENERAL Prototype ties shall be tested and assessed for compliance with Section 2before commercial manufacture begins. If their design, method of manufacture or materialis changed subsequently, prototypes produced in accordance with the changed conditions shallbe tested and assessed for compliance.

Wall ties manufactured from materials that are deemed by Clause 3.1 to satisfy durabilitycriteria are not required to be tested for durability.

Where the properties of a given lot of wall ties are to be tested for compliance with thisStandard, the wall ties shall be sampled at random from that lot unless otherwise specified.

Ties shall also be sampled and monitored during production to ensure compliance with:

(a) the tolerances stated on dimensioned drawings on which the prototypes tested werebased; and

(b) the specifications for base materials and coatings, where appropriate—

(i) as set down in Table 3 or Table 4; or

(ii) on which the durability classification was established in accordance with thetests described in Appendix C or Appendix D; or

(iii) on which the durability classification was established, for materials such aspolymers, by means of an alternative demonstration of compliance with thecriteria specified in Clause 2.4.4.

NOTE: Means for demonstrating compliance with this Standard are given in Appendix H.

5.2 SAMPLING The number of wall ties sampled from a lot shall be not less than thenumber given for the relevant test (see Appendices A, B, C D and E).

Where ties are not symmetrical on inversion and do not have a designated top face, separatetests shall be carried out on both possible orientations.

5.3 MANUFACTURERS CERTIFICATE Where tests are not required to be carried outin the presence of purchasers or their representatives, manufacturers shall, if requested at thetime of ordering, furnish purchasers or their representatives with a certificate which statesthat the wall ties comply with the requirements of this Standard.

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15 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

APPENDIX A

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OFTYPE B VENEER TIES

(Normative)

A1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out the method for determining the stiffness andcharacteristic strength of a lot of Type B veneer or remedial ties.

A2 PRINCIPLE Test specimens are constructed in a way that closely simulates actualbuilding techniques, while still allowing their ease of dismantling for test. Ties are firstlyaxially displaced to determine serviceability. Ties are then displaced in the plane of the wallsimulating random seismic movement before being subjected to axial displacement todetermine strength.

NOTE: The masonry unit size is not critical to the assessment of the tie under test, but should bein the range.

(a) Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 to 80 mm.

(b) Width . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 to 90 mm.

(c) Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 to 250 mm.

A3 MATERIALS The following materials shall be required:

(a) Masonry units—clay, concrete, calcium silicate or AAC units, as appropriate,complying with AS/NZS 4455.

(b) Mortar— for clay units, type 1:2:9 (cement:lime:sand by volume); for concrete orcalcium silicate units, type 1:0:5 with water thickener; and for AAC units, thin-bedmortar.

NOTE: In this test the bond strength between masonry unit and mortar is assumed to be not lessthan 0.2 MPa.

(c) Structural member— for veneer ties only, 2.4 m lengths of stud 90 mm × 35 mm inradiata pine No.1 framing grade or of equivalent stiffness stress grade F5, or 450 mmlengths of metal stud or other relevant structural member.

(d) Ties—as supplied by the manufacturer, complete with the specified fasteners fortimber, steel or other material, as appropriate.

A4 APPARATUS A testing machine that complies, in terms of accuracy, with therequirements for Grade A or Grade B machines of AS 2193. The machine shall be capableof—

(a) holding the specimen firmly and without damage, while maintaining the preloadspecified; and

(b) applying the relative displacements specified herein without relative twist, rotation ortilt.

A5 SAMPLE A minimum of six test specimens, each containing one tie, shall be preparedfor the given lot.

The tie manufacturer shall provide to the testing authority—

(a) a specification of the principal properties of the tie material; and

(b) a dimensioned drawing of the tie nominating key tolerances.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 16

A6 SPECIMEN CONSTRUCTION The specimens shall be constructed as follows:

(a) On a firm floor erect a 2.4 m high stud with top and bottom plates firmly braced (seeFigure A1).

NOTE: For ease of disassembling the specimens for testing, consideration should be given toscrewing the required short lengths of stud (timber, metal or other relevant material) to a 2.4 mhigh timber stud.

(b) At the maximum cavity width specified by the tie manufacturer, lay four masonry unitsin stack bond using normal bricklaying actions. To facilitate dismantling the specimens,insert a polythene or other suitable bond breaker in the third mortar course. Masonryunits are to be laid at a minimum rate of one course per minute.

(c) Bed the tie in mortar on the top masonry unit, so that there is a layer of mortar aboveand below the tie, and fix it to the stud in accordance with the manufacturer’sinstructions.

(d) Mortar the masonry unit and lay four more units, with polythene in the first and thirdmortar courses.

(e) Repeat Steps (b), (c) and (d) until six ties have been installed up to the height of thestud (see Figure A1).

(f) Cover the construction with a polythene sheet to prevent evaporation of moisture fromthe mortar and leave undisturbed for 28 to 35 days.

(g) Carefully cut the stud into convenient lengths, or unscrew the attached short lengthsof stud, for testing and separate the masonry units into couplets at each tie.

A7 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR TESTING

A7.1 Age at testing The specimens shall be tested from 28 to 35 days after manufacture.

A7.2 Selection of specimens The specimens shall be randomly divided into two equalgroups, one group to be axially cycled first in tension and the other first in compression.

A7.3 Setting up for testing Each specimen shall be firmly held in the testing machine inthe relative position it would occupy if no displacement had occurred. Apply a compressivepreload to the couplet so as to produce between 10 kPa and 100 kPa across the bedding joint.

NOTE: For metal studs used with masonry veneer ties, the stud may be supported along the fulllength of the flange opposite the tie attachment so as to prevent deflection of the longitudinal axisof the stud. The ends may also be clamped 450 mm apart to prevent distortion of the cross-section.

The length of timber stud shall then be displaced down from its position in the original wallby 10 mm relative to the masonry couplet without relative tilting, twisting or rotation, andwithout disturbing the mortar bed. Similarly, the length of metal stud shall be displaceddown 5 mm.

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DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE A1 SPECIMEN CONSTRUCTION

A8 TEST PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Ensure that the specimen is firmly held in the displaced position (see Paragraph A7.3).

(b) Carry out one of the following steps, as appropriate:

(i) For each tie to be tested in tension first, subject the tie to a displacement alongits axis perpendicular to the plane of the wall of 2 mm ±0.5 mm in tensionfollowed by 2 mm in compression, return to zero displacement, and record theforces resisted at each displacement limit.

(ii) For each tie to be tested in compression first, subject the tie to a displacementalong its axis perpendicular to the plane of the wall of 2 mm ±0.5 mm incompression followed by 2 mm in tension, return to zero displacement, andrecord the forces resisted at each displacement limit.

NOTE: If the results obtained at 2 mm in Step (d) after in-plane displacement provesufficient to meet serviceability criteria, then those results may be used and Step (b)of the procedure may be omitted.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 18

(c) Carry out tests on specimens in the following sequence:

(i) Non-flexible veneer ties Subject the tie to 4 cycles of displacement to ±20 mm(that is, 8 load reversals) in a direction equivalent to a horizontal orientation inthe plane of the original wall. Return to zero displacement. No recordings arerequired.

NOTE: Designers may find the loads resisted and stiffness encountered during thisregime useful. It is suggested that manufacturers acquire this information during the testand that it be reported as part of their test results.

(ii) Flexible veneer ties Subject the tie to 4 cycles of displacement to ±40 mm(that is, 8 load reversals) in a direction equivalent to a horizontal orientation inthe plane of the original wall. Return to zero displacement, and observe ormeasure the change in cavity width during this regime.

(d) Subject the tie to the following displacements along the axis of the tie:

(i) 4 cycles of ±2 mm, 4 cycles of ±10 mm, 1 cycle of ±15 mm.

(ii) Record the force and displacement either by a continuous graphical method orby readings at sufficiently regular intervals to provide hysteresis loops for dataanalysis.

(e) For metal studs, ensure that any flange deformation in the region of the tie attachmentis not prevented during the test.

A9 DETERMINATION OF PROPERTIES OF INDIVIDUAL SPECIMENS

A9.1 Stiffness The stiffness of each tie shall be the average of the forces resisted at the2 mm deflection limits in tension and compression.

A9.2 Strength The strength of each tie shall be the peak tension load resisted during thefourth cycle of displacement at ±10 mm. The residual strength shall be the peak tension loadresisted during the 15 mm cycle.

A10 CALCULATION OF VALUES FOR THE LOT OF TIES

A10.1 Characteristic stiffness The characteristic stiffness of the lot shall be the averageof the values for all of the specimens.

A10.2 Characteristic strength The characteristic strength of the lot shall be calculatedusing the following equation:

Xc = x − 0.80s . . . A10.2

where

Xc = characteristic strength

x = average of the results calculated as in Paragraph A9, including the zero valueswhere appropriate

s = standard deviation of the sample

A11 REPORT The following information shall be reported:

(a) Reference to this Standard, that is, AS/NZS 2699.1

(b) Identification of the test method.

(c) Identification of the lot of ties, including—

(i) manufacturer;

(ii) tie description, including the specification and drawings provided by the tiemanufacturer.

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19 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

(iii) maximum cavity width; and

(iv) source of the lot.

(d) Name of testing authority and the person responsible for the test.

(e) Date and location of test.

(f) Age of the specimens when tested.

(g) For each tie—

(i) stiffness value;

(ii) strength value; and

(iii) any pertinent observation.

(h) For the lot—

(i) characteristic stiffness; and

(ii) characteristic strength, axial and residual.

(i) Any variation from the test procedure.

(j) Comments, if necessary.

(k) Summary of results giving classification of tested item.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 20

APPENDIX B

METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE STRENGTH OFTYPE A TIES

(Normative)

B1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out the method of testing for the strength of a given lotof Type A wall ties.

B2 PRINCIPLE Ties are installed in specimens to simulate their in-service condition.Cavity ties are set at each end into a bonded couplet of masonry units. Masonry veneer tiesare set at one end into a bonded couplet of masonry units and attached at the other end to apiece of structural member. Remedial ties are assembled in masonry units of the samematerial as in the actual installation in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Eachspecimen is placed in a testing apparatus which imposes a relfative movement of the tie endsand subjects the specimen to a tensile or compressive force. Failure is determined by eitherfracture or excessive deflection of the tie.

B3 MATERIALS The materials required shall be as follows:

(a) Masonry units—clay, concrete, calcium silicate or AAC units, as appropriate,complying with AS/NZS 4455.

(b) Mortar— for clay units, type 1:2:9 (cement:lime:sand by volume); for concrete orcalcium silicate units, type 1:0:5 with water thickener; and for AAC units, thin-bedmortar.

NOTE: In this test the bond strength between masonry unit and mortar is assumed to be not lessthan 0.2 MPa.

(c) Spacer— for cavity ties only, timber spacer cut to the width of the designated cavity.

(d) Vapour-proof sheet— sufficient to wrap the specimens.

(e) Structural member— for veneer ties only, 150 mm lengths of stud 90 mm × 35 mm inradiata pine No.1 framing grade or of equivalent stiffness stress grade F5, or 450 mmlengths of metal stud or other relevant structural member.

(f) Ties—as supplied by the manufacturer complete with the specified fasteners for timber,steel or other material, as appropriate.

B4 APPARATUS A testing machine that complies, in terms of accuracy, with therequirements for grade A or grade B machines given in AS 2193. The machine shall becapable of the following:

(a) Holding firmly each specimen in the position described in Paragraph B7.3.

(b) Displacing the specimen as described in Paragraph B7.3 by the amounts specified inTable B1.

(c) Applying either tension or compression force along the (undisplaced) axis of the tie.

B5 SAMPLE A minimum of 12 test specimens, each containing one tie, shall be preparedfor a given lot, due account being taken of the requirements contained in Paragraph B6.1 andParagraph B11.1.

The tie manufacturer shall provide to the testing authority—

(a) a specification of the principal properties of the tie material; and

(b) a dimensioned drawing of the tie nominating key tolerances.

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B6 MANUFACTURE OF SPECIMENS

B6.1 Form of specimens Specimens shall be built to the cavity width prescribed by themanufacturer for that length of tie.

The form of specimens shall be as follows:

(a) For cavity ties—a pair of stack-bonded couplets joined by one wall tie.

(b) For masonry veneer ties—a stack-bonded couplet linked by one wall tie to a shortpiece of structural member.

(c) For remedial ties—a pair of masonry units linked by one remedial tie.

B6.2 Construction

B6.2.1 For cavity ties The specimens shall be constructed as follows:

(a) Place a timber spacer cut with its horizontal width equal to the designated cavity, andits vertical dimension not exceeding 50 mm, on a vapour-proof sheet on a horizontalsurface.

(b) Set out masonry units, according to the number of specimens, along each side of thetimber spacer, with the heads of the units separated by approximately 13 mm.

(c) Place a bed of mortar on the units using a normal bricklaying action or, when thin-jointbedding is used, spread adhesive evenly across all units.

(d) Install the ties into the mortar bed or adhesive joint, one tie to each unit, in accordancewith the manufacturer's instructions or, if no specific instructions are provided, inaccordance with accepted good practice. Ties shall be installed in a position such thatthey are symmetrically placed on the units at right angles to the inside faces and fullyembedded in the mortar or jointing material.

NOTE: For masonry units laid with mortar joints, accepted good practice is an embedment inaccordance with Clause 2.6(e).

(e) After not less than 1 min nor more than 4 min from the commencement of spreadingof the bed, place the second course of units, ensuring a uniform 10 ±3 mm jointthickness for a mortar bed, or in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendationfor thin-bed jointing. Strike off any excess mortar, including at perpend joints.

(f) Wrap the specimens in the vapour-proof sheet and leave them undisturbed for 7 days.

(g) Remove the spacer before testing.

B6.2.2 For masonry-veneer ties The specimens shall be constructed as follows:

(a) Fix the ties in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations to short lengthsof timber or short lengths of other relevant structural member.

(b) Set out masonry units, according to the number of specimens, along a straight line upona vapour-proof sheet on a horizontal surface, with the heads of the units separated byapproximately 13 mm.

(c) Place a bed of mortar on the units using a normal bricklaying action or, when thin-jointbedding is used, spread adhesive evenly across all units.

(d) Install the ties into the mortar bed or adhesive joint, one tie to each unit, in accordancewith the manufacturer’s instructions or, if no specific instructions are provided, inaccordance with accepted good practice. Ties shall be installed in a position such thatthey are symmetrically placed on the units at right angles to the inside faces and fullyembedded in the mortar or jointing material. Ensure the correct cavity width ismaintained between the faces of the unit and the stud to which the ties are attached.

NOTE: For masonry units laid with mortar joints, accepted good practice is an embedment inaccordance with Clause 2.6(e).

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 22

(e) After not less than 1 min nor more than 4 min from the commencement of spreadingof the bed, place the second course of units, ensuring a uniform 10 ±3 mm jointthickness for a mortar bed, or in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendationfor thin-bed jointing. Strike off any excess mortar, including perpend joints.

(f) Wrap the specimens in the vapour-proof sheet and leave them undisturbed for 7 days.

B6.2.3 For remedial ties Install the ties in accordance with the manufacturer's instructionsusing the same masonry that is to be rectified. Remedial ties are usually installed through themasonry unit rather than in the mortar joint.

B7 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS FOR TESTING

B7.1 Age at testing The specimens shall be tested 7 days after their manufacture.Remedial ties shall be tested at the age required by the manufacturer’s installationinstructions.

B7.2 Selection of specimens The specimens shall be randomly divided into two equalgroups, one of which shall be tested in compression and the other in tension.

B7.3 Setting up for testing Each specimen (that is, pair of couplets, or couplet andstructural member) shall be firmly held by the machine in the relative position it wouldoccupy if no displacement occurred.

NOTE: For metal studs used with masonry veneer ties, the stud may be supported along the fulllength of the flange opposite the tie attachment so as to prevent deflection of the longitudinal axisof the stud. The ends may also be clamped 450 mm apart to prevent distortion of the cross-section.

The couplets, or couplet and structural member, shall then be displaced relative to each otherby an amount dependent on the type of tie being tested, in accordance with Table B1. Thehorizontal displacement shall be applied first in the direction producing the most adverseeffect, followed by the vertical displacement. If the tie has a designated top face, the verticaldisplacement shall be applied in the direction of relative movement expected in service,taking into account shrinkage of timber, expansion of fired clay and shrinkage of concreteor calcium silicate products. If there is no designated top face, the relative verticaldisplacement shall be in the direction expected to produce the worst conditions for the tie.

The method adopted to achieve the displacement shall be such as not to prevent disruptionof the bed joint. The couplets, or couplet and structural member, shall be restrained from anyrelative twisting, tilting or rotation without applying a clamping force normal to the joint.

NOTE: Wall ties may be subject to vertical and horizontal shear stresses resulting from differentialmovement of different masonry leaf materials, or masonry leaf and structural frame material, in theplane of the wall. The displacement used in the test is intended to equate with the worst in-serviceconditions.

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23 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

TABLE B1

DISPLACEMENT OF ENDS OF TYPE A WALL TIES FOR TESTING

Category and application of tieDisplacement, mm

Vertical Horizontal

Cavity ties 5 10

Masonry veneer ties for timber frame construction 10 10

Masonry veneer ties for metal frame construction 5 10

Remedial ties 0 0

B8 TEST PROCEDURE The procedure shall be as follows:

(a) Ensure that the specimen is securely held in the displaced position(see Paragraph B7.3).

(b) Subject the tie to either tensile or compressive force along the axis it held beforedisplacement, normal to the inside face of the couplet, and simultaneously measure thedisplacement between the two components of the specimen (see Figure B1).

NOTE: For cavity ties, displacement should be measured between the inside faces of themasonry couplets. For masonry veneer ties, displacement should be measured between theinside face of the masonry couplet and the undistorted axis of the structural member(see Paragraph B7.3).

(c) Increase the force steadily until the tie fails (loses integrity) or deflects morethan 1.5 mm.

(d) For metal studs used with masonry veneer ties, ensure that any local flange deformationin the region of the tie attachment is not prevented during test.

(e) Record the maximum force at failure (loss of integrity) or 1.5 mm deflection.

B9 DETERMINATION OF STRENGTH OF INDIVIDUAL TIES The strength of eachtie in kilonewtons shall be taken as that force required to induce either—

(a) failure (loss of integrity) of the tie; or

(b) 1.5 mm deflection measured in accordance with Paragraph B8(b), whichever occursfirst.

B10 ABNORMAL TEST RESULTS A result may be assessed as being abnormal onlyif a specific reason for its abnormality is clearly evident or if its value is outside the limitscalculated in accordance with this Paragraph.

The following procedure shall be used to assess rejection limits for a group of test results,where n is the number of results under consideration:

(a) Temporarily exclude the suspect value from the set of results and consider only theremaining results X1…Xi…Xk

where

Xi = the ith result

k = the number of results remaining

(b) Calculate the natural logarithm, Yi = ln(Xi), for each remaining result.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 24

(c) Calculate the mean of the logarithms, Ym, and the standard deviation of the logarithms,Ys, as follows:

. . . B10(1)Ym =Y1 ...Yi ...Yk

k

. . . B10(2)Ys =ΣY 2

i − kY 2m

k − 1

(d) Calculate the limits Yb = Ym − 3Ys and Yu = Ym + 3Ys . . . B10(3)

where

Yb = the lower rejection limit

Yu = the upper rejection limit

The suspect value may be rejected if its logarithm is less than Yb or greater than Yu. Whena value has been rejected it shall not be considered in any subsequent calculations.

NOTE: Simultaneous horizontal displacement also applies.

FIGURE B1 VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT OF WALL TIES UNDER TEST CONDITIONS

B11 CALCULATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUES

NOTE: The characteristic value is that value above which 95% of results may be expected to lie.Any number of test results may be used with the appropriate equation, but the greater the numberof test results, the more accurate and favourable the characteristic value is likely to be.

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B11.1 Abnormal test results A test result that has been rejected in accordance withParagraph B10 shall be excluded from the set of results for analysis purposes, and thenumber, n, of the results in the set shall be reduced accordingly.

B11.2 Characteristic strength The characteristic strength of the lot of wall ties shall becalculated from six or more individual test results, in both compression and tension, inaccordance with Paragraph B11.3.

B11.3 Evaluation of characteristic value The characteristic value for the ties beingevaluated shall be—

(a) if n < 10: f ′= Kk fspl . . . B11.3(1)

(b) If n ≥ 10: f ′ = Kk fksp . . . B11.3(2)

where

n = number of test results in the set used to evaluate f ′

f ′ = characteristic value for the ties represented by the set of specimens

Kk = characteristic value factor derived from Table B2, in which the coefficientof variation (V) is determined in accordance with Paragraph B11.4.

fspl = the least of the individual results in the set

fksp = the lower 5 percentile value for the set of test results, measured or assessedfrom a relative cumulative frequency distribution of those test data

NOTE: The lower 5 percentile value for a given set of test results may be found as follows:

Rank the test results fsp(1)…fsp(i)…fsp(n). Then fksp = fsp

n 1020

For example, if n = 25, then fksp = fsp(1.75) which is obtained by interpolating between fsp(1) andfsp(2).

B11.4 Coefficient of variation The value of the coefficient of variation (V), defined asthe standard deviation divided by the sample mean, shall be assessed as follows:

(a) Where n <30

V = a value obtained from a sufficiently large supplementary body of data (containingnot less than 30 relevant test results) that is representative of the type of tie.Unless otherwise substantiated by analysis of actual test data, the value estimatedfor V shall not be less than 0.2 for strength.

(b) Where n ≥30

V = the coefficient of variation of the set of test results being evaluated.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 26

TABLE B2

DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTIC VALUE FACTOR

Number of testresults

(n)

Characteristic value factor (Kk)

Coefficient of variation (V)

0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

1 1.00 0.72 0.52 0.37 0.27 0.192 1.00 0.77 0.59 0.46 0.35 0.275 1.00 0.84 0.71 0.60 0.51 0.43

10 1.00 0.91 0.82 0.74 0.67 0.6120 1.00 0.94 0.87 0.81 0.75 0.6950 1.00 0.96 0.92 0.88 0.84 0.80

100 1.00 0.97 0.94 0.92 0.89 0.86200 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.90500 1.00 0.99 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94

1000 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

NOTES:

1 Linear interpolation may be used.

2 Kk estimates the lower 5 percentile value of the population with a confidence of 0.75.

3 The values for Kk, as given in Table B2, have been determined as follows:

(a) Where n ≥ 1000, Kk = 1.00

(b) Where 10 < n ≤ 500, Kk = 1 −2.7 V

n(c) Where 1 ≤ n ≤ 10, Kk = (n/27)v

These expressions, used with the appropriate value of fksp or fspl as set out in Paragraph B11.3, areessentially exact expressions for Weibull distributions and are conservative for other practicaldistributions.

B12 REPORT The following information shall be reported:

(a) Reference to this Standard, that is, AS/NZS 2699.1

(b) Identification of the test method.

(c) Identification of the lot of ties, including—

(i) manufacturer;

(ii) tie description including specification and drawings provided by the tiemanufacturer.

(iii) maximum cavity width; and

(iv) source of the lot.

(d) Name of testing authority and the person responsible for the test.

(e) Date and location of test.

(f) Age of the specimens when tested.

(g) For each tie, strength in compression or tension, as applicable.

(h) For the lot—

(i) characteristic strength in compression;

(ii) characteristic strength in tension; and

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(iii) detailed information about any result that is considered to be abnormal,including the reasons for its non-inclusion in the assessment of the characteristicvalue.

(i) Any variation from standard testing procedure.

(j) Comments, if necessary

(k) Summary of results giving classification of tested item.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 28

APPENDIX C

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION OFBARE TIES OR TIES WITH A METALLIC COATING

(Normative)

C1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out the method of testing for durability of a lot of bare(uncoated) ties or ties with a metallic coating (for example, galvanized).

C2 PRINCIPLE Masonry couplets containing embedded wall ties are exposed to asimulated climate test, consisting of sequences of short-term salt spray and climatization. Theties are then examined to determine if the damage induced by the exposure is acceptable.

NOTE: The duration of salt spraying is no more than 0.1% of the total test time.

C3 APPARATUS The following apparatus is required:

(a) Balance—capable of weighing each wall tie to an accuracy of ±0.0005 g or better.

(b) Carbonation chamber—capable of holding at least one specimen and a control couplet(typical conditions: 5% CO2, 60% RH, 20°C).

(c) Climate chamber—capable of holding at least one specimen under controlled humidityand temperature, and capable of supplying a controlled salt dose.

C4 SAMPLE As a minimum requirement for a lot, six wall ties embedded in a masonrycouplet, or spread over two or more couplets, shall be tested for corrosion resistance. Asingle specimen for corrosion testing is defined as consisting of six ties and couplet(s), asdescribed in Paragraph C5.

In the case of ties with a metallic coating, an additional three ties shall be selected from thegiven lot for determination of total coating mass (see Paragraph C6.4).

An additional tie shall be sampled for control purposes as required by ASTM G1 (seeParagraph C6.3).

The tie manufacturer shall provide to the testing authority a specification of the tie material,including the base metal type, coating type and coating mass or thickness.

C5 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS With the exception of some remedial ties notinstalled in mortar, each specimen shall be prepared using Type M3 mortar, in accordancewith AS 3700 or NZS 4210, and masonry units of the same type to be used in practice or,where different types are used in practice, representative of the type likely to lead to thegreatest corrosive attack. A maximum of six ties, three on one side and three on the other,shall be placed in the mortar bed (see Paragraph C6.1), in accordance with the requirementsspecified in Clause 2.6(e), during construction of the couplet(s). Any mortar shall be cleanedfrom protruding sections of the embedded ties. The prepared specimen shall be placed in acarbonation chamber for sufficient time to ensure that the mortar bed has completelycarbonated, its pH being then not more than 8.

NOTE: Complete carbonation would normally take two weeks in a 5% CO2 chamber.

To ensure that the bed is carbonated, a control couplet (that is, without ties) shall be placedin the chamber with the specimen or specimens and examined after the end of the carbonationperiod, by breaking this control couplet and applying an appropriate indicator to the interface,for example, phenolphthalein. If carbonation is complete on the control couplet, then testingmay commence on the specimen.

For remedial ties, the specimen shall be prepared to simulate the installation practicerecommended by the tie manufacturer.

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C6 PROCEDURE FOR CORROSION TESTING

C6.1 Weighing Each tie shall have been weighed to the nearest 0.0005 g beforeembedment in the couplet and the mass recorded as mo.

C6.2 Test procedure Following adequate carbonation, the specimen(s) shall be placed ina climate chamber and subjected to the following exposure sequence:

(a) Initial climatization period, 72 h at 90% RH and 30°C.

(b) Immediately following Step (a), initiate an uninterrupted short-term salt spray untilsuch time as the salt deposited in the chamber is in accordance with the requirementsset down in Table C1. Other details of spray conditions (for example, salt solutioncomposition, pH of collected solution and collection rate) shall comply withAS 2331.3.1.

(c) Continue exposure of the specimen(s) in the same chamber at 90% RH and 30°C untilseven days have elapsed from the commencement of the short-term salt spray. Monitorthe temperature continually. Variations in humidity and temperature, exceptimmediately following spray, shall not exceed ±5% RH and ±2°C.

(d) Repeat Steps (b) and (c) to give a total of six cycles.

TABLE C1

CLIMATE CHAMBER WEEKLY SALT DOSAGE

Corrosionclassification

NaCl deposited(mg/m2) per spray

duration

Corresponding sprayduration (s) (See Note 1)

Min. Max. Min. Max.

R0 0 0 0 0

R1 35 45 25 30

R2 70 90 45 60

R3 200 220 130 145

R4 1050 1150 490 540

NOTES:

1 For guidance only. Spray rate for the quoted durations is 1.8 mL/h per 10 000 mm2.Each duration (in seconds) is dependent on the spray flow rate actually obtainablein practice and is determined from the first time the spray emerges from the nozzle.

2 If difficulty is encountered in regulating the salt spray for R1 and R2, it ispermissible to double the dosage which is then injected into the chamber every twoweeks.

C6.3 Examination When the procedure described in Paragraph C6.2 has been completed,each wall tie shall be removed from the couplet and any attached mortar shall be carefullycleaned off.

Each wall tie shall be cleaned in accordance with ASTM G1 and then its mass recorded as m1

to the nearest 0.0005 g. The mass loss (mo − m1) shall be calculated.

The surface area of the part of the tie embedded in the mortar shall be determined towithin ±5 mm2.

Bare (uncoated) metal wall ties shall also be examined with the naked eye, or with normalcorrected vision, for evidence of pitting.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 30

C6.4 Total coating mass determination In the case of metallic coated ties, the coatingmass of each of the three ties sampled for this purpose from the given lot shall be determinedin accordance with an appropriate test method, such as is described in AS 1379, AS 2331.2.1or AS/NZS 4534.

The least value of coating mass shall be recorded.

C7 INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

C7.1 General It is estimated that the exposure sequence described in Paragraph C6 isequivalent to 2½ years exposure in the field. The mortar bed remains alkaline forapproximately the first five years of the design life and, thus, during the first five yearssignificant corrosion does not occur. Ties therefore have to withstand an exposure of at least17 times the equivalent test exposure. Acceptable damage during the durability test is definedas less than 6% of the damage that ties can withstand without loss of function. In the caseof metallic coatings, this implies that coating loss of the embedded section should be notmore than 6% of the coating thickness. In the case of materials subject to pitting, such asstainless steel, it implies that no pitting is observed at the end of the test.

C7.2 Interpretation of results for metallic coatings For metallic coatings, the mass lossof each tie tested shall be determined. From this, the mass loss per embedded area shall bedetermined on the assumption that all mass loss occurs on the embedded section of the tie,that is:

mass loss per embedded surface area = total mass loss of tiearea of tie embedded in mortar

The mean mass loss per embedded area of the six ties comprising each specimen shall bedetermined. If the mean mass loss per embedded area is less than 6% of the least value oftotal coating mass per area of the tie, as determined from Paragraph C6.4, then they shall bedeemed to have passed the test.

NOTE: It is important that the relativity of actual to specified-minimum coating mass be taken intoaccount in assessing the durability classification.

C7.3 Interpretation of results for bare (uncoated) metals The ties shall be deemed tohave passed the test if—

(a) there is no evidence of pitting for materials subject to localized corrosion, for example,stainless steel; and

(b) the mean mass loss per embedded surface area, calculated using the equation given inParagraph C7.2, does not exceed 1% of the mass of the tie per surface area of the tie.

If requested by the tie manufacturer prior to completion of the simulated 2½ year exposuretest, and in the event that the ties fail, the testing authority may provide a projection of theproportionate loss in structural function at the end of the design life. If the estimated degreeof degradation through corrosion does not appear to be prejudicial to retention of adequatestructural performance at the end of the design life, testing for strength and stiffness inaccordance with Appendix A or Appendix B, as appropriate, may be carried out on thefollowing ties:

(i) The corroded ties assessed in accordance with this Paragraph.

(ii) Ties removed from two further specimens prepared and treated in accordancewith Paragraph C5 and Paragraph C6.2, except that one specimen shall havebeen exposed for a total of 12 cycles (Steps (b) and (c) of Paragraph C6.2) andthe second specimen, exposed for 18 cycles.

NOTE: 12 cycles is equivalent to approximately 5 years exposure, 18 cycles,to 7½ years.

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If the strength and stiffness extrapolated from the test results obtained on Items (i) and (ii),to the end of the design life, meet the requirements of this Standard, then the ties shall bedeemed to meet the durability criteria of this Standard.

C8 RECORDS The following information shall be recorded:

(a) Identification of the sample and lot.

(b) Date and location of sampling.

(c) Number of ties tested.

(d) Identification of masonry units employed in the couplets.

(e) Dates of commencement and completion of test.

(f) The mass before testing, the mass after testing, the mass loss for each tie tested fromthe sample and the mean mass loss for the sample.

(g) Surface area of the embedded part of each tie corresponding to the mass loss recorded.

(h) Noting of any pitting on bare (uncoated) metal ties.

(i) For ties with metallic coating, the least actual coating mass and specified minimumcoating mass.

(j) Test regime, for example, R4

C9 REPORT If a report is prepared, it shall include the following information:

(a) Reference to this Standard, that is, AS/NZS 2699.1.

(b) Identification of the test method.

(c) Identification of the lot, identification of the ties tested by way of a dimensioneddrawing and the material used, and identification of the masonry units used.

(d) Number of ties tested.

(e) Date and location of sampling.

(f) Dates of commencement and completion of test.

(g) If the wall tie has passed the test, its classification for corrosion resistance.

(h) Summary of results.

(i) Name of testing authority, if applicable, and the name of the person responsible for thetest.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 32

APPENDIX D

METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE DURABILITY CLASSIFICATION OFSTEEL WALL TIES WITH AN ORGANIC OR DUPLEX COATING

(Normative)

D1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out the method of test for the durability of a given lot ofsteel wall ties with an organic or duplex coating.

D2 PRINCIPLE Wall ties are subjected to the following tests:

(a) Unembedded ties are tested for alkali sensitivity of organic coating.

(b) Masonry couplets containing embedded ties are exposed to a combination of continuoussalt spray and climatization. As part of this test, an X is scribed through the organiccoating to allow an assessment of the effect of damage occurring to the tie beforeinstallation.

Ties are examined after each test to determine if the damage induced by the exposure isacceptable.

The tests described in this Appendix are designed primarily to allow assessment of thesusceptibility of organic coatings to deterioration from the corrosive and highly alkalineconditions encountered in service. The tests are not intended to establish the durability of anymetallic component layer of a coating, nor of the basis metal. However, with the corrosionresistance test, if any red rust is noted, distant from the scribe, at the conclusion of saltspraying, this immediately indicates an inherent weakness in the organic coating, andconsequentially leads to—

(i) rejection of ties with an organic coating; and

(ii) retesting of ties with a duplex coating in accordance with Appendix C, sinceconventional salt spray testing is not recognized as being a reliable arbiter of thecorrosion resistance of metallic coatings.

D3 APPARATUS The following chemical reagent and apparatus are required:

(a) Solution of sodium hydroxide

(b) Carbonation chamber—capable of holding at least one prepared test specimen and acontrol couplet (typical conditions: 5% CO2, 60% RH, 20°C).

(c) Salt spray chamber—capable of holding at least one test specimen under controlledhumidity and temperature, and of supplying a controlled salt dose.

D4 SAMPLE At least one tie shall be tested for alkali sensitivity and at least six shall betested for corrosion resistance, from a given lot.

A further three ties shall be sampled from the lot for determination of coating mass orthickness (see Paragraph D6.5).

For the corrosion resistance test, each specimen shall consist of six ties embedded in one ormore masonry couplets, as described in Paragraph D6.2.

The tie manufacturer shall provide to the testing authority a specification of the tie material,including the steel composition, coating constitution, and coating mass or thickness for anorganic coating or both component layers of a duplex coating.

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D5 ALKALI SENSITIVITY TEST One or more ties shall be subjected to an alkalisensitivity test using a solution of sodium hydroxide to give a pH of 10 at the testtemperature of 20−25°C.

The tie shall be deemed to have passed this test if the integrity of the coating has not beenaffected.

D6 CORROSION RESISTANCE TESTD6.1 Preparation of ties The organic coating on each tie for the test specimen shall bescribed through to the metal substrate (steel or, in the case of duplex coatings, zinc) withan X, using a suitable implement such as a razor blade or scalpel, on both the surface to beembedded in mortar and the surface to be free of mortar. The combined length of thediagonals of each X shall be at least 50 mm.

NOTE: Remedial ties usually do not involve the use of mortar.

D6.2 Preparation of specimens With the possible exception of remedial ties, eachspecimen shall be prepared using Type M3 mortar, in accordance with AS 3700 or NZS 4210,and masonry units of the same type to be used in practice or, where different types are usedin practice, representative of the type likely to lead to the greatest corrosive attack. Amaximum of six ties, three on one side and three on the other, shall be placed in the mortarbed, in accordance with the requirements specified in Clause 2.6(e), during construction ofthe couplet(s). Any mortar shall be cleaned from protruding sections of the embedded ties.The specimen shall then be placed in a carbonation chamber for such time as to ensure thatthe mortar bed is completely carbonated, its pH then being not more than 8.

NOTE: Complete carbonation would normally take two weeks in a 5% CO2 chamber.

To ensure that the bed is carbonated, a control couplet (that is, without ties), comprising thesame type of masonry unit as for the specimen, shall be placed in the chamber with thespecimen or specimens and examined after the end of the carbonation period, by breaking thecontrol couplet and applying an appropriate indicator to the interface, for example,phenolphthalein. If carbonation is complete on the control couplet then testing maycommence on the specimen or specimens.

For remedial ties, the specimen shall be prepared to simulate the installation practicerecommended by the tie manufacturer.

D6.3 Test procedureD6.3.1 R3 test procedure The specimen(s) shall be placed in a salt spray chamber andsubjected to a 500 h salt spray test in accordance with AS 2331.3.1, with a modification tothe temperature of the chamber such that it is cycled from 25°C to 45°C to 25°C, ±5°C, atsix-hourly intervals.

D6.3.2 R4 test procedure The specimen(s) shall be placed in a salt spray chamber andsubjected to a 1000 h salt spray test in accordance with AS 2331.3.1, with a modification tothe temperature of the chamber such that it is cycled from 25°C to 45°C to 25°C, ±5°C, atsix-hourly intervals.

D6.4 Examination of ties When the test described in Paragraphs D6.3.1 or D6.3.2 hasbeen completed, the ties shall be removed from the specimen(s) and all mortar carefullycleaned from them.

The coated surface of each tie shall be assessed in accordance with the following:

(a) General appearance.

(b) Degree of corrosion, including undercut corrosion, of metalsubstrate… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS 1580 481.3.

(c) Degree of blistering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS/NZS 1580 481.1.9.

(d) Degree of flaking and peeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS/NZS 1580 481.1.10.

The development of any red rust away from the influence of the scribe shall be recorded.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 34

D6.5 Determination of coating mass or thickness The organic coating mass or thicknessfor ties with an organic coating, or organic coating mass or thickness for ties with a duplexcoating, of each of the three ties sampled for this purpose from the given lot, shall bedetermined in accordance with the appropriate test method specified in AS 3894.3.

The coating mass or thickness considered least likely to provide adequate protection, fromthe three determinations, shall be recorded.

D6.6 Interpretation of the results If the rating of general appearance, degree of corrosionof the metal substrate, degree of blistering, and degree of flaking and peeling is less than 3in each case, the ties shall be deemed to have passed the test.

An organic coating with a rating greater than 3 for any observation shall be deemed not tooffer sufficient protection. It is then considered that the life of the tie is its life without theorganic coating.

The presence of red rust, detectable by visual inspection away from the effect of the scribe,shall result in rejection of the tie.

In the case of duplex coatings that have failed either because a rating greater than 3 wasobtained or because red rust was present away from the scribe, if ties equivalent to theoriginal ties, but without the organic coating, are tested in accordance with Appendix C andfor the same corrosion classification as applied in Paragraph D6.3, with successful results,then both these ties and the original ties shall be deemed to be satisfactory. If the ties withoutthe organic coating fail the requirements of Appendix C, then both these ties and the originalties shall be rejected.

NOTES:

1 Retesting to Appendix C should only be undertaken with the agreement of the partiesconcerned.

2 It is important that the relativity of actual to specified-minimum coating mass or thickness(excluding zinc) be taken into account in assessing the durability classification.

D7 RECORDS The following information shall be recorded:

(a) Identification of the tie and lot.

(b) Date and location of sampling.

(c) Details of specified and actual coating masses or thicknesses used in determination ofdurability classification.

(d) Numbers of ties subjected to the alkali sensitivity test and to the corrosion resistancetest.

(e) Dates of commencement and completion of test.

(f) Assessment of alkali sensitivity test.

(g) Identification of the test regime, for example, R4.

(h) The following assessment in accordance with AS 1580.481.1.9, AS 1580.481.1.10 andAS 1580.481.3, and the ratings obtained:

(i) General appearance.

(ii) Degree of corrosion of coated metal substrate, including undercut corrosion.

(iii) Degree of blistering.

(iv) Degree of flaking and peeling.

(i) Noting of any rust development away from the scribe.

(j) Whether ties with duplex coating have been retested without the organic coating, inaccordance with Appendix C, and the results of testing.

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D8 REPORT If a report is prepared, it shall include the following information:

(a) Reference to this Standard, that is, AS/NZS 2699.1.

(b) Identification of the test method.

(c) Identification of the ties in the specimen by way of a dimensioned drawing,identification of the masonry unit used, and coating specification for the ties.

(d) Number of ties tested.

(e) Date and location of sampling.

(f) Dates of commencement and completion of test.

(g) If the wall tie has passed the alkali sensitivity test.

(h) The classification for durability from the corrosion resistance test.

(i) Summary of results.

(j) Name of testing authority, if applicable, and name of the person responsible for thetest.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 36

APPENDIX E

METHOD OF TEST FOR RESISTANCE TO WATER TRANSFER

(Normative)

E1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out the method of testing for resistance to water transferacross wall ties.

E2 PRINCIPLE Ties are cleaned and coated before installation in a specimen to simulatetheir in-service condition. The specimen is placed in a testing apparatus which imposes arelative movement of the tie ends and subjects the ties to a controlled flow of water tosimulate free water flowing down the inside face of the external leaf of a cavity wall ormasonry veneer wall. The ties are observed to see whether water is transferred by them acrossthe wall cavity.

E3 MATERIALS The following materials shall be required:

(a) Masonry units—unless otherwise specified, 230 mm × 110 mm × 76 mm solid or coredclay units, except that 70 mm wide masonry units shall be used for New Zealandconditions.

(b) Mortar— for clay units, type 1:2:9 (cement:lime:sand by volume); for concrete orcalcium silicate units, type 1:0:5 with water thickener; and for AAC units, thin-bedmortar.

(c) Timber spacer— for cavity ties only, spacer cut to the width of the designated cavity.

(d) Vapour-proof sheet— sufficient to wrap the specimens.

(e) Structural member— for veneer ties only, 150 mm lengths of stud 90 mm × 35 mm inradiata pine No.1 framing grade or of equivalent stiffness stress grade F5, or 450 mmlengths of metal stud or other relevant structural member.

(f) Ties—as supplied by the manufacturer complete with the specified fasteners for timber,steel or other relevant material, as appropriate.

E4 APPARATUS The following apparatus shall be required:

(a) A testing apparatus having the essential features illustrated in Figure E1.

(b) A supply of clean tap-water.

E5 SAMPLE A minimum of three ties from a given lot shall be tested. For ties that arenot symmetrical on inversion and that do not have a designated top face, at least threeseparate ties shall be tested for both possible orientations.

E6 PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS

E6.1 Preparation Each test specimen shall contain no more than three ties, provided thatthey are separated from each other by at least 50 mm horizontally at their nearest points andprovided that no part of any tie is closer than 25 mm to the end of a bed joint.

Prior to installation, the ties shall be wiped clean and then dipped in a slurry consisting of1 part of cement and 3 parts of fine sand mixed with water. The portion of the tie normallyexposed in the cavity shall be completely covered with a thin coat of slurry, taking care notto allow excessive build-up in water drips or other features formed in the tie. Each coated tieshall be hung to dry for at least 24 h in laboratory air.

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E6.2 Setting up of specimens for testing

E6.2.1 For cavity ties The wall tiles shall be installed as follows:

(a) Place a timber batten, cut with its horizontal width equal to the designated cavity, anda vertical dimension not exceeding 50 mm, on a vapour-proof sheet on a horizontalsurface.

(b) Set out masonry units, according to the number of specimens, along each side of thetimber batten, with the heads of the units separated by approximately 13 mm.

(c) Place a bed of mortar on the units using a normal bricklaying action or, when thin-jointbedding is used, spread adhesive evenly across all units.

(d) Install the ties into the mortar bed or adhesive joint in accordance with themanufacturer's instructions or, if no specific instructions are provided, in accordancewith accepted good practice. Install the ties in a position such that they aresymmetrically placed on the units at right angles to the inside faces and fully embeddedin the mortar or jointing material.

NOTE: For solid or cored masonry units laid with mortar joints, accepted good practice is anembedment in accordance with the requirements of Clause 2.6(e).

(e) After not less than 1 min nor more than 4 min from the commencement of spreadingof the bed, place the second course of masonry units, ensuring a uniform 10 mm jointthickness for a mortar bed or in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendationfor thin-bed jointing. Strike off any excess mortar, including perpend joints.

(f) Wrap the specimens in the vapour-proof sheet and leave them undisturbed.

E6.2.2 For masonry veneer ties The wall tiles shall be installed as follows:

(a) Fix the ties in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations to short lengths oftimber stud or short lengths of the relevant metal stud or structural member.

(b) Set out masonry units, according to the number of specimens, along a straight line upona vapour-proof sheet on a horizontal surface, with the heads of the units separated byapproximately 13 mm.

(c) Place a bed of mortar on the units using a normal bricklaying action or, when thin-jointbedding is used, spread adhesive evenly across all units.

(d) Install the ties into the mortar bed or adhesive joint in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions or, if no specific instructions are provided, in accordancewith accepted good practice. Install the ties in a position such that they aresymmetrically placed on the units at right angles to the inside faces and fully embeddedin the mortar or jointing material. Ensure that the correct cavity width is maintainedbetween the faces of the units and the studs to which the ties are attached.

NOTE: For solid or cored masonry units laid with mortar joints, accepted good practice is anembedment in accordance with the requirements of Clause 2.6(e).

(e) After not less than 1 min nor more than 4 min from the commencement of spreadingof the bed, place the second course of masonry units, ensuring a uniform 10 mm jointthickness for a mortar bed, or in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendationsfor thin-bed jointing. Strike off any excess mortar, including perpend joints.

(f) Wrap the specimens in the vapour-proof sheet and leave them undisturbed.

E6.2.3 For remedial ties Install the ties in accordance with the manufacturer’sinstructions.

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 38

E7 PROCEDURE The specimens shall be tested seven days after their manufacture,unless otherwise specified or indicated by the tie manufacturer.

The test procedure for each specimen shall be as follows:

(a) Mount the specimen in the testing apparatus such that the tie is initially undeformed.

(b) Displace the inner leaf of the specimen down relative to the outer leaf, without rotation,as follows:

(i) Cavity ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mm.

(ii) Masonry veneer ties for timber frame construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 mm.

(iii) Masonry veneer ties for metal frame construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 mm.

(iv) Remedial ties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nil.

(c) Fill the header tank with water so that it overflows continuously. Ensure that acontinuous film of water runs across the distribution plate.

(d) Adjust the rate of flow to 50 ±10 mL/s per metre of distribution width. Continue thisflow for not less than 1 min.

(e) Examine the specimen for any evidence of water drops being transferred across thecavity by any of the ties.

E8 REPORT The following information shall be included in the report:

(a) Reference to this Standard, that is, AS/NZS 2699.1.

(b) Identification of the lot of ties, including—

(i) manufacturer;

(ii) tie description;

(iii) cavity width tested; and

(iv) source of the lot.

(c) Number of ties tested.

(d) Date and location of test.

(e) For each tie—

(i) testing orientation (when applicable);

(ii) displacements imposed in accordance with Step (b) of Paragraph E7; and

(iii) whether water was transferred across the cavity during test.

(f) Summary of results giving classification (that is, pass or fail).

(g) Name of testing authority and the person responsible for the test.

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39 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES

FIGURE E1 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT FOR RESISTANCE-TO-WATER-TRANSFER TEST

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 40

APPENDIX F

TEST TO IDENTIFY STAINLESS STEEL GRADE AS 1449/316 OR 316L

(Informative)

F1 GENERAL Stainless steel grade AS 1449/316 or 316L has been selected for corrosionclassification R4 because of its superior resistance to attack by NaCl salt-laden moisture.Most other grades of stainless steel become pitted, and therefore weakened, on prolongedexposure to ionic chlorides.

The application of a magnet, while ideal for separating ferritic stainless steels (such asgrade 403, magnetic) from austenitic stainless steels (such as grade 316 or 316L, slightlymagnetic in the cold-worked condition, otherwise non-magnetic), is useless for distinguishinggrade 316 or 316L from other austenitic stainless steels, particularly the commonly usedgrade 304 which has poor chloride resistance.

This Appendix describes a qualitative chemical test for the presence of molybdenum, thealloying element conferring upon grade 316 or 316L its superior resistance to chloride attack.

F2 TEST CHEMICALSF2.1 Solution A 5 g potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) dissolved in 100 mL water

F2.2 Solution B 25 g stannous chloride (SnCl2.2H2O) dissolved in 20 mL concentratedhydrochloric acid (HCl).

Dilute to 100 mL with water.NOTES:1 The stannous chloride may not completely dissolve, leading to turbidity. However, it will

perform satisfactorily.2 These chemicals are toxic, requiring that adequate precautions be observed in their use (for

example, rubber gloves, face mask, non-ingestion, avoidance of skin contact).

F3 TEST REQUIREMENTS A 12 V d.c. power source and a silver electrode (or probe),connected to its positive terminal, are required.

The test electrolyte consists of 3 parts of Solution A, added to 1 part of Solution B.

F4 TEST METHOD Ensure that the stainless steel test piece is clean and free of oil orgrease. In some cases, a light wipe with a fine abrasive paper will be found beneficial.

A small quantity (for example, a drop) of the test electrolyte (see Paragraph F3) is placed onthe stainless steel.

The negative terminal of the power supply is connected to the stainless steel test piece by asuitable means (for example, an alligator clip), while the end of the silver positive electrodeis immersed in the electrolyte, ensuring that it does not make metal-to-metal contact with thetest piece itself (that is, the very tip of the silver electrode should be insulated from the testpiece).

Apply the voltage for 2 or 3 seconds. The electrolyte will immediately turn red where theelectrode has been inserted.

If the red coloration persists for some time at the end of voltage application, then a stainlesssteel composition containing more than 1.5% molybdenum, such as grade 316 or 316L, isidentified.

NOTE: At least initially, persons employing the test are advised to compare the change in colourof the electrolyte on grade 316 or 316L stainless steel with that on a non-molybdenum-bearingsteel. It will be found that a red coloration is also obtained with the latter, but the effect is muchless distinct and the redness disappears within seconds.

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41 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

APPENDIX G

MINIMUM LABELLING REQUIREMENTS

(Informative)

An example of labelling showing the recommended size of label and required minimuminformation for wall tie packages is shown in Figure G1:

NOTE: Where steel ties are coated to achieve durability classification R5 (see Clause 2.4.4, Note 2)details of the coating, details of the design application, and expected life should also be shown onthe label.

Name of manufacturer AUSTRAL TIE MAKERS P/LGeelong

Type A

Category of wall tie CAVITY

Classification of ties: MEDIUM DUTY

Rated cavity width: 60 mm

Durability category R3

Fastening requirements ........(if applicable) 75 mm

AS/NZS 2699.1

100 mm

FIGURE G1 LABEL EXAMPLE

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AS/NZS 2699.1:2000 42

APPENDIX H

MEANS FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE WITH THIS STANDARD

(Informative)

H1 SCOPE This Appendix sets out the following different means by which compliancewith this Standard can be demonstrated by the manufacturer or supplier:

(a) Evaluation by means of statistical sampling.

(b) The use of a product certification scheme.

(c) Assurance using the acceptability of the supplier’s quality system.

(d) Other such means proposed by the manufacturer or supplier and acceptable to thecustomer.

H2 STATISTICAL SAMPLING Statistical sampling is a procedure which enablesdecisions to be made about the quality of batches of items after inspecting or testing only aportion of those items. This procedure will only be valid if the sampling plan has beendetermined on a statistical basis and the following requirements are met:

(a) The sample shall be drawn randomly from a population of product of known history.The history shall enable verification that the product was made from known materialsat essentially the same time, by essentially the same processes and under essentially thesame system of control.

(b) For each different situation, a suitable sampling plan needs to be defined. A samplingplan for one manufacturer of given capability and product throughput may not berelevant to another manufacturer producing the same items.

In order for statistical sampling to be meaningful to the customer, the manufacturer orsupplier needs to demonstrate how the above conditions have been satisfied. Sampling andthe establishment of a sampling plan should be carried out in accordance with AS 1199,guidance to which is given in AS 1399.

H3 PRODUCT CERTIFICATION The purpose of product certification is to provideindependent assurance of the claim by the manufacturer that products comply with the statedStandard.

The certification scheme should meet the criteria described in SAA HB18.28 in that, as wellas full type testing from independently sampled production and subsequent verification ofconformance, it requires the manufacturer to maintain effective quality planning to controlproduction.

The certification scheme serves to indicate that the products consistently conform to therequirements of the Standard.

H4 SUPPLIER’S QUALITY SYSTEM Where the manufacturer or supplier candemonstrate an audited and registered quality management system complying with therequirements of the appropriate or stipulated Australian or international Standard for asupplier’s quality system or systems, this may provide the necessary confidence that thespecified requirements will be met. The quality assurance requirements need to be agreedbetween the customer and supplier and should include a quality or inspection and test planto ensure product conformity.

Guidance in determining the appropriate quality management system is given inAS/NZS ISO 9000.1 and AS/NZS ISO 9004.1.

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43 AS/NZS 2699.1:2000

H5 OTHER MEANS OF ASSESSMENT If the above methods are consideredinappropriate, determination of compliance with the requirements of this Standard may beassessed by means of AS 3942 or from the results of testing or inspection coupled with themanufacturer’s guarantee of product conformance.

Irrespective of acceptable quality levels (AQLs) or test frequencies, the responsibility remainswith the manufacturer or supplier to supply products that conform with the full requirementsof the Standard.

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Visit our Web sites

www.standards.com.au www.standards.co.nz

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