the
it
has
and power
Government of
capable British
any other
office of
mill of the Indian
unbiased spirit.
by
desire
pays
the chiefest
security
of our Empire in India it was necessary or expedient
for Great
Britain to
and in
which
of
all
that
is
into
the
psychology
more
power
and to
Asia,
Young Turkey
believed they
politicians can claim much
Question.
The
Aryan
the catastrophe might
and
Mountstuart
In
of the
and to
interpretation
truth that before
the
civilisations
of
invaders
of
India,
soldiers, versed
finer
culture
of
all
possible
governments.
I/Ct
us
by
be
anything
informing
historical
truths.
And
the
Indian
mind,
Is
imperfect
learning
their
rulers
that
in
political
science
India
has
never
until the
Whether
unintentional
despise the
domination
what
of the greatest of
Empire.
appeal to Indian
success
who accepts that as
any modern European form
sentiment
to
the
the Preserver and
temporal ruler and spiritual
freeman. Bhakti,
leading motives
the
consecration
Aryan
Rdmayana and
still the
Akbar
used
it
as
the
foundation
undervalue
or
despise
Indo-Aryan
annals of
suspicion
or
distrust,
and
magnificent demon-
monuments of British rule in India,
can
as
to the
lacking
in
true
insight.
The
so-called
governed and
his own
is
study
significance,
though
interest in Indian
confronted
by
political,
to those with which modern British
statesmen and social
to
all
the
more satisfactory
found.
Parliamentary
in-
stitutions
within
theirs. The Indo-
Aryan constitution, built
by
century-long
struggles
the Indian peasant-proprietor
very considerable
ment, though
delegated to
not sing in
the
fostered
his
The student
Parliament of Great Britain,
machinery
polity,
in
which
land, formulated
a
his ministers must bow.
many
readers
to
discover
that
the
in
the State
has been the inveterate
entirely
irreconcilable
is
neither
accurately
as
pohtical ideas,
of
previous
psychological
standpoint
upon
which
Indo-Aryan
of the
terms of
Indo-Aryan
politics
than
councils
of
military caste,
might, or,
centred
in
the ethics of the State. But it reckoned without the Huns
and
and
illiteracy
of
considerable part in the management
of their own affairs,
of
instructing
beginnings
offer a solution of
history in the
and amplify the mass of
Uterary, epigraphical, and other
can lay no claim
of facts
of
other
pretation
of
Indian
when
important
historical
pohty,
the
Kautiltya-artha-S
influenced
the
traditions
is
remote
antiquity,
which
Sukracharya
contains
references
to
the
use
the Muhammadan
which has
history.
The
in
India
is
thus
as
tree, and not, as Fergusson and his followers have made
it,
a
manifestation
of
inborn
: Anglo-Saxons
and
Indo-Aryans
: The
Matriarchal
and
Patriarchal
Systems
Mauryan
Empire :
Chandragupta
Imperialist
: The
:
Canonisation of
:
Phases of
Indo-Aryan
Symbolism
in
Asoka's
Time
Epoch
: The
Aniconic Symbolism of
Sangha :
Kanishka'
:
of
Vikramaditya
Times : Religious
: Baladitya
and
Ruler
Toramana
:
Life : Gupta Architecture and the Derivation
of
the
Sikhara.
XIII.
Harsha
the
King
of
Kamarupa
Arguments :
The
Great
Rise
of
Saivism
in
the
Dekhan
the
Seventh
:
The Aryanisation
378
Efiects
Ibrahim
'Adil
Friendly
Wars
with
the
of
TaUkota.
XI.
Restoration
op
THE
Treat-
ment
of
the
: His
Preaching
Insubordination
:
:
492
the
fine craftsmanship
of
Hellenic craftsmanship
found in
the Architecture of the
A.D., but
two later. It represents the
Buddha as he began to emerge from the state of profound
meditation.
4.
Northern
Gateway
op
Bharhut, is one of Asoka's monuments,
but the elaborately
carved gateways, reproducing
Sarnath,
near
Benares,
where
handicraft
of
the
capital
Bharhut
the
assembly
It
shows
a
the
reliefs
by
belongs
to
Survey,
Eastern
Kathak
154
From
a
the
courtyard
of
a
dharmasala,
Photo
Mansell.
12.
Vishnu
standards
of
Aryan
In
this
the people,
has not
been added
priests.
monasteries and temples of BUora.
15.
Trimurti
see
the
author'
a
Ancient
century
A.D.
Photo
Archaeological
Survey
of
India.
17.
Saiva
revivalist,
a
predecessor
by
the
priests
to right of the entrance.
20. Bronze
Chola
Bundelkhand, is now
deserted, but its
testify the
Mahadeva temple, though
Buddhist
shrine,
following
design
pp.
341-
342.
24.
Jain
Tempi.es
at
was adapted
bad and elsewhere.
night among the
hills of Raj-
putana, a torch-bearer
From an
eighteenth-century Indian
one of
against
external
buttresses
buUt,
the
massive
reign,
1571.
The
1567.
beyond
the
Indian.
most men
and women,
their
civilisation
upon the whole of India were cl9Sely related to that
masterful
race
the
Mediterranean
pastoral
every
probability
in
through
great cities
perhaps be
probable
that
the
Aryans
of
Babylon,
must
have
come
from
India.
A
1367
B.C.,
yana
The theory that
civilisation
in
India
be
literature
whole, Aryan
and not
philosophers who
despised the
traces
behind
them
for
their
own
stock
essentially mercantile civilisations
with a more
the human
categories
receive due
nor
the
seductions
of
material
of Indo-
religious
energies
of
the
Aryan
State.
Those
wisemen
of
every
was a borrowed one. The Aryans,
as
all
poets
their
own
selves to their
with indigenous
evolved
reflex
or
a
by-current
6
Europe.
It
was
directed its
endeavours and
home.
the Himalayan
uses these
the
characteristics
early Aryan settlements
from its
which
death-ground
criminals
to
time
to
order
man
to
man.
settled
according
to
the
'
clan,
who
Brahmans, and were
or
caste,
seems
 
social system,
one
of
most recent.
by
our
Anglo-Saxon
fore-
fathers.
helped
soil
solely
by
and
not
by
force
often
on
a
far
was
sheathed
the
culture
to assert its
The Aryan
vast
selves
as
the
raiyatwdri
revenue
civilisation never
India
when
they
mis-
provinces
or
to
another
came
within
the
be
a
synthesis
therefore
systems, but it is necessary to indicate briefly the broad
distinctions
between
was a
scientific organisation
inspired
by
by the
the races
and each individual
common
weal,
outside
Indo-Aryau
polity,
and
non-
founda-
the evolution
and we
can gather
from the
study of
primitive Dravidian
part Dravidian
Indo-Aryan
village
system.
The
from the
village. The
which
could
of the
of
the
able-bodied
their
own
children
the
all
the
village,
also
them
all
the
denizens,
of
the
chase,
house, and the
in its
of immediate
spirits who
escaped the
upon the
Inaccessible,
the
ideas of kingship, monogamous marriage, and individual
owner-
ship
of
property
rally command more authority among them than he would
in
plundering
divided amongst the raiders. At the same time, the poten-
tialities of
in
regarded
Dravidian
Aryan
tribesmen,
eating
meat
and
drinking
an
their horses
sword
and
Homeric
age
in
Greece,
a
family,
more
the communal
principle of
and organisation
culture
in
the
scheme
of
to claim
spiritual
—
into
the
beauteous
wife
of
spiritual wisdom and the destroyer of ignorance. Popular
legends of Krishna,
folk-lore
of
Dravi-
divine
revelation
of
which
and
social
customs
which
five
race
Aryans
and
non-Aryans
was
probably
gradual
development
of
the caste system, as
that
the
rigour
by
the
craft
priesthood only bent upon
race, few in
their
fellow-men,
so pregnant with human happiness. The Aryans believed
themselves to
and
lest
a
sacrifices who chanted
Vedic times
combined priestly
stock. For in
often be
subordinated to
non-Aryans
and
distinguished
ceremony of
Brahmacharin
as
it must
rules
of
personal
hygiene.
on
his
As a
needless
{Manu,
iv).
In
the
and
whether
they
were
learned
or
ignorant
who by
they had
earned for
observed
: they
represent
given
of the higher
craftsmen who
wrought the
ceremonies and
19
to
be
avoided
Fergusson and
as
is
overflow from
is
no
reason
to
closely
associated
with
the
science
of
would
hardly
as
well
equipped
Indeed every
a
story
of
The Kshatriyas,
the sacred thread
contributed
a
the
earUest.
who belonged
to the
Kshatriya class
and represented
by
rules
of
chivalry
which
always
armour.
in
were
to
be
was
Thus,
according
to
the
eightfold
;
would
be
was
is
in Northern India and the
rich Dravidian kingdoms of
Egypt,
Arabia,
Mesopotamia,
and
the
great
cities
of
Western
Asia.
And
no
doubt
it
was
owing
to
this
not
permitted
a
second,
was
that
if
faithfully
sacred
they could not
purity
of
mind
and
living
use
be
might
be
extracted
from
impure
Aryan
Sdmanya, or
Common, otherwise
Aryan law
nated
at
divided into eight
of
the
King's Street
These two
were the
two main
were military
and commercial
village,
at
or brick which served
of
Wisdom—
were
a more substantial Council
the
guardianship
of
the
four
quarters.
in
the
Silpa-
Sastras
to
world-dominion
community
—the
fixed
points
in
various
ways,
according
social
rank
of
the
gates.
A
outer
blocks
and
was
known
as
the
Mangala-
Kartti-
A broad
the
to
the
entrance
gateways
The
elective
even
to
the
to become
popular
rights,
even
so
that
ample
of the proposed
near
the
surface.
When
made for the
oxen,
strong
people doing
him reverence
had grown
and other
largest
group.
In
tax into its
to
the treasury
of his
the construction
of
science
which
geometrical problems such
The
lay-out
of
settlement
of
the
—
sunset, also
Aryan religion,
Mangalavithi,
or
death.
The
Kautillya-artha-S
cated
firmament of
of
Death,
the
Wheel
of
I/ife
that
the
Buddha
based
his
Thunder-
bolt,
the
philo-
sophic
been
Vishnu
conception,
were
tropical
chieftain's
the all-pervading
the zenith
the pivot
and
for
of the day,
which pour the life-giving waters of
the five rivers of
He was lord
mountain
slopes
He
was
Creator
and
both
ends
of
life
But philology taken
the idea or give the symbol
representing
a
religious
concept
its
proper
place
constantly
old
to
the
human
mind
unravelled
by
the
terminological
four-petalled
lotus-flower
shown
Indo-Aryan village
and temple,
the
name for all the symbols of
the future life and eternity
;
tdtimately
merge
One Eternal.
It was
not without
names
of
;
the root-ideas
to
the
preservation
conducive
to
—
divine revelation,
necessary to
great
Kshatriya
teacher,
reincarnated
from
of
spiritual
because
to the
investigations show
striking
whose poets
sang the
of nature
God
who
created
western India, now
the Holy
Prayer. They were divided into
clans,
in trade
thousand,
their
sacred
lore
the
it
invasion
millenniums
before
and Oudh, and
the
Ganges
into
was the
polity the divine
by
recognised
Aryan tradition,
one amongst
the throne
conquer his foes
State as
constitution of
the king's
organised
the
were
to
be
He
adviser, and should
Mantras
and
morals,
so
all its
who, if
who apportioned
councillors
'
always to
popular
customs
laid
has
stern
law and gave
the king the powers of a dictator. But it must
not
entirely superseded that
when the royal edicts
royal
business
the
and Kanyakubja
(Kanauj) as
as
he
continued
to
be
in
Rajputana
down
to
settlements were
placed were
Southern India added to the magnificence and
luxury
the university town
classes went
for instruc-
tion. But
always remained
narrowed
its
outlook
experts
became
formed
enforce
of
Christian
Church
in
special rights
independent
research.
Aryan
clans
Yudhisthira,
tential exile
thereby to
Krishna,
mary
of
the
philosophy
of
the
revelation
by
fateful
religious purpose and
of
tion.
and
and
Kauravas
Chandra, the
Moon. There
Surya-putra, 'the son of
worshippers
Mitanni,
Dushratta,
who
ruled
in
Babylon
yana
of Ajodhya, also
1
Mountains,
the
the
leader
womanhood,
brothers, by
a court
Vindhya Moimtains
Godavari,
accompanied
by
Rama's
faithful
companion,
his
absence
of
a
separate Ceylon
from the
to Ajodhya,
place.
It
absence
of
any
mention
conquest
by
military
force.
Though
the
third
century
of
in
Vedic
the
cities
mentioned
in
the
older
Dravidian
kingdoms
in
the
South.
few
centuries
before
tracts
of
desert
sand
in
Rajputana
and
misty period, the
data has
of
in
hand,
to
Brahmanical
Aryan
thinkers
Nor
was
the
Buddha
philosophically
First
Cause
and
of
the
human
soul
he
school
and
a
follower
a part of
to reaUse
. the social
I
organised
political affairs
hitherto held
of
of learning,
So
or
promote
the
growth
of
hair.
to
those
who
which
prayer
might
principle,
Brahman
entirely upon the
of exaction
and cruelty.
placed in
into
a
upon
the
hberality
the
mantram,
the
application
performed
for
his
a
vast
expenditure
of
necessary
grew
dis-
tribution
of
rites was
presided
there
of
the
gods
maatxani„-
and
thejieavy
and
the
dearest
family
ties,
which was propounded
that a Kshatriya prince should learn of
Brahmanical
lore.
He
the
In
for
of
a
open
to
aU
classes
within
prevent the
circiunstances these
the
spiritual
desiies_of_the
masses
by
the
—
'
own
body
gatekeeper, and the
mind the headman.
—
healthy life.
in
;
'
Path,
an
ancient
Road,
trodden
by
was
evading
Parliament of
the Church
was in
no sense
which
light upon the constitution and procedure
of
these
ancient
took
their
places being
assigned to
should
after it had
'
as in the
traditional
law
the
by a
meetings
elected
charged
Dharma.^ The Indo-
compromise
between
was
follow
village
intellectuality of the Aryan
philosophy.
same
which
Buddhist
Church
towards
Brahmanism
is
records, the Vinaya
Here
suppliant
before
the
interests
were
in
conflict
was a
reorganisation of
basis,
and
a
the times. The
who came
and wicked^men
First
Aryan
aristocracy.
If,
Buddha's
teaching
failed
was
immense.
An
in
the
substi-
towards a
and
Brahmanical
its
ritualistic
as
State
recognition
of
the
Aryan
Of the
the
and the
of
Prussian
miHtarism.
No doubt the work of the Sangha was from the first of a
missionary character, and the wandering bhikkus, taught
by
preaching
and in
always
ready
xx.
S7
he so
Philo-
Upanishads and the Buddha's agnostic doctrines a
theory of
the multiplicity
of souls
and of
be
and
non-life.
of
possessing
potential
concealing the true nature of the soul.^ Karmas
were
of
two
and from
necessary
to include
Jainism
ascetic
discipline.
The
the
vows
of
(371-321
B.C.)
dynasty,
been
scholars believed that the modern
Jain
religion
the outcome of the
in
respects
the
wrong
a
on
elemental
matter
in
religious
Sangha
food
was
enforced.^
enterprising
Ionian
than
in
the
introduction
little circumstantial
travels, it is because
of
shed of the mountainous region which stretches from
the
it formed
in
close
contact
with
each
political circumstances rather than intellectual antipathies,
and
these
Babylon and became
all the
Aryan lands
population of this
was an
they
existed,
Hellas with Darius of
and magnanimity
—
respected
in
centuries
though
by
that
arms
by
which
only important
and
the
consolidation
Mauryan dynasty for
Indian
civilisation.
all
political
influence
grew
literature,
Athens
was
built.
The
part
Greece, and
power.
common
Poros'
of
taken
prisoner,
acknowledged him as
suzerain not only
restored the kingdom
territory
to
it.
advanced
river,
in
the
modem
Gurdaspur
district,
but
European
fortified posts
he had
there
protected
delta
it,
exposed
in
nineteen months.
It was,
probably very much
the difficulties of the campaign, died in Babylon within a
year after his
his
mother
a
conspiracy
against
the
of
the
Macedonian
occupa-
the Hyphasis. King Poros,
and
annihilated
most
of
Alexander's
to
death.
of
the
states of Northern India
of
confederations,
was
and
seventeen
of
general scramble for
the fragments of
—sought
to
conquered. Seleukos
rival
as far as the
a hundred
KautiUya-artha-Sdstra
and
compendiums
of the
different political
the
torture of
expedient,
but
in
such
cases
it
was
and strong
one, but
not one
a source
village
commimities
or
their
popular
assembUes
checked the
power of
as freemen.
his class
condemned
customary
;
their own affairs according to Aryan law and custom. There
were, however, some
than
places
commu-
nity.
So
co-operative
principle,
which
solely for
charged with
the administration
of local
of
war.
a kharvdtika. A
which
Aryan
the duties
for the
and
Kautiliya
attached to it from a
mihtary and economic point of
view.
west,
commer-
cial
gupta's empire was that
buHt at
width for the
roads
carried
by
of a
before
agriculture
had
village
settle-
ment.
served the same purpose
the
Tigris
best
military
routes
and
which
regarded
as
public
name
of
gupta,
has
been
damming
masonry.
charge of the
 
—
by
bullocks
charged
var5dng from one-fifth
the system employed
parts
of
possi-
bility
of
Government
vessels
suitable
for
crossing
large
criminals
and
vehicles,
stone,
by
elephants.
The
the departmental officers,
smugglers,
persons
in
disguise
and
foreign
merchants,
and
by
special
with
central
position,
revealed what
Chandragupta
imitating
the
palace
of
Darius.
So
tutelary
deity
of
other
quarter
shrines
were
with
stores
of
who dealt in scents and garlands, grain
and hquids.
work offending
were relegated
the
imperial
domains
between
the
ordinary
crops.
ye
four
to
the
guild-halls
purposes
to
which
tiiat the
mention of
to
assist
kind, in
and
entitled to
power
acquired
by
these
distance
visiting
the
city,
providing
taken care
of so
that it
for Government
produce, weights
prescribed for
removed
But
ten
houses
and public
upon those
regulation of the
placed under severe
scents, flowers,
the
valuables
had always
been addicted.
by
the
minute
attention
given
officials in charge
departmental
officials
decided
and
superior,
composed
taining
a
capital
famine and
State
from this reserve, provided seed-grain for the next harvest,
and started
the
relief
places
of persons arrested
punishment, with or without torture, was the
penalty, were
The
by learned Brahmans,
The
lex
robbery
when
Chandragupta's rule Brahmans
of State,
1
See
ante,
p.
69.
F
81
royal
council,
but
it
varied
from
time
Collectively
the State.
Chandragupta's rule
Aryan
tradition
of
least,
the
people's
right
was
the
only
source
kings.
Indo-Aryan
king
took
at
the
first
for
appointments.
The
fifth
seventh
and
service ; the second was given to the evening bath, repast,
and
study
coming
day
by
archers.
public affairs
blessings
met
his
ceremonies
head
of
Nalanda
according
combined that of the modern journalist,
inspecting
official,
Government informed of
upon
the
arbitrary
conduct
his
subjects'
point
the
people
present
Empire
that he
observed the
archers which
protected his
caparisoned.
When he sat in the public audience hall of the palace,
clothed
hear the petitions
with ebony
the
presence
of the court, and the attendant princes and nobles of the
Empire brought rich
together,
who, though
unorthodox in
placed
outside
the
Aryan
pale.
that
Chandragupta
was
provided
many sources.
Besides the
according
was the
;
of
register of
in money
groups
of
villages
and
townships
same way
at
the
gates
of
only on
the people's
within
the
divine
of
justification
lay
the Indian King Alfred who in the face of great
difficulties
struggled
successfully
to
the foreign
plished scholar and
master
serpent, which prevailed over
vessels
for
coast
and
river
service.
The
of
five.
fourth
the
cavalry
before the age of fifty. He left to his son
jgindusara
a
great
and
invader
at
bay
won
both
at home and abroad. But so far as is known his
reign
southerly
direction
to
high
price.
Antiochos
politely
refused
to
One
in
was
subject
to
the
Buddha's
Pataliputra,
was
one
influence
his
bhikkus
trained
in
the
Buddhist
schools
Western
current systems
niler of
four
years
after
his
law, the
furnish
the
others
dedicating
officials
and
the
members
of
the
Asoka's subjects
in the
dictated
slain,
one
hundred
and
fifty
thousand
pious
men
consequences
of
war
on repentance.
not
been
able
to
edict see
royal Path
had been
no
animal
court.
are
promptly heard and
attending
all places,
Asoka also
issued instructions
officials who
and
provinces.
next
was
his
duty would
of citizens, and
be read
years
calling on
by
exertion
win
for
himself
much
Dharma,
the
after. The clergy were
be
obeyed
sacrificed
it
man must
own
by
disparaging
that
time does service to the
sects
should
be
birds,
Brahmani
ducks,
Brahmani
bulls,
stags,
rhinoceroses,
squirrels,
otherwise
used
by
chaff
living were
preserves
to
the
teaching
of
the
of
the
law,
and
in
 
the dis-
supervision
even
included
the
all
religious
orders,
Brahman,
Jain,
with
members
of
of the
provincial capitals.
Nor was
to
be
95
and the
whole of
branch
help
organising
the
male
of
their
as the memorial
containing Mahendra's ashes.
Oriental scholars regard
is no
missionary efforts.
for the
of
of this
kind did
such
questions,
though
meeting
is
uncertain.
The
course
of
these
tional
account
on
Mathura,
travelling
by
Patali-
suite,
and
with
a
splendid
military
escort
the
imperial
procession
memorial
immediately
seven
ever.
Kapilavastu,
the next place
a
shrine,
Sarnath, the Deer
monastery
where
the
to
Kusi-
Nirvana.
At
disciples.
beloved, he
who at
one time
him
had
empire,
dwell
the
four
kings
named
whole organisation of a great empire
and
and Chanakya had been so
powerful
as
a
political
education of the masses.
Aryan
pale
included
so
many
of
in
both
cases,
Buddhism
and
Jainism
to reach
authority
for
and
principle
of
life
—a
law
transcending
instead
seers who made
laying
so
the
Supreme
whose
influence
civilisation. And there is no reason
to
the Buddhist
missions established
apart from
its effect
making India
represented the
nectar of
ancient had been changed
ment
during
a
period
of
thirty-eight
years
creed
contained
within
itself
elements
upon any
adequate
provision
the Sangha
Magadha
Monasteries.'
Moreover,
infected
with
to combat
of the
The
personal hygiene
as
the
Buddha
of
were
to
of
the
the Dharma
his old age
by
Asoka's
devotion
region,^
there
monuments
of
the
Asokan
period
a
form of expression, and
tradition, belong
of
the
the
no
craftsmen/who, according
those public works which
craftsmen
must
have
surprising that
emperors imported all
Hellenic
and
Persian
influence
are ^
generally
mystic
imperial
standard,
^ur-me
unt
has
the
same
significance
so
flower,
which
unfolds
of
earliest
that the sculptors who used the
symbolism of
the
craftsmen of
Barabar
will be
Mauryan
which
Jatakas.
all
runs
through it all it is generally less cultured and refined
than
the
handiwork
of
the
It is clearly the work of the lower grades of
craftsmen,
classed
as
Vaisyas
or
character in
Buddhist
propaganda
Asoka
Buddha
knowledge jnana-marga
and
body,
who
found
without
regard
to
marga, the way
of work, and
symbols
lotus-flower,
which
spreading
on
a
around. His was the bhakti-marga, the way of
faith, inspired
for the next.
be said
the key to
be said to
Aryan religion,
swastika,
which
was
contained
in
the
cross-roads
of
the
Aryan
village
were
a
Brahman
In
elders
and
pushing its branches out of the dome of a Buddhist
shrine
represent
by
Sakya
Muni,
the
the Buddha,
Brahmanism
In Asoka's
symbol.
or
are
marked off the sacri-
is
the
the
the
form of a Vedic
in
the insignia
of royalty
a mystic
release
from
the
chain
of
no
halls or chapter-houses of
the
chapter-house,
fine
white
plaster
and
painted
an error
symbol
of
symbolise
philosophy
in
the
eternal
a natural
Buddha
reached
the
—
by
that
time
stone finial
is
is good
reason to
believe that
be
traced
back
Euphrates
valley
about
2700
B.C.,
which
was
discovered
by
victory
of
lyulabu. For
uses
in
adversary,
who
lies
prostrate
an
the
slope
sculptor
has
placed
over
it
settlement
or
camp.
I^ayard
the
sikhara
and
tree
in Naram-Sin's
often appear side by
been
entirely
misunderstood
by
historian is
town, as the
his bride,
I^akshmi,
the most characteristic feature
as the principal decorative
over
as
further
end.
an
artistic
utilitarian
point
more impressive than
the
proto-
type
up
day of
entirely
As many
architecture,
was
built of wood because the city was in constant danger from
floods
and the breaches of the banks of the river upon
which
it
evidence
that
wood
of
a
house.
A
Brahman
an
invocation
placed
we
thy frame
reed [-covering] do
were
capital
the
are
exact
imitations
of
to
being
instructed
in
masonic
:
indicates a
tradition
both
in
domestic
and
religious
Bengali
west monsoon.
The three-storied
plan
of
or
porch
by
was both the church and assembly-hall of the village or
town.
All
Hindu
temple
of Buddhist worship the image of the B_uddha„never appears,
and the events of the Master's life from the time of the
Great
sacred
emblems
are
er-wheel—
Asoka's time
be worshipped
though
probably
pictures
and
images
was quite
religiously observed,
expression
intonation.
The
been
regarded
as
the
patron
deities
of
at the
four gateways
forest,
lake,
intense reaUsm of
of the symbols
of Buddhist
:
to
shoiild be
people deserve reverence for one reason or another  
{Rock
Edict
XI
I).
Aryan
tier.
About
246
B.C.
of the kingdom
and established an independent Hellenic
kingdom on the Indian
his
from
foreign
aggression.
years, and as none of his successors
had the
empire, the
Mauryan imperial dynasty
Even
Magadhan
weak
successors
of
Asoka
Brahman
faction
which
put
for
when
repelling
a
double
the
Sunga
royal
line
by
the
had suppressed.
Aryan
sacrifices,
and
it
only
its
its will, company
The
success
of
the
sacrifice
judiciously
guided),
if
horse's)
meantime
of his ancestors'
and
and
the
god
of
war.^
Ramayana
distinctions
between
the
Soma
cult
which
divided
embodied
in
Kalidasa's
play,
to seize the
by
Pushyamitra
in
and
to
festival cannot
to this effect
a
community
the
upon
at this time was
by
position
122
the
Vedas,
and
by
tions
the
rising
Whatever truth there may
be in the stories
Buddhism as a
means of
justice
for
a
king
punishment of
impolitic
as
to
poHtical and social
tradition,
we
he
of the Andhra
plot. But
approved
by
of the time as a necessary act of State policy.
Vasudeva, who took a
the
Kanva,
failed
to
Susarman, was
Magadha
three
centuries,
though
strange
combatants
in
the
succeeded
in
border.
About
170
Turki
nomads,
Jaxartes
by
others,
the
Parthian
and
Yueh-chi
and
Parthian
tribes
dark
political and social
invasions
of
India.
Western
extent
Buddhist.
Menander
sayings
the
Good
the
organisation
elements
into
the
important
part
in
the
politics
penetrated the
Agastya was a real personage or a name for a
new epoch in Dravidian civilisation may be disputed, but
according
to
forest
hermitage,
and
a
temple
upon the
South is
philosophy,
absorbed the
all
entirely
art,
and
polity.
Of
South in
until
after
the
monas-
teries
the
local
kings,
and
early
Magadha
assisted
in
—
of Aryan traditions.
relations with Europe
in
of Ur. Gold,
natural
The
existence
of
striking
resemblances
were
the
beast ;
prosperity,
specially
worshipped
by
the
Jain
mercantile
community,
was
also
—
;
overland
from
the
North
Indian
In
Asoka's
of
sculptures
of
of Indian historical records,
no doubt marked the site of one of the seats of
Buddhist
learning
which
received
king
named
extended their
of
them
is
that
Kharavela,
family
on the throne of Pataliputra, and thus ended the Kanva
dynasty.
The
of the
of the Dekhan
Guptas.
Though
the
early
Brahmanism,
to support
teaching
in
the
beginning
of
the
Kushan
a renewed
a far larger number of followers than it had done
two
centuries
world
before
Asoka's
revelation
of
divine
truth,
of all
the sects
and popular
even
many
that it
cravings
of
the
people
if they themselves had not supplied the element of the
miractilous
Even
in
pre-Buddhist
had
to the
tribal
sacred kusha
; and
before
represented
by
the
Aryan commvmity was
placed at the
meeting of the
served
to
fix
the
minds
of
the
the
north-west
divinity,
permitted
massive
But the
craftsmen patronised
followed
be covered with sculptures
In the first efforts of these Hellenistic craftsmen to grasp
Indian ideas
pose of an Indian
Buddha, gives
history.
crude efforts of uncultured
of Indo-Aryan
was
systematised
the
doctrine of
in
Spirit
But the
the
himself—
was
conflict under
the subordinate deities
host of
minor divinities
which were
at
dynasties
of
North-
western
India.
craftsmen
in
brought
supplied
a
local
demand
in the rival Brahmanical
greater and
lesser divinities,
according to different positions of the sun, formed the symbolic
framework
into
and
infinite
Naturally
sects and different
theory which
—
and the Path
; and
theo-
logically
by
a
subtle
conver-
sions
or
adaptations
early traditions of
Teacher,
from
Pataliputra
powerful
kingdom
in
the
north-west
Bodhisattvas,
archangels,
or
saints,
winning Nirvana
Buddhist ideal—
of
love
rather
than
knowledge,
was
the
shortest
that
the
same way as
the
commencement
was identified with the growth of Kushan poUtical
power
in
the
seen
or
Kushan
Sakas, in
overrunning the
the first century
Politically it was strong
the
Andhras for
and
Western
Kushan
people
of
Northern
India
as
the
Vindhya
Mountains.
Himalayas it
now
known
Asia
its
dominions
extended
Persia, thus
western
India
the
those
of
Kanishka,
Nagarjuna,
There
are
definite
the
close
that
Augustus
as presents
South, observing
weavers of India
which yearly
million
sesterces
as the tiger, cheetah,
by
Indian
ambassadors,
assisted
in
the
gladiatorial
Indian
commercial
cities
into
a
culture. Spiritually
it derived
caused the
teaching which
expression for the
the way of
non-Aryans into Northern India
period of
its greatest
power in
of
of
its
fall
and
Elagabalus.
the
two
the
Mauryan
trade between India
toll
interest
coins
of
he adhered to the
Brahmanical
school of which the worship of Siva was the chief cult.
Kanishka,
278.
142
Roman
Empire
on
the
other.
It
Sangha convened
an exhaus-
still exists
in a
it
would
tradition
as
and of
various Brahmanical
seat of
the
by his
continual aggressive
world-
and thirty years.
known
tions. Huvishka
of
their
not
g,ooa
—
Indian
history.
that
that
was
also
penetrating
into
close
connection
of its
of
the
period
now
remaining,
outside
those
of
the later sculptures of
of coUege
parts of India.
Geographically, however, most
who
owe
nothing
to
Hellenistic
the contempo-
of
built
to
authority.
Kushan
ambition to
their military exploits were
not considerable enough to
the ideas
new
spiritual
growth.
of
formed the
two great
divisions of
one. It had
been
known
in
the
days
was a
Devi,
who
about
should meet
connote hostility
at
least
the
external
political institu-
aristocracy
had
of Turki
of
so
the traditions
It
is
easy
the Sangha
war
avail for keeping the foreign invader
off
the
sacred
so
Aryavarta
was
becoming
the political
Emperor's successor, the first
and
steadfast
allies.
into which
Aryavarta had
and Andhra
Aryan
community
tradition
and
war of spoliation
by
principle that right
either
by
overlordship
of
valley
hero
inscribed with his own name, that of his queen, Kumara
Devi,
and
fundamental
doctrines
of
orthodox
Indo-Aryan
Indo-Aryan
intellect
revolted.
From
the
race which
his
con-
secration
champion
of
Aryan
India
who as
standards of
including all
and then entered the
passing
the
the
Indian
Dekhan.
completed
in
solemn
state
by
which
spoils he had won. One of the gold medals struck
by
Samudra-
gupta
and sacrificial
altar, is
which
despatched a
the
fulfilment
of
the
Bodhi
Tree
that
the
so-called
the
whole
of
Kings over the
southern
Mongolian and
Hellenistic culture
under
the
patronage
Kshatriyan
culture,
language
it
Vedas and the
one genera-
tion to
hermitage
and
in
the
place
kathaks no longer
being
a
patriotic
to
epic,
put
message. It
of
the
people.
emperors
became
Sakya
ment
separated
one
philosophy.
156
Kshatriya
poets
encyclopaedia
popular
of
not, as the
periods of time. The purpose of the Mahabharata,
as edited
plexity
its
hearers
the
of
the
Aryan
and
tion
of
his
Emperor
seated
or
some centuries
much greater
of
it describes
only
by
of
Vedic
wisdom.
was no
and
between the
a
weak
intellect
purity of his
except
Brahman
of
Vedic
impress which
proper
regulation
should
punish anyone who in-
dulged in gambling either privately or pubUcly, even if only for
amusement.
As
Manu
But Fa-Hien's observations
regard to
eating of
animal food,
onions.
there
shambles
wine
shops
Kshatriya class
governed Indo-
advises
Brahmans
to
avoid
given
by
Manu
is
the
same
as
that
personification
within
or eight
who were brave,
twenty
of
authority
by
these
imperial
officials.
whom he has
such
people (vii,
I^earned Brahmans
suitably provided
war or
one-fourth
of
provided that he
did not falter
times of
necessity the
physi-
cians
elephantiasis,
epilepsy,
independence
find
a
maturity
time
she
she
father,
years
after
marriage
son.
by
another
Karma and
the Upa-
the
title
of
dhwaja-stambha,
those
of
blue
ruled
for
supremacy
in
Vikramaditya
is
said
to
have
slain
as a
By this
birthplace of his brother
was
also
for
great
Sanskrit
dramatist
Kalidasa,
and scholars of Aryavarta added to the lustre of the
Gupta
of
two years. One
of the
people of
The
given
perhaps justify the
 
rules. The chief officers of the king had fixed incomes
and
the Aryan
pale, was
place he
was obliged
from
the
rents
The
administration
of
justice
was
considerably
part of orthodox Hindu
Sangha was
in a
Mahayana and
food,
drink,
 
Yet many of the most sacred places of Buddhism which
in
population
had
was
a
kingdom of Kosala,
magnificent.
They
of the I^aw
handed
down
from
infirmities.
sup-
profound
him as his guru, and for about
fifty years the whole country
reverenced
if he
should from
immediately
wash
and if any sectarian rancour
existed Fa-Hien
great
popular
festival
in
which
palace :
the
the
door-
ways
and
sculptured
work. After a pilgrimage to Gaya, Benares, and other places,
Fa-Hien
be found.
Now that
it is
position
education
mentally efficient than that
was
the
authoritative
texts
and
Mahayana
Buddhism
to
which
Kanishka
gave
on his adventurous
died, and others
of the Good
in
Ceylon.
Then,
embarking
on
a
journey to
in another
with
a
Java,
a desert
for
of
in
safety
a
worth while to recall the fact that it was fixed
principle of
Indo-Aryan polity
never to
world-sovereignty
to the confines of Aryavarta and the people who came
within
the
Aryan
the State
racial
to attacks
from outside.
popular basis,
171
are only known
on
the
imperial
armies
by
a
Brahmanism from Buddhism at this time it is not surprising
to find
is
claimed
in
the
Buddhist
offence
to
the
spirits
of
north-western
Himalayas.
The
from her
recording the event,
one
of
the
chieftains
laymen. From
engaged
these
ferocious
slaughter of old men,
asleep, naked,
in
exterminating
it should
of
meeting
to, i.e. the standard
the
later
issues
of
Skanda-
that
the
above the normal
Baladitya,
who
came
for his spiritual
a husband
known
Vasubandhu's
attacks.
pandits of the
About
495
ditya
who abandoned
royal
titles,
Kushans.
He
appears
Perhaps the
Aryavarta
the Hun
Baladitya
set
an
into
Hun dynasty.
and
laid
in
'
import-
as
an
independent
ruling
race
centuries,
partly
delibe-
rate
wholesale
extermination
would,
as
by
chieftains and their
eventu-
ally
times. To
attributed the greatly
ing of Indo-Aryan
as
their
ancestors
an
for all
countenanced
by
to
by
the
head
of
of the
the
extant
which by
epigraphical or
not less productive in
architecture than it was
Aryan Kshatriya
Hun,
Dravidian,
and
marked
by
Aryan
the
exponent
of
classification
be
applied
sponded
with
the
 
the
with which these
to him.
and that
No
one
can
foundation
of
the stupa seems to be
tmtenable if
ancient
sites
of Buddhism, such as Sarnath, the sikhara is found side by
side with the stupa,
from
the
as
it
in
the
shaped finial,
the antithesis to or comple-
ment
of
the
stupa.
The
funeral monument
sikhara as
a symbol
in
early
Aryan
to the tribal traditions
According to the Silpa-Sastras
Vishnu
and
the
amalaka
which
formed
the
fruit of
Indo-Aryan
king
or caste, might
the
torana,
or
arched
of modern Hindu temples suggests
its derivation from similar
seen
sikharas found at Sarnath
on
material
was
brick
or
stone
would be universally used in India. The fact that the
name ratha,
or warrior's
chariot, is
with a bambu
others, and
to provide
it is impossible
lyayard's
Nineveh}
and
is
roofs and others with domes like that of a
stupa, are two
square
finial which
summit of the
ancient examples
or
natural site for a king's or tribal chieftain's fort, which
was
always
were the spiritual
the
Kshatriya
connected
warrior,
fort with its
be
regarded
as
a
sacred
as
a
delegate
of
the
of
Mewar,
the
But
the
practice.
to
be
ritualistic
symbolism
with
;
is
the
but
with
must also
characteristics
of
ningham
of
the
style
must
be
are
^
practi-
cally
identical
frescoes
still
remaining
of
painting,
show
that
time,
was
shrine in the
first monastic hall
—
divine
lovers,
from the heights of Motmt
Kailasa.
Mahayana
great
later period,
Here
of life, and
Trimurti
sculpture
is
the
of
the Gupta
each other,
understand
the
tolerance
shown
by
one sect towards another, nor how some of the Gupta
emperors, without
outraging the
traditions of
Buddhist teachers
display
EUora, which
that
this
was
for many genera-
tions devoted themselves
of
every
of
the
great
we have here
as
craftsmen
was
concerned,
possible
traditions of
the art
Great, and Hindu
of Turki
lyittle is
Mihiragula, except that his
on two pillars
an empire
capacity than
took
defeat
of
the
learning
the
of the
—
claimed descent from
about
550
founded
the
security
to
the
in
order
to
bring
One.
Thaneshar,
or
Rajput
bmlt
Huns, and other Mlechchha
a few
that his
Rajasri had
himself
his sister
and avenge
escaped from
a forest hermitage
nominated
by
the
State
Council
as
always
over-
an adopted
and Harsha was
rite
sacrificial fire as
Buddha,
is further proof that the
Ivaw
a lady of rare
of the Hinayanist Sam-
 
became enthu-
siastic followers
appears to
have been
king whatever
his rehgious
days
secured
mented
in
Aryavarta
as the Narbada river,
Rajputana,
Northern
the
grammar,
reign.
impartial and
in
629
he
set
out
on
his
pilgrimage
especially
with
regard
as
Moon. He
gives mystical
set to a long
'
and an
but
and
his
experiences
that
they
he
might
pray
to
upon
to
is a
of
royal
taxes.
says,
King
paid
no
to
the
poor.
The
usual
by
Among
the
kings
mentioned
by
in
Saiva
ascetics
which
are
followed
and dip their
religious
merit,
many generations,
gives
sects.
or spiritual power. The
its once flourishing
Jains
were
influential
in
Southern
to protect
or the
of the
covered
layman
Children
years of
The
philosophy.
All
these
of general
education for
Indian
educationists
a
the
earnestness
and
explaining the
general meaning
honour
or
reproach.
no fatigue was too
great when an opportunity
offered of gaining knowledge, or of using their own for helping
others.
Those
who
were
famed
kings could bestow tempted
ledge. The influence
recognised
no
political
The
great
the same monastery.
for astronomy.
Buddhism
for the
their
study
Right
of
large
grain
great
mango orchard
for
himself had
lived there
fruit
of
largest
£md
richest
of
all
of its
high
towers
of
by all India both
perfection. The revenue of
a hundred villages had
that
the
monks
gratuitous.
Many
by
Abbot that
Harsha's most
from
many
quarters,
though
Kumara
he
reluctantly
gave
his
consent,
immediately
his vassal to
airily
rephed,
fulfilment
of
Kumara's
out
less
lavish
he bestowe upon
I
why I
did not
both Kumara and himself deeply
—
Virtues,
composed
619,^
and
Chinese
in
the
the
lodges
a
against
—
inchned
to
the
doctrines
of
the
Little
Vehicle
The
Assembly
thus
convoked
royal
and
pitched at some distance
in
A.D.
644,
specially wrought
Indra,
royalty
ally, the
Brahman King
Brahma, held
a State
elephants, rode behind,
of the
the place
precious substances
rest of
was placed
usual
Emperor assisted as high
priest. Then the distinguished
members of the convocation
were conducted to their
been
It
is
hardly
his
discourse
was
Emperor's
of
the
pavilion
as
a
I
will
joy of the
of
money
Harsha
went
back
to
the
earHest
forest
settlement
by
thousand
times
the
and
jewellery
wrought
by
sheds filled with all kinds of costly fabrics, brocades, silks,
and fine cottons, besides
pavihon
seating
a
thousand
needy
in
the
Kanauj,
Harsha
with
the
of
Buddhist,
Brahman,
and
Jain
ascetics
and
poor
laymen
number-
the
rehgious
About
10,000
Buddhist
Hiuen-Tsang, all the
the
turned from his
purpose of spreading
the knowledge of
part
of
the
for
Hiuen-Tsang
trustworthy
206
and
religious
in
out
the
reUgions representative
of all
guru,
the
Master
of
the
the Emperor's emissary, whether
Harsha tried to pack the Assembly and to prejudice its decision
by
methods
well
democratic
states
of
modern
deciding
from
the
highest
superior
intellectual
acknowledged
champion
in
a
great
warrior
could
win
by
a
in
the Hegira, which
and in the propagation of the truth of which Muhammad
was
regard the event as a separate
episode
in
dogmatic
values,
it
must
strive
to
best
adapted
for
the
stage
of
one
set
of
formulas
converts
for
it
philosopher, and in
the deeply
of
disciples had
than probable
his
disciples
indicates
that
the
yanists in particular
onslaught
of
Islam
the
places of worship.
that the great
greater part
was the sword
lust
of
conquest
were
great
majority
of
the
the Hellenic,
the north
Gupta
dedication
of
be
copy on a larger scale of the Blephanta temple, may
have
southern boundaries
of Harsha's
dominions and
noble sculptural
sary to turn our
Harsha's powerful
chief province
for
wrongs,
Their
treated
neigh-
bouring
countries
constantly struggling
with the
tions
—an
history
of
the king's fortress palace
ideaHsed into a temple of Vishnu, the Preserver of the Universe.
Saivism was the corresponding
pessimistic
view of life which only regarded the vanity of human existence,
the impermanence
pessi-
early
Buddha as
strewn
or
Mahayana,
of
sense
that
it
represented
all
or Brahman
opposition, not
heard and to
shape the poUcy
by
as
the
approximate
period
and
Hinayana,
in
the
State
exponent
Sankaracharya
in
remained an
the
Kings
of
Kings
or
Vaishnava
able,
that
promoting the growth of
Indian
history
poUtics
cannot
be
detached
constitution
was
had
curtail the
for freedom
or tribal Parliament,
2IS
of the
became
invested
with
an
own
Great
Assembly
the
Ivords
Spiritual
religious
instruction
the
North,
and
his
stand
Aryan
rehgious
teaching.
Saiva
temples,
—
formed
the
image.
In
the
north
of
India,
throws
problems
in
Southern
India
of
executed by the royal
indicate that some the
patrons
of
to
these
sculptures
by
ills
of
the
flesh
no
of
the
hymns
always
dominant
note
of
philosophical contests with the Hinayana
pandits of the South
'
'
spiritual significance of the Vedas. The successors of Manikka-
vacagar in the seventh and eighth centuries were saints and
poets
rather
than
by
devotional lyrics, like
Buddhist
propaganda
is
accentuated
by
for the majority
illustrious by
representing Siva's Hima-
layan paradise which
account
according
to
another
beginning
philosophical
to maintain
Bhagavad Gita.
sent
to
half
before.
Sankara-
found no biographer
legendary
account
of
and of
a
chapter
from
the
the
of
disciples,
to
*
Sankaracharya's mission
a
the Muhammadan
Buddhist Sangha
all Hindus, and
he
founded
Himalayan hermitage, and according
the
mine
munities and the
'
increasing
time of
and that
polity.
A
very
interesting
an
agreement
retainers were fighting,
testify
to
and the
very much
of them reflects
for the
Sukra-
charya
works
by
the
Vedic
can
his
by
commerce,
wood and fodder
cruel
envious,
and
foolish.
In
Only in marriages and in eating
together the observation of
of labour was
tends only to hell,
town and village life the
Sukrd-niti' agrees
roads {rdja-
margas) were
and be
or gravel
Hve
to oppress
with
the
military,
villagers
soldiers.
The
king
himself
shotild
personally
inspect
the
villages
every
year,
but
of
his
subjects
headman, as
father
in
settled
of his profits
were
explicit
and
they dictated
upon his own
lion
 
Hampden
careful
examination.
Sxikracharya's
orchards, and well-constructed
travellers. The royal
fortress palace was
with
ments,
and
the city
as
indicated
previously
described.
The
State
and
its
constitution
were
The king
was not
always present
Royal
Chaplain,
expert
in
horticulture
and
polyandry
were
practised,
country
permitted
these
breaches
advises
that
by
the
majority
found to be
to
get
rid
of
them
a
to
have
equal
Aryan
226
in
politics,
India clung
patronage
most
and Sukracharya.
Assembhes of
check, though the
of justice.^
relating
to
the
constitution
karacharya down to
South. These
manda-
pams
which
formed
the
which
the
king,
Sri
Chief Secretary,
their
counsel
was
the
temple
authorities.
village or
offending
members
by
The Assemblies conducted
means of a
number of committees in the same way as the affairs of Patali-
putra
to
public
pUgrims, and for
travellers. Another committee
Assembly not only
cases
in
are two
found on the walls of a temple in the Madura
district
been made
to the
into
laws had been
The Chola
at Madura
thereupon (a.d.
our village
surprising that the
were
;
regards
together
built. The
doubtless
a
the
of
the
These particular
inscriptions give
village
committees
pro-
list of them. Next follows a list of
crimes and misdemeanours which
for each of the thirty wards
were
to
the
the
election, fixed
by
of
the
From
and handed it
over to the
arbitrator, who received
 
that from the
the Water
removed
at
for the
Panchavara Committee,
the
the ancient tradition of
mallur
were
of
a recurrence of the
accountant
—an
important
person
in
their
wealth
by
submitted them
tax a very careful survey of cultivated land was made,
of which a
was
consent of the popular
instrument of oppression, but the
common
an
conceptions
of
local
self-government
the intellectuals
interest
capacities and consideration
Much
makes
intellectual tyranny
is certainly
process,
and that terrible
fit for it
by
Brahmans
seem
too
severe
a proof
of the
Indian
ardent in
bestow-
ing
Kaviri river,
of
Ravana's
piratical raid up
princess was
miles.
Probably
very important part
a body
of critics
poems
It
capitals vied in
little evidence
the people
of Southern
Saiva
movement.
Hiuen-
capital,
where
he
Indo-Aryan
royal
plete
the
Aryan
colonisation
nise
with
the
Chola
hegemony
before
that
time.
Vijayalaya,
profiting
Pallava
Cape
Comorin.
His
two
immediate
Parantaka
elements—
earth,
water,
fire,
ether,
which
is
I^ord of
vibration of ether
the dancing hall of
esoteric
philosophy
of
trakuta forces,
of
the second
of Parantaka's
II in
of
was destroyed. Then
;
1005
in
Sea and the Bay of
Bengal,
the sea. He is
a vast army
Indian
architecture.
I,ike
the
thirteenth
repre-
advance
tributary states.
of the Crown
and
but
the
Tunga-
neither Rajendra
than
that
of
Guptas
by that
ideas
which
centres of
played any
the Chola Empire
Parantaka
I
;
at
Gangai-
konda-Cholapuram,
water
by
way
of
tribute
to
consecrate
the
it
was
long, provided
the wonder
not
otherwise
them, and
are unable
like
them.
was hardly a
to
concern
itself
unless
they
contributed
interesting
because
stone
the
sacred
groves
those
repubUcs
them in
different features of
temple-planning, though variations
were completely
Aryan
in
either
Kalugamalai,
Jain.
But
to
which
dome, which
upon a
and
should
be
its
psychology.
;
Chola royal
Tan
j
ore
district
in
of the
rhythm,
Siva,
surrounded
by
in
by
humble
with
His
hand
to
refuge
of
down
beginning
of Buddhism in China
had been gradually bringing
which
way of trade.
itself,
of the Sangha
twenty-eighth
successor
consequences
court of Nanking, and China
henceforth remained the
Buddhists, both monks
and laymen, to
Chinese
empire
the
the ministers, Arjuna or
family
student of
whether the term
power wielded
by the
his
own
hfetime
the lawful
Kanauj, if
his
suzerain's
in China, had lost
India, both
to
be
detailed
they
and
their partisans were not disposed of by the mere fiat
of
the
envoys, who
insulted
and
an
army
to
avenge
the
of Tibet,
join the
which
the
insults
inflicted
on
province was captured
subsequent battles
Arunasa's armies
his entire family
poHtic
by
valley
some of the
world
Islam.
The
century, wrote that
the Brahmans
a
sharp
contrast
infidels
whose
lives
the
sustenance
and
comfort
citizen in
the law-courts,
and custom
'
for it themselves
rewarding
cause of Islam
rule.
upon
Sind
a
motley horde of greedy adventurers who when a less firm hand
than
inhabitants unmercifully.
their
1
general
and
commanded
should
in
a
corpse
was
shown to the Brahman girls they taunted the Khalif for his
unreasonable cruelty, confessing that they had
brought a false
death,
more
a
comparatively
insignifi-
it has
been treated
as such
conquest for its upon the whole culture of Islam has
been little understood. For
from
all
points
of
view,
masonry,
must
have
His Prophet,
monk, but
fighting
men were
so
offensive
the range of his
and
tomb.
The
simplified
symbohsm
of
royalty
were
their
entrances
corresponded
the gates of the
tions of Indian
Towers of Victory,
which were an
patriarchal
themselves in the
etiquette,
elements
for
recognise the
learn-
ing
to
ignore
exag-
gerated
opinion
of
the
creative
Islam,
Dark
scholar. The
throughout Asia for the very sciences
in which
the Arabs
of
activity
of
of
of
its
own,
these
In the early days of
the Arab occupation of
Khalifate, Indian
pandits brought
was
The most trusted
itself had come.
began to join
Arabian
scholars
tion
of
India,
of Hindustan
Europe
which gave
by
the
foundation
of
of the
made no organised
the
Turki
dynasties
of
Ghazni
to
carry
plunder and massacre
by
the
Muhammadans.
But
at
the
critical
that they gave
the
sects
might
wrangle
over
religious
desire
to
penetrate
into
the
or
Buddha, was a
Sind
the easy life of the monastery. They
were
not
like
the
monks
they
regard for
their own
their
Order.
The
the development
to
the
Hindu
syn-
private funds
skilled
artisans
were
were as easy
the
the
respect
its
cause of the
states
which
main-
kept
their
own
territories
inviolate
so
many
the
time
some
the
central
miUtary
service
to
the
individu-
aUty
disintegration
and
by
some of
Dravidian
dynasties
times,
may
not
be
Aryans only
with
a
the form
survive
model of his Sangha,
political influence
protection of
rights being maintained
chieftain,
or
Thakur,
a perpetual
with the
knowledge that
he should
forfeit his
owner, could never be
was
exempt
from
the
junh
land
to-day
to
alliance
of
the
chiefs
the chief rallying-point of the
Rajput clans, as it was duriug
the subsequent attacks of
of
note
of
other
respects
where
the
Pandavas
the
of Ujjain,
had been
of
of
Yasovarman,
Raja
Karpura-manjun,
one
of
Yasovarman's
well
for
the
seventh
raja
(974-995),
Ghazni, revived
dynasty
undimmed,
and
Hindu standard. Works on
Dhara now occupies
life the temple
utility,
instruction,
and
recreation.
hall, theatre,
larger
share
250
square
miles
glory of Islam by destroying it has not been recorded.
The
of
the
warrior
chieftains
remain
Rajputana,
front
incursions
into
the
Gangetic
rulers
over the Rajput
to hold the Muslims
by its
death.
About
A.D.
730,
—
recover
the
larger and
members
of
the
Order.
four years. He
dominions westward,
and so
he defeated and
put an
monasteries and
marauders.
the
of Ghazni
sacked the
city in
1018 he
did not
of
of
Bengal
to
spicuous if
not a
Turkish
garden
city
Aryan
Saiva devotee,
who by
philosophy
of
asceticism
Kaiushka and Huvishka. The former
is said to have
doctrine,
 
Mihiragula,
tyrant
was,
says
surrender a precious
to
exact
more or
Kalhana's
important
interests
as a farewell
spread out on the
dynasty
able
Council, as
by the
warrior,
.
Turks, who had established
family connections with the Turks of this
region,
for
his
gold
by
his
his political
seemed
to
be
no
offence
: both he
and gave
days
of
lyalitaditya.
After
who got a
into the
arts of
actions
by
patronage
by
the
272
on the throne with
of the scholars of
skill of his
prosperity
but
I^ake.
and
fifty
dmnaras
in
times of great
water
still
be
clearly
traced,
thanks
his
pious
the soldiers
(Tantrins) enriched
themselves at
 
 
^
death until
the beginning
of Kashmir
record only
{Raj.,
v,
458).
Kalhana
may
traditional
was
that
Kamala-Vardhana's
claims
consecrated
as
king
by
administration
so
that
the
Astrologer,
was
then
free from the
vices of his
a
the tenth
of Ghazni
power
;
which his
claimed
Buddhism
had
of
Muhammad
there
had not been wanting in Islam the strong and resolute leader-
ship necessary to control the
forces let loose
discipHne imposed
for many converts
for political
of Islam.
and
Persian
scholars
the Arabs and Turks
Samanids—so
the
Jaipal,
Kabul
;
inclement
by his
disputed
by
illegitimate
the ante-
been settled in
marked with the
his
drank
together
points.
First
1
Ferishta,
Briggs'
the story
but
he
good
of
deal
even-handed
transgressors.
It
must
in
the
Persian
the modem
parvenu nobles
as Pathan,
poet, Firdausi,
subjects,
could argue theo-
the
is no
of his promiscuous soldiery,
Tartars, or
Mahmud
and
Persia
as
sys-
he
did
not
hesitate
Samarkand.^
Like
every
other
successful
Turki
adventurer
subdued, either then or
the
first
had met
Sabuktagin.
with
annual State
they were all of the nature of triumphal progresses, though
their main
with
to
and archers made
his arms against
independent
of
the
said, paid tribute to
the
suzerainty
of
Ghazni
the
years
faithful.^
The
of
the
them
of
their
gold
and
silver
the
camp
successful
sent
1015,
when
he
the
royal
in
and on
later he
the
skies
and
which
in
strength
months'
formidable
rivers
was equal
to
marched
along
over to
plunder, rapine,
great
city
with
in-
habitants
be sold as slaves. The account of the rest of
the
and
so
many
slaves
distant cities
Khurasan were filled
of
Somnath, on
Vedic
to this
second, that an attack in that quarter would be the
least
expected
his
Indian
large
extent
under
Mahmud's
control.
Multan
upon
the
houses
the cosmic
When
with
their
hands
entreated
they
to the
but the Musalmans
were of gold, weighing
processions
set
with
pearls
and
precious
two
milHons
to
also
removed
to
serve
as
met
with
serious
difficulties
in
recrossing
to
Ghazni
through
Multan.
years,
and
was
success
proof
of
divine
inspiration.
Mahmud
was
eyes
successful in turning
in
squeezing
the
principle
that
the
blood
was
plastered
the
Ghuri
line.
ibn
Sam
title—in accordance with
com-
campaign. In
defeat
near
servant
who
The Afghan
first compelled
lineage
Prithivi-raja
was
recognised
Rajasthan.
Ajmir
the
Chatihan
tains
princess.
Delhi
who lowered the standard
Turki
horsemen
in
had a bodyguard of Yavanas, or
Asiatic Greeks,
•
formality
had
The
all
the
throng
amends
for
the
chivalry perished
day. Prithivi-raja
into
by the
capture of Kanauj, after a pitched battle in which the Raja
Jaichand was
the ruthless barbarians
God.
power
over
the
plains
overwhelming
odds.
the
Rajput
women
to save their honour threw themselves into a colossal funeral
pyre
of the Aravali
the
be told
and
the
old
Hindu
craftsmen.
These
their
own
limited to
one idea
reduced to a
neither Turkish
same
Chitor and the Towers
of Mewar commemorated
Quran
to
claim
the
merit
Their
themselves
arts
of
peace
purely literary.
Mongol
once
enlisted
the
to
the
culture
of
honour and
quaHties
which
made
highly
civilised
race
with
into
hopeless
of the
as patrons
the
highly
cultured
Aryan
a
bestowing
appointed to
as
that
they
might
minister
grief
ever attempted
Ujjain,
rivalled Somnath in
hands, and was ruled
a debauchee,
capable
with correct
short
reign
•
being
of Northern India,
impoverished infidels near at hand. Jalal-ud-din was
fond of
his impetuous
his headquarters
eight
that
take
Bundelkhand
unopposed,
through
pushed on
of
at
'Ala-ud-din
appeared
Deva
300
his adjoining
dangerous position
the promise of
a year's
his nephew.
Sultan
him
homage.
The
imperial
canopy
The
Sultan
even
surpassed
in
his
reign
of
twenty
years
Prussian
war-lord.
of Islam;
Musalman
control
all
proprietary
rights,
free
gifts,
speak aloud
to say
with the learned
regulations
and property
in
so
with those who failed
some
of
revolt].
1
never heard of
gave
up
wine-
that
be
broken
royal
cellars
^
gate, and the severity of the pimishment was such that
many
reports
To prevent false
the
formidable
in-
resources of
iii,
p.
206.
was a
When
there
reason the cara-
wants
of
all the principal
grain-dealers and carriers,
rate
and
transactions
from
three
 
reported that the
twenty
blows
supply
to the ordinary purchasers
gentry
and did not
^
been
a
recognised
principles on
short
weight
were
The
umphed
bringing thousands
of them
1297
he
garrison
put
warriors
cut
their
until it
In the meantime
war-machine, not only
Europe
and
of Gujerat,
who had
embraced Islam,
and being
Southern India. In
the
prised
Kanarese cotmtry.
it
is
said,
Hindu India. Though in his own person he represented the
uncompromising
evolution
by
regard
India
as
of
gained
when
Mahmud
the
their rehgion
spiritual needs
The Indian
craftsman was
not
shaken
name and invoked
her into his
romance to the
;
her
exiled
would have
Khizr
Khan's
Afghan
mother,
who
his reign, when his health
was
impaired
by
intemperance,
he
was
ment. Revolts broke out in
Gujerat
and
in
the
Dekhan,
the
which
his
succeeded in putting out the eyes
of
with
put a
excesses.
the public
women to dance at the houses of the nobility. The
next upstart
and Hindu, and for
his
father's
side,
recognised
foul
play.
Muham-
mad
unusual luxury
the city
The
which
money
was
Turkish
dilettante
which
in
later
times
distinguished
the court
of the
ambassador returned from
put the
Sultan's name
should
be
Khutba
which
excited
for
organisation.
Disregarding
by
the
monarchical
traditions
of
Delhi,
pro-
perty,
should
be planted along
privations from
la5dng out
the new
on a
constrained to return
victims of his
caprice. The effect
of this was
a time
was good
The
possessed thousands of these
them
tankas and
up
but
thou-
sands
were
ruined,
and
plight
Armenia
iii,
pp.
240-241.
should
be
distributed
reign, following
the usual
of the feudatory
cessor, is perhaps not unduly praised
in
Muhammadan
chronicles
ethics
of
Islam.
the
long
chain
of
tyranny,
dynasties. His Musalman bio-
and as a
Indo-
and
in
high
favour
at
importation.
the first
heard
the
Naila,
replied
the
venerable
lady,
account
that
Tughlak
Shah
misery, send
as the bride
of
the
and treated
the child
butes his capacity
as a ruler
was
forbade
the
painting
the jizya, or poll-tax, upon Brahmans, who had been exempt
from it
 
 
with the wooden tablets
tor
of the
who
Musalman
it
predecessors